FISH CARBON EXPLORING MARINE CARBON SERVICES carbon services, ‘ Carbon´, are natural mechanisms of carbon cycling that help maintain the ’s role in climate regulation. Through Fish Carbon the management of marine ecosystems is intrinsically linked to the global climate challenge.

Blue Climate Solutions A project of The Ocean Foundation Steven Lutz Angela Martin BlueGRID-Arendal Climate Blue Climate Solutions [email protected] [email protected] A project of The Ocean Foundation www.grida.no/publications/fish-carbon #FishCarbon

Atmospheric carbon 1 Carbon CO2

Phytoplankton 8

Seagrass Higher-level Top 2 consumers predators

CO2

Kelp Biomixing Marine Vertebrate Carbon Pump 5 Mediated Carbon Continental shelf 4 CO2

Bony Fish 3 Continental slope Carbonate

Twilight Remineralization Zone pH Carbon Nutrients Aggregate forma tion and sinking of organic matter Consumption 6 Carbon 7 CO2 Photosynthesis Carbon sink to the Deadfall CO2 CO deep ocean Carbon 2 Doug Perrine Nature Picture Library Scanpix P. Lindgren Wikimedia Commons, Photo credits: Glenn Edney, Respiration

Egestion, decomposition Carbon deposition

Deep ocean floor Carbon burial

1 Trophic Cascade Carbon dynamics help maintain the carbon storage and sequestration function of coastal marine ecosystems (e.g. the health of primary producers such as meadows and kelp forests is maintained by herbivory and predation).

2 Biomixing Carbon Turbulence and drag, associated with the movement of marine , causes enhanced mixing of nutrient rich water from deeper in the towards the surface, where it enhances primary production by and thus the uptake of dissolved CO2. 3 Bony Fish Carbonate Bony fish excrete metabolised carbon as calcium carbonate (CaCO3) enhancing oceanic alkalinity and providing a buffer against ocean acidification.

4 Whale Pump Nutrients from the faecal material of stimulate enhanced primary production by phytoplankton, and thus uptake of dissolved CO2. 5 Twilight Zone Carbon Mesopelagic fish feed in the upper ocean layers during the night and transport consumed organic carbon to deeper waters during daylight hours.

6 Biomass Carbon Marine vertebrates store carbon in the ocean as biomass throughout their natural lifetimes, with larger individuals storing proportionally greater amounts over prolonged timescales.

7 Deadfall Carbon The carcasses of large pelagic marine vertebrates sink through the water column, exporting carbon to the ocean floor where it becomes incorporated into the benthic food web and is sometimes buried in sediments (a net carbon sink).

8 Marine Vertebrate Marine vertebrates consume and repackage organic carbon through marine food webs, which is transported to deep waters by rapidly Mediated Carbon sinking faecal material. Design and production by GRID-Arendal, 2015. www.grida.no

Reference: Lutz SJ, Martin AH. 2014. Fish Carbon: Exploring Marine Vertebrate Carbon Services. Arendal, Norway: GRID-Arendal.