Restoration of the heathlands of the and mires High Fens plateau 2007-2012 LIFE Nature Project
Printed on recycled paper Agriculture exploitation of the High Fens : But how come people centuries old human practices exploited this environment? We know that most of the High Fens If there is one form of former villages existed at the end of the exploitation that is still well known 2 HISTORY Middle Ages. Their population today, this definitely is the peat exploited these difficult lands with exploitation as a means for heating. poor yield, so the balance between Testimonies of this activity date back The notion that the High Fens is an From the Middle Ages up to the beginning needs and resources was fragile. as far as the end of the Middle Ages. environment at its natural state is th Hence, in former days, the fen was This malodorous combustible, causing completely wrong. Just like almost of the 19 century: exploitation through needed to support the survival of lots of smoke and with a calorific all European landscapes, the High village communities. value much lower than coal, was Fens have been modelled through- agricultural and pastoral practices probably adapted by the local population out the ages by various forms of as a result of the lack of human exploitation. wooded areas.
Originally, natural woods occupied
the vast majority of the High Fens © zvs - Archiv Sankt-Vith plateau surface (except for 2.000 ha 1. At the beginning: of mires). These woods were a millenium ago gradually transformed into a heath landscape due to agricultural and pastoral practices: grazing, peat Grazing in High Fens extraction, harvesting mulch for the stables, cultivation, tree cutting, ... Grazing at the High Fens dates back at least to the end of the Middle Ages. Peat extraction Herds came from the villages located near the high plateau and grazed here Oak and birch woodlands on peat soil all together, for better or for worse. In spite 2. From the Middle Ages up to of the vast area, the High Fens heathlands the beginning of the 19th century space was disputed between herds.
Grazing had a considerable impact on © Rudy Giet the landscape: it prevented regeneration
© Roger Herman of woods (as the animals trampled the the beginning of the 20th century. soil and fed on small plants). In this way, Mowing certain plants, such as ling, grazing contributed to maintaining was practiced in order to have mulch the heath landscape all reserve for the livestock. Finally, we the way up to should not forget the numerous other © perspectives forms of exploitation illustrating the inventiveness of man in extracting some 3. From the end of the 19th century up to the beginning of his needed resources from his direct of the 20th century environment: fire agriculture, wood coaling, bilberry picking, apiculture, ...
Sphagnum magellanicum Agriculture exploitation of the High Fens : centuries old human practices
HISTORY 3 From the end of the 19th century until Exploitation of the the beginning of the 20th century: High Fens waters
the introduction of spruce changes During the 19th and 20th centuries the exploitation of the High Fens waters the landscape once more took on industrial proportions. Dams capable of holding millions of cubic The 19th century introduced another way to exploit the High Fens: a massive spruce meters of water were built. From the plantation was started. However, these conifer forests, that have become common place middle of the 19th century onwards, today, did not grow naturally in Belgium! These woods lay at the origin of the last important the textile industry in Verviers demanded landscape modification caused by man. and obtained the construction of the dam on the Gileppe River, built In the Ardennes, on soils suitable to its growth (dry ground), spruces are between 1867 and 1875. still an important economical resource for the region today. During the same period, the On the other hand, on peat soils, which are very wet and acidic, its growth is far less development of tourism, the latest fruitful. On these soils, systematic cultivation required digging a vast network of form of High Fens exploitation, began; drains, needed to dry the parcels and in this way create more favourable conditions for today this activity has more importance growing these trees. Unfortunately, these drains contributed to degrading the mires by than ever before. cutting off the water necessary for their development, without even resulting in a sufficiently lucrative forestry production.
Today, even though the spruce has gradually been eradicated from the nature reserve, the future of these peatbogs still remains compromised. © Ulg Station Scientifique des Hautes Fagnes
Compared to the initial 2,000 hectares of peatbogs, about 125 hectares are still considered to be active. The rest of the area is very often completely invaded by a graminaceous plant, the purple moor-grass (Molinia caerulea). Its development is favoured by draining and burning, as well as atmospheric nitrogen pollution.
Spruce plantation Digging of drains Why is the protection and restoration of the High Fens environment important today? Boloria Aquilonaris 4 TARGETS 1. A rare natural heritage, 2. Global climatic importance a threatened biodiversity (carbon sinks)
With its highest point at 694 meters, the High Fens plateau has a much tougher climate In natural functioning conditions, peatbogs are considered to be great carbon sinks. As
compared to anywhere else in Belgium. The cold and rainy conditions allowed the a matter of fact, they can store up to ten times more CO2 compared to mineral soils. On development of rare threatened environments that are protected at the European level. Black grouse the other hand, exploitation and draining of peatbogs modify the carbon balance and
the degraded peatbogs release more CO2 in the atmosphere. In the long-term rewetting Numerous species directly depend on these restored poor habitats. of degraded peatbogs implies the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, such as CO2
The High Fens, for instance, hosts the last population of black grouse living in Belgium, a population that is actually significantly reduced and threatened.
Other species strictly linked to mire and heathland plants life conditions are also threatened: the cowberry fritillary (Boloria aquilonaris), the European stonechat (Saxicola rubicola), the nightjar (Caprimulgus Europaeus), etc. Why is the protection and restoration of the High Fens environnement important today?
TARGETS 5 3. Landscapes that testify former human activities
The High Fens landscapes represent an open-air testimony and an education source for future generations. First of all, there is the heritage of small monuments. Numerous boundary markers remind of the past frontier zone of the High Fens; crosses testify to tragic traffic accidents or murders. Last but not least, there are also the three High Fens pillars, rare reminders of road signs from our ancestors. Other traces, less evident but yet present all over the area, testify of human activity: tracks of former roads, old peat exploitation pits, drain networks, etc. As illustrated before, the heathland landscape is the result of the century’s old extensive agricultural and pastoral practices.
The peatbogs also have an archive function. This wet, acidic environment with few microorganisms does not completely decompose organic materials (plants, ani- mals). Sampling in the thick peat layers reveals the remains of dead plants (espe- cially: pollens). They are the remains of the various High Fens landscapes that suc- cessively emerged during the last 12,000 years. In the same way, due to the typical characteristics of mires of inhibiting decomposition, one of the most remarkable road remains of Belgium is preserved buried underneath the peat layers: the cob- bled pavement of Charlemagne (Road of Charles the Great).
4. An educational tourist attraction Today tourism has become one of the framework to prove the importance of most important factors for economical preserving our environment, both locally development in the area surrounding as well as on a global scale. the High Fens plateau. Every year, approximately 200,000 tourists visit this area! They all have various motivations: relaxing, special interest in nature, sports,... The challenge for the tourist sector is double. On the one hand, they need to welcome this substantial num-
ber of visitors, making sure that the © Station Scientifique du Mont Rigi Ulg impact on the High Fens ecosystem is minimized. And on the other hand, they The cobled pavement of Charlemagne must take advantage of this exceptional Restoring the mires and heathlands
6 GOALS
Aware of the threats weighing on In 2007, a new European project was The High Fens LIFE project is basically Oak and birch woodland on peat soil the fens, several protagonists, amongst launched: the “LIFE-Nature: High Fens” aimed at restoring the heathlands others the scientists from the Walloon Project. The LIFE-Nature projects aim at and mires (minimum 1400 hectares) Public Service, the Liège University sci- restoring natural habitats at the within an action area of 10,000 ha. entific Station, the DNF or volunteers European level. These projects are How? By reconverting mainly peaty,
© Herman Roger (Amis de la Fagne, Sonnentau, developed within the NATURA 2000 degraded and drained soils, surfaces Patrimoine Nature...), have been carry- network. All over Europe, the NATURA covered with purple moor-grass, or ing out restoration actions on the high 2000 zones were mapped out accord- areas planted with spruces that are not plateau for many decades. ing to criteria of rarity and threatened economically rentable, into: biological importance, with the objec- ➔ peatbogs where peat is generated tive of providing them with improved again, protection. The various environments ➔ heathlands maintained by grazing or present in the High Fens comply with mowing, these criteria: mires, heathlands, ➔ broadleaf forests (birch woods, oak Restored mire natural birch and oak woods, woods, beech woods...) adapted to the sphagnum birch woods and ecological conditions of the environ- juniper bushes. ments. The restoration will contribute to enhance the appeal to remarkable animal and plant species.
Heathland maintained by grazing
Grazing in the High Fens Multiple skills at the service of nature
ACTORS 7
During its 6 year term, 50 % of the the opportunity to prematurely deforest High Fens LIFE project has been funded and/or to sell their parcels. All in all 95 by the European Union, 49.9 % by families positively replied to our call, the Walloon Public Service and 0.1% which represents a total of 296 by the Nature Park High Fens-Eifel hectares. On top of the revenues from non-profit organisation. Its budget: their sale, an allowance was granted 4.5 million Euros, which means to compensate for the loss due to approximately 1 Euro per taxpaying premature cutting. For areas with natural Walloon. growth, a flat-rate allowance was also granted for their cutting. After being A team of four people is coordinating cut, these parcels were bought by the The four municipalities directly ("Amis de la Fagnes", "Sonnentau", executed by a secondary school from the project: planning, budget project and will become public nature involved in the project, namely: "Patrimoine Nature", "Haute Soignies. management, working site monitoring, reserves, or preserved by the owner Bütgenbach, Jalhay, Malmedy and Ardenne"), the trainees, the visiting sensitisation, scientific monitoring,... and protected by a convention. In this Waimes, as well as two Church schools, ...! Numerous volunteers also helped us The team has been assisted through way, it is possible to carry out restoration Councils (Hockai and Malmedy), all with the scientific monitoring, assisted every-day close collaboration by 35 works as well as to elaborate a long accepted to participate in the project On various occasions, we received by a total of about twenty trainees: people from the Walloon Region term management plan in concert by means of allowances. In total, 99 precious help from volunteers on dragonflies, butterflies, amphibians, (foresters, engineers, biologists) whose with the owner. As an example, we hectares of municipal plantations or several works. Cotton grass was birds, plants, ants and mammals were terrain knowledge and experience mention the following: natural spruce regenerations were cut replanted and Sphagnum-species inventoried during the right seasons. contributed to a smooth progression ➔ Fences installed to protect natural and over 350 hectares of municipal fens were sown by the "Amis de la Fagnes" of the restoration works. Five forestry regeneration of indigenous broadleaf were restored within the framework of and "Sonnentau", in basins where the Their help was essential in order to cantonments (DNF) were involved trees; the LIFE project. The money from the top layer was removed in much monitor the evolution of all restored (and will be further involved, within the ➔ Small groups of spruce trees that allowances has been reinvested in degraded peatbogs. areas. framework of the After-LIFE): Elsenborn, will be left untouched to leave some actions in favour of nature: building Eupen, Malmedy, Verviers and Spa. refuge for the wild game; paths and installing educational Cut cleaning tests were made by The works as such where carried out ➔ Pools and certain clogged drain ditch- information boards, planting trees fit means of manual cutting through qualified local entrepreneurs es were created in order to diversify the for these soils,… : back to nature! (85 local companies participated in landscape and the natural habitats; the project). ➔ Some zones were sod lifted in We should also mention the actions order to free up space for heather, ling taken in collaboration with the © Herman David Moreover, private owners largely and bilberry. nature preservation participated in the project. For certain associations owners, this was an opportunity to These actions allowed the environment capitalise on terrains with little economic to partially regain its original ecological rentability (less suitable for spruce richness. Through this project, 144 cultivation) but with an ecological hectares were purchased that will importance. The project gave them become nature reserves. Measures for restoring the heathlands and mires
8 ACTIONS 1. Deforestation of spruce plantations 2. Favouring plant germination in the that are not economically rentable heathlands and mires to the detriment The major spruce blocks, especially in or near the public nature reserve of of the purple moor-grass the High Fens, form impenetrable barriers for a large number of species. One of the main actions of the project was to cut these spruces on the peat soils that are less adapted for forestry and therefore provide low earnings. This way, the economically non profitable soils were given ecological value, and now, once again, host natural habitats and rare species. Forestry production has been preserved on good soils.
Some trees were preserved as perches and shelter for birds.
More than 960 hectares were deforested during the project (cutting plantations and natural regeneration areas, meaning zones that were not planted), this represents 0.1% of the woods surface in Wallonia. A large part of these surfaces will reforest and become thinly sown natural broadleaved forest with a rich biodiversity. In this way, the required connections between the various fens can be established.
Underneath the moor-grass tussocks there are seeds of other species that cannot Hard circumstances germ under this thick carpet where no light reaches. This is the case for heather and ling, for instance. To give these plants a chance, it is vital to bring the surface to Within the LIFE project, forestry bare soil. Several methods were applied: sod lifting (on 64 hectares) or milling (on exploitation conditions were rather dif- 200 hectares) of the vegetation and of the surface layer of the soil. Repeated periodic ficult. In fact, to avoid soil compacting mowing leads to similar results: 50 ha have been restored in this way. or the creation of grooves in these very wet environments; the machines Thanks to these works, typical plants of the heathlands and mires are re-colonizing had to circulate on layers of branches the area and once again give the landscapes or even on beds with trunks, and had their original colours. to be equipped with twin wheels. The results are quite Another technique was used for all impressive! works executed with excavators: the machine used a set of two platforms, each measuring 4 by 5 meters, onto which the machine moved by altering between both, making it possible to reduce the pressure on the soil. Measures for restoring the heathlands and mires
ACTIONS 9 3. Favouring the natural forest 4. Installing a sustainable, integrated
Originally, broadleaved forests (birch woods, oak woods, beech woods) covered management of the heathlands the whole area of the High fens, except for the peatbogs. Today, these environments have become rare on the high plateau. However, the biodiversity of these natural through grazing broadleaved forests is far more important than the biodiversity in a monotone spruce plantation (except for old spruce plantations, aged 70-80 years, where the biodiversity About 1,400 sheep and about thirty increases). Redpoll, hazel grouse and wild cat are rare species that will be favoured cows of rustic races gradually remodel by the development of these environments. These natural woods guarantee better 400 hectares of fens: at Wihonfagne, transit between open areas and spruce plantations. For this effect, 125 hectares at Fagne des Deux-Séries, at Grande were temporarily fenced in order to protect young shoots against the great appetite Fange and at Neuwald. of deer. Today, scientific monitoring points out In various peat valleys of the "North-East Fens", grey alder (Alnus incana) was planted. that grazing diminishes covering This non-indigenous species was introduced more than 60 years ago to serve as fire by purple moor-grass, favours the Digging drains causes peatbogs to cutting (limiting flame propagation thanks to its fire resistance). development of heathland and mire plants, and increases the floristic 5. Rewetting dry out, as a consequence they no longer accumulate peat. In order to Thanks to its remarkable environmental adaptation and its capacity to grow next to richness. find suitable humidity conditions other broadleaf trees, the grey alder expanded far too abundant over the years and the peatbogs again, it is necessary to fill these covers the space that is normally occupied by alder woods with black alders (Alnus drains and recreate flooded areas. glutinosa), rare indigenous habitat of great ecological importance at the Walloon Thus dams were built in certain territory scale. The deforestation and milling of 22 ha of grey alder within the LIFE places to hold back the water and project will prevent this species from growing back. further on depressions and basins were excavated accordingly. These generated shallow water areas will be gradually recolonised by Sphagnum-species and other plants of fens, transitional mires and peatbogs. This is a first step towards healthy peatbogs.
During the project, 210 km of drains were clogged. Moreover, according to estimates, more than 95 hectares are now shallow water areas once again (no deeper than 50 cm), more precisely by means of damming, top layer removing and drain filling. Flooding near the Baraque Michel 10 MAP
Fagne des Deux-Séries
Kutenhart Geitzbusch Brackvenn Nord
Neuwald Brackvenn Sud
Clefaye Potales
Rour
Setai-Fraineu
Grand Biseu Fagne Wallonne
Hockai
Eau rouge MAP 11 Mission accomplished !
12 SOME NUMBERS DEFINING THE LIFE PROJECT
In flooded areas Sphagnum-species grows back
At the end of the project, the initial goals were reached and very often even greatly exceeded!
➔ Restoration of 2800 hectares of heathlands and mires, of which 1,300 ha were subject to "heavy" actions (sod lifting, milling, deforesting, …) and 1,500 ha were restored in a less drastic way (cutting single trees, maintenance works, …).
➔ Purchase of 144 ha of land belonging to private owners. ➔ Top layer removal (about 30 cm deep) of degraded peatbogs on 8.5 ha. ➔ Relinquishing forestry speculation on 289 ha of private and municipal land (via thirty-year conventions), and on 337 ha of public land. ➔ Flooding of 34 ha of degraded peatbogs, through the construction of 8 km of dams.
➔ Cutting spruces with economical importance on 230 ha of private and ➔ Restoration of 98 lithalsas by closing breaches carried out at the dykes or through municipal land and on 322 ha of public land. top layer removing
➔ 81 ha where spruces without economical importance grew were cut ➔ Sod lifting (about 10 cm deep) of heathlands and mires on 64 ha. (mainly by shredding). ➔ Milling (about 5 cm deep) of heathlands and mires on 156 ha. ➔ 480 ha of natural spruce growth were cut. ➔ Milling around sub-intact peatbogs on 22 ha. ➔ Cleaning and restoration of cuts on 481 ha. ➔ 371 ha fenced for sheep and rustic breed cattle grazing. ➔ Cutting single trees (sawed into pieces and left on the spot or ringed) on 1,546 ha. ➔ 125 ha fenced off to facilitate broadleaf regeneration and to protect young ➔ 21 ha of non-indigenous broadleaf trees cut. shoots against the great appetite of deer. Landscape of “Fagne wallonne” and “Fagne des Deux-Series” ➔ 210 km of drains were clogged at regular intervals. ➔ Mowing purple moor-grass and bracken to achieve growth control on 50 ha. The reactions of nature © Pironet Annick
Dragonfly (Aeschna juncea) RESULTS 13
Scientific And the outcome of all this? certain areas: this is an encouraging diversity is undeniable. At the same conclusion anyhow! time, the various works carried out monitoring, allowed establishing connections botanic monitoring sedges, deer-grass, cotton grass, Also, former poor, abandoned grasslands, between sites that initially were for what purpose? heather, ling, bilberry and cowberry, managed by mowing, are no longer reduced and isolated, thus creating a vegetation surveys carried out in a depending on substrate wetness and neglected! The mowed grasslands mosaic of different habitats that interact standardised way and at regular time peat layer thickness. The environments reveal a typical development of the with each other on the whole plateau. During the LIFE project, numerous intervals, led to the conclusion that the restored in this way evolved towards a flowering species: bistort and daffodil, restoration techniques were applied actions undertaken have clearly had natural peatbog vegetation type of and also various interesting herbaceous This allows optimal dissemination of to very large surfaces. The major positive impact. Regression of the purple fens, transitional mires, peaty heathlands species (spignel, devil's bit scabious, …). plant species on the one hand and an part of these techniques had already moor-grass is drastic in the restored or dry heathlands. Regeneration of exchange of animal population on the been tested before the project, but environments; these areas are now rare species, such as round-leaved Over all the results obtained are other hand. on a far smaller scale, and the gradually colonised by plant species sundew (a small carnivore plant), as very positive, regardless of the actions undertaken seemed to pro- that are typical for the targeted habitats, well as the reappearance of plants that applied restoration technique. Thanks Over all, these vital connections for the duce good results everywhere, in sometimes even in a spectacular way: had disappeared for many decades, to the reappearance of a large number survival and preservation of habitats terms of restoration of the targeted Sphagnum-species (mosses typical in such as marsh clubmoss (Lycopodiella of typical species in the various represent one of the key achievements habitats and extension of the plant wet and peat environments), rushes, inundata), which has been spotted in restored habitats, the increase in plant- of the LIFE project. and animal species population.
However, within the scope of the Cranberry bush surfaces treated by the LIFE project, it is primordial to evaluate the biological impact of the various actions on vegetation and on very indicative animal groups (like avifauna, odonata, lepidopterans). Moreover, this scientific monitoring should be repeated on a Clubmoss long-term time schedule, in order to: ➔ validate the appropriateness of the © Roger Herman actions undertaken in terms of habitat restoration, ➔ monitor the dynamics of the typical species in the various restored habitats, Heather
➔ determine the impact of the restoration © Roger Herman in terms of connectivity, ➔ identify the most performing management techniques.
Border line of Sod and lifted area © Ghiette Pascal The reactions of nature
© Pironet Annick Dragonflies (Aeschna subartica) 14 RÉSULTS
migratory periods, numerous species perpendicularly on the slope, allowed clear-cuts have been colonised by the When the shallow waters will be filled were spotted. the formation of many shallow water stonechat (Saxicola torquata), the tree with thick Sphagnum-species covering, Avifauna and insects areas with varying surfaces. pipit (Anthus trivialis) and the meadow they will undoubtedly be able to host During the project, numerous shallow During springtime 2012, two migrating pipit (Anthus pratensis). the very rare northern emerald water areas were dug. species rather common in Wallonia, In the very same section, more precisely (Somatochlora arctica). but rarely and very rarely nesting next to one of these water areas, the As for insects (dragonflies and The creation of these water areas was here, were breeding at the High Fens: common teal was nesting. damselflies), some pioneering species The butterflies also reacted very rapidly carried out to the detriment of the the little ringed plover (Charadrius reacted immediately to the creation of on the works, more specifically the purple moor-grass that generally dubius) and the common teal (Anas Due to the multiplication of aquatic water areas. This led to a demographic cowberry fritillary (Boloria aquilonaris) occupies the degraded habitats. crecca). areas where he can catch odonates explosion of the black darter has once again colonised a large part Today all these areas have become (dragonflies and damselflies), its (Sympetrum danae) and the four-spotted of the High Fens plateau. new biotopes that are favourable to The little winged plover nests on bare favourite preys, the High Fens hobby chaser (Libellula quadrimaculata). birds, dragonflies and butterflies. soils or soils with scarcely developed (Falco subbuteo) population has vegetation, normally near slow water- increased. Very rare and very local species also The flooded areas are very well courses or shallow stagnant water. At took advantage of these new habitats: suited for the avifauna and the High Fens, this species was breeding Close to the water areas, the avifauna the ruby whiteface (Leucorrhinia particularly attractive for waders and in a peaty area where the vegetation has also taken advantage of the very rubiconda), the spearhead bluet anatidae (ducks, geese and swans). In was shredded and the remains important deforesting of conifer (Coenagrion hastulatum) and the bog swathed. These swaths, installed forests due to the Life project. The hawker (Aeshna subarctica). © Ghiette Pascal
Little Ringed Plover A special case : the black grouse
RESULTS 15
Chickweed Wintergreen Hope for the black Within this scope, several studies were Amongst these measures, there is the completed and various resulting data extension of the circulation prohibition grouse was collected, data dealing with the in C zones during nesting and breeding; black grouses on the one hand limitation of opportunist predators In Belgium, the fluctuation and also (observations, migrations, excrements, (foxes, …); mowing the lek flora; marking the decrease of the black grouse igloos, nests, perch trees, seasonable of enclosure and exclosure fencing; population is hard to deny. On feeding areas, ...) and data about etc. European scale, the tendencies are potential predators (fox, crow, …) and identical, and in spite of some increases users of the same resources on the Finally, the various habitat developments here and there, populations are other hand. that have been generated through the decreasing over all. High Fens Life project can be Based on the results obtained, a favourable for the species, but their An important factor of influence on the preservation plan was set up, and real influence can only be evaluated black grouse population fluctuation is immediate and medium term measures through long term studies. At this very climatic change. However, just this were taken to guarantee the preservation moment, in spite of these efforts, the one factor is nowadays no longer of the species of the High Fens. black grouse population continues its sufficient to explain the evolution of decrease. It is now up to all actors the population. Other factors to be involved to hold on to the efforts taken into account are: predation, made and to find a useful solution to collisions of animals with the "barriers" safeguard this icon of the High Fens. in the open landscape (fences, for instance), human disturbance, habitat modifications and perturbations, and also a possible genetic depression. © Ghiette Pascal
Black grouse Unforeseen danger
16 FIRE
On the 25th of April, 2011, an important We can point out, to conclude, that fire devastated approximately 1,385 the consequences of this fire for habitats hectares of heathlands and mires on outside the areas restored by the LIFE the High Fens plateau. In this vast project are less disastrous than could burnt down zone, basically only the be feared. If the fire had reached the areas restored due to the LIFE project, active peatbogs, it would have been a as well as the areas mowed according completely different story. to the RND management measures, were saved. As for the species, it is manly the heathlands avifauna that was affected As a matter of fact, in the restored by the fire. Apart from the fact that the zones (heathlands and mires where fire took place in full nesting period, it the top layer was removed, sod lifted, will take several years for the milled or mowed), the pioneering heathlands, much more affected by vegetation as well as the high humidity the fire, to become favourable to blocked the flames and prevented the nesting again. More precisely, we complete devastation of the plant need to monitor how the black 6 months after the fire blueberries already grow back covering. Moreover, the flooded areas grouse population will develop during formed upstream of the swaths the coming years. served as a fire-break, thus limiting fire propagation in this way. © Ghiette Pascale Economy and ecology for everyone
SOCIO-ECONOMICAL STUDY 17 The LIFE project High Fens: restoring nature, but at what price?
The High Fens Plateau is economically renowned for its wood production, for hunting and for ecotourism.
Within this context, the LIFE project actors were regularly confronted with questions made by the hunters, foresters or inhabitants of the region: « Isn't it all just an enormous waste of money? Is it pertinent, in these days of economic crisis, to spend money on restoring natural habitats and biodiversity? What will our children live off in future if there is nothing left but fens? »
In this view, a preliminary study was made in 2010. The target of this study was formulating qualitative and quantitative arguments to support the most pertinent socio-economic interests that are most representative for the geographical context of the High Fens.
Study areas: Methodology:
In order to study the impact at the The study wanted to formulate an The results are presented according to local level, the study area was answer to the following question: the annual cost/benefit of the impact. broadened to the 7 municipalities "What tangible benefits can the lamb- However, some of these results occur involved in the project, namely da citizen obtain from the High Fens every year, but others only occur Eupen, Baelen, Raeren, Jalhay, LIFE project?". For this purpose, the once. Therefore, non recurring Malmedy, Waimes and Bütgenbach. effects evaluated are the impact on impacts were distributed over 20 the citizens' well-being. The well-being years, in order to obtain an annual Two larger geographical entities were as such is expressed in Euros and has average. also taken into account: the Walloon to be interpreted as follows: Region (at the regional level) and the European Union (at the global 1 euro of well-being = well-being level). increase which can be benefited by 1 euro extra revenue (for a Belgian with an average income). Economy and ecology for everyone
18 SOCIO-ECONOMICAL STUDY Results : And what is the
The diagram presents the significant from the positive impact granted to The full report can be downloaded hunters' interest? impacts of the High Fens LIFE project the European Union within its full from our website: at the local, regional and global level. context! www.lifehautesfagnes.be The study shown before also clearly areas, especially since they are situated pointed out a positive effect of clear- in areas very seldom frequented by It is very obvious that investing in cutting spruce woods on theoretical tourists. In this case, it is possible that nature yields about 10 million euro game quantity. The population the multiplication of these zones per year. regulation through hunting preserves could also be seen as a factor favouring all of its sense in this view. If in spite of the increase in game populations or Moreover, the impact of the LIFE project all, shelter decrease is really effective at least an element limiting game basically has a global dimension and the first years after cutting as a pressure in the woods. Moreover, the is non financial. It concerns biodiversity, consequence of opening up these numerous openings created offer recreational use of the High Fens and areas, very soon, however, herbaceous attractive areas for hunters practicing storage/emissions of greenhouse species appear, forming an interesting their sport from hidden blinds. gases. feeding provision. Consequently, the regeneration of dense, varied vegeta- Finally, if positive impacts on hunting Furthermore, the project impact on tion (especially broadleaf species) linked to works by the LIFE project are the well being of the 7 municipalities allows recreating places of shelter, still to be confirmed and put into their is positive. On the one hand, it is which were reduced in a former context, it is in any case confirmed linked to the creation of nature restoring stage, and which are also necessary that the project had no negative activities, which are directly profitable for the development of the deer effect whatsoever on this activity. to local companies and entrepreneurs. population. On the other hand, the larger attractiveness of the sites, a consequence Besides, the restored areas, and more of the works carried out, causes an particularly the milled areas colonised increase in tourism, generating a benefit by ling, also form interesting feeding that translates into an increase of local benefits favouring tourist infrastructures and other related sectors.
Finally, the impact at the Walloon Region level is negative, since it finances the project at a rate of 50%. This result should be nuanced as Walloon Region citizens also benefit © André Drèze And aftertheproject? measures onthehydrological regime ofabasin. The scientificmonitoringstartedwillbecontinued.AstudybytheLiègeUniversity willbedonetoquantifytheimpactofres 30 years. restrictions linkedtothisconventionare correctly respected, more precisely thatnoexoticspeciesare replanted foraperio Furthermore, forlandsbelongingtoprivateownershavingsignedadeforesting convention,theDNFwillseetoitthat yearinorderevery toassure theirstateandtoperform possiblerepairs ifnecessary. The 8kmofdamsaswellthe50fencingforprotecting broadleaf speciesandthefencesforgrazingwillbeinspected as wellinsidethefencingintendedtoprotect thenaturalregeneration ofindigenousbroadleaf species. The mostimportantactionwillbetheperiodical in order topreserve theheathlandvegetation. well asthatofthepurplemoor-grass. Moreover, atamiddleterm,the sodliftedandmilledareas willhavetobemowedaswel In afirststage, in amore gentleway. Extensive cutting ofthenaturalspruceregeneration. The managementmeasures, which willbeexecutedbytheDNFaswell,consistmainlyofgrazing,mowingandperiodic themanagementofwhichistakencareReserves, ofbyDNF. The parcels boughtwithinthe frameworkoftheproject havebeenreassigned totheWalloon RegiontobecomePublicNature a managementplaninconcertwithDNFandDEMNA. In order toguaranteethecontinuity oftheactionstaken,andsustainabilitytheirpositiveeffects, theLIFEproject s grazing mowing will beappliedonabout400habymeansofsheepandrusticcattlebreeds, allowingheathlandsmaintenance will benecessary, tocontrol brackengrowth (mowing2to3timesayearweakentheplant)as Sustainability oftheproject elimination (every 5-10years)ofthe (every spruce germs on therestored areas ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ toration et up d of l, A by meansofvarioussupportsandinstruments: importanttargetpublic, isavery developedduringtheproject, butalsoforafterLIFE, The sensitisationandinformationofalarge generalpublic,aswellthespecialised An manent exhibitionoftheBotrangeNature Centre orattheMalmundarium. The filmisalsodisplayedontheinternetsiteofproject, aswellinsidetheper- for abetterpropagation throughout Europe. for thepublic,otheronemore specialised–andisalsotranslatedinto4languages the fieldofrestoration ofheathlands andmires. Thefilmisavailablein2versions–one Shot duringafullyear, thefilmshootingbrought togetherasampleofknow-howin works carriedout. public aboutthe point toinformthegeneral the project, willbethekeycontact Trained nature guides,wellinformed throughout as attheborders ofimpressive worksvisiblealongcertainpaths. These are installedatthestartingpointsoflongwalkingtoursHighFens,aswell Educational informationboards: A it possibletosensitiseonthissubjectstartingfrom youngage! avery restoration andprotection. Editedinthree languages(FR,DandNL),thefilmmakes regarding thethemeofheathlandsandpeatbogs,necessitytheir order toanimatevisitsbyschools groups totheNature Centre, educatingthem It wasprepared bytheLIFEteamandanimatorsfrom theBotrangeNature Centre, in film website educational edition"Water andpeatbogs" : : www.lifehautesfagnes.be inFrench andGerman. AFTER-LIFE : 19 20 GLOSSARY
Top layer removing, sod lifting techniques to clear cut soil in view of reactivating germination of seeds present underneath the purple moor-grass layer: removing the upper layer (5 to 10 cm deep for and milling : sod lifting, 30 cm deep for complete removing and stock piling the plant material. A slight slope is made in the treated areas in order to partially flood the area. In case of milling, the vegetation is shredded (up to 10 cm deep) before being placed in piles.
DNF : Département de la Nature et des Forêts (Nature and Woods Department), department of the Walloon Public Service.
DEMNA : Département de l’Etude du Milieu Naturel et Agricole (Nature and Agriculture Environment Study Department), department of the Walloon Public Service.
Ecosystem : An ecosystem includes an environment, the living beings of which it is composed and all relations that can exist and develop inside this system.
Heathlands : environment characterised by low vegetation, mainly heath species (heather, ling, bilberry …), shrubs that can survive on very poor and acid soils thanks to symbiosis with certain mushrooms.
Natura 2000 : programme worked out at the European level according to the standards of each member state of the Union. The goal is preserving certain species as well as the natural environments where these species live. Consequently, the areas have been outlined according to precise criteria and will be subject to particularly attentive care and monitoring.
Nature Park : rural territory of high biological and geographical importance, subject to measures intended to protect the environment, in harmony with the aspirations of the population and the economical and social development of the interested territory.
Nature reserve : an area protected by an appropriate management system set up to preserve this area at its basic state. For this purpose, measures can be taken in view of preserving, monitoring or reintroducing plant or animal species, to maintain certain plant layers or to restore modified environments.
Public nature reserve : protected area managed by the Executive founded on parcels belonging to the Walloon Public Service, rented or made available for this purpose.
Sphagnum : typical plant of peatbog areas. It is a kind of moss that is actively taking part in peat formation.
SPW : Service Public de Wallonie (Walloon Public Service)
Peatbogs or mires : flooded areas with shallow water, an ideal ecosystem for Sphagnum-species to gradually decompose, accumulate and form peat layers.
CONTACTS
Visit the project website for any additional information: www.lifehautesfagnes.be
Managing editor: "Commission de gestion du Parc naturel Hautes-Fagnes Eifel" non-profit organisation www.perspectives.be In collaboration with the European Commission and the Walloon Region (SPW – DEMNA and DNF)