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Paleo-upwelling and the distribution of Mesozoic marine reptiles Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Montague-Judd, Danielle Dawn Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 14:38:58 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/283980 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overiaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced fomn at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 PALEO-UPWELLnSfG AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF MESOZOIC MARINE REPTILES by Danielle Dawn Montague-Judd Copyright © Danielle Dawn Montague-Judd 1999 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1999 XJMI Niimber: 9946864 Copyright 1999 by Montague-Judd, Danielle Dawn All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9946864 Copyright 1999, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA ® GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Danielle Dawn Montague-Judd entitled Paleo-upwelling and the Distribution of Mesozoic Marine Reptiles and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy jlO j'i ^ idith T. Parrish-Jones Date ^ // a /py Date — Date ' Philip A. Hastings Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. -7/z-5/fy I^sertation Director judith T. Parrish-Jones Date 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: U 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people willingly gave of their time and expertise to help me complete this dissertation. Judy Parrish, my major advisor, introduced me to the topic, helped instill in me the confidence to proceed, and provided academic support. Karl Flessa acted as my interim advisor during Judy's sabbatical and included me in the C.E.A.M. community. Andy Cohen, John Lundberg, and Phil Hastings provided guidance and helpful advice. My whole committee deserves thanks for promptly reviewing the dissertation. Tim Demko, Bob Moulton, and Amy Kowalczyk served excellently as field assistant-mentors, and Amy Kowalczyk and Essa Gross prepared rock samples. Wes Bilodeau and Joe Schreiber gave expert advice on petrography and access to petrographic equipment. Mark Rigali and Pete Holterhoff gave me crash courses on thin-section petrography that helped immensely. Mark Rigali, Joaquin Ruiz, and Mark Baker provided advice on geochemical analysis. Pete Holterhoff and Bob Casavant gave stimulating discussion of carbonate sedimentology. Kate Rylander, Andy Cohen, and Pete DeCelles allowed use of microscopes and video-imaging equipment. Kevin Moodie provided fossil preparation equipment and methods. Julie Libarkin helped me understand Luning paleomagnetic data. Thanks to the 1993 and 1994 University of Arizona field camp directors (J. Parrish, S. Beck) and staff for allowing me to tag along. Jennifer Hogler oriented me to the Luning Formation at BISP. Norm Silberling graciously provided conodont information and insight on rocks of the MMP. Chris McRoberts identified bivalve fossils from BISP. George Gehrels helped me get the big picture of Mesozoic accretionary tectonics and substantially increased my understanding of the Luning paleogeographic setting by giving me passage on the DUDZ tour of Nevada and California in 1995. Jeff Manuszak provided the Luning detrital zircon data. Big thanks to Tom Moore for giving me access to his geodesic software, for many stimulating discussions, and for help in many aspects of the database study. Thanks to Karen Porter, Aaron Bell, Dave Dettman, and Tong Jinnan for article translations. Chris Scotese generously gave paleogeographic maps and software. A.M. Ziegler and D. Rowley of the Paleogeographic Atlas Project, University of Chicago, graciously provided upwelling-related lithology data. Barry Kazmer dug up helpftil taxonomic information. Among the many who helped me complete this project through discussion or support at various times are Bill Dickinson, Peter Coney, George Davis, Judy Massare, George Stanley, Martin Sander, Mike Everhart, Pete DeCelles, Conrad Labandeira, Lois Roe, Dena Smith, Tara Curtin, Julie Libarkin, Kim Driver, Peter Roopnarine, and the PCRP lab group. Pat and Fred Montague inspired me to pursue a science career. Curtis Judd provided multi-faceted and untiring support—computing, field, emotional, mental. Finally, this project would not have happened without monetary support from the National Science Foundation, Phi Kappa Phi, the University of Arizona Graduate College, the Geological Society of America, the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Sigma Xi, the University of Arizona Research Training Group in the Analysis of Biological Diversification, and the Marshall Foundation. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures 8 List of Tables 9 ABSTRACT 10 1. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF MODERN AND ANCIENT UP WELLING 12 INTRODUCTION 13 MODERN UPWELING SYSTEMS 15 Physical Basis 19 Biological Responses to Upwelline 19 Nutrients 19 Plankton 21 Nekton 22 Benthos 25 Biological Responses: Summary 30 Sedimentological Consequences of Upwelling 31 General Patterns 31 Organic-Rich Sediments 33 Biosiliceous Sediments ("Chert") 37 Phosphorite 38 Glauconite 40 Calcareous Ooze/Chalk 40 Trace and Minor Element Concentrations 42 Sedimentological Consequences: Summary 43 Sources of Variable Sedimentation 44 ANCIENT UPWELLING SYSTEMS 48 Preservable Aspects of Upwelling Sediments and Biota 48 Evaluation 50 Examples of Ancient Upwelling Systems 53 SUMMARY 59 2. PALEOCEANOGRAPHY OF THE UPPER TRIASSIC LUNING FORMATION AT THE SHOSHONE MOUNTAINS, NEVADA 71 INTRODUCTION 72 TECTONOSTRATIGRAPHIC SETTING 77 LITHOLOGY, AGE, AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE LUNING FORMATION 82 METHODS 89 RESULTS 91 Lithofacies Descriptions and Interpretations 91 Shaly. Fossiliferous Limestone Facies (S) 92 Description 92 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Siltv. brown limestone and argillite subfacies fSla, Figure 2.7). 92 Siltv. black limestone subfacies (Sbl. Figure 2.8). 94 Calcareous shale subfacies fScs. Figure 2.9). 96 Interpretation 97 Pel-Bioclastic Limestone Facies fP) 102 Description 102 Peloidal bioclastic limestone subfacies (Pel. Figure 2.10). 102 Pelleted bioclastic limestone subfacies fPbl. Figure 2.11). 103 Interpretation 104 Oolitic Bioclastic Limestone Facies (O. Figure 2.12) 105 Description 105 Interpretation 106 Fossiliferous Limestone Facies (F. Figure 2.13) 106 Description 106 Interpretation 107 Geochemical Results 108 Paleontological Results 109 DISCUSSION Ill Environments of Deposition Ill Sedimentological Aspects 111 Geochemical Aspects 113 Paleontological Aspects 116 Upwelling Characteristics 117 Cool-Water Conditions 117 Edge Effects 119 Eutrophic Conditions 120 Synthesis 122 Scenario 1 123 Scenario 2 124 Scenario 3 126 CONCLUSIONS 129 3. PALEOUPWELLING AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF MESOZOIC MARINE REPTILES 162 INTRODUCTION 163 Modem Whale Distribution and Feeding 163 Marine Reptile Ecology 165 Upwelling
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  • Early Triassic Marine Reptile Representing the Oldest Record Of

    Early Triassic Marine Reptile Representing the Oldest Record Of

    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Early Triassic marine reptile representing the oldest record of unusually small eyes in reptiles Received: 20 April 2018 Accepted: 12 December 2018 indicating non-visual prey detection Published: xx xx xxxx Long Cheng1, Ryosuke Motani 2, Da-yong Jiang 3, Chun-bo Yan1, Andrea Tintori4 & Olivier Rieppel5 The end-Permian mass extinction (EPME) led to reorganization of marine predatory communities, through introduction of air-breathing top predators, such as marine reptiles. We report two new specimens of one such marine reptile, Eretmorhipis carrolldongi, from the Lower Triassic of Hubei, China, revealing superfcial convergence with the modern duckbilled platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), a monotreme mammal. Apparent similarities include exceptionally small eyes relative to the body, snout ending with crura with a large internasal space, housing a bone reminiscent of os paradoxum, a mysterious bone of platypus, and external grooves along the crura. The specimens also have a rigid body with triangular bony blades protruding from the back. The small eyes likely played reduced roles during foraging in this animal, as with extant amniotes (group containing mammals and reptiles) with similarly small eyes. Mechanoreceptors on the bill of the animal were probably used for prey detection instead. The specimens represent the oldest record of amniotes with extremely reduced visual capacity, utilizing non-visual cues for prey detection. The discovery reveals that the ecological diversity of marine predators was already high in the late Early Triassic, and challenges the traditional view that the ecological diversifcation of marine reptiles was delayed following the EPME. Te modern marine ecosystem would be incomplete without air-breathing, tetrapod predators, such as cetaceans and pinnipeds1, which dominate the list of the heaviest marine predators.