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The Occurrence of Barium and Strontium In The Occurrence of Barium and Strontium in Typical Nevada Gypsum A thesis submitted to the faculty of the University of Nevada in partial fulfillment of the re­ quirements for the degree of Master of Science By Brent P. Fabbi Reno, Nevada June, 1965 Approved by ^ / 2 Department Head • Ha*- Approved by 11 Acknowledgments The writer is indebted to Dr. Alex Volborth for suggesting the original problem and for his guidance in the preparation of this paper. The X-ray spectrograph and associated sample preparation equip­ ment were made available through the courtesy of the Nevada Mining Analytical Laboratory. Without the recent contributions of funds by the Atomic Energy Commission and the National Science Foundation, especially NSF Grant No. GP-1987, this project could not have been undertaken. Sampling of U. S. Gypsum's pit at Gerlach, Nevada was made possible by Mr. Seeburger. Sampling of the Blue Diamond Mine was permitted by Marion Brooks. Sampling of Fibreboard's Apex deposit was through the courtesy of B. G. Long. Dr. R. Olson provided the geologic information and aided in selecting the deposits studied in Southern Nevada. C. F. Withington aided 1n describing the geology of the Gerlach area. The writer is indebted to Gail Chuba for statistical compilations, to Or. H. A. Vincent for chemical analyses, and to Hr. P. A. Weyler for valued advice and assistance. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. Introduction ................................... 1 II. Selection of Deposits ......................... 4 III. Selection of Analytical Method ................. 4 IV. Sample Collection .... ..................... 6 V. Sample Preparation.................. 7 a) Method of Comminution ................ 7 IV. Geology of the Deposits ....................... 9 1) Gerlach............................... 9 a) Location........................ 9 b) G e o l o g y ........................ 9 2) Blue D i a m o n d ........................ 10 a) Location........................ 10 b) G e o l o g y ........................ 10 3) Lake M e a d ............................ 11 a) Location........................ 11 b) G e o l o g y ........................ 11 4) Vegas W a s h .......................... 13 a) Location........................ 13 b) G e o l o g y ........................ 13 5) A p e x ................................. I3 a) Location.......... 13 b) G e o l o g y ........................ I3 VII. X-ray Spectrographic Procedure ................. 18 1) Equipment U s e d ...................... 18 2) Settings for Barium .................. 18 3) Settings for Strontium .............. 18 1 v Page 4) Settings for Calcium .................. 20 5) Standards . .......................... 21 VIII. Results of Spectrographic Analysis .............. 21 1) Barium ................................. 21 a) Gerlach ........................... 22 b) Blue D i a m o n d .................... 22 c) Lake M e a d ........................ 22 d) Vegas W a s h ...................... 22 e) A p e x ............................ 22 f) Discussion...................... 27 2) Strontium ............................ 31 a) Gerlach.......................... 31 b) Blue D i a m o n d .................... 31 c) Lake M e a d ........................ 31 d) Vegas Wash ....................... 32 e) A p e x ............................ 32 f) Discussion ...................... 38 3) C a l c i u m .............................. 39 a) Discussion...................... 39 IX. Conclusion..................................... 44 X. Appendix . .............................. 46 1) Precision .......... 4? IX. Bibliography................................... 51 v ...... I-IIU IL IM B LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1 Location of Gypsum Deposits ....... 5 2 Grinding and Pelletizing Equipment . 8 3 Photos of Lake Mead Prospect .......... 12 4 Photos of Vegas Wash Quarry ............ 15 5 Photos of Vegas Wash Quarry ............ 16 6 Photos of Apex Deposit ................ 17 7 Photos of X-ray Equipment .............. 19 8 Relative Distribution of BaO .......... 23 9 Similarity in the Slope of Carbonate and Sulfate Calibration Curves .... 30 10 Relative Distribution of Strontium in Parts Per M i l l i o n ........ 33 n Relative Distribution of Strontium 1n Per C e n t ................... 34 12 Distribution Curve for Barium Oxide . 49 13 Distribution Curve for Strontium Oxide. 50 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Results of Barium Oxide Analysis. 24 2 Results of Strontium Oxide Analysis . 35 3 Results of Calcium Oxide Analysis . 40 vi It appears there are strontium concentrations in gypsum and the carbonates geologically associated with these gypsum deposits. Nevada has had in time long past a favorable geological environ­ ment for the deposition of gypsum. Nevada is an ideal area to deter­ mine if both barium and strontium do occur with gypsum and associated carbonates since there are extensive gypsum deposits. In the past few years, notably from 1955 on, much interest in barium and strontium occurring with gypsum has developed abroad. There are reported occurrences of barium and strontium 1n gypsum rocks, limestone marls, and limestone breccias in the deposits of such varied countries as Italy, Russia, Poland, and Germany. A few of the occurrences are noted below. One deposit in the Czarkowy region of Poland is reported to contain from 0.06% to 62.19% celestite. The celestite is dispersed throughout the gypsum deposit (Morawiecki, A., and Domaszewska, T., 1957). A deposit in Thuringia, Germany contains both celestite and strontianlte. An analysis of strontianite at Konitz revealed 1t to be 94.28% SrC03, 4.36% CaC03, and 0.84% BaC03 (Munel, G., 1959). German Mueller reported that "magascopically, the sediments of the Upper Malme, Germany are rich in celestite and correspond to the massive anhydrite rocks which are typical of shallow water formation" (Mueller, 6., 1962). One sample of anhydrite-bearing dolomitic rock in Italy contained 2390 ppm Sr while a white marble had only 190 ppm (Dessau, G., 1962). The Russians have done more work in this area than any others, for example strontium has been found in the gypsum of the sediments of Northern Kazakstan (Dobrovol'skii, V. V., 1959). A.Allanov found that celestite, gypsum, barite, carbonates, and iron hydroxides are syngenetlc with sediment accumulation in lower Cretaceous strata of South East Turkmenia (Allanov, A., 1964). Celestite has been found in abundance in the Dnestr River area. Seven chemical analyses of celestlte-bearing limestone contained 1.62, 3.01, 5.10, 10.10, 22.83, and 30.10 percent SrO respectively. Genetically this mineral is associated 1n these de­ posits with limestones, marls, dolomites, and gypsum-bearing clays. It 1s paragenetically associated primarily with gypsum, cal cite, native sulfur, and bituminous matter (Lazarenko, E. K., and SHvko, M. H., 1958). Kropachev reported an average value of 855 ppm Sr in thirty-seven samples of anhydrite and 1275 ppm in seventy-five samples of gypsum from the Kungurian evaporltes in Russia. He concluded that these gypsum deposits of the fore-Urals were derived by the hydration of anhydrite and strontium was enriched by 50% (Ham, W. E., 1962). Work 1n this direction has also been done 1n the United States. W. E. Ham has observed celestite 1n the Cloud Chief formation occurring with gypsum in Oklahoma (Ham, W. E., 1961), Ham also noted that normal anhydrite of evaporite origin contains abundant strontium as an 1so- morphous substitution of strontium for calcium in the Blaine formation which showed a range of 865 to 3165 ppm. The average strontium 1n anhydrite amounts to 1475 ppm in 22 samples while the average strontium present in gypsum 1s 970 ppm in 38 samples of that deposit. Ham observed that all of the strontium appeared to substitute within the anhydrite space lattice and does not occur as a separate phase in the form of celestite. On changing by hydration to gypsum the anhydrite lattice is destroyed and a new lattice is formed, thus SrSO^ is formed as celestite -2- in the gypsum (Ham, U. E., 1962). Only small amounts of barium and strontium were found in the gypsum and associated carbonates of the Colorado Plateau (Newman, W. L., 1962). As the mining of gypsum and its subsequent treatment to form a variety of gypsum products is a major mining industry in Nevada, the abundance of barium and strontium in gypsum and associated carbonates is also important from a geochemical standpoint. Strontium minerals may also form an important by-product for the mining industry 1f dis­ covered in large enough quantities. Mineralogical identification of these minerals is however difficult, and therefore the logical approach is chemical analysis. In order to investigate the occurrence of barium and strontium in Nevada, five typical deposits have been sampled. The samples were analyzed using an X-ray spectrograph. The strontium and barium minerals associated with sulfates and carbonates are celestite (SrSO^), strontianite (SrC03), barite (BaSO^), witherite (BaC03), and bromlite (Ca,Ba)C03. -3- II. Selection of Deposits Gypsum occurs in an area that encompasses over 4000 square miles in Southern Nevada. Many gypsum deposits and associated carbonates are to be found in this area. The shape of the deposit and the amount of exposed gypsum was a factor considered 1n the selection of deposits. Since many deposits existed, only those that appeared typical were chosen. Four deposits were finally selected as being typical of Southern Nevada. A fifth deposit at Gerlach in Northern Nevada was also chosen. This deposit 1s well exposed and 1s
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