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Discourse of civil military relations in

Chiranjibi Bhandari Rajendra Sharma

Abstract Keywords: civil military relations, the Nepali , regime change, nation–state, A sovereign nation –state requires a strong dynamics military institution and the demands its personnel’s obedience, loyalty, Introduction sacrifice and discipline to maintain command It was commonly believed that the state army and control. However, as an established was established prior to the unification of principle, civilian control of the military is Nepal. King Prithivi Narayan (P.N.) Shah, the desirable to the military control of the state. founder of modern Nepali nation-state, had The concept of Civil Military Relations played a significant role in the establishment (CMR) is dynamic, evolutionary and country of the military and the modern Nepal and specific. Such a bond between an official named the army as ‘Tilanga’. It was changed security organization and the public in to the ‘Gorkhali Army’ after the Gorkha general change with regime shifts, external conquest of Nuwakot. Chandra Shumsher imperatives and technological innovations. named it ‘Nepal Army’ and the title “Royal The impact of regime changes and political Army’ was given by King Mahendra, later movements has been observed in various on King Birendra named it as ‘Royal Nepal aspects of politics, society in Nepal is not an Army’ (Acharya, 2009, p. 128). It was re- exception. In this line, this article deals on named ‘Nepal Army' after the proclamation the theoretical discourse of CMR, reviews of the House of Representatives (HoR), on 18 the constitutional and legal provisions and May 2006 (ASPECT, 2011, p. 8). examines the factors influencing CMR in Besides King, civilian leaders like Bhimsen Nepal from the period of modern nation- Thapa (1775-1839) and Jung Bahadur state formation to present days. Along with Rana (1816-1877) have made significant existing debates around the role of the contribution to modernize of the Nepali Army. Nepali Army in various non-military jobs, Thapa took remarkable measures this paper proposes multiple perspectives on to advance the military administration and how different entities, including , institutional organization. The Lal-Dhadda, politicians and military leaders perceive the systematic maintenance of military CMR. Likewise, the writers argue that records, was initiated under his instruction. sharing the responsibilities among the civil Then Prime Thapa also developed society, citizenry and military organizations a classified military organization with is one of the most suitable approaches in designations, adding the post of General and response to balancing CMR in Nepal. (Adhikari, 2015, p. 102).The Prime

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Minister and Commander-in-Chief Jung The 12-point understanding, between then Bahadur Rana (1846-1856) and (1857-1877) mainstream political parties and then CPN placed all the male members of his family on (Maoist) signed in on 22 November the rolls with military titles and the rank of 2005 paved the way to the Comprehensive Colonel. He further introduced Peace Accord 2006 along with subsequent a rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and adopted a political agreements. The Communist Party more inclusive recruitment policy (Adhikari, of Nepal–CPN (Maoist)’s with 220 out of 2015, p. 108). 575 seats, became the largest party in the Constituent Assembly Election I of 2008. The Interestingly, after each political change, Maoist–led incumbent Government created the Nepali Army was forced to transform turmoil in the Civil-Military Relations in to cope with the aspirations of the political Nepal. Then Prime Minister Puspa Kamal changes and leaderships in the military. In Dahal’s move to sack the Chief of the Army the 1950s, the Nepali Congress–led struggle Staff (COAS) Rookmangud Katuwal and the was concluded with the tripartite agreement President’s intervention against the elected among the Ranas, the pro-democratic force Prime Minister's decision unfolded a new led by Nepali Congress and the King that was discourse in the Civil-Military Relations mediated by India. However, the military was in Nepal. The Constituent Assembly II then downsized in a process of modernization promulgated the constitution in September of the Nepali Army upon the recommendation 2015. The successful completion of three of the Indian military mission (Basnyat, tiers of election in 2017 and practices of three 2018, p. 48). forms of government at federal, provincial In 1960, then King Mahendra Shah imposed a and local level further unraveled the discourse state of emergency, which outlawed political in CMR in Nepal. parties and dissolved the parliament in the In this background, this article briefly backing of Royal Nepal Army (RNA). The examines the discourse of the Civil- Party-less Panchayat system continued till the Military Relations, its constitutional and 1990. With restoration of democracy in 1990, legal provision in Nepal along with factors the country became a multi-lingual, multi- influencing this bond during the different ethnic but a Hindu state and Constitutional regimes. This article is based on both primary Monarchy remained unchanged in the and secondary data from different sources. (1990). In 1996, six For the primary information, interview were years after the restoration of the democracy, taken with 20 key individuals, including country entered into an armed conflict, led military personnel and civilian. Various by then Communist Party of Nepal-CPN resource materials, such as books, articles (Maoist). The Royal massacre of 2001 and and newspapers stories were used as the the king’s direct rule (2004-2005) contributed source of secondary information. to weaken the faith of Nepalese citizens on monarchy and nurtured the synergy between Discourses of CMR the then mainstream political parties: Seven Parties Alliances (SPA) and the Maoist. CMR is an interaction between the armed forces of a state as an institution, and the other sectors of the society the armed force

22 UNITY JOURNAL is rooted in. It is perceived as power sharing and the citizenry-on four issues; the social between the legitimate civil authority of composition of corps, the political a state and its security forces (Sharma & decision-making process, the method of Thapa, 2010, p. 970), encompassing the recruiting soldiers, and military (Schiff, entire range of relationship between military 2001, pp. 32-33). and civilian society (Feaver, 2003, p. 54). Theoretically, the security forces in the Also, the rising ethno-national civil wars countries with liberal democracies are placed after the end of Cold War (1945-89) on the under the command of the civil government, one hand and the internationalization of the carry out orders and are accountable to it. military as peace keeping force on the other The evolution of CMR discourse dates back hand, ‘who controls who’ in the thesis of to 1950s. Institutional theory remains the civil-military relations is itself problematic. dominant paradigm for examining civil- It was clearly proposed to share roles military relations (Huntington, 1957, pp. 81- and responsibilities among civilians and 83). As civilian control of the military, Samuel the military society for an effective Civil P. Huntington’s subjective and objective Military Relations (Bland, 1999, pp. 7-26). control of the military seems antithetical with Similarly, in order to cover the full scope of themselves. Peter Feaver's agency theory CMR, six interdependent and interpenetrated stands on different position in Huntington’s dimensions have been proposed including notions of CMR. In objective civilian control, economy, finance, technology, culture, Huntington had prescribed for autonomous, society and politics (Kummel, 2002, p. 69). apolitical, neutral professional military, Therefore, the extent to which the civilian which is not possible in liberal democracy authorities actually exercise control on the (Feaver, 2003, pp. 16-18). military differs based on characters of states as well as forms of the regime. As alternative to Huntington’s institutional set up, Michael C. Desch described 'structural Constitutional and legal provisions related environment' as determinant for military to CMR organization (Desch, 2001, pp. 8-21). In The The history of documented legal provisions Professional Soldier, Morris Janowitz argues for CMR is fairly short in Nepal. It started for the civilianization of the military by in the late eighteenth century with Dibya converging civilian and the military society. Upadesh (Nepal Law Commission, 2018, Janowitz further claims that distinction p. 9). Dibya Upadesh prescribed certain between the civilian and military roles privileges and incentives to the military and (Janowitz, 1960, p. I) that lay at the heart of clearly differentiated the military and civilian Huntington’s theory had been blurred by the spheres, valorizing the importance of the emergence of nuclear weapons and limited military in Nepal. Prominently, monarchy had war. As an alternative, Rebecca L. Schiff played a key role in establishing the Army as offers a new theory—Concordance—in the well as national security related issues from Civil-Military Relations. The concordance the unification to 1990s. For instance, even theory has an argument in a similar line after the 1950s political change with the fall with a proposition of the partnership within of the Rana regime along with the transfer of a polity-the military, the political elite, the Bijuli Garat, guns and ammunitions from

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Singha Durbar (the residence of Rana Prime S. Documents Introduced/Enacted/ Minister) to the Narayanhiti Durbar (the N. Promulgated by residence of the King), the Army forces also shifted their loyalty back to the monarchy 1. Dibya King P. N. Shah and King Tribhuvan assumed the title of Upadesh (1742-1774) Supreme-Commander in Chief in April 1952 2. JangiAin PM Jung Bahadur (Kumar, 2009, p. 140). (Military Rana, 1854 Law) During the Panchayat regime (1960-1990), 3. Military Ain Interim Government, the relationship between the Army and the 1951 King was further consolidated with the 4. Military Act King Mahendra, 1959 adoption of the Military Act in 1959. It was 5. Constitution King Mahendra, 1959 further deepened with the Act on Right, 6. Act on King Mahendra, 1959 Duty, Function and Terms of the Service of Right, Duty, Commander-in- Chief 1969’ made the Chief Function and of the Army Staff (COAS) responsible and Terms of the accountable to His Majesty (Kumar, 2009, p. Service of 140). The Military Act 1959 was amended for Commander- the first time after a long gap in September in- Chief 2006 that unties the embryological cord of the 7. Constitution Constitution Drafting Army with the King. One of the key features of 1990 Committee, 1990 of the amendment was the severing of age old 8. Military Act Reinstated Parliament, ties between the Army and the King. Except 2006 for this, the amendment introduced no 9. Interim Reinstated Parliament, changes in the structureor functions of the Constitution 2006 Army (Sharma and Thapa, 2010, p. 991). 10. Constitution Constituent Assembly, In new Military Act, chapter 3, ‘It mainly of Nepal 2015 2015 focuses on fiddling with the term of office 11. National , of senior officials.1 The 2006 amendments Security 2016 limit to four years, which could be extended Policy once for another three years’ (Government of 12. National Government of Nepal, Nepal, 2006, p. 10). Security 2019 (Unpublished) Policy Source: Compiled from various sources by the authors

The Constitution of Nepal (1990), article 118 and 119 provisioned that the King, 1 For example, the 1959 Act provided for the as the Supreme Commander of the Army, General’s term of office fixed at five years, which would mobilize the troops as per the could be extended first time for three years, then if necessary for another two years (Ibid). This way recommendation of the three-member a General of the Army could stay in office for 10 National Defense Council (NDC) consisting years. of the Prime Minister, the Defense Minister

24 UNITY JOURNAL and the Army Chief (p. 51). Until 2005, the armed forces on the basis of the principles of regime projected the King as a symbol of the equality and inclusiveness shall be insured by national unity, and any threat to institution laws' (Article 4A) (UNDP, 2009, p. 37). would ultimately means a threat to the security of the nation. Whatever directives the palace The IC (2007) had provision of an expanded decided were taken as guiding principles for National Defense Council (NDC) with the Army on security issues, and whatever Prime Minister as chairperson, and Defense policy the Army declared was considered to Minister, Home Minister and three nominees be national security policy (Wagle, 2009, p. of the Prime Minister as member (Article 76). The security and the military landscapes 145) (UNDP, 2009, p. 230). Interestingly, remain unchanged; however, national the Interim Constitution 2007 paid less security was still the exclusive domain of the attention to the roles and functions of the place and the elected government followed armed forces. Focused mainly on how they the same traditional security policy (Wagle, are controlled, mobilized and managed 2009, p. 77). and how the COAS would be appointed. Nowhere did it deal with the fact that the After the political change of 2006, Nepal's primary objectives of the armed forces are security system saw paradigm shifts. These to defend and protect the country, its citizens significant changes include the historical and its territorial integrity in accordance with proclamation of the then reinstated House principle of international law regulating the of Representatives on 18 May 2006 use of forces (Kumar, 2009, p. 149). Instead, and incorporation of the spirit of peace the Constitution had given responsibility to agreements in the Interim Constitution (IC) prepare a comprehensive program for the of 2007; the armed forces automatically democratization of the Nepali Army on the came under democratic control (UNDP, basis of political consensus to the Council 2009, pp. 228-230). Similarly, IC had a of Ministers and then recommendation to the robust provision for an action plan for acts parliament (in National Gazette 2007 as cited of right sizing the Nepali Army, building its in Kumar, 2009, pp. 145-150). democratic structures, national and inclusive character and imparting training to the Army In Constitution of Nepal 2015, part 28 is in accordance with the values of democracy related with ‘provision related to national and human rights (ibid).‘Article 144 also security’. The article 266 deals with the incorporated the provisions regarding the provision related to the National Security President as Supreme Commander of the Army Council (NSC). The provisions of NSCis with an authority of appointing the COAS, further clearer than the provision of controlling, mobilizing and managing the NDC in Constitution of Nepal 1990. The Army on the recommendation of the Council objective of NSC is being extended in the of Ministers (fourth amendment of Interim existing constitution, it can recommend to Constitution, 2007). The fifth amendment of government for the formulation of a policy IC introduced the provisions as 'in order to on overall national interest, security and give the Nepali Army a national Character defense, for mobilization and control of the and make it inclusive, enlisting of Madhesi, Nepali Army it had to recommend to the indigenous ethnic groups, Dalits, women, Council of Ministers (Government of Nepal, and people from backward regions into the 2015, p. 176).

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Principally, the National Security Policy has Force realized CMR as ‘an instrument or to be formulated by the National Security framework that clearly defines the position Council. In the context of Nepal, the of civilian, military and the government. We government of Nepal had formed a committee don’t have any defined position about these headed by the then Defense Minister which actors4’. designed and formulated the NSP in 2016. In order to adjust the federal set up, it was Also, the involvement of the Nepali army reported in media that the new security in infrastructures, construction of national policy was enacted in 2019 as well, but this pride projects, protecting forest, mines, document was concealed until then. Despite conservation areas etc. are the indicators its limitations in defining national goals, of good CMR for the spokesperson of the 5; objectives and vital national interest intersect. Ministry of Defense . Whereas a former It has different sections dealing with the roles defense secretary only mentions that, ‘CMR and responsibilities of the law enforcement in Nepal's context deals with how civilian 6. agencies in line with the Constitution of 2015. and the military treat each other' Politicians The NSP has not precisely mentioned CMR from major political parties perceived CMR in any chapter. However, the terms civilian as a tool to control the military and stuck in control of the military and civilian supremacy rhetoric explanation of civilian control over have been used in the policy (Government of the armed forces. However, experts in the Nepal, 2016, pp. 49-55). field of security studies and CMR opined that CMR has lack of conceptual clarity in Different views on CMR Nepal, and proposed the understanding of CMR as enhancing the performance of the The uncommon understanding on the roles and military, military’s recognition, increment of responsibilities, and acute skepticism among military’s reputation. representatives of civilian and military was observed during the primary data collection It is visible that the understanding of the CMR process. For instance, bureaucrats shared that among the civilian and the military is distinct. ‘Government’ as the custodian of the security It is fair to highlight that the understanding of organizations, whereas the Nepali Army the CMR is distinct among the civilian and upheld ‘Constitution’ as their guardian. The the military. The bureaucratic setup enjoys spokesperson of the Nepali Army shared his with ‘civilian supremacy’, politician with understanding, ‘CMR means the relationship ‘democratic principle and civilian control’, between the civilian authority and the and many more. By and large, it depicts that military.2 Interestingly the spokesperson the Nepalese CMR is somehow familiar and of the Armed Police Force, one and only affiliate with the aforementioned discussed paramilitary force in Nepal, viewed ‘CMR Samuel P. Huntington’s popular notion of is more related to the Army, this is not our ‘Subjective Civilian Control’ of military, concern and I don’t have proper ideas on which simply mean 'minimizing the military this regards3. However, the retired Assistant Inspector General from the Paramilitary 4 Interview on 16 November, 2018 5 Interview on 21 November, 2018 2 Interview on 4 November, 2018 6 Interview on 21 November, 2018 3 Interview on 13 November,2018

26 UNITY JOURNAL power and maximizing of the power of military-civil polity and strength of national civilian groups in relation to the military' security. The robust patterns of the CMR in (Huntington, 1957, p. 80). a particular country determine the stability of that country, and vice-versa. Therefore, Even in the international practices, the it is important to focus on ‘who controls the CMR is lunacy; it is contextual and varies military and how, degree of military influence from state to state. The degree of interplay in national and foreign policy, appropriate between the civilian and military determines role of the military in a given polity, its equilibrium. These degrees were highly composition of the military, and impact influenced by the understanding of the CMR of the societal structures on the military itself. Based on these understanding, the effectiveness. Below mentioned table civilian visualizes the legal and institutional provides brief overview of who controlled set ups. These set ups in other are cemented the military, and how, degree of military by the international factors and the history of influences, role of military in given polity, the military itself. who served in military and effectiveness of Factors influencing CMR military instrument in different time period in Nepal. Theoretically, the functional CMR is the benchmark of a stable regime that balances

Questions Regime –different time period Unification 1846- 1950-1960 1960- 1990- 2001-2005 2007- 2015 1846 1950 1990 2001 2015 onwards Who Monarch Rana PM Monarch Civilian Civilian controlled (Shah (Military the military, Kings) leader) and how? Degree of High High Moderate High Moderate Moderate- Moderate Moderate Military High Influence in Nepali Society Role of the Royal Rana Semi- Constitutional military in a Decree PM’s Constituti- given polity Decree onal Who served Certain Shumsher Individuals from Shah, Rana, Kshetri and Inclusive- Inclusive- (Primarily) families and hill caste and other ethnic groups ness ness in military? Rana Kin Effective- Highly Highly Effective ness of effective effective Military? Source: The framework was customized from Mackubin Thomas Owens's Civil Military Relations. Oxford Research Encyclopedia, online publication date, 2017

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In addition to the information added in this was introduced in 1990. But in our practice, table, it is important to discuss other factors there is a lack of independent parliamentary influencing the CMR in Nepal. In the case of committee on defense; the State Affairs Nepal, Ministry of Defense is an important Committee (SAC) which is equivalent to structure to facilitate the role of the Nepali security committee oversees the multiple Army. However, regarding the effectiveness issues including the Prime Minister and of role of Ministry of Defense, questions Council of Ministers, Home Ministry, have been posed time and again. Many Defense Ministry, NA, , APF. of the analysts have dubbed that Nepal’s defense ministry simply as a powerless Beside these factors, the Nepali Army ‘post-box’ for the Army, with real power confronts with the military wing of the and responsibilities of the ministry vested regime or political party (whether it is Mukti in and exercised by the Principal Military Sena of Nepali Congress, PLA of CPN- Secretariat (PMS) at the Royal Palace until Maoist). Army was deployed by different mid-2006 (Sharma and Thapa, 2010, p. 985). regimes to repress the movement inside the The National Security Council can be a prop country. Later on the same faction, after for balancing the democratic civil-military getting the verdict of people, the government relations (Bruneau and Sakoda, 2009, p. 225) initiated working in line with the constitution. since it has an important role to play in terms This is one of the psychologically diverge of making security policy and analyzing experience of the civilian and the military. security dynamics and challenges, as the For instance, the downsizing of the then research oriented policy making body of the Nepali Army after the political change of 1950 government (Wagle, 2009, p. 85). on the recommendation of the Indian Military Mission, the military personnel always have Past track records show that, the NSC in Nepal the susceptibility over the political masters. was not constituted even during most of the The post 2006 agendas in security such as democratic period. It was finally constituted the democratization, right sizing, national in 2001 when the armed conflict was at its character in NA and the CoAS Katuwal Case height, but it didn’t work as effectively and of 2008 in particular are some of the examples independently as it should have done as of visible and invisible clashes of the civilian per the constitutional spirit. After NSC, the and the military culture. democratically elected representatives in a country’s legislature have an important As an established national institution, the role in controlling the military; formulating Nepali Army deserves great respect, faith and defense legislation, policy, and budgets; and trust from the civilians for its contribution monitoring their implementation (Giraldo, to the process of nation building and public 2006, p. 34). It is widely accepted that with security. Leaders and public have invariably the parliamentary involvement and debates, applauded the NA personnel’s roles to protect civilian oversight becomes democratic lives and property from natural and man- oversight (Born, Fluri and Lunn, 2010, p. made disasters, its contribution to the UN 5). In Article 64 of the 1990 Constitution mission is always exemplary. of Nepal, parliamentary committee system However, the engagement of the NA in non- military activities and its welfare fund has

28 UNITY JOURNAL generated controversy in the public. After Birendra’s proposal of 'Nepal as the Zone-of- 2001, different regimes have made the NA Peace'. However, the Indian establishment more ambitious by granting lucrative non- perceived this proposal as the unstated military programs and projects. For an purpose of the plan to extricate Nepal from instance, the government’s permission to its security obligations to India assumed the NA to open a commercial bank, operate under the treaty of 1950 (Garver, 1991, pp. industries, set up companies, and lunch projects 958-963). Thus, New Delhi not only failed to in partnership with national and international endorse the Zone-of-Peace proposal but also companies (Adhikari, 2015, p. 242) has made unofficially imposed the economic embargo the Nepali Army as a ‘corporate army”. The in 1989 in order to pressure King Birendra recent commercialization of Tri-Chandra Bikram Shah and his government to withdraw Military Hospital, issue of Tundikhel, and the arm purchase deal and to sign new treaty involvement in Fast Track road construction on trade and transit (ibid). This is the one projects are some of the NA’s engagements in representative instance of the geopolitical recent years. The NA’s involvements in such sensitivity of Nepal. fields which are not necessarily related to security have become some issues for serious After the abolition of the Monarchy, the discussions and critical speculations. These international regime has portrayed the NA issues are brought the NA to controversy on as one of the most stable states bearing grounds of overstepping its core mandate of institutions in Nepal because of which, the safeguarding territorial integrity, sovereignty, involvement of the foreign actors in the name national unity and independence. of military assistance is contending in Nepal. Among them, , India and USA were Geo-strategic location: BRI and IPS seen in forefront. The recent engagement of international actors in other security agencies Nepal’s geostrategic location is sensitive. sounds interesting. Some of the representative The Founder King cases include Chinese government's had limited military as a defensive force, investment in APF Training Academy and the maintaining friendly relation with its two Indian government’s support in Nepal Police neighbors: India and China. He stated that Training Academy. 'Nepal is like a gourd between two rocks and advised to maintain a treaty of friendship with This global interest in Nepal certainly the Emperor of China and emphasized the influences its CMR on the one hand and the significance of a treaty of friendship with the national security on the other. Traditionally, Emperor of the southern sea (the British India the COAS of the NA is the Honorary General Company). He was clear in his advice that of the , and the COAS of India Nepal should not launch military initiatives is that of Nepal. Further, the geopolitical against them. Its preparedness should only be interplay in Nepal can easily be analyzed for defensive wars’ (Nepal Law commission, by the recent dilemma on the participation 2018, pp. 9-10). Until 1989, India was the of the Nepali Army in the Bay of Bengal. primary armorer to Nepal but the 1988 Initiatives for Multi-Sectoral Technical and arms purchase issues with China, and King Economic Cooperation (BIMESTEC) level

29 UNITY JOURNAL military drill, hosted by India7. Likewise, the control, political leadership must be aware Indo Pacific Strategy Report of Department of its importance as core aspect of CMR of Defense, the US has included about the and national security, and military should defense partnership with Nepal along with cope with the aspiration of the peoples other South Asian countries, such as Maldives, simultaneously. But the unwillingness of the Sri Lanka and Bangladesh in its Indo-Pacific political leadership to own the Nepali Army, strategy. It is clear that, geo-strategic location and their reluctance in demarcating the roles of Nepal is important and Nepal has to decide and responsibilities of law enforcement cautiously on Belt and Road Initiatives (BRI) agencies not only ruins the civil-military led by China and Indo-Pacific strategy led by relations but also deteriorates the national USA in the days to come. Otherwise, country security and national stability at large. may enter into other forms of instability. Furthermore, the geopolitical sensitiveness of Nepal demands the farsighted creative state Conclusion craft in terms of balancing CMR as well as CMR in Nepal is dynamic, not static, and foster national interests and national security. unique in terms of understanding and Therefore, the sharing of the responsibilities practices. It has direct impact of regime among the civilians and the military spheres changes and other subsequent political can be effective solution to balance the CMR movements. At some point, the Nepali in Nepal. Army was under the control of palace and it References was fully controlled by King ever since the modern nation –state formulation to 2005. Acharya, N. (2009). The Nepalese Army. In But after the 1990's political transformation, Sapkota, B. (Eds) (2009). The Nepali security civilian came up with the antagonistic sector: An almanac. Hungary: Brambauer Publishing. behavior towards the NA until 2008. After the Katuawal case in 2009, the Nepali Army Adhikari, I. (2015). Military & democracy in is commonly perceived as the ultimate Nepal. New Delhi: Routledge. guarantor of sovereignty, territorial integrity, Asian Study Center for Peace and Conflict national unity and independence. Reviewing Transformation (ASPECT) (2011). From the documents and interacting with people, it conflict to peace in Nepal: Peace agreements has clearly shown that military was always 2005- 2010. : ASPECT. under the control of civilian institutions in Nepal. However, to be effective civilian Basnyat, S. P. (2018). A soldier’s cry: Chronicles of vices against national security of Nepal. Kathmandu: Hisi Offset Printers. 7 Regarding this incidence, the spokesperson of NA highlighted that the army has to be abide by Bland, D. L. (1999). A Unified Theory of civil- the decision of the government. At first ministry of military relations. Armed Force and Society, defense has decided to participate in joint military 26 (1), 7-26. drill and three NA officers were already there meanwhile the government withdraws its decision and NA participated as observer, interview on 4 November, 2018

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