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Re-Storying the Experiences of For-Profit College Graduates Through Counter-Narrative

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Re-Storying the Experiences of For-Profit College Graduates Through Counter-Narrative BENEDICTINE UNIVERSITY DREAM DEFERRED? RE-STORYING THE EXPERIENCES OF FOR-PROFIT COLLEGE GRADUATES THROUGH COUNTER-NARRATIVE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF EDUCATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION AND ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE BY DAVID W. CARTER LISLE, ILLINOIS MAY, 2015 Copyright © 2015 by David W. Carter All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The road to success is rarely a journey traveled alone. For the doctoral student, it requires a committee. I wish to thank Dr. Antonina Lukenchuk, my Dissertation Director, for inspiring me to explore qualitative research and providing me with a living example of dedication and commitment. As of my last count, we have exchanged 371 e-mails after starting this journey and I have no doubt that we will exchange even more. I am forever in your debt. To my Dissertation Chair, Dr. Sunil Chand, thank you for sharing your resolute mind, encouraging words, and steady guidance throughout this entire process. Higher education is in desperate need of your leadership and I am thankful to have been a student of it. And to my Dissertation Reader, Dr. Cassandra Sheffield, thank you for extending a careful eye to my dissertation to ensure its success. To my wife, Lyndzie, thank you for your tremendous patience and support. Above all, thank you for playing the role of gopher, chauffer, and hostage negotiator as I was held captive by the dissertation for days, weeks, and months on end. I am now free. And to the eight lives who graciously shared their stories with me and continue to dream—thank you. For you, the best is yet to come. iii DEDICATIONS For Billy iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. iii DEDICATIONS ............................................................................................................................. iv LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... x ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER ONE: THE DREAM CHASER ................................................................................... 1 Positioning the Study within the Counter-Narrative Inquiry ...................................................... 5 Why Counter-Narrative? ......................................................................................................... 6 Foregrounding Theoretical Perspectives ................................................................................. 9 Purpose of the Study and Research Questions .......................................................................... 11 1. What are the career pathways of for-profit college graduates within approximately five years after graduation? .............................................................................................................. 11 2. How do they position themselves as professionals within the contexts of their lives after graduation? ................................................................................................................................ 11 3. What meaning do they ascribe to success in life and to the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of their career aspirations? ........................................................................................................ 11 4. How do the accounts of their lived experiences respond, if at all, to the dominant narrative of the American Dream with regard to for-profit higher education? ........................................ 11 Significance of the Study .......................................................................................................... 12 Trends in For-Profit Higher Education .................................................................................. 14 CHAPTER TWO: BIRTH OF A DREAM ................................................................................... 20 Historical Background of the Study .......................................................................................... 23 The Smith-Hughes Act .......................................................................................................... 24 The GI Bill ............................................................................................................................. 25 The Higher Education Act of 1965........................................................................................ 29 Reauthorization of the Higher Education Act in 1972 .......................................................... 30 Differentiating between ―Non-Profit‖ and ―For-Profit‖............................................................ 31 Merits of For-Profit Education .............................................................................................. 34 John Sperling ......................................................................................................................... 38 Theoretical Perspectives on For-Profit Education in the Context of a Market Economy ......... 40 Functionalist Perspective ....................................................................................................... 42 v The Theory of the Credentialed Class ................................................................................... 45 Human Capital Theory .......................................................................................................... 50 For-Profit Education and Restrictive Legislation...................................................................... 63 Gainful Employment Regulation ........................................................................................... 65 Student Debt in the Market Economy ................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................... 81 1. What are the career pathways of for-profit college graduates within approximately five years after graduation? .............................................................................................................. 83 2. How do they position themselves as professionals within the contexts of their lives after graduation? ................................................................................................................................ 83 3. What meaning do they ascribe to success in life and to the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of their career aspirations? ........................................................................................................ 83 4. How do the accounts of their lived experiences respond, if at all, to the dominant narrative of the American Dream with regard to for-profit higher education? ........................................ 84 Framing Theoretical Discourse for the Study ........................................................................... 84 Narrative Inquiry ................................................................................................................... 86 Narrative Inquiry and Lived Experiences .............................................................................. 88 Counter-Narrative Inquiry ..................................................................................................... 90 Critical Theory ....................................................................................................................... 94 Human Capital Theory .......................................................................................................... 98 Credentialist Theory ............................................................................................................ 101 Narrative Research Design ...................................................................................................... 102 The Participants ................................................................................................................... 105 Data Sources and Collection Strategies .................................................................................. 108 Interviews ............................................................................................................................ 108 Other Data Sources .............................................................................................................. 111 Field Texts ........................................................................................................................... 112 Data Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 113 Validation Criteria ................................................................................................................... 115 Researcher‘s Critical Self ........................................................................................................ 117 CHAPTER FOUR: EXLORING THE PARTICIPANTS‘ CAREER PATHWAYS ................. 120 Narrative Data Analysis Process ............................................................................................. 124 vi The Road Given and the Road Chosen: Exploring the Participants‘ Career Pathways .......... 127 Melanie
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