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253T20120004.Pdf (6.256Mb) UNNERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SAN ANTONIO ABAD DEL CUSCO FACULTAD DE CI.ENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS CARRERA PROFESIONAL DE BIOLOGÍA COMPOSICIÓN Y DIVERSIDAD DE HORMIGAS ASOCIADAS A ÁRBOLES MIRMECÓFILOS EN UNA GRADIENTE ALTITUDINAL EN EL PARQUE NACIONAL DELMANU TESIS PARA OPTAR AL TÍTULO PROFESIONAL DE BIÓLOGO. PRESENTADO POR: Br. JENIFFER KATHERINE ALVAREZ BACA. ASESOR: M. Se. ERICKVABAR LANDA. CO-ASESOR: BLGO. ARMANDO ALFARO TAPIA. CUSCO-PERU 2012 Tesis Auspiciada por la Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco. DEDICATORIA. A DIOS, que es l.lil Fuerze~ ~spírítuC!l que lllA.e gu~CI ~ lllA.e lleve~ e~ peYseguíy ~ obte~~~-tY lllA.ÍS o~etívos tYC!ze~dos. A lllA.ÍS PC!pítos: ANffi.AL y fi[...{.FfiMIA, poY todos estos CliMs ClcompC!~VI-dolllA.e !1 bríll\.d~VI-dolllA.e su C!lllA.OY ÍII\,Coll\.dícíoV\.lill, poY sey el cí.VItt.í.eV\-to de 11\.uestYCf fa ~~U.ílí.CI 11 -poY ell\.seiii-C! YlllA.e que COII\,peYSeVeYCIII\,CLCI Se logYCIII\, gYCI~es COSCIS. A ustedes les debo todo. A 11\A.ÍS HtYIIlA.Clii\,OS: T.Á, TfiCHi Y Pfi"Pfi, poY seY pC!yte de lo lllA.~s boii\.Íto que Vltt.t c(í.ó Díos: Mí FC!IIlA.ílíCI. y poy eV\.seVt.&!Y"IIlA.t coV~- su ~eV).{.plo que los obstáculos soll\,pe!YC! veii\,CeYlos tf SC!l~Y CI~YOSOS de ellos. A lllA.ÍS SobYÍII\,OS: LfiiTO, RAFITA y SALVIT.A, SOV\.W ~S V!eYIIlA.OSO que te~o, bC!StC! UV\.lil SOII\,YLSCI pC!YCI lillegYCIY!IlA.e l.lil VÍdCI, SOII\, el ~elllA.plo ~S clCIYO de lo fácíl que es de~ y AV!tt.DY síii\,CeYo. A ARMANDO "'TOMy", que 111A.e delllA.uestYC!S tu C!lllA.OY, pC!CLeii\,CLCI !j colllA.pYeV\.SWII\, e111, todo Vltt.DIIlA.eV\-to ¡j Clll\,te CUC!lqULeY CÍYCUII\,StCIII\,CÍCI, 0YCICÍC!S poy COIIlA.pC!ytÍy COII\,11\A.LgO todo este tíempo ~todo el que velll-dY~. AGRADECIMIENTOS. • A la Asociación para la Conservación de la Cuenca Amazónica (ACCA) por el financiamiento otorgado para la realización del trabajo en la modalidad de Becas de Pre-Grado. • A la Fundación CREES (Conservation Research, Environmental Education towards Sustainability) por el apoyo logístico brindado en sus instalaciones para la realización del trabajo de campo. • Al Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado (SERNANP), por las facilidades brindadas para la obtención de los permisos de colecta en el Parque Nacional del Manu. • A la Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco que, Mediante su Consejo de Investigación, aprobó mediante el programa "Apoyo Económico de Tesis Universitarias de Pregrado 2012" la subvención de parte del presente trabajo. • Mi sincero agradecimiento a mi Asesor, M.Sc. Erick Yábar Landa, por todo su apoyo brindado durante la realización del presente trabajo y todos estos años de enseñanza. • Mi profunda gratitud a mi Co-Asesor, Blgo. Armando Alfaro Tapia "Tomy'', por toda su ayuda en la culminación del presente trabajo, así como la paciencia y comprensión brindadas en todo momento. • Al Blgo. Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, por su ayuda en la determinación de las muestras botánicas colectadas. • Al Bach. Jean Paul Latorre Farfán, con quien me siento muy agradecida por toda su ayuda tanto en la fase de campo como de trabajo con las muestras botánicas, y por brindarme su tiempo, consejos y amistad. • A los Bachs. Víctor Chama Moscoso y Hugo Ortiz Vilchez, por toda la ayuda brindada en la fase de campo y el trabajo con las muestras botánicas del presente trabajo. • Un agradecimiento muy especial a mi gran amiga "j<elita", por estar a mi lado en todo momento, por su gran ayuda y amistad. De la misma manera quiero agradecer a Renato, Patico y Mary, por su ayuda y apoyo en todo momento. TABLA DE CONTENIDO. LISTA DE TABLAS LISTA DE FIGURAS LISTA DE ANEXOS RESUMEN ....................................................................................................................................... i INTRODUCCION ............................................................................................................................. ii FORMULACION DEL PROBLEMA .................................................................................................. iii JUSTIFICACION ............................................................................................................................. iv HIPOTESIS ........ : ............................................................................................................................. v OBJETIVOS ..•.•.•.•...•.•...•....................•.•.....•.............................................•........•.•.•...•.•.•................. vi Objetivos Específicos ............................................................................................................... vi CAPITULO 1•••••••••••••••.•.•..••••••••••••••••••••••••.•......•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••.••••...•.•.•....•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 REVISION BIBLIOGRAFICA ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 GENERALIDADES ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 DIVERSIDAD Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DE INSECTOS .......................................................... 1 1.1.2 EVOLUCIÓN DE LA RELACIÓN PLANTA-INSECTO .....................•......................... .4 1.2 ANTECEDENTES DE ESTUDIO •........................................................................................... 11 1.3 ZONA DE ESTUDIO •........................................................................................................... 15 1.3.1. AREA DE ESTUDI0 ............................................................................................... 15 1.3.2. GENERALIDADES DE LA ZONA DE ESTUD10 ........................................................ 17 CAPITULO 11 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••..••••••••••••• 21 MATERIALES Y METODOS ...........................................................................................................21 2.1. MATERIALES •.................................................................................................................... 21 2.1.1. MATERIAL DE CAMPO ........................................................................................ 21 2.1.2. MATERIAL DE LABORATORIO ............................................................................. 22 2.2 METODOS•........................ ~ .................................................. ; ............................................. 22 2.2.1 PROCEDIMIENTO EXPERIMENTAL. ........................ ,............................................. 22 CAPITULO 111 •••• , ••••.•••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••.•••••••• ; •••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••.••••••••••••••••••••.••••.••••• 25 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSION .........................................................................................................25 3.1 RESULTADOS •....................................................................................................................25 3.1.1. DESCRIPCIÓN DE GÉNEROS ..............•.•............................................................... 25 3.1.2. DIVERSIDAD Y CQMPOSICION DE ESPECIES ..................................................... ..41 3.1.3 COMPOSICION DE ESPECIES DE HORMIGAS ASOCIADAS A ARBOLES ................ .45 3.2 DISCUSION •.......................................................................................................................52 CONCLUSIONES ........................................................................................................................... 51 RECOMENDACIONES ...................................................................................................................56 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ................................................................................................... 59 ANEXOS .......................................................................................................................................71 LISTA DE TABLAS. Tabla 1: ANOVA Factorial para la diversidad Shanon-Winner entre época de evaluación, localidad evaluada y la interacción época por evaluación. ...........•.••.•.........•.........................•.........•........................ 41 Tabla 2: ANOVA Factorial para la riqueza de especies de hormigas asociadas a plantas mirmecófilas entre época de evaluación, localidad evaluada y la interacción época por evaluación............................. 43 Tabla 3: Registro de Hormigas asociadas a Plantas Mirmecófilas. ...•.......•................................................ 45 \ LISTA DE FIGURAS. Figura L· Mapa de ubicación del Área de Estudio en el Parque Nacional del Manu. ................................. 16 Figura 2: Mapa de ubicación del Cl. Wayqecha. •.••••••••..•.•••••••.•.•••••.•••••••••..••••••...••••••••••••••••..•••••••.•..•.••.•.•• 19 Figura 3: Esquema del transecto utilizado para la colecta de las plantas a lo largo de las Trochas o en la carretera•••...••••.•••••..•••...••...••.•.•.••••••..•.•.•••.•••..•••••.•.••••••••••.•••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•.•..•••.•••••.••••••• ~ 23 Figura 4: Especies de hormigas registradas en las tres zonas de muestreo............................................... 31 Figura 5: Especies de hormigas registradas en las tres zonas de muestreo••••••.•••••.••.••••••••.•••.•••••..•....••.••• 32 Figura 6: Especies de hormigas registradas en las tres zonas de muestreo............................................... 33 Figura 7: Especies de hormigas registradas en las tres zonas de
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