Preparation and research concept  38 The education of Ernst Boerschmann and his early work for the military  38 Heinrich Hildebrand and the documentation of the Temple of Enlightenment (1891–1897)  43 Joseph Dahlmann and religion in the Far East  47 Boerschmann’s memorandum about research in Chinese architecture (1905)  49 Karl Bachem and the German Reichstag  50 The Temple of Azure Clouds  52 Fritz Jobst at Jietai Temple (1905)  65 Franz Baltzer and Japanese architecture  68 Architecture and the religious culture of the Chinese  72

Field trips in China (1906–1909)  74 On the way to China (1906)  74 First winter in Beijing (1906–1907)  75 Trip to the Eastern Qing Tombs (March–April 1907)  86 Trip to Chengde (May–June 1907)  91 Beijing and the Western Hills (June–August 1907)  102 From the Western Qing Tombs to Mount Wutai (August–September 1907)  115 From Shanxi to Shandong Province (September–December 1907)  128 Trip to Zhejiang (December 1907–Spring 1908)  157 Mount Putuo (January 1908)  174 Jiangsu Province (Spring 1908)  187 The great trip to the West: Taiyuan, Shanxi Province (April–May 1908)  196 From Pingyao to Mengcheng, Shanxi Province (May 1908)  207 Feng Shui pillars and towers for Kui Xing in Shanxi Province  223 From sacred Mount Hua to Xi’an, Shaanxi Province (June 1908)  228 From Fengxian to Mianxian, Shaanxi Province (July 1908)  241 From Guangyuan to Chengdu, Sichuan Province (July–August 1908)  247 From Dujiangyan to sacred Mount Emei and Leshan, Sichuan Province (August–September 1908)  261 From Yibin to Fengjie, Sichuan Province (September–November 1908)  281 From Yichang to sacred Mount Heng, Hunan Province (November 1908–January 1909)  299 From Guilin in Guangxi Province to Wuzhou in Guangdong Province (February 1909)  314 In Guangzhou, Guangdong Province (February–March 1909)  322 In Fuzhou, Fujian Province and the return to Beijing (March to May 1909)  333

Boerschmann’s research results (1909–1931)  340 Back in Berlin: Working through the collected material (1909–1911)  340 8 Table of Contents

The first book – Mount Putuo (1911)  352 Exhibition of Chinese architecture in Berlin (1912)  373 The book about memorial temples (1914)  385 A German Scientific Institute in Beijing and further publications about Chinese architecture in Germany  413 In the service of the army (1914–1921)  418 Asian Architecture in Germany after the First World War  419 Boerschmann’s return to research in Chinese architecture (1921)  427 Baukunst und Landschaft in China (Picturesque China) (1923)  427 Chinesische Architektur (Chinese architecture) in two volumes (1925)  435 Ceramics in Chinese architecture (1927)  450 Pagodas (1931)  465

Conclusion: Documenting a vanishing culture  502 Boerschmann’s documentation of Chinese architecture in a changing socio-political environment  502 Working methods in China and in Germany  506 Space and distance: theoretical and practical problems with architecture in China  510 Exploring the sacred mountains in search of religious architecture  518 The layout of the city in relation to the landscape  526 Pagodas: Creating harmony between urban settings and the landscape  537 The temple as an arrangement of spatial units  548 Boerschmann’s goals and achievements up to 1931  553 Postscript  556

Addendum  559 The Chinese religious pantheon in Boerschmann’s work  559 Ernst Boerschmann in the context of German-Chinese relations and research into Chinese architecture (1860–1949)  565

Literature  568 Archives  568 Literature  568

Chinese Dynasties and Emperors  583 Ancient  583 Imperial  583 Modern  583

Index  584 Historic Events, Persons and Deities  584 Persons  586 Places  589

Photocredits  592 Abbreviations for the images  592