Issue III January

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ISSN: 2395-860X

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www.utsoe-journal.mx, journal@utsoe- GORDILLO SOSA- Jose, cPhD. journal.mx . Editor in Chief: Gordillo Sosa- Editor in Chief José. Reservations for Exclusive Use Rights No: 04-2014-090914385900-203. ISSN- BARRON ADAME- Jose, PhD. ISSN-On line:2395-860X. Responsible for the RODRIGUEZ MUÑOZ- Jose, cPhD. latest update of this number UTSOE Computer QUINTANILLA DOMINGUEZ –Joel, PhD. Unit. Barron Adame- Jose, Ramirez Minguela- Jose,Pérez García- Vicente, Rodríguez Co -Editors Muñóz- Jose, and Quintanilla Dominguez – Joel.Valle Huanimaro Km. 1.2 highway, Valle de Santiago, Guanajuato, Zip Code: 38400, MARÍN SÁNCHEZ- Juan, BsC. last updated June 30, 2015. Design The opinions expressed by the authors do not RODRIGUEZ ANGELES- Mario, cPhD. necessarily reflect the views of the editor of the ACOSTA NAVARRETE- María, cPhD. publication. ESPINOZA ZAMORA- Jesús,MsC. CRISTO BAL CASTAÑEDA- José,MsC. It is strictly forbidden to reproduce any part of MORALES FELIX- Verónica,MsC. the contents and images of the publication without permission of the National Institute of RAMIREZ BARAJAS- Alejandro,MsC. Copyright. LEDESMA JAIME- Reynaldo,MsC.

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Editorial Board

OJEDA MAGAÑA- Benjamin, PhD. GOMEZ ROMERO– Jose, PhD. (CUCEI-Universidad de Guadalajara), Mexico. (Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana), Mexico.

VEGA CORONA- Antonio, PhD. GIRET-Adriana ,PhD (Universidad de Guanajuato), Mexico. (Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Spain.

BOTTI –Vicente, PhD ANDINA DE LA FUENTE- Diego, PhD. (Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Spain. (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.

CORTINA JANUCHS- Maria, PhD. (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.

GARCIA MENDOZA- Ruben, PhD. (Universidad Tecnologica Corregidora), Mexico.

MINA ROSALES- Alejandra, cPhD. (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.

ROSTRO GONZALES- Horacio, PhD. (Universidad de Guanajuato), Mexico.

MARCANO CEDEÑO- Alexis, PhD. (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.

RUIZ FERNANDEZ– Daniel, PhD. (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.

RUELAS LEPE- Ruben, PhD. (CUCEI Universidad de Guadalajara), Mexico.

TARQUIS- Ana, PhD. (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.

Arbitration Committee

RAMIREZ LEMUS-Lidia, PhD LOPEZ OROZCO- Melva, PhD Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Universidad de Guanajuato Business Development - Marketing Area Food Biochemistry

ROSALES GARCIA-Juan, PhD AGUILAR MORENO-Antonio, cPhD Universidad de Guanajuato Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Electrical Engineering Mechanical - Industrial Area

THOMSON LOPEZ-Reynaldo, PhD AGUIRRE PUENTE- Jose Alfredo, MsC Universidad de Guanajuato Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Management Information Technology and Communication

GOMEZ AGUILAR- Jose, PhD HUERTA MASCOTE- Eduardo, MsC Universidad Autonoma de Mexico Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Information Technology and Communication Materials

RICO MORENO- Jose, MsC CORDOVA FRAGA- Teodoro, PhD Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Universidad de Guanajuato Information Technology and Communication Medical Physicist CANO CONTRERAS-Martin, MsC RUIZ PINALES- Jose, PhD Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Universidad de Guanajuato Information Technology and Communication Eletronic FERRER ALMARAZ-Miguel, MsC GONZALEZ PARADA- Adrian, PhD Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Universidad de Guanajuato Mechanical -Industrial Area Electrical Engineering ARREGUIN CERVANTES-Antonio, MsC GUZMAN CABRERA- Rafael, PhD Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Universidad de Guanajuato Mechanical- Industrial Area Electrical Engineering MENDOZA GARCIA- Patricia, MsC IRETA MORENO- Fernando, PhD Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Universidad de Guanajuato Business Development - Marketing Area Electrical Engineering ALMANZA SERRANO-Leticia, MsC ARROYO FIGUEROA- Gabriela, PhD Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Business Development - Marketing Area Universidad de Guanajuato

Agroindustrial processes URIBE PLAZA- Guadalupe, MsC MERCADO FLORES- Juan, PhD Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Business Engineering and Management Universidad de Guanajuato

Food Biochemistry SILVA CONTRERAS-Juan, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Accounting V

ANDRADE OSEGUERA-Miguel, MsC HERNANDEZ FUSILIER- Donato, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Universidad de Guanajuato Accounting Electrical Engineering

AMBRIZ COLIN-Fernando, MsC MOSQUEDA SERRANO- Fatima, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Universidad Tecnológica del Norte de Guanajuato Industrial -Maintenance Area Gastronomy

CANO RAMIREZ-Jaime, MsC RODRIGUEZ VARGAS- Maria, BsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Industrial- Maintenance Area Information Technology and Communication

CASTAÑEDA RAMIREZ-Jose, MsC CARMONA GARCIA-Nelida, BsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Food Processes Business Development - Marketing Area

LOPEZ RAMIREZ-Maria, MsC NUÑEZ LEDESMA- Marcela, BsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Sustainable Agriculture and Protected Industrial Design and Fashion- Production Area

GUZMAN SEPULVEDA-Jose, MsC RODRIGUEZ SANCHEZ-Marcos, BsC Universidad Autonoma de Tamaulipas Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Mechatronics Industrial -Maintenance Area

TAPIA ORTEGA- Jose, MsC MACIEL BARAJAS-Gloria, BsC Universidad de Guanajuato Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato Electrical Engineering Food Processes

Presentation

In the first number there are six sections included: in the section of Agricultural Sciences the article Lipid and Protein content and Antioxidant Activity of Pithecellobium dulce seeds Collected in the Huasteca Hidalguense by DIAZ-BATALLA Luis, PEREZ-VIVEROS Denhy, AGUILAR-ARTEAGA Karina, HERNANDEZ-MARTINEZ Victoriano affiliated to Universidad Politécnica Francisco I. Madero, Tepatepec, Hgo, in the Section of Exact Sciences the article The paradox of a fair play in a round-robin tournament by GARCÍA-ZAMBRANO José,GARCÍA José and RAMOS-ESCAMILLA María, the first two affiliated to Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Superior School of Commerce and Administration, and to Universidad Tecnólogica del Suroeste de Guanajuato and Universidad Iberoamericana the latter author; in the Section of Engineering Sciences the article Mechanistic Characterization of Two- Component Materials Obtained by Semicontinuous Seeded Emulsion Polymerization by F. J. Aranda- García, Francisco A. Núñez-Pérez affiliated to Universidad de Guadalajara the former and Universidad Politécnica de Lázaro Cárdenas Michoacán the latter ; in the section of Technology Sciences the article Development of a Petit Robot Suitable For Building Robotic Systems by FERNÁNDEZ-Arnoldo , CUAN-Enrique, GARCÍA-Roxana, and URQUIZO- Elisa affiliated to Instituto Tecnológico de Nuevo León and Instituto Tecnológico de la Laguna, respectively; in the Section of Social Sciences the article A proposal for a postgraduate education program in Tourism based on an integrated curriculum model by VALLEJO Víctor, SANTIESTEBAN-LÓPEZ Angélica, ACLE Ramón and PÉREZ María Elena, in the Section of Administrative Sciences the articles Public Administration in the conservation of a protected area: Biosphere Reserve Sierra del Abra Tanchipa by MALDONADO MIRANDA-Juan José, Carranza Alvarez Candy, Hernández Morales Alejandro, Cappello García Hector Manuel, affiliated to Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí and Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, respectively, and LGAC. Management and development of MIPYMES in the state of Guanajuato by ARRIAGA- NORMA, RAMOS-ANTONIETA, REYES-CESAR, GARNICA-JUAN affiliated to SABES.

Content

Article Page

Lipid and Protein content and Antioxidant Activity of Pithecellobium dulce seeds 1-5 Collected in the Huasteca Hidalguense. DIAZ-BATALLA, Luis, PEREZ-VIVEROS, Denhy, AGUILAR-ARTEAGA, Karina, HERNANDEZ-MARTINEZ, Victoriano Universidad Politécnica Francisco I. Madero

The paradox of a fair play in a round-robin tournament (An experiment on teams work 6-16 behavior) GARCÍA ZAMBRANO, José Antonio, GARCÍA, José, RAMOS ESCAMILLA, María Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Superior

Mechanistic Characterization of two-Component Materials Obtained by 17-21 Semicontinuous Seeded Emulsion Polymerization ARANDA GARCÍA, F., NÚÑEZ-PÉREZ, Francisco A. Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías

Development of a Petit Robot Suitable For Building Robotic Systems 22-28 FERNÁNDEZ- Arnoldo, CUAN- Enrique, GARCÍA- Roxana, URQUIZO- Elisa Instituto Tecnológico de Nuevo León

A proposal for a postgraduate education program in Tourism based on an integrated 29-40 curriculum model VALLEJO Víctor, SANTIESTEBAN-LÓPEZ Angélica, ACLE Ramón and PÉREZ María Elena Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

Public Administration in the conservation of a protected area: Biosphere Reserve Sierra 41-52 del Abra Tanchipa MALDONADO MIRANDA-Juan José1, Carranza Alvarez Candy, Hernández Morales Alejandro, Cappello García Hector Manuel Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Huasteca de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí

LGAC. Management and development of MIPYMES in the state of Guanajuato 53-61 ARRIAGA,Norma, RAMOS, Antonieta, REYES, Cesar, GARNICA, Juan

Instructions for Authors

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Authorization Form

1 Article Agricultural Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 1-5

Lipid and Protein content and Antioxidant Activity of Pithecellobium dulce seeds Collected in the Huasteca Hidalguense.

DIAZ-BATALLA LUIS †, PEREZ-VIVEROS DENHY, AGUILAR-ARTEAGA KARINA, HERNANDEZ-MARTINEZ VICTORIANO.

Universidad Politécnica Francisco I. Madero, Tepatepec, Hgo., México

Received May 3rd, 2015. Accepted June 17th, 2015 ______Abstract

Biodiversity is a determinant element in the the visible absorption spectra of the extracts cannot strategies developed to reach food security and define the chemical compounds associated to the sovereignty. In this scheme legume foods as antioxidant activity. Pithecellobium dulce can be an Pithecellobium dulce can contribute to develop alternative for the sustainable production of food sustainable alimentary systems. In the present work resources and to obtain products or subproducts with the content of lipids and protein and the antioxidant high added value. Is important to continue the studies activity of Pithecellobium dulce seed flour collected toward a better description of this specie and to in the huasteca Hidalguense were analysed. The lipid generate information for it sustainable utilization. and protein in the flour of seeds was 8.6% and 28% respectively. The antioxidant activity was higher in Keywords: Biodiversity, legume food, Pithecellobium the extract of ethanol 40% than in the 60% and 80%, dulce.

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Cita: DIAZ-BATALLA LUIS†, PEREZ-VIVEROS DENHY, AGUILAR-ARTEAGA KARINA, HERNANDEZ- MARTINEZ VICTORIANO. Contenido de Lípidos y Proteína y Actividad Antioxidante de Semillas de Pithecellobium dulce Colectadas en la Huesteca Hidalguense. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015, 2-4:207-217 ______

______* Correspondence to Author ([email protected]) † Researcher contributing first author.

Introduction food group and the diet to which the human body is genetically adapted, given their evolution as Between 2010 and 2050 a world population hominid in the tropical forests, where growth of about 2,300 millions is expected, a dicotyledonae plants dominated. Human demanding condition for actual food production physiology doesn’t involve significant evolutive of 70%. This increment on production must be experience in regard to monocotyledonae plant formulated in a sustainable system that allows grains, like the cereals aforementioned, which food security and sustainability to the countries, represents the main food source (Cordain, 1999). keeping at the same time a low environmental impact. On the last 50 years, the agriculture Numerous global challenges are determining the production has been largely incremented based actual and future way of food production. on a serious abuse of nonrenewable supplies and Among these challenges we can found high impact natural resources on the biodiversity population growth, urbanization, unavailability and degradation in the ecosystems. This system and contamination of water, soil erosion and has allowed disponibility of carbohidrates, contamination and environment degradation. proteins and refined lipids and simplification of Any change in food production systems to diet based on a limited number of crops. This ensure enough supply must involve a correct use low variation and high calories diet, has of biodiversity. contributed to increase the incidence of chronic and noninfectious diseases and obesity, which The change in food production systems ensuring can be found coexisting with nutritional enough supply must involve the right use of problems in a same region. Dependency on some biodiversity, which has been severely damaged few crops for food production has generated by the recent intensive agriculture practices, can genetic erosion that increments the risk on contribute on reaching sustainability and food dispersion of diseases when some variety is security. Most of the people without food supply susceptible. This phenomenon stimulates food security live and work in rural zones in little insecurity (FAO, 2010). agriculture production systems associated to a big portion of the underutilized or tamed More than 195,000 plants species are edible and biological diversity. One of the strategies for usable for humans; however, only 0.1%, less facing challenges and finally reaching food than 300 species are used for food production. supply security and sufficiency, is for the rural Approximately 17 species contribute with 90% zones inhabitants to use biodiversity on hand of the food for world population, from which into sustainable schemes allowing to improve eight cereals: wheat, corn, rice, barley, sorghum, their life quality. (FAO, 2010). oats, rye and millet constitute 60% of the calories and proteins consumed by world population and On this context, legumes have been only three cereals: wheat, corn and rice represent acknowledged as a groups of crops capable of 70% of the total grain production. From the reduce poverty, improve food security, nutrition evolutive perspective, the utilization of these and health, generating a productive scheme grains in human feeding is a relatively recent sustainable within the environment, particularly phenomenon, since its beginnings date back to on regions with limited animal origin products. 6,000 to 11,000 years. Cereals represent a new food for mankind in the context of their Legume plants produce nutrimentally dense and evolution. The deficiency in vitamins and high quality grains, aimed for direct ingestion, minerals may represent some discordance in this processed in formulations or destined to higher ISSN-On line: 2395-860X DIAZ-BATALLA LUIS. Contenido de Lípidos y Proteína y UTSOE® All rights reserved. Actividad Antioxidante de Semillas de Pithecellobium dulce Colectadas en la Huesteca Hidalguense. Revista de Ciencias Naturales y Agropecuarias. 2015

3 Article Agricultural Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 1-5 added value industrialization as it could be cattle of sustainable systems of food production in a feeding. When harvested in crop rotation, they model ruled by cereals. On this research, food can reduce plague and undergrowth presence, and antioxidant characteristics of Pithecellobium while enriching soil with nitrogen, due to its dulce seeds are partially analyzed. These seeds capacity for fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Their are produced in the huasteca region of the state seed are of high palatability and rich in proteins, of Hidalgo, with the main purpose of contribute lipids, minerals, active compounds and to generate added value food alternatives antioxidants, associated to reduction and allowing a good administration on regional prevention of chronic degenerative diseases biodiversity. (CGIAR, 2012). Materials and methods Pithecellobium dulce, also known as chucum blanco, umuh or guamúchil is a tree or bush The seeds of ithecellobium dulce were collected belonging to leguminosae family, native from on may 2015 in huasteca hidalguense, after México and nitrogen-fixing, distributed on selected, dehidrated on a stove to 60o C, milled, tropical zones in the country including and sieved, the obtained flour was used to Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Hidalgo, quantify lipids, protein and antioxidant capacity. Querétaro and north Veracruz states; and a drier Quantificaction was done in a triple basis using part from Yucatán Peninsula; in the Pacific: the AOAC method (1990) and ethanol extracts from Baja California and Sonora, to Chiapas, were prepared to 80%, 60% and 40% for including Cuenca del Balsas. Is a thorny, estimation of the antioxidant capacity using the evergreen tree, from 15 to 20 mts high, with DPPH method (Thaipong and col., 2006), with pyramidal or enlarged top, wide and extended the purpose of estimate the type of active (30 mts diameter), very leafy, produces thin pods compunds present, the absortion spectrum of from up to 20cm long and 10 to 15 mm wide, extracts was obtained between 330 a 430 nm. open on both sides to liberate numerous seeds ranging from 7 to 12 mm long, ovoid flattened, brown (CONABIO, 2001). Results and discussion

Pithecellobium dulce has been described as a The weight of 100 seeds of Pithecellobium dulce multiple use species: edible, timber, medicinal, was 14.3 g, the protein and lipids content in the shadow, forage, fertilizer, craft and ornament seed flour of Pithecellobium dulce was 28.4% (Monroy and Colín, 2004). The traditional and 8.6% respectively. Capacity was expressed medicinal properties inherent to this species, in terms of abatement percentage of the DPPH have been explored in diverse researches, on radical measuring 56% for ethanol extract at which the antioxidant activity has been studied 40% (E40-Et), 28% for etanol extract at 60% (Sugumaran and col., 2008), antidiabetic (E60-Et) and 11% for ethanol extract at 80% (Sugumaran and col., 2009), larvicide (E80-Et) (Figure 1). (Govindarajan and col., 2013), antimicrobial (Kumar and col, 2013) from its leaves and general characterization of its aryl (Narsing and col., 2011).

Given the relevance of biodiversity in development of rural zones and particularly from the important role of legumesin the development

ISSN-On line: 2395-860X DIAZ-BATALLA LUIS. Contenido de Lípidos y Proteína y UTSOE® All rights reserved. Actividad Antioxidante de Semillas de Pithecellobium dulce Colectadas en la Huesteca Hidalguense. Revista de Ciencias Naturales y Agropecuarias. 2015

4 Article Agricultural Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 1-5

Monroy and Colín (2004) that was 20%, while % DPPH Abatement the lipid content (8.6%) is lesser than the one 60 previously reported ( 26%). There are no previous studies estimating the antioxidant 50 capacity of ethanolic extracts of the 40 Pithecellobium dulce flour seed; however, the 30 evidence is clear about antioxidant activity using the DPPH in vitro method, the extracts with most 20 polarity (40% ethanol) present more antioxidant 10 activity in comparison with the less polarity extracts (80% ethanol) and this activity is 0 E80-Et E60-Et E40-Et correlated with a larger absorbance at 335 nm, which suggests the presence in a larger concentration in the ethanol extract at 40% Figure 1. Anitoxidant capacity of the extracts expressed as % of abatement of the DPPH radical. within a group of polar compounds, whose absortium spectrum can´t be clearly described on The visible absortion sprectrum of the three the wavelength from the visible spectrum and extracts doesn´t allow to evidence the presence presenting an important antioxidant activity. of máximum values of absortion characteristics of some group of active compunds; however, it is possible to find an inverse relation between Conclusions absorbence to 335 nm and the percentage of ethanol from the extracts, in a way that the This research confirms the potential food value bigger the ethanol percentage the lesser the of the Pithecellobium dulce seeds and their role found absorbance (Figure 2). as a source of active compunds. These attributes incentivate the continuity of their description with the purpose of contributing to a better use of native biodiversity from the rural zones in the huasteca Hidalguense.

References

AOAC, 1990. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemist. Arlington, Virginia. USA. CGIAR, 2012. Research program on grain

legumes. Figure 2. Absortion spectrums of the extracts. CONABIO, 2001. Pithecellobium dulce. Discussion. México. Cordain, L. 1999. Cereal Grains: Humanity’s The weight of 100 seeds of Pithecellobium dulce Double-Edged Sword. World Rev Nutr Diet. 84; was 14.3 g, the content of protein found in the seed of Pithecellobium dulce in this research was 19–73. 28%, a bigger value than the one reported by

5 Article Agricultural Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 1-5

FAO, 2010. Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture Contributing to food security and sustainability in a changing world. Rome, Italy. Govindarajan y col., 2013. Larvicidal & ovicidal efficacy of Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. (Fabaceae) against Anopheles stephensi Liston & Aedes aegypti Linn. Indian J Med Res 138:129-134. Kumar and col, 2013. Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial efficacy of leaf extracts of Pithecellobium dulce. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 6:1. Monroy and Colín, 2004. El guamúchil Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth, un ejemplo de uso múltiple. Madera y Bosques. 10(1), 2004:35-53. Narsing and col., 2011. Preparation, chemical composition and storage studies of quamachil (Pithecellobium dulce L.) aril powder. J Food Sci Technol. 48(1):90–95. Sugumaran y col., 2008. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Folklore: Pithecellobium dulce Benth. Leaves. Ethnobotanical Leaflets. 12: 446-451. Sugumaran and col., 2009. Antidiabetic potential of aqueous and alcoholic leaf extracts of Pithecellobium dulce. Asian J. Research Chem. 2(1): Jan-Mar.

Thaipong and col., 2006. Comparison of ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC assays for estimating antioxidant activity from guava fruit extracts. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 19:669–675.

6 Article Exact Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 6-16

The paradox of a fair play in a round-robin tournament (An experiment on teams work behavior)

GARCÍA ZAMBRANO, José Antonio†, GARCÍA, José, RAMOS ESCAMILLA, María

Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Superior School of Commerce and Administration Tepepan, México City; Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato. [email protected]; Universidad Iberoamericana .Distinguished Academic [email protected]

Received may 3rd, 2015. Accepted june 17th, 2015 ______

Under a round robin tournament between teams score, in the area of business and government work, fair play could be considered a non- organizations, teams may or not openly play for rational strategy when identifying the real the best alternative, according to the alignment winner depends on subjective decisions. The of their own incentives. Cases like these abound problem may seem trivial, however in real life in society, for example to decide between the formation of teams usually comes from launching a new product or service from a natural or formal decisions, and the interest of number of alternatives, or for a proposed them may be put above the correspondent public investment, the purchase of supplies, the hiring or private organizations to which belong. Unlike and firing of personnel, the provision of special some sports competitions between teams, where bonuses, the decision on the best employee, the members openly know that everyone play allocation of grants, determining the winner in strategically to gain depending on the physical artistic, cultural, and other related skills. effort and that jointly could achieve a higher

Keywords: Strategic action, strategic-behaving, juries, round robin tournaments, financial management, public goods, experimental economics, behavioral economics, sports league.

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Citation: GARCÍA ZAMBRANO, José Antonio, GARCÍA, José, RAMOS ESCAMILLA, María. The paradox of a fair play in a round-robin tournament (An experiment on teams work behavior). UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015, 2-4:207-217

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⃰ Correspondence to Author ([email protected]) † Researcher contributing first author.

UTSOE Journal Multidisciplinary Sciences www.utsoe-journal.mx Introduction

8 Article Exact Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 6-16

Introduction The race can become a tournament of strategies where besides sports skills, experience, and The objectives within organizations can pose knowledge of the opponent is required, but the formidable challenges, when they should be important point is that the participants know that achieved through the participation of teams adversaries will seek to make an open team accompanied by strategic decisions that can have effort to beat the opponent. a major impact, where things do not go as expected (Vagadia 2013). This may seem simple However in the academic, cultural, professional if were not considered that the creation of work and business life situation seems is far to be so teams often given considering formal or simple, considering that in this case, the informal causes in the workplace and them determination of a winner may depend on usually have their own interests, and that they subjective considerations. may not coincide with those of shareholders in a private firms or with the taxpaying at public For example there is a problem in academic life sector (public goods). Examples like this are when diverse teams of student, decide to common in many areas of daily life, whether in participate collectively or individually in public or private organizations, but also in tournaments either, artistic, cultural and other educational, sporting institutions and elsewhere. various school projects, where the creative effort, dedication and technical skills are put to With regard to sports contests, teams are test. integrated by individuals seeking to achieve a specific objective as it is winning. It is clear in The problem arises when determining the winner theoretical terms that in these circumstances the relies on subjective judgments that come from members openly made strategic efforts to hold individuals as jurors. succeed against other teams, however in practice The situation might seem simple, however, the performance can have different implications considering that education must focus on the when involved external elements of interest as transmission of positive values, the idea that a suggested (Steven Levitt 2006) at his reference successful student according to rules previously to sumo wrestlers. established should receive a recognition, given Within a soccer team (HV Ribeiro et al 2010), the process of educational training as a public baseball, American football league, and others, good. the members know that the opponents, taking The problem is also present within public and advantage of their skills will do everything they private organizations, when should be taken can to get the triumph in a competition, hence it collegial, grouped or collective decisions to is transparent to the participants that everyone define between on the launch of a new product play against each other, in other words at the end or service decisions, the hiring and firing of staff, of the race is recognized as winner to the team choosing a new investment project, scholarships, that generates the highest score taking the and allocation of prizes or incentives among circumstances of each sport, with exceptions others. such as the contest of diving. The sports games have a number of complications in practice This seems to have matches to determine a (Bregie et al 2011), starting with the selection of winner in a sport competition tournaments, but the best players (Lipton 2013) to participate in a when it depends on votes exercised tournament taking into consideration the target discretionally and not on objective records, may to win a contest. represent substantial differences. Arguably, theoretically that in a sporting contest between

ISSN-On line 2395-860X GARCIA ZAMBRANO, José Antonio GARCÍA, José, RAMOS ESCAMILLA, María. UTSOE® All rights reserved. The paradox of a fair play in a round-robin tournament (An experiment on . teams work behavior). UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.

9 Article Exact Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 6-16 teams, all members play on the same side, which identify a winning team, removing that come does not necessarily occur for example between from strategic voting behavior from an groups within a company, in relation to the algorithmic process. objectives of the latter. Unlike the approach made in (Garcia 2014) to It is far from being trivial when considering a determine the "real winner" in which juries disconnection of the interests of the rotary performed subjective ratings, as regards organizations with one or more groups of (Hedden 2012), and considering that the latter, individuals within them, could lead to resistance, may depend not only on how it is perceived the for example to increase the productivity of the world is but as it thinks it should be to evaluate same, considering that it would jeopardizing the performance of the participants in a contest, their jobs, for the purchase of new technologies all viewed from an individual perspective. In this or another strategies to boost economic case is referred to teams that compete against development. In which case it might be expected others, and where each of them can vote for the that internal decisions arising from subjective efforts of his opponents, but also the one made processes, they would be inclined to favor the by themselves, creating new challenges and retention of employees including costs beyond complications as regards (Csató 2012). acceptable levels average for a given sector. It is hoped that this study may have practical The formation of groups in organizations, it is application in the business life such as in the often the consequence of the conjunction of sporting environment, in which the behavior or common interests, but also for requirements of performance measurement, may be useful in the activity performed by its members from decisions made by coaches, about the strength more formal processes, such as usually happen and weaknesses of players (Suliman et al 2014), within companies, inside the department to in seeking to win a competition. which they belong or in an educational institution for example into a classroom. What matters in this case is that formal or 1. Conditions of the experiment informal groups tend to generate synergies aimed at a specific purpose, and that many economic, social and political environments The experiment aims to analyze development of many could be described by contest (Dechenaux problem behavior in the laboratory (Brañas 2014), the results can yield certain benefits to the 2011). The experimental design builds on the participant agents. implementation of the algorithm referred to in the "real winner" (Garcia 2014), which This study therefore proposes to make an synthetically presents the development of certain exploration of the behavior of work groups, critical steps1. where competing against everyone looking to

1 Step 1. To consider if the following condition 푠⁄푥̅ ≥ 1⁄4 is However, the upper and lower limits are taken considering is fulfilled. the least of them, from both the 푥̅ (media), and the 푥̂1 (mode), again in both adding or subtracting cases applying Step 2. The mode 푥̂푛 is obtained from the set n(x). “s” as applicable.

Step 3 . A lower and upper limit is determined as a basis Thereupon having 푥̂1 it is obtained: for discard the strategic votes. Upper limit 푥̅ + 푠 < 푥̂1 + 푠 ⇒ 푥̂1 + 푠

10 Article Exact Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 6-16

The experimental process aims to make clear the Participants in the experimental protocol were existence of strategies votes, which derived from students of the National Polytechnic Institute in subjective considerations related to the self- Mexico City, who were in the third year of the interest above the collective. bachelor of Commercial Relations, it is considered that his participation in the Thus a tournament with 48 participants of which tournament was voluntary and the winning team 11 are men and 37 women was performed. As would get as an incentive a further weighting in part of the procedure were invited to join freely his assessment. in a 10 teams, having a variable composition of 3, 4, 5 and 6 members. From the foregoing, the present experimental research addresses human behavior faced with It was decided to accept the establishment the dilemma of acting in an "objective" or a serving the consideration that in real life, "subjective" way, considering that the latter can working groups may not necessarily be uniform, be more profitable for participants. However the plus members may prefer to do so in the ethical impacts immersed in this dilemma can be company of those, with whom they can find part of another research from the perspective of elements of identification or affinity. being taken into account or not when making decisions (Jackson 2012), without forgetting Of course being a tournament between teams the that, they also may be molded from personal least number of members could lead visions or as a result of usage and custom, since disadvantage, considering that in the tournament it is difficult to find consistency in the relation to would win the team that obtain the highest the values that characterize society as argued in record, even supposing that this will be done (Besio 2014). with strategic votes mainly, where juries or "voters" would not decide to assign the This being so, they were asked all equipment to appropriate quality of product value, but putting investigate inputs used in the production of their own interests above that corresponds to other teams as seen below.

푥̂1 + 푠 < 푥̅ + 푠 ⇒ 푥̅ + 푠 When it has a second mode 푥̂푛−1 and that this is higher than the first, when both are located above the 푥̅, then 푥̂푛−1 is taken as basis for the calculation of the upper limit and conversely, when it is below the 푥̅ and the second mode it Lower limit 푥̅ − 푠 < 푥̂푛 − 푠 ⇒ 푥̅ − 푠 is smaller than the first, the latter is used to calculate the lower limit, then applying this mode to comparative limits 푥̂ − 푠 < 푥̅ − 푠 ⇒ 푥̂ − 푠 1 1 discussed above when only unimodal result be had. However, the second mode is valid for these purposes if it is different from the first mode for the difference of 1 repeat With 푥̂1,푥̂2 …푥̂푛 and meets the condition of being in the range of the first When inside the date there is found a multimodal result, mode, thus above or below the media 푥̅. the higher mode is taken for purposes of calculating the upper limit and the smaller to get the lower limit is taken, 푥̂푛−1 ⇔ 푥̂푛 < 푥̂푛−1 ⇔ 푥̂푛  푥̂푛−1 > 푥̅ replacing the mode shown in the case of a unimodal observation discussed above. 푥̂푛−1 ⇔ 푥̂푛 > 푥̂푛−1 ⇔ 푥̂푛  푥̂푛−1 < 푥̅

푥̂ < 푥̂ ⇒푥̂ 1 푛 푛

푥̂1 > 푥̂푛 ⇒푥̂1

11 Article Exact Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 6-16 tortillas made of nopal and amaranth (Opuntia The aim was that from a common starting point, Ficus and Amaranthus). the teams would be organized as if they were different companies, which have to submit two Each team had to produce hygienically 5 tortillas separate tasting products. of nopal (Product 1) and 5 with amaranth (product 2) and must present them wrapped in The teams had to research and produce both plastic bag and labeled with a proposed brand types of tortillas in two weeks. name, which voluntarily submitted for tasting in group. Hence when participants were freely to After the time of submission arrived, the taste or not the products at the tournament that is products were extended along a horizontal table, why there were 48 participants instead of 50 that appearing from left to right first package the originally had intended to compete. tortillas of nopal and then the ones made of amaranth for team 1, then 2 and so on until the The process on how to develop the product was 10. part of a research conducted each of the teams on their own, it should be noted that the tortilla is a Below each product were placed lists with the product widely consumed in Mexico, not name of each of the participants. It was then necessarily when they contain nopal or required to identify the best product from each amaranth, but the basis for its production are for of the 10 alternatives and of course the winner ready access given the knowledge of it at would be the one who obtained the highest multiple economic units throughout the country. number in voting. Of course, the participants were not familiar with After starting the tournament each of the the production, because it looked so they could participants were formed in line to keep testing face the normal complications that follow the the products one by one. As such, each entrepreneurs to create a product and face a participant could cast a vote on a range of values competitive environment, having to respond to between the number 0 and 6. the challenges that can occur in work teams, in Note that each of the participants could taste and this case with voluntary integration as indicated, vote for the products created by his team as much where people are often grouped by common as for the rest, this in order to induce in the interests or affinities, as an effort attached to experiment a dilemma in the process of decision reality. making, under which each participant to voting Was also raised that should produce tortillas objectively, may be negatively affecting the because it implies an effort of research result on his own record and vice versa, hence, achievable with some moderate complexity for during each round they faced the paradox teams, because they were unaware the between exercise strategic or not strategic production process thoroughly, and it were made voting. as well with nopal and amaranth in order to Of course the purpose of the tournament was inhibit some way the attempting to going precisely analyzing the strategic behavior of directly to a shop and buy the product, in any participants, acting in the game to protect his case would be difficult to prevent this own interests, given a set of alternatives, occurrence, however, the search and production participants must take their decisions based on involve solving, shortcuts or ways to have them rational actions (Vallbé 2014), and in doing so, ready at the time of competition, as also happens has an adverse impact on fair play, in which each in the real world. member of the team should vote for the product with the best taste and perhaps presentation,

12 Article Exact Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 6-16 however, to act in that way, they would be exercising a vote against his own interests, and what they really wanted was to win the game. According to this, the team that qualifies as a "real winner" or “not strategic”, is different from Conclusions the process 1 in relation to the tortilla of nopal. In this case, as can be seen team 1 takes second Once the experiment through the tournament place, and first is taken by team 2. competition concluded, the records obtained were analyzed following four processes. Regarding the product "tortilla of amaranth", result indicates that the "strategic winners" of the Process 1. 1st and 2nd place are both "real winners", confirming the result obtained in the process 1. A direct sum of the votes obtained by the teams of the 10 samples of tortilla made with nopal and 10 of amaranth, resulting in the following strategic winners. Process 3. The votes cast by participants regarding their own work teams (self-assessment) were Tortilla of nopal: First place ⇒ Team 1 analyzed. Second place ⇒ Team 8 The voting record indicates that members of 9 of the 10 teams made strategic votes for

themselves, but not necessarily for the 2 Tortilla of amaranth: products. First place ⇒ Team 7

Team 1 2 3 4 5 Second place ⇒ Team 10 N A N A N A N A N A 40% SE, 60% 50% SE, 50% 25% SE, 75% 75% SE, 25% 60% SE, 40% 100% SE 100% NE NE 100% NE 100% NE 100% NE NE NE NE NE 6 7 8 9 10 40% SE, 60% 60% SE, 40% 60% SE, 40% 80% SE, 20% 80% SE, 20% 50% SE, 50% NE NE 100% SE 100% NE NE NE NE NE 100% SE 100% NE Process 2. N = Tortilla of nopal, A = Tortilla of amaranto, SE = Strategic vote, NE = Non strategic vote

It was applied the algorithm referred to "the real winner" of (Garcia 2014), and considering the results obtained were withdrawn strategic votes, It should be noted however, that 3 of the teams and take into account the non-strategic votes, in which no strategic votes were found, members resulting in the following winners: assigned the highest ratings "6" mainly and only "5" in 1 case.

Hence the intention could be probably strategic Tortilla of nopal: First place ⇒ Team 2 or not, however, considering the coincident of Second place ⇒ Team 1 this with the non-strategic votes of other participants the result is diluted, as consequence were registered as votes without bias. Tortilla of amaranth: In addition to the results noted above, it is First place ⇒ Team 7 interesting to consider the fact that some teams Second place ⇒ Team 10 are self-assessed with the highest score and this

13 Article Exact Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 6-16 seems to match the rest of the voters, which Amaranth tortilla: would suggest that indeed in these cases, products positively appreciated were really First place ⇒ Team 7 competitive, as happened with teams 1, 7 and 10 Second place ⇒ Team 10 with respect of the tortilla of amaranth. The same teams were agree to give a strategic vote for the tortilla of nopal (the product 1). It is noteworthy in this case that the winners in Recall that the existence of strategic and non- this analysis are consistent with process 2. strategic votes are the purpose of this study, After considering the 4 processes the data were taking into consideration that them are given analyzed, after which it was observed the because participants can do it, in this way, as it following results: happens in real life regardless of the ethical implications that this might entail. That 100% of participants, exercised at least one strategic voting during the tournament. The 23% Additionally it should be noted that the contest of participants use 5% of their votes strategically was made in an openly way, hence the and 17% at least 10% of them. participants could visualize at least for some seconds the way they were behaving the votes, It is worth adding as reference that only one under a scenario of public information. individual strategically use 45% of their votes. Process 4. Moreover, about 19% of the participants used 30% or more of their votes strategically. All votes cast strategically (process 2) were discarded, but also the ones exercised by the Additionally, 63% of individuals used more than teams about themselves (self-assessment in 10% of their votes strategically, this means that process 3), have been strategic or not in order to them not only tried to benefit to their teams, but leave the plane field for all participants. also sought to influence the vote allocated to others. This is then an acid test, which discard the differences between the number of participants It could be said that on average about 1 in 5 votes by team, that could favor the direct cause, in were exercised strategically. other words to his own team. Taking into account that the exercise has the purpose of This exercise is of great interest to evaluate the evaluate the behavior in front of a contest subjective behavior according to gender of between teams, considering the responses participants (Matthew R. Kelly 2013) in a measured as strategic and non-strategic votes. competition, however, considering that in the present study the involvement of women (37) Hence the following results were obtained: and men (11) is uneven, left open the possibility to go further in future research, still some

considerations were extracted. For example, the Tortilla of nopal: First place ⇒ Team 2 average strategic votes exerted by men is 20% and 17% of women. Similarly 45% of men and Second place ⇒ Team 1 68% of women used more than 10% of their votes strategically.

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actually happened, not necessarily focused on addressing the objective of the tournament 1. Concluding remarks which was focused to identify the best products. Once applied the algorithmic process, were Derived from the experiment, it was observed extracted strategic votes and non-strategic, that the total of participants acted on at least one recorded from the participation of a group of 48 occasion strategically, also, as explained above individuals integrated into 10 teams, they had for the 10 teams only 1 failed to support their previously submitted 1 package of tortillas of own team. nopal and other of amaranth, as part of a competition type tournament. To be more precise, objectively everyone should have voted for the best product, however, The experimental design was intended to make rationality and subjectivity played a significant clear the strategic behavior of the individuals role in this process. involved, to submit to the paradox of having to vote fairly on behalf of an opposing team, but in It is relevant to emphasize that the winner at doing so would be negatively affected. process 1 over the tortilla of nopal, got de second place after running the process 2, once that the At the end of the tournament would be strategic votes were removed. considered winner the product of the team that had got more votes. Thus even if the stated goal However in the case of product 2, related to the to the competition, consisted on find the best tortilla of amaranth, strategic winners were the product within 10 alternatives of product 1, the same of the non-strategic sum, considering the tortilla of nopal and product 2 the tortilla of processes 1 and 2. amaranth, however by depending the final decision of the winner on getting the highest Moreover, analyzing separately the behavior of score, hence within teams naturally the target teams as might be expected, most of the was changed to accumulate as many votes as members decided to assign the highest scores in possible beyond finding the true winner, in other the ratings, leaving clear evidence of strategic words the one with the best physical qualities in behavior. It also was possible to identify the terms of presentation and taste should be chosen. allocation of high voting results that were marked as non-strategic in some records, this This is of paramount importance, considering result taking into account that, even if in the that in real life tend to settle groups of people event that the team members had attempted to whether formal or not, but that may have exercise their votes strategically, this action was common interests, which clearly can impact the diluted after have coincided with the trend of performance expected by shareholders in private other voters. companies, but also on the administrative efficiency of public enterprises, while they may It seems interesting to consider how after applied have an own interest above any other. an acid test, in other words having removed the strategic votes, in addition to those votes which In developing the experimental exercise, members of the teams have made to themselves, objectively and theoretically, individuals should the results of processes 2 and 4 were coincident. have voted for the products with the best This result opens the possibility for future qualities compared to the rest, however, research applicable to various fields both in the considering that the incentives were aligned to economic, labor, politics, academics, and others the purpose of generating a higher score it was to analyze the behavior of teams working. expected that the teams acted strategically as

15 Article Exact Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 6-16

The present paper is related to a contest between Brañas, P, Tarrazona, Ivan. "Mercado de trabajo: teams, however should be considered in future to Incentivos, salaries y contratos", 2011 In: research the role played by members of these, Economia Experimental. Antoni Bosch inside them in order to going deeply in the Publisher UEA (Chapter 1) pp 1-38. analysis, as in the case of situations referred in (Yin 2013) with respect of tournaments held by financial analyst inside or outside companies. Bregje Buiteveld, Erik van Holland, Gerhard Post, Dirk Smit, Round-robin tournaments with It would be also interesting for future research to homogeneous rounds, Annals of Operations go further in analyzing the way in how the prizes Research, July 2014, Volume 218, Issue 1, pp (Akerlof 2010), can influence the behavior of 115-128. participants, under competitive conditions.

Besides the above, research possibilities are opened to respond why working groups have an Brian Hedden, “Options and the subjective inconsistent behavior, for example they can put ought”, Philosophical Studies, March 2012, strategic and non-strategic votes within a same Volume 158, Issue 2, pp 343-360. contest. Yet the answer may lie in the fact that the teams act non-strategically when the chances of being overcome by other team are small, or Cristina Besio, Andrea Pronzini, “Morality, for other reasons related to their subjective Ethics, and Values Outside and Inside nature as sympathy, empathy, preferences and Organizations: An Example of the Discourse on the contrary of each just to mention some Climate Change”, Journal of Business Ethics, possibilities, in addition to emotional (Tam 2014, Volume 119, Issue 3, pp 287-300. 2010) considerations. It should considered moreover the inclusion of a separate section for analyzing the ethical elements that come into David Tam, “Variables governing emotion and play in circumstances which arise in the present decision-making: human objectivity underlying experiment. its subjective perception”, Law and Human Behavior, July 2010, 11: P96. This study opens the possibility to expand into new lines of research in experimental economics, the behavior of teams in organizations and certainly in the complex Emmanuel Dechenaux, Dan Kovenock, Roman situation of achieving align the interests of M. Sheremeta, “A survey of experimental public and private organizations corresponding research on contests, all-pay auctions and to those individuals within them. tournaments”, Experimental Economics, November 2014.

References Huifang Yin, Huai Zhang, “Tournaments of Bharat Vagadia, “Operational Governance”, financial analysts”, Review of Accounting Enterprise Governance Management for Studies Professionals, 2014, pp 37-136. June 2014, Volume 19, Issue 2, pp 573-605.

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H. V. Ribeiro, R. S. Mendes, L. C. Malacarne, S. Norasrudin Sulaiman, Rahmat Adnan, Shariman Picoli Jr., P. A. Santoro, “Dynamics of Ismadi “Differences in Game Statistics Between tournaments: the soccer case”, The European Winning and Losing Teams in Inter-University Physical Journal B, June 2010, Volume 75, Issue Elite Male Sepak Takraw Tournament: A Pilot 3, pp 327-334. Study” Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Sports Science, Exercise, Engineering and Technology 2014 (ICoSSEET Joan-Josep Vallbé, “Decisions and 2014), pp 143-148. Organizations”, Frameworks for Modeling Cognition and Decisions in Institutional Environments, Law, Governance and Ralph W. Jackson, Charles M. Wood, James J. Technology, 2014, pp 13-69. Zboja, “The Dissolution of Ethical Decision- Making in Organizations: A Comprehensive Review and Model”, Journal of Business Ethics, José García “The "real" winner (An exploration August 2013, Volume 116, Issue 2, pp 233-250. from experimental economic behavior)” Tópicos Selectos de Recursos, Ecorfan, pp 69.84. Richard J. Lipton, Kenneth W. Regan, “Virginia Vassilevska: Fixing Tournaments”, People, László Csató, “Ranking by pairwise Problems, and Proofs 2013, pp 319-323. comparisons for Swiss-system tournaments”, Central European Journal of Operations Research, December 2013, Volume 21, Issue 4, Robert J. Akerlof, Richard T. Holden, “The pp 783-803. nature of tournaments” , Economic Theory, October 2012, Volume 51, Issue 2, pp 289-313.

Matthew R. Kelley, Robert J. Lemke, “Gender differences when subjective probabilities affect risky decisions: an analysis from the television game show Cash Cab”, Theory and Decision, July 2013.

17 Article Engineering Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No. 3 17-21

Mechanistic Characterization of two-Component Materials Obtained by Semicontinuous Seeded Emulsion Polymerization

ARANDA GARCÍA, F.J.*†, NÚÑEZ-PÉREZ, Francisco A.

1. Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1451, CP. 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.

2. Universidad Politécnica de Lázaro Cárdenas Michoacán, Avenid Galeanas SN, Las 600 casas, CP. 60950, Lázaro Cárdenas Michoacán.

Received may 3rd, 2015. Accepted june 17th, 2015 ______

Trying to improve mechanical properties of two- 85/15, 70/30, 50/50 or, 30/70) were varied to component materials, in this work, a examine mechanostatic properties performance semicontinuous seeded emulsion process was (stress-strain and flexural properties). To support used, varying feed composition throughout the explanations related to the mechanical behavior copolymerization reaction. Polystyrene seed size of different samples, GPC, 1H-NMR and TEM (dp ~50 or, ~300 nm), total feeding time (2 or, 8 results were additionally considered. h) and, global polymer composition (S/BA: ______

Citation: ARANDA-GARCÍA, F.J., NÚÑEZ-PÉREZ, Francisco A. Mechanistic Characterization of two-Component Materials Obtained by Semicontinuous Seeded Emulsion Polymerization. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015, 2-4:224-235 ______

______*Correspondence to Author ([email protected]) † Researcher contributing first author. © UTSOE Journal Multidisciplinary Science www.utsoe-journal.mx

18 Article Engineering Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No. 3 17-21

semicontinuous processes, provided that the particles contain copolymer chains within a wide Introduction range of compositions. One way to favour that scheme, is to favour that, in the polymerization Pursuing properties combination, the seeded locus (e.g. polymer particle), the monomer emulsion polymerizations (SEPs) have been 1/monomer 2 ratio changes throughout the used to prepare two-component materials, using reaction, covering a wide range of ratios. two- stage processes. In such processes, as a Recently (9), the above ideas have been consequence of the incompatibility between considered, proposing a general procedure to polymeric components, two-phase particles have add the reaction components to a seed latex, in a been usually obtained. Unfortunately, due to the semicontinuous way, obtaining materials with many variables involved in such polymerization improved properties, as compared with the process, materials with different particle obtained with traditional two-stage SEPs. At morphologies and final mechanical properties those circumstances, in this work a two- may be obtained (1). It has been reported that, component monomer system (styrene and butyl changes in the monomer/seed ratio, type and acrylate) is added to polystyrene seed latex, and amount of emulsifier, and feed mode of polymerized in a semicontinuous process, emulsion components, are just some of the varying feed composition throughout the different process parameters controlling the reaction. Besides, looking for the improvement development of particle morphology throughout of final mechanical properties of polymer, in this a SEP (2), which is, in fact, the result of the work, the seed particle diameter, the total balance between several kinetic and feeding time and the monomer 1/monomer 2 thermodynamic factors (3). Besides, for a given ratio were used as variables, producing 16 chemical system, the mechanical behavior of the different polymeric materials, which were polymer bulk obtained through of a two- mechanically characterized. Moreover, to obtain component SEP depends (3-6), among other additional information supporting the proposed factors, on the morphology of particles used to mechanistic explanations, measurements of prepare such bulk, the thermomechanical MWD (by GPC), particle morphology (using treatment suffered by the material to obtain the TEM) and cumulative composition (by 1H- bulk (that could even modify its morphology), NMR) were carried out. the system composition, the molecular weight distribution of linear polymer chains and, the EXPERIMENTAL. Seed latex. amount and structural characteristics of branched polymer chains that could be produced By means of batch emulsion polymerizations, throughout the polymerization reactions. they were synthesized two PS seed latexes; the Regarding to semicontinuous seeded emulsion first (PSS1; dp~50 nm) used as surfactant copolymerization, it can be mentioned that, such sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and the other one experimental procedure has been focused on the (PSS2; dp~300 nm) used Tween 20; additional production of copolymers with constant details about polymerization recipes are shown composition (7). However, based on the in Table 1. Reaction was carried out in a 4 L favourable mechanical behaviour shown on reactor, thermostatized at 70oC and stirred at systems of variable composition synthesized 500 rpm; previous to start the reaction, a gas through sequential bulk polymerizations (8), it nitrogen flow was fed to reactor during 1 h. To can be expected a priori that, a synergistic effect promote a high final conversion, which was could also be obtained when the polymeric material is synthesized by means of such

ARANDA-GARCÍA, F.J., NÚÑEZ PÉREZ Francisco A. Mechanistic ISSN-On line: 2395-860X Characterization of two-Component Materials Obtained by Semicontinuous Seeded UTSOE® All rights reserved. Emulsion Polymerization. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015. 19 Article Engineering Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No. 3 17-21 followed gravimetrically, reaction times > 12 h Table 1. Polymerization recipe used to were used. synthesize the polystyrene seed latexes.

Two-component materials. For each one of the COMPONENT AMOUNT seed latexes, were prepared 8 two-component ADDED, g materials with some of the following S/BA ratios (w/w): 30/70, 50/50, 70/30 y, 85/15; for each Destilled water 2000 S/BA ratio, two equivalent latexes were prepared, considering, respectively, two Styrene 500 different total feeding times (2 h, or 8 h). Previous to start each reaction, a gas nitrogen KPS 10 flow was fed to reactor during 1 h and, during reaction, the reacting system was thermostatized Surfactant 10 at 70oC, and stirred at 400 rpm. For each reaction, an initial batch of components (1300 g of distillated water and 250 g of seed latex) was added to reactor. After it, 10 sequential “addition Results stages” were carried out; the time elapsed in each stage was the same. To start each “addition To explain the global composition effect on stage”, an aqueous solution containing mechanical properties of the materials potassium persulfate (KPS), SDS and sodium synthesized here, some of the results are shown bicarbonate was added to reactor; the amount in Figures 1 and 2. Figure 1 shows the results used of each salt, was the one corresponding to corresponding to the two-component materials the 2% of the total mass of comonomers to be prepared with the PSS1, while Figure 2 shows added in the stage. In each stage, the the mechanostatic characterization comonomers were pumped to reactor, at a corresponding to the samples prepared with the constant flow rate; the feeding flow was only other seed latex (PSS2). In such figures, it can be changed to start each stage. The mass of each clearly seen the mechanical superiority of the comonomer to be added to reactor in each stage, samples prepared with an S/BA ratio of 70/30. varied linearly with the number of stage; the S On the other hand, the effect of the process monomer follows a decreasing profile, and the conditions (seed particle diameter or total BA monomer follows an increasing one. At the feeding time) on mechanical behavior of S/BA end of each reaction, the solid content was of materials with a 70/30 ratio can be seen in the 20%. Figure 3. There, it can be clearly observed that the total feeding time is the most important Mechanistic Characterization. Each one of variable among the ones considered here, latexes was dried by evaporation, and the obtaining the best mechanical properties when a feeding time of 2 h was used. Besides, it can be obtained solid material was processed by noticed that, at least for this S/BA ratio, the seed compression molding to obtain the sheets to be particle diameter did not produce important mechanically characterized; for it, a Universal changes in the mechanical behavior of samples. Testing Machine (SFM10) was used, and the ASTM procedure was followed.

ARANDA-GARCÍA, F.J., NÚÑEZ PÉREZ Francisco A. Mechanistic ISSN-On line: 2395-860X Characterization of two-Component Materials Obtained by Semicontinuous Seeded UTSOE® All rights reserved. Emulsion Polymerization. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015. 20 Article Engineering Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No. 3 17-21

Figure 3. Stress-strain behavior of two- component materials (S/BA ratio -w/w-: 70/30). Figure 1. Stress-strain behavior of materials Seed latex/total feeding time: PSS1/2h (__), prepared with the PSS1, and that used a total PSS1/8h (__), PSS2/2h (__) and, PSS2/8h (__). feeding time of 2 h. S/BA ratios (w/w): 30/70 (__), 50/50 (__) and, 70/30 (__). Conclusions

From this work results, it can be concluded that, to look for the mechanical behavior optimization, the total feeding time is a process parameter more important that the seed particle diameter. Besides, regarding to the composition effect, it can be affirmed that, a synergistic behavior could be obtained by using an S/BA ratio of 70/30.

References

1. Chen, Y.-C; Dimonie, V.; El-Aasser, M. S. Macromolecules 1991, 24.3779.

2. Jönsson, J.-E. L.; Hassander, H.;

Hansson, L. H.; Törnell, B. Figure 2. Stress-strain behavior of materials Macromolecules 1991, 24, 126. prepared with the PSS2, and that used a total feeding time of 2 h. S/BA ratios (w/w): 30/70 (__), 50/50 (__) and, 70/30 (__). 3. González-Ortiz L. J.; Asua, J. M Macromolecules 1996, 29, 4520.

ARANDA-GARCÍA, F.J., NÚÑEZ PÉREZ Francisco A. Mechanistic ISSN-On line: 2395-860X Characterization of two-Component Materials Obtained by Semicontinuous Seeded UTSOE® All rights reserved. Emulsion Polymerization. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015. 21 Article Engineering Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No. 3 17-21

4. Nielsen, L. E.; Landen, R. F. Mechanical Properties of Polymers and Composites, 2nd ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1994; Chap. 2.

5. Martin, J. R.; Johnson, J. F.; Cooper, A. R. J Macromol Sci Rev Macromol Chem 1972, C8, 57.

6. Day, R. J.; Lovell, P. A.; Pierre, D. Polym Int 1997, 44, 288.

7. Vega J. R., Gugliotta, L. M.; Meira, G. R. Polym React Eng Comun 2002, 10, 59.

8. Jasso, C. F., Martínez, J. J., Mendizábal, E. Laguna, O. J Appl Polym Sci 1995, 58, 2207.

9. Jasso, C. F., Reyes-González, I., López- Ureta, L. C., González-Ortiz, L. J., Manero- Brito, O., Int. J Polym Anal Charac 2006, 11, 383.

ARANDA-GARCÍA, F.J., NÚÑEZ PÉREZ Francisco A. Mechanistic ISSN-On line: 2395-860X Characterization of two-Component Materials Obtained by Semicontinuous Seeded UTSOE® All rights reserved. Emulsion Polymerization. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015. 22 Article Engineering Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No. 3 22-28

Development of a Petit Robot Suitable For Building Robotic Systems.

FERNÁNDEZ- Arnoldo †, CUAN- Enrique, GARCÍA- Roxana, URQUIZO- Elisa.

Instituto Tecnológico de Nuevo León, Ave. Eloy Cavazos 2001 Col. Tolteca, Guadalupe, Nuevo León C.P. 67170.Instituto Tecnológico de la Laguna ,Blvd. Revolución y Czda. Cuauhtemóc s/n, Torreón, Coahuila.C.P. 27000

Received may 3rd, 2015. Accepted june 17th, 2015 ______

In this paper the modeling, design and construction of an anthropomorphic four degrees With respect to the inverse kinematic position, of freedom petit robot is presented. The main concisely equations and considerations made for objective of this petit robot is to emulate the its resolution are presented. Petit robot´s movements of flexion and extension of a human individual elements, designed in a computer finger, motorized by servomotors. Forward and aided design (CAD) software that is used to inverse kinematic mathematical models are assemble it in simulation, are showed. obtained. This petit robot is controlled by a Moreover, some gestures of the petit robot graphical user interface (GUI) programmed in already assembled are simulated in SolidWorks MATLAB. and executed.

Keywords: petit robot, robotic system, modeling, design, interface, simulation ______Cita: FERNÁNDEZ- Arnoldo †, CUAN- Enrique, GARCÍA- Roxana, URQUIZO- Elisa. Development of a Petit Robot Suitable For Building Robotic Systems. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015, 2-4:224-235 ______

______*Correspondence to Author () † Researcher contributing first author. © UTSOE Journal Multidisciplinary Science www.utsoe-journal.mx

23 Article Technology Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 22-28

Abstract

One of the main challenges of robotics is to robot is performed. The main objectives are, on imitate human hand, because it is an important one hand to emulate the three flexion-extension tool in the daily activities of human beings. This with three degrees of freedom and on the other is the body part with the greater skill with hand the fourth grade freedom to emulate the movements of great precision and very complex abduction-adduction movement of a human manipulation of force, so that it has been the finger. Finger joints are actuated by subject of several researches in different parts of servomotors. Forward and inverse kinematic the world. mathematical models are presented. It is commanded through a graphical user interface In this development, modeling, design and implemented using a high-level language and construction of the prototype of an interactive environment for numerical anthropomorphic four degrees of freedom petit computing and simulation, MATLAB.

Methodology In the section of the inverse kinematics, it is critical to transform movement specifications In Jiménez Villalobos (2005), building a robotic assigned to the robot in its operating space, into arm three DOF (Degrees of Freedom) type joint movements that allow such movement. PUMA (Programmable Universal Manipulator The inverse kinematics solution is reduced for Assembly) is presented. to a 3 DOF planar motion, which has a redundant Equations both direct kinematic model and degree of mobility with respect to the position of the inverse kinematic model are presented. the end point of the robot, because the final Using the Lagrange equations of motion, orientation is not considered. equations of the dynamic model are developed. Considering the existence of at least one In this robot architecture, a pair of joints element that specifies the robot extreme with parallel axes is observed. orientation, a solution in closed form from a geometric analysis of the robot is obtained. Attempts to produce artificially some humanlike limbs either for medical or industrial A project that involves the design, purposes are mentioned in Cimadevilla (2006). construction and control of a manipulator arm 4 Especially hand, because of its importance for degrees of freedom is described in Cuevas everyday activities, has become the subject of (2012). The project is divided into three stages, numerous researches. Robotic hands have been the first is the design and mechanical built but until today human dexterity has not construction of the robot manipulator, the been achieved. second is the implementation and deployment of the control system and the third is for the Direct kinematic model is shown, geometric adaptation of the manipulator arm to a mobile representation of the elements of the kinematic robot to have a robot exploration and security. chain of the effector are related to a fixed reference system, using the methodology of A description of the mechanical hand called Denavit-Hartenberg DH. A 4 dof robot is MA-I (Artificial Intelligent Hand) as part of an modeled, Aguilar (2011). integrated experimentation and testing strategies apprehension and object manipulation system is

ISSN-On line: 2395-860X FERNÁNDEZ, Arnoldo, CUAN, Enrique, GARCÍA, Roxana, URQUIZO, Elisa. UTSOE® All rights reserved. Development of a Petit Robot Suitable For Building Robotic Systems UTSOE- Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.

24 Article Technology Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 22-28 presented in Suarez (2003). The basic 0 −1 0 0 configuration of the hand is 4 fingers with 4 0 0 −1 0 1T =( ) (3) degrees of freedom (DOF) each one of them. 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

1 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 2T =( ) (4) Modelado 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Forward kinematics 1 0 0 4 The direct kinematic model is the relationship 0 1 0 0 3T =( ) (5) that determines the vector x of operational 4 0 0 1 0 coordinates corresponding to a given robot 0 0 0 1 configuration q. This model is expressed as: 1 0 0 3.5 0 1 0 0 4T =( ) (6) x = f (q) (1) 5 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1 In table 1, DH parameters of the petit robot are shown.

Inverse kinematics Link i 휶풊 풅풊 휽풊 풓풊 The inverse kinematic model allows for all 1 0 0 휃1 0 possible solution configurations of a robot corresponding at a given effector location o 2 90 0 휃2 0 (operational coordinates). This model is usually called the closed form of the inverse kinematic 3 0 D3 휃3 0 model. There is not a general solution for this model: 4 0 D4 휃4 0

-1 5 0 D5 0o 0 q = f (x) (7)

Table 1: DH parameters for the petit robot. For the solution of inverse kinematics problem, in this paper, a geometric approach is used. A Corresponding homogeneous transformation fixed relationship of dependency or coupling matrix T for every link of the petit robot, with 1 between the third and fourth joint is supposed, as = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 0°, D3 = 4 mm, D4 = 4 mentioned in Cimadevilla (2006), the mm and D5 = 3.5 mm, are: relationship that is used is as follows:

1 0 0 0 2 푞 = ( ) 푞 (8) 0 1 0 0 4 3 3 0T =( ) (2) 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

25 Article Technology Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 22-28

This relation allowed to reduce the problem of inverse kinematics to calculate intersections between two pairs of circumferences.

Design and assembly

Petit robot modeling was performed using design 3D a computer aided design software, SolidWorks. In Figure 1, all elements or components which were used to completely assemble the petit robot in SolidWorks are shown.

Para realizar el ensamble final de mini-robot se utilizaron falanges de aluminio, ya que este material resulta ser ligero y fácil de mecanizar. Figure 1. Components for assembly. La base con el cual se sostiene al mini-robot fue realizada de madera. The assembly procedure was performed For petit robot real assembly, aluminum easily; phalanges from the rotor of the phalanges were used, because this material is servomotor assembly hole of next servomotor light and easy to be bent. The base which holds were used. The virtual and real petit robot the petit robot was made of wood. assembly are shown in figure 2.

Figure 2. Petit robot assembly in simulation and real.

26 Article Technology Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 22-28

Graphical user interface a) Graphical User Interface

The graphical interface was programmed using MATLAB software. To represent phalanges and joints of the petit robot, lines and cylinders were used to represent them, respectively. To interact with the interface sliders were used, every one of them can change the value each robot joint variables. The value of each variable articulate can be seen in the corresponding edit box (Figure 3). Every time that user is interacting with this element, the forward or direct kinematic problem of the petit robot is resolved. b) Petit robot. User can also interact via the edit boxes, in Figure 3. Configuration q = [0o, 90o, 90o, 60o]. this case, first petit robot configuration and on second the position of the slider are updated. Software deployed to Arduino Uno to Besides petit robot direct kinematics is solved. control the petit robot through the graphical user In addition, GUI has edit boxes to display interface developed in MATLAB, can read all numerically, the position of the end of the petit the time so the interface type in the serial port of robot, using Cartesian coordinates. the computer. This allows that communication The interface has buttons with the "+" and between Arduino Uno and the graphical user labels "-", which allow to solve the problem of interface is made using the serial port, the inverse kinematics. configuration data that is sent, has the following form:

q = [0 90 90 60].

This setpoint is read by Arduino one and sent to each of the respective servomotors, namely to reference example, the servomotor 1 is positioned at zero degrees, the servomotors two and three are positioned at 90 ° and the fourth servomotor 60 °.

Algorithm

Next application´s pseudo code is presented s to briefly illustrate the operation of the GUI.

01 Start Application 02 Initial Configuration q = [0 0 0 0] 03 Updating the plot and resolution of the forward kinematics

27 Article Technology Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 22-28

04 Opening the serial port robotic systems, due to a minimally mechanical 05 Writing the initial configuration on the design, a simply command and communication serial port through arduino board, and a fast MATLAB 06 Close the serial port GUI development. 07 Wait user action 08 If value change in articular variable Conclusions (slider or edit box) 09 Then update plot and solving the In developing this petit robot, information and forward kinematics experiences very important to improve it, the 10 Open serial port following is recommended: 11 Writing current configuration on the serial port In the mechanical: 12 Close the serial port • Reducing the size of the petit robot elements, 13 If you click on "+" or "-" using smaller servomotors for building it. 14 Then solving inverse kinematics 15 Checking the validity of the solution • Adapting more petit robots to a more complex and update plot representation system and obtain, for example, a gripping 16 Opening the serial port system able to hold objects. 17 Writing current settings to the serial port • Using lighter material for building phalanges 18 Close the serial port and a better gripping surface on fingertip and get a better inverse kinematic solution. Results • Make a design consideration for example, First, the petit robot prototype was designed and aesthetics, for the petit robot visually look like, simulated in SolidWorks, secondly the for instance, as a robotic finger. phalanges and the other elements were built, and In the control software: thirdly the assembly of petit robot was done. At this point, the movements between phalanges of • Adding force sensors at the tip of the finger to petit robot were evaluated. Mobility get feedback. impairments were detected and solved. Once that kinematics model was solved and In electronics: electrical false contacts avoided, the final step, • Working with other electronic boards that which was the petit robot command through the provide more power to petit robot´s motors. graphical user interface in MATLAB was done. With petit robot assembly, movement of each joint was compared with correspondent joint of References petit robot model on the graphical user interface of MATLAB. Joint´s angle has a limit of movement, its mobility range. In the last test, no 1. Jiménez Villalobos D., Ramírez de la Cruz J. adjustments were needed. (2005). Construcción de un brazo robótico The result of this work, a petit robot with four de tres gdl. y su control mediante el núcleo degrees of freedom can produce the movements híbrido de transición de estados. Centro of a human hand finger was obtained. This petit Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo robot is highly suitable to build more complex Tecnológico, Cenidet.

28 Article Technology Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 22-28

2. Cimadevilla Lajud H., Herrera Pérez J. 4. Cuevas Ramírez L., Ramírez Vargas I., Cruz (2006). Diseño de un sistema articulado Hernández F. (2012). Análisis y emulando el movimiento de una mano. construcción de un manipulador de cuatro Centro nacional de investigación y grados de libertad. Memorias del xviii desarrollo tecnológico, Cenidet. congreso internacional anual de la SOMIM. ISBN 978-607-95309-6-9 pp. 1046-1056. 3. Aguilar Acevedo F., Ruiz González R. (2011). Redundancia cinemática en un dedo 5. Suárez R., Grosch P. (2003). Mano mecánica antropomórfico de 4 gdl. Memorias del xvii MA-I. XXIV Jornadas de automática. CEA- congreso internacional anual de la SOMIM. IFAC. ISBN 84-931846-7-5. ISBN: 978-607-95309-5-2 pp. 1037-1042.

29 Article Social Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 29-40

A proposal for a postgraduate education program in Tourism based on an integrated curriculum model

VALLEJO Víctor†, SANTIESTEBAN-LÓPEZ Angélica, ACLE Ramón and PÉREZ María Elena

Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Administración, Puebla, México [email protected].

Received May 3rd, 2015. Accepted June 17th, 2015 ______

The present research paper offers the criteria evaluation model of CONACYT’s PNPC (2015) required by an education program for a new professional orientation postgraduate programs postgraduate degree in tourism, according to the with the curriculum model of Diaz-Barriga et al. requirements of the National Council for Science (2013) to organize new postgraduate programs at and Technology (CONACYT, for its public universities. An analysis of the elements abbreviation in Spanish) to be evaluated affiliate that integrate the curriculum design is carried to the National Quality Postgraduate Program out. In this proposal of curriculum design, the (PNPC, for its abbreviation in Spanish) within elements that integrate it will be adapted to the the Programs with Professional Orientation. The area of tourism. central purpose of the research is to compare the

Keywords: education program, curriculum design, postgraduate, tourism, Mexico

______

Citation: VALLEJO Víctor†, SANTIESTEBAN-LÓPEZ Angélica, ACLE Ramón and PÉREZ María Elena. A proposal for a postgraduate education program in Tourism based on an integrated curriculum mode. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015, 2-4:224-235 ______

______*Correspondence to Author ([email protected]) † Researcher contributing first author.

©UTSOE Journal Multidisciplinary Science www.utsoe-journal.mx

31 Article Social Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 29-40 disadvantages in these globalized economic Introduction activities. Coupled with this, if they lack of solid Today tourism is one of the fastest professional training they end up unskilled for growing economic sectors globally. Not only in conducting scientific research, and consequently industrialized first world countries, but also, they are unable to meet the demands of their there has been a large increase in tourist arrivals profession. They will only be able to get in developing and transitioning countries. For operative and underpaid positions. (Gómez about a third part of developing countries, Nieves & Social, 2005, p.p. 39-54) tourism is now the main source of foreign investment and foreign currency earnings With the current need that presents (World Tourism Organization, 2014). A study tourism, as a discipline, to have people with a made by the World Tourism Organization professional, scientific and technological (UNWTO) in 2014 showed that in Mexico research oriented training, it is more frequent to tourism is the third source of money income at a support public and private education institutions national level and that Mexico has the thirteenth in Mexico that offer postgraduate programs position of tourist arrivals at an international through the PNPC of CONACYT (2015) level and the twenty-fourth position in terms of together with the Sub-secretary of Higher income. Education of the Secretary of Public Education is more frequent CONACYT (2015, p. 6). Data from the Integral System of Information of Tourism Markets (SIIMT for its In that sense, the proposal of this research abbreviation in Spanish) of the Tourism paper is the creation of a methodology for Promotion Council of Mexico shows that the Curriculum Design in Higher Education to tourism industry in Mexico has generated more strengthen the training of professionals on than 2 million direct jobs (SIIMT, 2014, p. 14). research at a national and International level in As the source for these jobs, the tourism industry the tourism field. not only demands operational and technical personnel. It is more frequent the demand of trained personnel in professional and scientific Background and Theoretical Foundations areas, suitable to do research on the tourism field. In the Mexican education system, Higher The history of tourism research in Mexico has its Education Institutions (HEI) have meant that beginnings in the post-war period until the mid- more men and women acquire a degree in seventies, with the first analysis characterized by tourism, increasing the demand for jobs. the predominance of studies that take an However, structural economic conditions and economic approach. In the next stage, although low academic quality of the studies usually the research with an economic approach offered by the HEI, prevent the incorporation of university postgraduates with adequate level of dominated, it began to incorporate other training into the labor market, to meet its perspectives ranging from social to political and demands (Gómez Nieves y Social, 2005, pp. 39- international aspects. At the eighties, there is a 54) concern of researchers for conducting studies in a more comprehensive and diverse perspective. As for the training of professionals in Starting in the nineties, they added an tourism in Higher Education Institutions (HEI) environmental and critical view; and there is an in Mexico, the major factor that stands out is the weak link between companies and universities, expansion and diversification of tourism studies which leads to postgraduates with competitive (Espinosa Castillo, 2007).

ISSN-On line: 2395-860X VALLEJO Víctor†, SANTIESTEBAN-LÓPEZ Angélica, ACLE Ramón and PÉREZ UTSOE® All rights reserved. María Elena. A proposal for a postgraduate education program in Tourism based on an integrated curriculum mode.. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.

32 Article Social Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 29-40 Throughout the development process of intended to use the curriculum model by Diaz- tourism research, there have been a series of Barriga et al. (2013), because this proposal is initiatives aimed at the training of people closely related to the PNPC’s Evaluation Model employed in the tourism sector, but the current formulated in the "Framework for the evaluation need for professionals with scientific sense, that and monitoring of mandatory presence make additional proposals, ideas and knowledge postgraduate programs" by CONACYT (2015). to abate environmental damage, poverty and social inequalities, is more obvious. Training There are as much curriculum models as professionals in a postgraduate program in theoretical fundaments that allow organizing and tourism not only for development, management orienting the teaching process. The most and entrepreneurship, but oriented to do representative curriculum models for the research, can help shape individuals oriented to curriculum design that have influenced the generation, building and transformation of curriculum proposals of the Mexican Education knowledge in this sector, besides expanding the System at the higher education level, according possibility of competitiveness and increase of to Vélez and Terán (2010, p. 56), are the Tyler their income. Although in the beginning (1973), Taba (1974), Glazman e Ibarrola (1978), professional training and tourism research in Pansza (1981), Arredondo (1981), Arnaz (1981) Mexico were promoted and financed by public and Díaz-Barriga et al. (1981) models, and it and financial institutions, today is concentrated should be pointed out that each one of them has mostly in public and private universities. an specific theoretical orientation.

The needs of the tourism industry on the The Díaz-Barriga et al. (2013) model research area are still insufficient, there is a need presents some advantages such as: the for the integration of interdisciplinary and theoretical foundations; Possibilities of transdisciplinary groups that do research work participation in the building and evaluation; and not only nationally, but also integrate the use of globalization and interdisciplinary in international cooperation research groups to its many varieties. resolve common needs and problems that may offer positive results for the countries involed The Díaz-Barriga et al. (2013, p. 50) (Vidaurri Aréchiga, 2014). methodology is done parting from a developed and established professional profile, which A proposed curriculum methodology provides the basis for deciding what will be the aimed at training professionals with a scientific content to be included in the curriculum plan, sense, that bring new proposals, ideas and and under what organization and structure such knowledge to abate environmental damage, plan will be designed. Diaz - Barriga et al. (2013, poverty and social inequality, answers to the p.119) mentions that there are different ways to need to boost scientific research of tourism in organize and structure a curriculum according to Mexico (Peral, Picazo and Moreno Gil, 2013, p. the type of curriculum plan adopted by the 36). design team. Among the most common curriculum plans are: a). the linear plan, b). the Under the proposal of a Curriculum modular plan, c). the mixed plan. Design Methodology with desirable characteristics to enter the PNPC in Postgraduate After choosing the type of plan to be Programs with Professional Orientation in the adopted by the institution, the next step is to recently created education program by develop the entire curriculum plan. For this CONACYT and according to curriculum models purposes the contents, which were disaggregated applied in higher education in Mexico, it is earlier in materials or in modules, are organized

33 Article Social Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 29-40 according to the type of plan adopted. Then the of the obtaining of a degree related to that subjects or modules are structured in a complete profession”. curriculum plan. This step corresponds to the establishment of the "horizontal sequence" Characteristics of the professional (planned courses for each school year) and the postgraduate studies according to the PNCP of "vertical sequence” (series of courses planned CONACYT (2015, p. 8): throughout the different school cycles). Finally, the "curriculum map" is established, where the  Were conceived to train specialized formal elements and details of the curriculum professionals (number of courses on each school year, which  Most of them are part time. will be mandatory and optional, optional routes,  Some are fundamentally `presence number of credits, etc.) are determined (Diaz - required’ while others are mainly Barriga et al., 2013, p. 112). based on field research.  Some have major focus on practicing Once the curriculum plan is structured, the and others are oriented to professionals last step of this stage consists on developing a with experience that require new skills detailed studying program for each course (class and knowledge. or module) that make up the total plan.  In some programs the class work is evaluated, in others it is evaluated a series of works (portfolio) and in Methodology others it is a combination of class work and a research project and thesis. To perform the description and analysis of  They offer to the universities a way to the model for the postgraduate education consolidate links with society sectors. program, a research supported on electronic  From the student’s perspective, they documents and web sites from tourism offer new opportunities. postgraduate programs from other educative  They are a solution to the companies’ institutions in México, recognized by the PNPC concerns about postgraduate students of CONACYT was conducted; this with the oriented to do research lacking purposes of not duplicating efforts. Along with practical experience and not the possibility of making a proposal for a specialized or general skills at their multidisciplinary education program, shared jobs. research and academic exchange.

 They combine the courses with research projects oriented to a specific field. Discussion  The structure of these programs tends A comparison is made between the to be more formal (obligatory results, professional orientation postgraduate programs attendance needed periods, deadlines) of the PNCP of CONACYT (2015, p. 7) and the  Usually, they are taught based on the Díaz-Barriga et al. (2013) model. According to cohort, which allows working on PNCP of CONACYT (2015, p. 7) it is collaboration on which there is an established that a professional postgraduate experiences exchange. study is that “on which the field of study is a  The contents use to be of applied professional discipline and it differentiates from nature and have a closer relation to the research oriented postgraduate study because jobs.

34 Article Social Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 29-40  The programs are relevant for center around plan selected plan. (Cfr. a determined (Díaz-Barriga Díaz-Barriga et development and progress of the period of et al., 2013, p. al., 2013, p. professional career. time. 124 – 125) 125 – 126) Graduate The program On stage two, Criterion is met  A lot of the research projects that form profile aims to Díaz-Barriga in both cases. deepen the et al. (2013, p. In the “General part of the programs are done at skills and 91) take into guidelines for working places, sometimes supervised competencies consideration the creation, of a the proposal modification by an employer representative. professional made by and register of field to meet Amaz, (1981) study plans and the potential about the programs” by Table 1 shows a comparison between the demand of the minimum the VIEP characteristics of the professional orientation labor market components BUAP, the and of that must requirements to postgraduate programs of the PNPC of immediate contain the complete the CONACYT (2015) and the elements that form impact of the graduate graduate professional profile. studies are the curriculum model by Díaz-Barriga et al. sector. Arnaz, (1981) established (2013). The comparison is made parting from the cited in Díaz- (BUAP, 2015, Barriga et al. p. 13). criteria established on the framework for the (2013, p. 99), evaluation and following up of the mandatory creates a series of guidelines presence postgraduate programs of the PNPC of to elaborate CONACYT (2015, p.p. 9-12). the graduate profile. Syllabus The graduate On the stage 3, Criterion is met On this comparison it is understood as study Diaz-Barriga in both cases. “characteristics” and “elements” the attributes program has a et al. (2013, p. According to well- 114-127), the thesis work that every compared criterion has. structured presents on an it is proposed syllabus thorough way the curriculum which is the elements plan to be a Criteria Characteristi Elements of Contrasts oriented to that must be mixed plan cs of the the Díaz satisfy the taken into (Cfr. Díaz- professional Barriga et al. professional account when Barriga et. al. oriented curriculum requirements it comes to 2013, p. 125 – postgraduate model of society organize and 126). studies of sectors. (p. give structure PNCP of 10) to a curriculum CONACYT plan, alongside Students The graduate On stage one, Criterion is met the specific admission study Díaz-Barriga in both cases. activities. program has a et al (2013, p. In the BUAP Díaz-Barriga rigorous 78 – 79) case, the et al. (2013), admission propose to postgraduate propose that process that make an study’s “… the guarantees analysis of the admission curricular plan that the pertinent requirements and the candidates university’s are established syllabus must have the principles and in the “General be done by a previously guidelines, guidelines for multidisciplina needed according to the creation, ry team of knowledge. the modification experts on the (p. 9) requirements and register of discipline or that the study plans and disciplines institution programs” of involved in the demands to the the VIEP, profession, students to be (BUAP, 2015, alongside with accepted into p. 13) educational the program. psychologists, Time Most of the On stage three Criterion is met pedagogues, dedicated by professional the times and in both cases. managers, students graduate academic Due the etc.” (p. 114) students activities are characteristics Professors The graduate Díaz-Barriga The Díaz- attend partial established of the graduate and students study et al. (2013, p. Barriga et al. time and the according to study proposal mobility program 79), propose (2013) model academic the kind of it is suggested promotes the on the upstage does not make activities are curriculum to be a mixed mobility of 1.4. “research a clear mention

35 Article Social Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 29-40 students and on the national about students and that “… it professors as and/or and professors has a well as the foreigner mobility, but recognized cooperation institutions when it comes academic between that offer to the research productivity professional programs of the upstage and a common groups related to the 1.4, it is professional belonging to proposal” possible to find interest about different out how to the base on institutions make inter- which they and countries institutional share LGAC, (p. 10). agreements to clearly planned make possible and that are the mobility of professionally students and active and have professors a quality according to production the guidelines with enough about numbers, generation considering the and/or goals of the application of program” knowledge (CONACYT, (LGAC) 2015, p. 10) contained in the Lines of Existence of According to syllabus. generation LGAC the thesis Basic The graduate Díaz-Barriga Even when the and/or associated to proposal and academic study et al. (2013), Díaz-Barriga et application professional the PNPC of core program is propose in al. (2013) does of work CONACYT developed “General not mention knowledge consistent criteria, it is within the concepts and explicitly the (LGAC for with the area proposed to add basic considerations basic academic its of knowledge it to the Díaz- academic core ” of the stage 3 core, it does abbreviatio according to Barriga et al. (p. 10) that “…the make n in the syllabus model, from curricular plan recommendatio Spanish) and that are the first stage, and the study ns about who part of real on which it is programs must must be spaces of made clear the be done by a involved on proximity to information multidisciplina planning the the about the basic ry group of curricular plan professional academic core experts on the and the activity. and that the discipline or syllabus. lines of disciplines According to generation involved in the the thesis and/or profession, proposal it is application of alongside with quit relevant knowledge educational take into must cover the psychologists, consideration characteristics pedagogues, the PNPC of according to managers, CONACYT PNPC, etc.” (p. 14) criteria and add (CONACYT, it to the Díaz- 2015, p.10) Barriga et al. curricular plan model, even and the study from the first programs. stage, on which Infrastructu The program Díaz-Barriga Criterion is met it is made clear re ensures the et al. (2013, p. in both cases. the information availability of 153) propose From a prior about the basic physical in one of the analysis of the academic core infrastructure activities from current responsible of and resources upstage 4.1, infrastructure the curricular needed for the the “analysis and resources plan and the development of the viability available to the study of the thesis of the school the programs. It is work to be curriculum viability of the feasible to performed by parting from curriculum is specify that this the student. the human determined by group is the resources and an internal responsible for existing evaluation as the graduate material” proposed by study support according to Díaz-Barriga et

36 Article Social Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 29-40 the al. (2013, p. Mexican higher proposition. 153) education; to Structure of The graduate Díaz-Barriga Criterion is met strengthen this the final program et al. (2013) in both cases. relevance is work ensures that emphasize in It is recommended the terminal all stages of recommended that the associated their on this proposal syllabus be work makes a methodology that the student carried out by a contribution that work must does their final multidisciplina to the be carried out work to get the ry knowledge professional at all times in degree, through work. field. accordance a thesis, Graduate’s Value On stage 4, Criterion is met with the documented satisfaction provided by Díaz-Barriga in both cases. potential areas professional the program et al. (2013, p. The proposal of and tasks work or to its 154) propose a graduates where the professional graduates and as a tool for following practitioner portfolio recognized by theses means system by may intervene according to them "the Díaz-Barriga et regarding the the LGAC (satisfaction monitoring al. (2013) may curricular chosen and to surveys for system of contain as plan. the General graduates) (p. graduates " much Regulation of 12) information as Graduate required and Studies of the established by BUAP (2015) the institution. Contributio Results and Díaz-Barriga Criterion is met Table I. Comparison between the characteristics of the n to products of et al. (2013, p. in both cases. postgraduate studies with professional orientation of the knowledge the 153-154) It is proposed postgraduate propose on that on the PNPC of CONACYT (2015) and the elements of the study stage 4 that a thesis proposal Díaz-Barriga et al. 2013 curriculum model. program. continuous both evaluation evaluation of models are the taken into curriculum, account. On Results through intern one hand the and extern Díaz-Barriga evaluations. et. al. (2013) The results of the analysis of the stage four This would model, on stage of the curriculum model by Díaz-Barriga et al. lead to a four, restructuring establishes the (2013) and the evaluation model of the national of the syllabus upstages, program for quality postgraduate studies of according to activities and the needs, real means to make CONACYT (2015) are presented next. problems and a continuous potential tasks evaluation of to attend to. the curriculum The stage four (continuous evaluation of and on the the curriculum) of the curriculum model by other hand, the PNPC of Díaz-Barriga et al. (2013) centers on the CONACYT continuous curriculum evaluation to evaluation model is the permanently update the curriculum plan referendum to accordingly. be a recognized to be a quality postgraduate Díaz-Barriga et al. (2013, p. 136) points program. out that Relevance of Performance The stages 2, Criterion is met the program of graduates 3, and 4 of the in both cases. in an Díaz-Barriga To achieve that “…generally the preferred method to employment et al. (2013) graduates reach activity model this goal it is evaluate plans and syllabus is limited to related to their establish advisable to analyze the sequence and organization of training. guidelines for continually pay a graduate to attention to the the titles of the subjects and thematic units, perform in an curriculum which leads to obtain only a descriptive employment plan to be activity relevant to the and incomplete information, because the according to needs of real performance of the students is not their training. society and trends of indicated, nor if after graduating from

37 Article Social Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 29-40 program they meet the needs for which they were trained”. 4. Continuous curriculum evaluation Díaz-Barriga et al. (2013, p.137) affirm that

“…if a theoretical framework is not established, as well as the methodological aspects, the mistake of focusing the 4.1. 4.1. curriculum evaluation on the efficientist External Internal evaluation evaluation and internal aspects of the curriculum can program program be made, and the original plans and social design design aspects“.

Díaz-Barriga et al. (2013, p. 137) proposes that to avoid problems on the process of curriculum evaluation 4.3. Curriculum “…a participatory evaluation model is restructuration program based on the established, in which there must be an results of previous active participation of the agents involved evaluations in the curriculum (teachers, students, managers, evaluators, beneficiaries, etc.) and that they are the true directors”. Figure 1. Upstages of the continuous curriculum The curriculum evaluation model evaluation. Source: Díaz-Barriga et al., (2013, p.52) proposed by Díaz-Barriga et al. (2013) establishes two kinds of evaluations:

Internal evaluation: it refers to the academic achievement of the established goals of the professional profile, this is, an evaluation of the study plan, its elements and its On the other hand, the evaluation model by organization. PNPC of CONACYT (2015) is based on a results-oriented model. This model integrates the External evaluation: it refers to the social main elements that can provide quality training repercussions that the postgraduate’s work can for students. have, ergo, their capacity to solve problems and satisfy the social environment needs (p. 50)

The result of both evaluations will lead to the elaboration of a program for the curriculum rebuilding. Figure 1 shows the upstages that make up the continuous curriculum evaluation.

38 Article Social Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 29-40 Arnaz, J. A. (Octubre de 1981). Guía para la elaboración de un perfil del egresado.

Revista de educación superior, 40.

Arredondo Álvarez, V. (1981). Algunas tendencias predominantes y características de la Investigación sobre

desarrollo curricular. Congreso Nacional de Investigación Educativa. México.

BUAP. (04 de Junio de 2015). Vicerrectoría de Figure 2. Elements of the evaluation model by PNPC Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado, (CONACYT, 2015, p. 16). BUAP. Obtenido de Vicerrectoría de The elements that make up the evaluation Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado, model by PNPC of CONACYT (2015, p.p. 16– BUAP: 17) are: http://www.viep.buap.mx/recursos/docu mentos/dgep-normatividad- 1. Institutional commitment lineamientosprogramasposgrado.pdf 2. The categories and criteria of the model, and CONACYT. (Abril de 2015). Consejo Nacional 3. The program improvement plan de Ciencia y Tecnología. Recuperado el

5 de Mayo de 2015, de Consejo Nacional Analysis de Ciencia y Tecnología: http://www.conacyt.mx/index.php/el- The evaluation model by PNPC of CONACYT (2015) is a much more complete conacyt/convocatorias-y-resultados- model, not only because it evaluates the conacyt/convocatorias- elements of the curriculum, but because it pnpc/convocatorias-cerradas- establishes the mandatory requirements the pnpc/6755-marco-de-referencia- institution must fulfill since the moment it modalidad-escolarizada/file attempts to join a PNPC’s postgraduate program, plus every certain period must comply with an Díaz-Barriga Arceo, F., Lule González, M., improvement plan. Pacheco Pinzón, D., Rojas-Drummind, The Díaz-Barriga et al. (2013) curriculum S., & Saad Dayán, E. (1981). model sets the theoretical and methodology Metodología de diseño curricular para la foundation of the postgraduate curriculum ensenanza superior. (UNAM, Ed.) model, which can support and help fulfill de Perfiles educativos, 26(7), 30-40. requirements established by CONACYT. Díaz-Barriga Arceo, F., Lule González, M.,

Pacheco Pinzón, D., Saad Dayán, E., & References Rojas-Drummond, S. (2013). Metodología de diseño curricular para educación superior. México: Trillas.

39 Article Social Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 29-40 Espinosa Castillo, M. (2007). Tendencias de Pansza González, M. (1981). Enseñanza Investigación Turística a principios del modular. México: Perfiles educativos. siglo XXI. México, DF.: Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Dirección de Peña Nieto, E. (2013). Plan Nacional de Publicaciones. Desarrollo 2013 -2018, Gobierno de la República. Recuperado el 15 de Glazman, R., & De Ibarrola, M. (1978). Planes Septiembre de 2014, de Plan Nacional de de estudio. Propuestas institucionales y Desarrollo 2013 -2018, Gobierno de la realidad curricular (Primera ed.). República: http://pnd.gob.mx/wp- México: Nueva Imagen. content/uploads/2013/05/PND.pdf

Gómez Nieves, S. (2008). Ciencia y desarrollo Peral Picazo, P., & Moreno Gil, S. (2013). turístico en México. Estudios y Difusión de la investigación científica en Perspectivas en Turismo, 17, 340-358. turismo. El caso de México. El Periplo Sustentable: revista de turismo, Gómez Nieves, S., & Social, A. (2005). Los desarrollo y competitividad, 24, 7-40. nuevos desafíos de la educación superior y la investigación turística en México. SIIMT. (Junio de 2014). Sistema Integral de Anuario Turismo y Sociedad, Información de Mercados Turísticos. (C. Universidad de Externado de Colombia, d. México, Ed.) Recuperado el 06 de 39-54. Octubre de 2014, de Sistema Integral de Información de Mercados Turísticos: Instituto de Competitividad Turística. (2014). http://www.siimt.com/work/models/siim Instituto de Competitividad Turística. t/Resource/3a160152-2240-4ad3-93cd- Recuperado el 3 de Septiembre de 2014, c2e567a1cdc2/SituacionSector2013v06 de Instituto de Competitividad Turística: 14.pdf http://ictur.sectur.gob.mx/pdf/casosdeex ito/gestionpublicadelturismo/Ficha_Tec Subsecretaría de Educación Superior, S. (2015). nica_Fondo_Sectorial_CESTUR.pdf Subsecretaría de Educación Superior SEP. Recuperado el 18 de Abril de 2015, Méndez Sosa, M., Rodríguez Pichardo, O. M., de Subsecretaría de Educación Superior Osorio García, M., Salgado Vega, M., & SEP: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de http://www.sirvoes.sep.gob.mx/sirvoes/ México, T. (2013). La flexibilidad laboral en el sector turístico en México. Taba, H. (1974). La elaboración del currículo. Una interpretación teórica. Estudios y Argentina: Troquel. Perspectivas en Turismo, 22, 705 – 728. Tyler, R. (1973). Principios básicos del Organización Mundial del Turismo, O. (2014). currículo. Buenos Aires: Troquel. Estadísticas y Cuenta Satélite de Turismo. Recuperado el 28 de Agosto de Vélez Chablé, G., & Terán Delgado, L. (2010). 2014, de Estadísticas y Cuenta Satélite Modelos para el diseño curricular. de Turismo: http://statistics.unwto.org/ Pampedia, No.6, Julio 2009 - Junio 2010(6), 55-65.

40 Article Social Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 29-40 Vidaurri Aréchiga, J. E. (2014). Atisbos ala investigación turística en México: origen, evolución y situación actual.

Turismo y Patrimonio(8), 1-184.

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Public Administration in the conservation of a protected area: Biosphere Reserve Sierra del Abra Tanchipa

MALDONADO MIRANDA-Juan José1†, Carranza Alvarez Candy1, Hernández Morales Alejandro1, Cappello García Hector Manuel2 [email protected],[email protected], [email protected],[email protected] 1Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Huasteca de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Romualdo del Campo 501, Fracc. Rafael Curiel, Cd. Valles, S.L.P., 2Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas y la Unidad Académica de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales, Cordinación de Posgrado e Investigación

Received may 3rd, 2015. Accepted june 17th, 2015 ______

Mexico's Protected Natural Areas are 158 environmental effects. Therefore, an analysis of designated "Protected Natural Areas (PNA)" in the current situation and the functionality of Mexico, representing 11% of the nation's surface public programs in the conservation of the area area, and are protected and administrated by the was conducted, finding that the main areas of National Commission of Protected Natural intervention are lack of management programs, Areas (Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales the lack of financial incentives and support Protegidas, or CONANP). In San Luis Potosi, organizations public to perform community there are 19 PNA, within which there is a service for the benefit of the RBSAT. These biosphere reserve: The Biosphere Reserve of the results were the support to develop some Sierra del Abra Tanchipa (RBSAT), declared as proposals of strategic planning for the a priority area for the conservation of natural conservation of this protected area. resources in 1994. However, due to the lack of integrated policies for sustainable planning of Public administration, strategic planning, natural resources, the reserve presents social and Protected Natural Area

______

Citation: MALDONADO-MIRANDO Juan José. La Administración Pública en la conservación de un área natural protegida: Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra del Abra Tanchipa. Revista Administracion & Finanzas 2015 ______

______*Correspondence to Author ([email protected]) † Researcher contributing first author.

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Introduction

The Biosphere Reserve of the Sierra del Abra management plans, regulations, standards and Tanchipa is one of the youngest reserves of the legislation for the conservation of long-term country and one of the least extensive; it consists resources. of national and private commons. Approximately 80% of the land is the core area In the case of the professionals, these rules and is intended for research activities determine the minimally required duties of the (Management Program Sierra del Abra professionals in the course of their work. Every Tanchipa, 2007). It covers an area of 21,464 ha, worker of the public administration has or with a core area of 16.758 ha. Within the should develop a set of professional or labor protected natural area are the Laguna del Mante, principles that guide what to do in relation to his Los Sabinos and palms suburbs work in the administration that performs, the user population, his profession, his institution The common Launa Laguna del Mante has and his coworkers (Rodriguez-Arroyo, 2007). the largest population and has a bigger extention of land area in the Sierra del Abra Tanchipa. Planning is an activity aimed at achieving Communities with territory within the Sierra del a possible and desirable future, from an Abra Tanchipa as well as those found in its area explanation of a problematic situation that exists of influence, are the ones that have a high level in the present and has a history of facts that of marginalization and a large population, those involved social actors that behave and respond are the ones that cause the greatest impact on the creatively to definite and well-defined interests Sierra del Abra Tanchipa (Mergold Vargas, (Jarrin, 2011). Planning is ongoing and its 2010). actions must interpret reality for the better. In this area, there is tension because of the On this research, the current status of a interests in the land use and the need to open new protected natural area such as the Sierra del Abra areas for agriculture. There is no proper Tanchipa was analyzed to propose the planning information, but it is known of the opening of the for its conservation. land for logging. As for the land use in the Based on the information, the objective of this catchment area, it has 56% of livestock use, 32% research was to analyze the current situation of of forest use, 9% agricultural use and 3% for the Biosphere Reserve Sierra del Abra Tanchipa, other activities (Sanchez-Ramos et al., 1993). and propose planning strategies for its Furthermore, there are administrative problems conservation. because of the lack of interagency collaboration, in addition to lack of knowledge and Literature review enforcement of environmental legislation. Huasteca description In this sense, it is essential to analyze from the perspective of public administration, the role The Huasteca is located in the eastern part of the played by public servants in the creation and state of San Luis Potosi. It limits the Sierra monitoring of the protection of natural protected Madre Oriental in the west, the state of areas. In Mexico, the problem of protected areas Tamaulipas in the north, Veracruz and Hidalgo such as Biosphere Reserve Sierra del Abra in the east and Queretaro in the south (INEGI, Tanchipa does not lie on the management of its 1981). The Huasteca is divided economically in creation, but rather in the creation of the north subregion, central and southern.

MALDONADO-MIRANDA, Juan José, CARRANZA ALVAREZ, Candy, ISSN-On line: 2395-860X HERNÁNDEZ MORALES, Alejandro, CAPPELLO GARCÍA, Hector Manuel. Public UTSOE® All rights reserved. Administration in the conservation of a protected area: Biosphere Reserve Sierra del Abra Tanchipa. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.

43 Article Administrative Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 41-52

The northern region includes the municipalities The coverage and land use are two of the of Ciudad Valles, Ébano, El Naranjo, San elements that best demonstrate the Vicente Tancuayalab, Tamasopo, Tamuín y transformation of the earth's surface by human Tanquián de Escobedo. The central region action over time. The ground cover is defined as includes Aquismón, Huehuetlán, San Antonio, the biophysical cover on the earth's surface, Tampamolón, Tancahuitz y Tanlajás, y la región while land use is characterized by arrangement, sur, Axtla de Terrazas, Coxcatlán, Matlapa, San activity and production that human groups make Martín Chalchicuautla, Tamazunchale, to produce, change or maintain soil cover. Tampacán y Xilitla. In this last region Teenek Through the use of the land, the necessary for the and Nahua people live here. The Nahua survival of humanity is obtained. However, this represents 60% of the indigenous population in process usually is related to the deforestation and the region (INEGI, 1981). fragmentation of ecosystems, desertification, and alteration of hydrological cycles, loss of For its ecological diversity, the Huasteca is biodiversity and the increase of vulnerability of divided into three areas: a) tropical warm humid human groups (Reyes-Hernández, 2006). with an annual precipitation of 2000-5000 mm and an average annual temperature of 21 ° C; b) In the Huasteca it is common the median sub-humid with warm tropical land of transition deforestation of the evergreen forest and between the humid tropics and c) dry zone with secondary vegetation (acahuales) for agricultural rainfall between 600 and 1500 mm, above 20 ° purposes, mainly for growing corn, under the C average temperatures and a dry period of 5-9 system of slash and burn. This practice has led to months, which allows the vegetation to be the loss of fertility and soil erosion, declining constituted by low and medium height jungle species of flora and fauna, lower productivity, with great biotic diversity (Toledo et al., 2002). and as result, lower profitability of crops and This region has rainforests and humid land abandonment (Cruz-Fernandez, 2006). (coniferous forests), high forest and Until 1973, in the Huasteca, forests occupied subperenifolia perenifolia also high and medium 32% of the area (98.270 ha), grassland 21% deciduous forests and deciduous desert scrub (66,700 ha), secondary vegetation 20% (61 513 and rosetophilous as well as large areas of ha), cultivated areas 14% (44.960 ha) and bodies grassland. of water (ponds and marshes) 1.8% (5,430 ha) (Figure 1A). Today forest resources and agriculture in the Huasteca have received little attention and the By 1985, the forest area was 73,100 ha and the lack of appropriate measures, the various water bodies’ area was 2,300 ha. The cultivated meteorological phenomenas, explosions caused and covered with secondary vegetation areas during the search for oil deposits, the ecological expanded in 25,900 ha., and 41,800 ha, impact of surrounding industries, illegal logging, respectively. By 2000, forests were reduced to the archaeological looting and uncontrolled less than 4% of the initial surface, and forest fires have led to low productivity, poor agricultural and secondary vegetation areas performance of cash crops and the complete registered a decrease of 28% compared to 1985. deforestation in some rich areas in native The surface of the prairies increased to 80,000 species. (SAGAR, State Government SLP, INI has (Figure 1B) and BM, 1995 ). The main changes occurred in the north and Change of the land use in the Huasteca southwest of Tamuín, northwest of Ebano and north of San Vicente. In 2000 there were only

44 Article Administrative Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 41-52

10,200 ha. of fragmented forests with varying beginning of the system, serves to protect and degrees of disruption. 44 remnants of older restore deforested areas, improve the ecological forest of 10 ha. were located corresponding to environment, maximize the use of soil resources forest, scattered in the central and northern and make profits in the short, medium and long Tamuín, west of San Vicente Tancuayalab and term (Cruz Fernandez, 2006). south of Ebano. On the other hand, 27 fragments scattered tree-with more than 20 years of Creation of natural protected areas: Sierra existence in northern and eastern Tamuín San del Abra Tanchipa Vicente Tancuayalab (Reyes-Hernández et al., In order to conserve forest resources, in recent 2006) were detected. years the creation of several protected areas (Map 3) was enacted. In the micro-region of the South Huasteca, the national forest reserve of Sierra Alta de Xilitla was created; in the Sótano de las Golondrinas, la Hoya de las Huahuas y las Cuevas de Xomokonko; in the North Huasteca the in state reserves of Laguna de patitos, la

Cienega de Tamasopo and the biosphere of the Sierra de Abra Tanchipa (SLP State Government, 2001).

The Biosphere Reserve of the Sierra del Abra Tanchipa (RBSAT) is one of the youngest reserves of the country and one of the least extensive, its conformed by national and private common lands. Approximately 80% of the land is the core area and is intended for research activities. It covers an area of 21,464 ha, with a core area of 16.758 ha. Figure 1. Coverage and land use in the Huasteca Zone, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, A) The importance of the Sierra del Abra 1973, B) 2000 Figure taken from Reyes- Tanchipa Hernández et al., 2006. The Sierra del Abra Tanchipa, is an A recommendation to stop the change of land important factor for regional climatic conditions, use in agroforestry systems is the establishment because it acts as a weather barrier between the of mixed plantations of timber species, which coast plain of the Gulf and the highland. There, consists in establishing in combination slow the marine humid winds that go up, are cooled as growing timber species with fast growth. Under soon as they have contact with the land, and the this scheme, it is possible the planting of annual humidity condenses and produces abundant crops in the first two or three years and then rainfalls. The Sierra del Abra Tanchipa presents under the canopy plants that require shade for variations of up to 10 ° C between the warmest their development, such as parlor palm and other and the coldest months, with an annualized ornamental. average of 24.5 ° C, which is classified as slightly extremist (García, 1988). The average The establishment of forest plantations mixed rainfall is 1070 mm, which places it within the with the combination of annual crops at the classification of sub-humid region with a

45 Article Administrative Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 41-52 concentration of rainfall in the months of July the expansion of the agricultural frontier, and September. The rate of frosts varies from 0- pressure on the reserve area; situations that cause 5 times per year, and it happens3-5 years an increase in poverty levels of the populations (Ministry of Social Development, 1994). that lives there. The Sierra del Abra Tanchipa is Las comunidades aledañas a la Reserva de considered by the National Commission for the la Biosfera Sierra del Abra Tanchipa: Laguna del Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity Mante, Los Sabinos y las Palmas, presentan altos (CONABIO) as a priority region for grados de marginación debido a la extensión de conservation. This mountain range forms an su población, siendo éestos los que mayor important biological corridor that shares the impacto ocasionan a la reserva por los conflictos Nearctic and neotropical biotic provinces, also sociales y de intereses entre sus habitantes. endemic species of flora and fauna, many of them threatened or endangered (Puig, 1991). Communities located near the Biosphere Currently, there have been registered 419 Reserve Sierra del Abra Tanchipa are: Laguna species of birds, of which 14 are endemic, 11 del Mante, Los Sabinos and Las Palmas, these quasi-endemic and 7 semi-endemic. communities have high levels of marginalization, due to the extension of its The highest parts of the Sierra, between population, being these the ones that cause the 650 and 700 meters, are covered by tropical greatest impact to the reservation because of the forest subperenifolia, which extends to the social conflicts and different interests among its maximum height of 850 meters. In the remaining population. area there are low evergreen forest, deciduous forest and lowland deciduous thorny, tropical Public Administration in the oak and palmar ( INEGI, 1990; Puig, Rzedowski Conservation of the Biosphere Reserve Sierra 1991, 1978). del Abra Tanchipa (RBSAT) Given its biological importance for the Planning is an area of public region and its rich biodiversity in flora and fauna administration aimed at achieving a possible and it is important to address the problems that the desirable future, from an explanation of a reserve Sierra del Abra Tanchipa is facing. problematic situation that exists in the present These problems can be grouped into and has a history of facts that involves social environmental and social problems. Among the actors that behave creatively and responding to environmental problems we can mention the specific and well defined interests (Jarrin, 2011). forest type which is associated with the Planning is permanent and its actions must explotation, plundering of plant and animal interpret reality to make it better. species, and logging. Artisanal gold mining is The creation of protected areas such as the an important activity developed by locals from Biosphere Reserve Sierra del Abra Tanchipa the region of SAT, species threatened or (RBSAT) in the state of San Luis Potosi, endangered (Rzedowski, 1978; Mora-Olivo et represent the first step in a culture of caring for al., 1992). However, the large-scale exploitation natural resources. However, there is still a large significantly will affect the natural balance. The backlog in the Huasteca, to achieve the excessive extraction of forest resources is a functionality of these protected areas. The status problem that affects not only the ecological of the Biosphere Reserve Sierra del Abra environment, but also reduces the availability of Tanchipa in the state of San Luis Potosi, the resource for the natives. This problem brings reflectes a lack of interangency collaboration by

46 Article Administrative Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 41-52 the Mexican government, in addition to lack of recurrent and y ex-post. The first, which includes knowledge and enforcement of environmental diagnosis to understand the causes of a problem legislation. In addition, there is interest tension and determine the elements that stimulate their in land use and the need to open new areas for reproduction, it also includes the forecasting agriculture. There is no proper information, but step, through which possible alternative it is known that there is an opening of land in the solutions and scenarios are defined. In the ex- Biosphere Reserve Sierra del Abra Tanchipa for ante phase, defines the objectives, policies, logging. As for the land use in the catchment strategies and priority actions (preventive or area of the reserve, it has a 56% for livestock use, corrective planning) (Mintzberg, 1993). 32% of forest use, 9% of agricultural use and 3% for other activities (Sanchez-Ramos et al, 1993). Today, this traditional view of the planning has been attached to intense Therefore, it is of very importance to identify questioning by its responsiveness to major areas of intervention in the Biosphere Reserve problems, and stiffness for control and Sierra del Abra Tanchipa, identify problems, correction during the development process. propose plans of action to address the causes of Therefore, it was considered implementing a the problem through public management new technical management and administration, operations, as well as analyze the viability and strategic planning. Strategic planning was planning, and attack the problem in practice, initiated by Ansoff (1980), in the 1960s and he performing the operations planned for the associates it to changes in the pulse and strategic prevention and conservation of natural resources capabilities. For others, strategic planning and within protected areas. management system emerges formally in the seventies as a natural result of the evolution of The planning in the conservation of the the concept planning. Strategic planning is a RBSAT diagnostic tool, analysis, reflection and The planning involves the projection of goals, collective decision making, about what to do based on appropriate methods. It helps to make today and the way they should go in the future of decisions and becomes a means to something communities, organizations and institutions and is not an end itself, it is permanent and its (Mintzberg, 1993). actions must interpret reality for the better (Jarrin, 2011). Classical planning policies The strategic planning, unlike traditional planning, includes not only the short term and The Mexican government has acknowledged the the long term but it emphasizes logical answers failure of classical economic planning policies, to the needs of an unknown future, complex and characterized by the absence of articulated constantly changes. Strategic planning seeks to strategies of management and conservation of prevent future events, and with them the natural resources, ensuring environmental possibility to describe the future of present sustainability. Such is the case of Wirikuta decisions. Therefore, it is a useful tool for Sacred Site. The term of Wirikuta is the name organizations, because without it, they could not that the Huichol or Wizarika region has given to prevent risks, knows the strengths and the sacred site located in the quadrant of the weaknesses, and threats from the environment. Chihuahuan Desert in northern Potosi highland. In June 2001, the Government of San Luis Potosi On the other side, the traditional declared that region as "Natural Sacred Site" planning has the characteristics of being a where there is explicit prohibition of actions that process consisting of three stages: ex-ante, promote the involvement of the water, soil and

47 Article Administrative Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 41-52 vegetation of the site (Management Plan of the (SEGAM by the Spanish nomenclature) has Natural sacred Wirikuta, 2008). However, in incorporated as state policy the ecological November 2011, the government granted 22 planning, in order to ensure sustainable mining concessions to the company First operation of the Potosi society through Majestic, which won 6,326 hectares including conservation, restoration and rational use of 70% of the surface of Wirikuta. This reflects the ecosystems that provide natural support base. ineffectiveness of protected natural areas even This great task will be performed by the though they have a management plan. application of an instrument of environmental policy established in federal and state laws on the subject, called Ecological Ordinance. In the National Development Plan 2007-2012, the Mexican State committed to make In the state of San Luis Potosi, building a environmental sustainability the center of public framework for planning, will facilitate the policies and the sustainable human development orientation of the efforts of the various orders of in the guiding principle of the National government in the following actions: a) for the Development Plan (NDP 2007 2012). The protection of the priority areas (defined by national target 9 of Chapter Five of the National sustainability criteria) b) for the conservation Development Plan 2007-12 "Environmental and restoration of ecosystems that produce Sustainability" provides that it is essential to natural resources, c) to stop the environmental identify and exploit the vocation and the crisis, d) to identify the various territorial productive potential of the country through the vocations for each region, and e) to tie the goals creation of preserved areas and adequate of environmental preservation and the economic territorial ecological planning, through and social development, which will regulate the harmonious actiones with the environment, to sustainable use of resources, by controlling the ensure sustainable use of natural resources different land uses and production activities (National Development Plan 2007-2012) according to the different vocations and skills of each landscape, maximizing the consensus and In the state of San Luis Potosi, the Ministry of minimizing conflict in the Company (Ecological Ecology and Environmental Management Management, 2006).

53 Article Administrative Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 53-61

Methodology census of INEGI, 2010. The number of people surveyed was obtained from this data.The In this research a qualitative method of data sample size was determined using the statistical collection (surveys, interviews) was used for the formula of standardized normal distribution purpose of exploring social relations and (Beenson Lenine, 2003): describe reality as experienced by those involved in the object of study (Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra del Abra Tanchipa). Qualitative research requires an understanding of human behavior and the reasons that governs it, based on small 2 samples and small population groups (Curcio Z pqN Barrera, 2005). n = Ne2 + Z2pq The focus of this investigation public administration is about the planning and sustainability for the protection of conservation Where, within protected areas. Figure 2, shows the Z = Confidence level stages of qualitative methodology that was followed for this project N = Universe P = Probability for Viability, Analysis of Selección Limitatio integration threats and of and opportuniti q = Probability against ns of the conservatio study significance es n objects. analysis area e = estimation error n = sample size Substituting the values of the number of inhabitants (1250 inhabitants) from the ejido El Abra, Cd Valles, we get the following:

Analysis of n = (1.96) 2 (0.5) (0.5) (1250) = 294 respondents Measuring success Strategies actors and situations Inhabitants (1250) (0.05) 2+ (1.96) 2 (.5) (. 5) According to the equation, you must apply 294 surveys in the Ejido El Abra de Cd Valles. The Figure 2.Stages of qualitative methodology to same equation was applied to calculate the analyze the current situation of the Sierra del number of surveys to be applied in the Laguna Abra Tanchipa. del Mante, Cd Valles, SLP, taking a number of 4500 inhabitants. With the aim of selecting a sample for conducting surveys and interviews, we worked Feasibility, integration and significance with the Ejido El Abra and Laguna del Mante analysis Ciudad Valles, SLP, as these communities are the closest to the Biosphere Reserve Sierra de As instruments of this study, oral and written Abra Tanchipa (RBSAT). The number of communication, concept mapping and surveys inhabitants of these localities was consulted on we were used. For the analysis of the viability of the statistical data on population and housing the selected object conservation, key attributes ISSN-On line:2395-860X ARRIAGA-NORMA, RAMOS-ANTONIETA, REYES-CESAR, GARNICA- UTSOE® All rights reserved. JUAN. Factores de consolidación para MIPYMES en el estado de Guanajuato. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015. 53 Article Administrative Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 53-61 were considered, including ecological processes control, regulation of the water cycle and water that must be maintained to ensure the integrity purification) cultural (aesthetic, inspiration, and health (viability) of objects in the long term, education and cultural heritage). and the problems that could impede conservation site lasting As for the social aspect, the residents indicated that 60% of respondents, the RBSAT has a Analysis of actors and situations cultural value, and although 100% are aware of the existence of the RBSAT, only 10% know the Actor assessments were performed during the decree of the RBSAT, 17% know some development of strategies to derive effective regulation governing the management of the actions for the conservation strategies with reserve and 88% receives training on the highest priority The situation analysis aims to management of the RBSAT Finally, when we help develop conservation strategies more mentioned the possibility of creating a robust, help to articulate and test the logic of our conservation program with guards, 72% thinking, evaluate the strategic importance of indicated they would be interested in being factors that cause threats (eg Root causes) or vigilant of the RBSAT which affect the ecological attributes, identifies key players. It is important to probe Analysis of actors and situations opportunities not only causes, we can do it through conceptual maps, some experts prefer The results of the analysis of actors and diagrams with arrows, and others prefer critical situations, as well as strategies to improve questions programs of conservation of protected natural areas, is presented in Figure 3 Results

Analysis Analysis of the degree of conservation from Feasibilit Limiting of threats the environmental and social approach of the study Surveys y analysis and area: for the of the opportun RBSAT Laguna selection conservat ities, del of ion setting Field visits to the surrounding municipalities of Mante conserva program goals Commu tion of the the RBSAT and research cabinet in the main nity near objects RBSAT municipal and state management agencies of the to the RBSAT RBSAT both the state capital as Cd. Valles and the municipality of Tamuin SLP, allowed a knowledge of environmental and social issues on how the population perceives the importance of the Biosphere Reserve Sierra del Abra. The Environmental analysis indicated that 100% of the respondents know the RBSAT, 90% know Analysis of the existence of plants with medicinal properties actors and situations: within the area, 100% said they have never Measurin land hold hunted animals in the reserve or have plundered g the Strategies: commissary, Promote plants, but 10% said that they have heard success of common the community committee isolated cases of looting of plants in the RBSAT program participation, members, community . Finally, 98% of people said the RBSAT for the Members of the preservati organization environmental provides environmental services on and all on of committee, regulation services (climate regulation, disease conservati environmental on trainers Housewives ISSN-On line:2395-860X ARRIAGA-NORMA, RAMOS-ANTONIETA, REYES-CESAR, GARNICA- UTSOE® All rights reserved. JUAN. Factores de consolidación para MIPYMES en el estado de Guanajuato. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015. 53 Article Administrative Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 53-61

Figure 3. Analysis of actors and situations in involvement or natural modifications, especially the Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra del Abra those areas that present the greatest RBSAT Tanchipa settlements or that arefound next to farmland.To do this, the degree and type of involvement, Analysis of public administration for the reduction of natural resources have to be conservation of RBSAT considered, the benefit for the population, the rehabilitation of areas requiring reforestation. To In this research we found that there are plans to achieve this, there must be participation of all create a management plan for the conservation major actors and they must do a very hard work of the RBSAT, but is not yet operating, since in raising awareness to the villagers there are no programs for reproduction of biological species, or a regulation that moderates The information obtained from field visits to Cd the proper operation of the area and lifeguards in Valles (Ejido El Abra and Laguna del Mante) the area with a log of observations and views. and Tamuín, SLP, and the interviews, determined the potential topics to intervene. The It will be difficult to develop a program if they results indicate that the main problems have not previously removed obstacles, and this encountered in the area are of environmental is only possible with an initial diagnostic type (looting of flora and fauna), social problems assessment of the context of implementation. In (lack of organization for the administration of addition, this initial assessment behaves and also the area), ineffectiveness of the Management enables the accommodation of the program to Plan of the RBSAT, no protection targets, a lack the situation itself, the characteristics of the of economic incentives to perform community target group to own resources, physical and service for the benefit of the reservation, psychosocial characteristics of the institution, dissemination of information and the lack of etc., since it is not always susceptible to develop training of the people on priority issues RBSAT. a program according to specific conditions and Although there are other priority issues to define, variables that were taken into account in their it was noted that organizational systems are the planning. Contextualization of it is a task of standard for achieving conservation and the paramount importance in order to respond to proper functioning of the reserve, mainly the those demands and conditions of the context organized labor from surrounding communities where it is to be implemented. can set the future course of the RBSAT Finally, the measure of success should be To achieve the functioning of the rules that evaluated once having established regulations regulate the conservation targets within the results on the established regulations or on the RBSAT we need to involve all actors and program. The program results will be obtained everyone that is interested in the subject. No once completed this. For this investigation, we actor has its own policies, economic and are only analyzing the current situation of the administrative measures to carry out the RBSAT conservation, planning and proposing comprehensive management of natural and strategies for the conservation of the area cultural resources of the reserve capacities, Analysis of potential areas of intervention and techniques. For this, besides the participation of proposals for conservation of the RBSAT all actors, it is necessary to ensure the participation and commitment of key actors, The decision of the areas of intervention is a from community leaders, scientists and difficult process to define because it involves politicians in the conservation area, as in many factors and interests. The main areas for maintaining attitudes of cooperation, inter- intervention are those that have some degree of institutional arrangements between civil ISSN-On line:2395-860X ARRIAGA-NORMA, RAMOS-ANTONIETA, REYES-CESAR, GARNICA- UTSOE® All rights reserved. JUAN. Factores de consolidación para MIPYMES en el estado de Guanajuato. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015. 53 Article Administrative Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 53-61 associations, academic institutions, local uses, identifying the most vulnerable areas and institutions and municipalities surrounding the functional importance. RBSAT. Planning is the first step in the administrative Planning proposalsof the RBSAT in benefit of process by which the problem is defined, past the surrounding communities experiences are analyzed and outlined plans and programsare defined. Planning the principles is Proposals for planning conservation targets in very important to apply each of the elements that RBSAT should consider appropriate legislation comforms it. A principle is a proposition that is and policies of the NPAs, plans for the systems, formulated to serve as a guide to action. In the the design of individual areas and plans for field study, several important points were administration. In individual areas it can be observed in the investigation, as irregularities by considered the design in relation to the integrity federal agencies in the delivery of environmental and status of resources. At the level of systems, culture, problems in crops and livestock the problems of representativeness and communals and also a successful integration by ecological connectivity will be particularly part of common committees and civil society important; the planning approach of individual was observed. RBSAT will be on its shape, size, location, management objectives and administrative In this aspect it was found that the conservation programs. of ANP is linked to a planning process of current change or development,because to achieve this, The evaluations of the systems management it is necesary the interdisciplinary joint for the plans should consider, for example, if ANP development of plans and programs, together systems consider certain types of landscapes and with rules, regulations to prevent clandestine if they have the representation they deserve; and looting. However this system is enough to assessments of the sites should consider protect the environment for the ANP. questions like; for example, if the size of the ANP is enough to make viable the conservation Acknowledgements of biodiversity in the long term, enough to provide other environmental goods and services This project was carried out with part of the (PROARCA / APM, 2006). financing of the 2015 Research Founding Support (FAI) from UASLP

Conclusions References

Charqués, L. (2004) Redes de políticas públicas. This research presented a qualitative analysis of Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS). the current state of the Biosphere Reserve Sierra Siglo XXI de España Editores. Madrid. del Abra Tanchipa and the importance of some tools of public administration in the conservation García, E. Los climas de México (folleto y of this protected area. This research analyzes the mapa). Proyecto de Ejecución Editorial, S.A. de current situation of the Biosphere Reserve Sierra C.V.; 1988. de Abra Tanchipa (RBSAT), which has a social impact based on social and environmental Inegi. Tamaulipas. Resultados definitivos criteria and procedures of participatory planning. (1990). Data por localidad Field observations allowed to know the current management of economic activities and land Ley pública (2003). H. Congreso del Estado de San Luis Potosí Instituto de Investigaciones legislativas informática legislativa Ley de ISSN-On line:2395-860X ARRIAGA-NORMA, RAMOS-ANTONIETA, REYES-CESAR, GARNICA- UTSOE® All rights reserved. JUAN. Factores de consolidación para MIPYMES en el estado de Guanajuato. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015. 53 Article Administrative Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 53-61 responsabilidad de los servidores públicos del Uvalle, R. (2001) “Importancia de las políticas Estado de San Luis potosí, Instituto de públicas en el desarrollo complejo de la sociedad investigaciones legislativas, Unidad de contemporánea” en Venezolana de Gerencia, informática Legislativa, LVIII Legislatura, Año 6 No. 14. Maracaibo: Editorial Astro Data. (http://www.sanluis.gob.mx). Valades, Diego (2002). La no aplicación de las Mintzberg, Henry y James BRIAN QUINN Normas y el Estado de Derecho. Publicado en (1993), El proceso estratégico. Conceptos, Boletín Mexicano de Derecho Comparado, contextos y casos, 2ª. Ed., Prentice Hall, México. nueva serie, año XXXV, núm. 103 enero-abril de 2002: 01- 80 pp. Mora-Olivo, A. J.; Sifuentes, S. R.; MARGAIN, H. M.; YÁÑEZ, P. Recursos florísticos. En: Vargas Mergold, A.V. (2010) La reserva de la Estudio de Declaratoria como Reserva biosfera Sierra del Abra Tanchipa: Las Áreas Ecológica de la Sierra del Abra-Tanchipa, San Naturales Protegidas de lo Internacional a lo Luis Potosí, México. Instituto de Ecología y Local. Tesis de Maestría en Ciencias Alimentos Universidad Autónoma de Ambientales, UASLP, San Luis potosí, S.L.P, Tamaulipas, SEDUE, pp 97-123; 1992. México. Programa de manejo de la Sierra del Abra Vignolo, Orlando (2011). Los espectros de la Tanchipa. “Último decreto de la Sierra del Abra globalización. Buenos Aires: Instituto de Tanchipa”, Universidad Autónoma de Investigaciones Jurídicas, Boletín Mexicano de Tamaulipas, (2007). Derecho Comparado, no. 131, 78 3 - 13pp. Puig, E. “Vegetación de la Huasteca Potosina http://www.nature.org/ consultado el 12 de (México)”, Institut Francais de Recherche septiembre de 2011 Guía de The Natura Scientifique pour le develppement en Conservancy Protectin nature – preserving life Coperation (ORSTOM) e Instituto de Ecología 2010 para la conservación de objetos de Áreas de México, (1991). Naturales Protegidas. Rzedowski, J. “La vegetación de México”, Conabio (1998). La diversidad biológica de Editorial Limusa S.A., pp 432, (1978). México: Estudio de País. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad. Sánchez-Ramos, G. L.; HERNÁNDEZ, S. A.; México. Versión preliminar. MORA, O. J.; VARGAS-CONTRERAS M.; LARA, V. C.; ZAMORA, T. A.; CARDONA, E. INE. (2007). Documento de la descripción de la Sierra del Abra-Tanchipa. Estudio de caso. En: RBSAT. A. GÓMEZ-POMPA, R. DIRZO et al. (comps.). http://www2.ine.gob.mx/publicaciones/libros/2/ “Proyecto de Evaluación de Áreas Naturales abratan.html Protegidas de México”, SEDESOL, México: (1993). INEGI. Anuario Estadístico del clima del Estado de San Luis Potosí (2010). Panorama Secretaría de Desarrollo Social, Gobierno del Sociodemográfico. Estado de Tamaulipas. “Plan de manejo integral para el área protegida de la biosfera denominada Reserva de la Biosfera El Cielo. Tamaulipas México”, (1994).

ISSN-On line:2395-860X ARRIAGA-NORMA, RAMOS-ANTONIETA, REYES-CESAR, GARNICA- UTSOE® All rights reserved. JUAN. Factores de consolidación para MIPYMES en el estado de Guanajuato. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015. 53 Article Administrative Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 53-61

LGAC. Management and development of MIPYMES in the state of Guanajuato.

ARRIAGA, Norma†, RAMOS, Antonieta, REYES, Cesar and GARNICA, Juan

SABES

Received January 13, 2015; Accepted March 20, 2015

This study of empirical application, presents the preliminary advance of the analysis that one tries to realize to owners of mike, small and medium companies, with the intention of compiling his experiences by means of the validation of an instrument, to determine the factors of consolidation for the micro,small,and medium companies (MIPYMES as defined in Spanish) and to offer recommendations for every factor that tools allow to the leaders of these companies to have for a management directed to his constant development, as well as the permanency on the market, not alone place. The intention is a direct approximation with owners of this type of companies to gather from them the factors in those who have had favorable results, to complement with the existing theory and to offer a range of factors that it could apply the leaders of the companies independently of his economic branch or I turn.

MIPYMES Consolidation Management Development

Citation: ARRIAGA, Norma, RAMOS, Antonieta, REYES, Cesar and GARNICA, Juan. LGAC. Management and development of MSMEs in the state of Guanajuato. Online research: Factors of consolidation for MSMEs in the state of Guanajuato. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015, 2-3:192-201

† Researcher contributing first author.

______*Correspondence to Author ([email protected]) † Researcher contributing first author.

Introduction One of the most important and rewarding activities for people is to initiate their own company and become successful on it. Besides their initiative, the owners need to have the capacity to confront the arised problems on managing the company towards consolidation, since they enter the lifecycle when conceived by their owners (Espinosa and Arroyo, 2010).

Figure 2: Lifecycle of companies in Celaya in the growing phase. Source: Espinosa and Arroyo (2010).

Figure 1: Lifecycle of the companies. Source: Espinosa and Arroyo (2010). Figure 1 shows a normal lifecycle inside a company as a curve with four contiguous phases.

The lifecycle is the basic driving force, making important the comprehension of the Figure 3: Lifecycle in companies in Celaya in the development of a company, being this the one development or maturity phase o madurez. Source: that increments the value of the owners when Espinosa and Arroyo (2010). they are positioned in the growing phase into the From the 420 companies in the initial phase, lifecycle; 16 out of 420 economic units don´t only 119 keep growing to the next phase. This know in which stage of the cycle they are information includes the positive peculiarity that involved (Espinosa and Arroyo, 2010). development implies growing from a micro to a small company, and therefore the owner In Mexico, for every 200 companies starting confronts new problems (Espinosa and Arroyo, activities, only 20% accomplish two years of 2010). existence, while the rest can´t manage to be maintained in operation, for instance, in the Given the actual changing turbulences where Celaya case on Figures 2 and 3, the number of products and services must change rapidly, as companies in the growing phase and how they observed by Espinosa and Arroyo (2010), the decrease in the development phase is added value our study intends to offer to the shown.(Espinosa and Arroyo, 2010). company owners is the diverse factors and base activities that must be carried on in order to achieve development and consequently a long lifecycle. One indicator for company growing is consolidation (Fernández, 2001). ISSN-On line:2395-860X ARRIAGA-NORMA, RAMOS-ANTONIETA, REYES-CESAR, GARNICA- UTSOE® All rights reserved. JUAN. Factores de consolidación para MIPYMES en el estado de Guanajuato. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015. 54 Article Administrative Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 53-61

For Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (2011) “the appliciation of public policies oriented to consolidated entrepeneurs are owner managers strenghten the little companies, acquires a new with enterprise activities established for more meaning and a substantial scope, since those than 42 months (Álvarez-Herranz, Valencia de companies face a certain possibility to become Lara and Martínez-Ruíz, 2011). The manager the core of the productive mesh” (Añez, 2007). is that person that channels the productive effort of a company or organization, this is why is It is necessary to mention that nowadays, convenient to remark management training as a competitiveness is generally analyzed from two main element inside a company (Quero, 2008). interrelated scopes: the macroeconomic corresponding to the nation and the Carrasco (2004) stablishes the management microeconomic corresponding to the company; training as a critical success factor to evaluate in both spheres the main concerns are: first, internal and external variables of the company in identify the determinant factors for a favorable order to take efficient and effective competitive competitive position and second, establish a advantages over the actors of another companies conducting strategy (Villarreal, 2012). (Quero, 2008).

The competitive strategy is a key development factor for any big or small organization for maintaning long-term success in the market (Quero, 2008). Competitivity goes beyond productivity, representing a process centered on generating and strengthening the productivity and organizational capacities to confront successfully the environmental changes, transforming the comparative advantages into competitive ones, providing sustainability for reaching high development levels (Quero, 2008)

From the above approach, competitivity is related with cost indicators, attractive pricing, amount, offering quality products and services, Figure 4: Dynamic process for achieving competitive timely delivery, presence in the market, advantages. Source: Villarreal (2012). flexibility and adaptability to changes, breking paradigms, capacity for satisfying the Figure 4 shows a process towards competitive environmental needs, keeping permanent advantage in the new context of global economy, interchange with the environment, capcity for companies producing goods or services must developing and locate adequately all available observe a proactive attitude by instrumenting resources, structure, organize and redesign the collaboration allowing the increment of value companies and feedback the strategies (Quero, creation in bussiness (Villarreal, 2012). 2008). Acording to Zorrilla (2006), management The new path that our societies are incorporating training is oriented to stablish very effective means a revalorization for new companies in the strategies towards competitive improvement; production and services sectors, on this context: therefore, professionally capable people is ISSN-On line:2395-860X ARRIAGA-NORMA, RAMOS-ANTONIETA, REYES-CESAR, GARNICA- UTSOE® All rights reserved. JUAN. Factores de consolidación para MIPYMES en el estado de Guanajuato. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015. 55 Article Administrative Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 53-61

needed, mastering marketing techniques, quality facing the threats and oportunities of the of services, new technology knowledge, among environment, asigning resources analitically to others, in order to achieve success (Quero, achieve the goals of the competitive organization 2008). (Nuño de León, 2012).

Carrasco (2004) infers management training as a When the process of planning strategically and critical success factor to evaluate criteria and achieving planned objectives is met every time, internal and external variables of the company, analogically, it can be assured that the little valuable for taking efficient and effective company can navigate in different seas and decisions aiming to obtain competitive climate conditions (Nuño de León, 2012). advantages among the actors of other companies The standardized statistics of CEPAL, an UNO (Quero, 2008). dependent organization, refer that on the first Importance of planning is contained in the year approximately 50% of PYME dissapear, phrase of Horacio Krell: “The one who fails adding another 25% during the second year, and planning, is planning on fail” (Nuño de León, before the fifth year another 15% vanishes, 2012). surviving and maturing as little company only the 10% out of the initial population (Nuño de Planning inside the company is an administrative León, 2012). function allowing decision making to determine what is needed, how, and when is to be achieved Those numbers confirm that the main problem (Nuño de León, 2012). resides during the birth of the little companies towards their first anniversary; thus, is important It is true that planning has evolved from a simple to clarify the causes, comprehend them and function to a systemic, collaborative and structure strategies to support them, minimize, participative process seeking company success, eliminate or avoid them, achieving the objective a process that combines human capital, methods, of growing, development and achieve maturity tolos, machinery, financing,etc. all of them (Nuño de León, 2012). needed for transforming information into planning products facilitating decision-making The inherent weaknesses of the organization that (Nuño de León, 2012). provoke its consequent failure are: A fundamental element on planning is the Planification problems definition of a strategy, defined as an action plan,  Inadequate planning for the absence of a a planification that takes into account every strategic and systematic vission possible option MIPYMES can face to (Nuño de León, 2012).  Absence of bussiness and development planning before starting operations Analogically, strategic planning is the process  Incapacity of transforming a previous setting the route to arrive safely to the desired bussiness plan into an operation plan harbor, through mission, vission and objectives,  Lack of moral personality or ignorance diagnosing internal and external environment in of what it implies, those are the so-called order to determine and evaluate positive and informal companies negative elements and the factors to be faced  Design of a deficient organizational externally for the company; permanently structure visualizing future scenarios, clarifyng  Serious deficiencies for stablishing successful factors, designing action strategies for strategies ISSN-On line:2395-860X ARRIAGA-NORMA, RAMOS-ANTONIETA, REYES-CESAR, GARNICA- UTSOE® All rights reserved. JUAN. Factores de consolidación para MIPYMES en el estado de Guanajuato. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015. 56 Article Administrative Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 53-61

 Inexistance of alternative plans  The new globalization economy  Unrealistic definition of objectives and provokes a high level of competency: expectations. not only a competition with the neighbor,  Lack of foresight but wtih the foreigner  Absence of pre-investment and similar  The increasing level on market studies (Nuño de León, 2012). complexity  Proliferation and development of new Management problems technologies  Increassing pressure for productivity and  Manager incompetence quality  Not enough experience in the field  Deficient help programs for PYMES,  Insufficient administrative experience almost inexistent financial investment  Incapacity for integrate a competitive sources or risk capital. Some avalaible at work team high prices  Excessive investment on fixed assets  Excessive government controls and high  Deficiency on personal policies impositive payments  Absence of policies for continuous  Abscence of integral industrial politics improvement  Absence of legislation promoting private  Lack of capacitation of the manager investment in the industrial sector (Nuño de León, 2012).  Learn to decide which tool or Problems to control methodology is teh adequate for the little company under management. Because of  Fraud this, it is important that before taking  Inadequate handling of credit decisions what is needed to know, what  Ignorance of the real financial status of for and why has to be known. the company  Resistence to change. Irrational change  Inecessary expenses resistance culture by the members of the  Serious mistakes on security little organization, defined as the  Poor inventory management expressed behavior in different rejection levels, inhabilitating for assimilating  Serious flaws on internal controls different realities. The change resistance  Deficiency on budget and management level is determined through two control parameters: degree or magnitude of  Inadequate management on debts change, and its impact on the culture of  Inadequate management on funds and the organization. The bigger the impact similar of change in culture, structure or  Natural disaster (Nuño de León, 2012). behavior, the bigger the resistence will be.

 Train professionals for making them able The low-budget company must be maintained to break organizational paradigms active, in a challenging environment every day, capable of transform emergent and with supporting strategies, human resources, trustable companies into competent ones. methods, techniques and processes; the main (Nuño de León, 2012). challenges to be faced are:

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The owner has the freedom for taking decisions insufficient transparency on accounting to protect, keep alive and make the company balances, have proven difficult the measure of grow; as well as the obligation to identify, uncollectible accounts from finantial entities measure, avaluate and control different type of (Ferraro et al., 2011). risks the company is facing to, which are: Aditionally, banks argument that they are  Property risks: handles the physical incurring on scale uneconomies in the credit appearance of the company. evaluations for PyMES, since it is all related  Responsibility risks: driving the legal with numerous low budget operations. As a aspect of the company result of information insufficiency and risks  Personal risks: orienting the human attributed to these credits, finantial institutions capital of the organization impose warranty covering in order to cover any  Finantial and economic risks risks and elevate interest rates (Ferraro et al.,  Market risks (Nuño de León, 2012). 2011). In order to develop an adequate risk PyMES, on the other hand, are having management, allowing for stablishing and enourmous difficulties to accomplish the entire applying strategies to reduce or avoid costs, set of demanded requisites: firstly, introducing including the following action phases: technical deffects associated to the presentation of loan applications to the credit institutions, like  Estimation of probability and evaluation project outline, design of a clear strategy and of the effects capacity to reunite the necessary documentation.  Research and determination of risks Secondly, they face difficulties centered on lack sources of enough guarantees, which constitutes one of  Strategies planification and risk control the most relevant impediments the companies procedures (Nuño de León, 2012). face to (Ferraro et al., 2011). The poor participation of low-budget companies Summarizing, the limited utilization of financial on credits to private sector is a problem that ails credit by PyMES is due to, mainly, insufficiency to all modern economies since many decades of information and high risks attributed to ago. One of the main obstacles for participation financing, which generates reluctance on bank is the failure on the operation in credit markets. entities to grant loans; also, antoher important This is escentially due to the insufficient reason is the elevated cost of financing, banks information in banks for evaluating possible requirements and insufficiency of guarantees to risks (Ferraro, Goldstein, Zuleta and Garrido, companies (Ferraro et al., 2011). 2011). Problems in markets operation constitute an The amount of channeled resources is influenced obstacle for economic growth within countries, by the predominant selection method of affecting mainly to little and medium size beneficiaries. This depends, on one side, on the companies, not only the ones in activity but also available information, and on the other side, the to the start-ups. The importance of this issue characteristics of entities operating in the market justifies the intervention of governments to (Ferraro et al, 2011). atenuate the detected failures in the markets and potentialize the productive development using Lack of information about projects on industry, this type of agents (Ferraro et al., 2011). their sales, growth potential and inexistence or

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Segmentation in credit markets with a negative procedures influence too on this behavior discrimination toward pymes is a present (Ferraro et al., 2011). phenomenon in all region economies. However, some differences among the countries are Micro, little and medium companies conform the observed in terms of the magnitude of the core of national economy given the commercial problem and the causes that block the access to agreements Mexico had signed on recent years financing smaller companies (Ferraro et al., and due to their high impact in employment 2011). generation as well as national productivity. According to information provided by the On first instance, a new methodologic National Institute of Geography ans Statistics, clarification must be achieved. Comparison there are 4 millions 15 thousand entrerprise units among countries doesn´t allow to obtain in Mexico, from which 99.8% are PyMES conslusive results, since there is no generating 52% of the gross domestic product homogeneous criteria to define micro, little and (PIB) and 72% of employment in the country medium companies. Even more, sometimes (PROMEXICO, 2014). inside a unique coutry a specific classification can´t be defined (Ferraro et al., 2011). Given the importance of PyMES, it is mandatory to develop actions toward improvement of the Analyzing the causes for which PYMES aren´t economic environment and support companies recurring to bank credit, the main reasons found directly, with the purpose of create the necessary are high interest rates, lack of guarantees, conditions to contribute to initiate, grow and bureaucratic procedures and availability of local consolidate those companies (PROMÉXICO, resources. Such is the case of Brazil, Bolivia, 2014). Costa Rica, Panama, El Salvador and Mexico. Highe interest rates and guarantee insufficiency Advantages of PYMES: are the main actors influencing on using  Important engine of development for the alternative sources to the bank credits for country financing pymes. In El Salvador and Mexico, banks demand elevated coverage levels,  High mobility, capacity to grow or decrease averaging between 150% and 200%, the size of the plant, and change the respectively (Ferraro et al., 2011). necessary technical process. It is reiterated that those countries present a Given their dynamism, they have the reality caraterized by a low utilization grade of possibility of keep growing and become a banking resources by little companies. This can big company. be verified with the poor participation of these firms in the credit stock to the private sector as  Absorb an important portion of the well as the wide financing utilization of their economically active people, given their own suppliers and resources, for both investment great capacity to generate employment. and working (Ferraro et al., 2011).  Assimilate and adapt new technologies The main reasons explaining low bank credit with relative ease. applications are guarantee insufficency and high interest rates, but it can be added that low  They are established in many regions availability of resources and bureaucratic within the country and contribute to local and regional development given their multiplier effects. ISSN-On line:2395-860X ARRIAGA-NORMA, RAMOS-ANTONIETA, REYES-CESAR, GARNICA- UTSOE® All rights reserved. JUAN. Factores de consolidación para MIPYMES en el estado de Guanajuato. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015. 59 Article Administrative Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 53-61

 Evidence good administration, even though  All businesses mature on a term of 20 to in many cases it is influenced by the 25 years. owner´s personal opinion (PROMÉXICO,  Managing capabilities are 2014).  Management skills are developed until the limit of the same 25 years. Some of the disadvantages are:  After those stages, the Company has to  Profits aren´t reinvested to improve be renovated. equipment and production techniques.

 It is hard to hire qualified personnel Problem: given the recurrence of statements given that is not posible to pay such as: PyMES are in a disadvantage facing big competitive salaries. corporations, which unables them for gaining  There are not enough production quality impulse, a development cycle and finally get control. ahead to become a better competitor; this  Training and updating personnel research pretends to offer an useful tool to expenses can´t be absorbed, and when change the percepction to MIPyMES and sow a this is done, they face the problem of new and congruent vision to the economic desertion of trained employees. support, employment generation and national  Some problems derived of lack of acknowledgment to this sector. Espinosa (2010). organization such as: insufficient sales,

competitive weakness, bad service, poor Table 1: Study variables. Source: own research. customer service, high prices or bad quality, excessive fixed assets, wrong Dependent Independent Dimensions location, uncontrolled inventories, tax variable variables problems and lack of adequate and Consolidation Owners´ abillities  Values and philosophy timely financing (PROMÉXICO, 2014).  Individual motivation  Adequate To Mexico, PYMES are a fundamental link, training  Previous essential for the growth of the country. An experience important number of micro, little and medium  Leadership  Talent companies, clearly more solid than many  Specialization countries around the world, must be developed  Deep knowledge of the to strengthen the country, to help making it more organization and their processes competitive attracting new investments and  Decision taking increase the presence of mexican products inside  High commitment for this (PROMÉXICO, 2014). survival of the company Structural elements of  Long term Espinosa concludes (2010) afirmando que: the company planning  Flexibility for changing courses  90% of family companies have an of action  Flexibility to average life of five years. respond and satisfy  Only 12.5% live more than 20 years. clients´needs  In three generations a family goes from  Capacity for exploitation of poverty to weatlh and turns back to human resources  Innovation poverty again. capacity

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 Company This empiric evidence research will gather positioning in the market information provided by MIPYMES from the  Introduction of new products state of Guanajuato. Environment  Demand characteristics  Competence  Public assistance Results. Research in process.

Main hypothesis. MIPYMES located in the state References of Guanajuato cover 40% the structural charactersitics. Álvarez-Herranz, A., Valencia de Lara, P. and Martínez-Ruíz, M. (2011). Factors influencing Sections development and Sections of the on entrepreneurial consolidation: evidence from Article with subsequent numbering. 14 countries. Ingeniare. 19(2). Pp.233-239 1. INTRODUCTION. Añez, C. (2007). Las pequeñas empresas en las 2. CHAPTER 1. Literature review cadenas productivas: crecimiento o 3. CHAPTER 2. Method dependencia. Revista Venezolana de Análisis de 4. CHAPTER 3. Results Analysis Coyuntura. XIII (1). pp. 55-68 5. CHAPTER 4. Discussion 6. BLIBLIOGRAPHY Espinosa, R. y Arroyo, B. (2010). Del 7. APPENDICES nacimiento al declive de las PyMES, el caso Celaya, Guanajuato. Competitividad y Sociedad. Recuperado de Methodology to develop http://www.concyteg.gob.mx/formulario/MT/M T2010/MT7/SESION2/MT72_RESPINOZAM The research started as descriptive, since _100.pdf literature reveals there are theories defining certain variables from this study, which can be Fernández, J. (2001). Factores para consolidar useful to base it (Hernández, Fernández y una empresa. Fundación Instituto Cameral Baptista, 2010). para la Creación y Desarrollo de la Empresa. pp. 1-166 This study is quantitative, descriptive and transversal: a quantitative research design was Ferraro, C., Goldstein, E., Zuleta, L. y Garrido, chosen for data recollection and processing, C. (2011). Eliminando barreras. El allowing us to validate the research hypothesis financiamiento a las PYMES en América Latina. based on numerical measurement and a (1ª. Ed). Naciones Unidas Santiago de Chile. descriptive statistical analysis to identify factors CEPAL-AECID. of consolidation of MIPYMES (Hernández et al., 2010). Hernández, R., Fernández, C. y Baptista, P (2010). Metodología de la investigación It is transversal since data harvest will be (5ª.Ed.) México, D.F., México: McGraw-Hill completed on a single moment and time. The Interamericana objective of this type of research as defined by Hernández et al. (2010), is to describe variables Espinosa, R. (2010). Manual para la promoción and analyze incidence and interrelation on a de las PYMES mexicanas: Elementos given moment. administrativos y jurídicos a considerar en la planeación integral de utilidades. Recuperado ISSN-On line:2395-860X ARRIAGA-NORMA, RAMOS-ANTONIETA, REYES-CESAR, GARNICA- UTSOE® All rights reserved. JUAN. Factores de consolidación para MIPYMES en el estado de Guanajuato. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015. 61 Article Administrative Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 53-61

en junio de 2015 desde: PROMEXICO. PyMES, eslabón fundamental http://www.eumed.net/libros- para el crecimiento en México. (2014). gratis/2011e/1081/problemas.html Recuperado de http://www.promexico.gob.mx/negocios- Nuño de León, P. (2012). Administración de internacionales/pymes-eslabon-fundamental- pequeñas empresas. (1ª Ed). México, D.F.: RED para-el-crecimiento-en-mexico.html TERCER MILENIO, S.C. ISBN 978-607-733- 095-0 Quero, L. (2008). Competitives Stategies: a key factor of Development. Negotium. 10 (4). Pp. 36-49

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Lipid and Protein content and Antioxidant Activity of Pithecellobium dulce seeds Collected in the Huasteca Hidalguense. DIAZ-BATALLA, Luis, PEREZ-VIVEROS, Denhy, AGUILAR-ARTEAGA, Karina, HERNANDEZ-MARTINEZ, Victoriano Universidad Politécnica Francisco I. Madero

The paradox of a fair play in a round-robin tournament (An experiment on teams work behavior) GARCÍA ZAMBRANO, José Antonio, GARCÍA, José, RAMOS ESCAMILLA, María Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Superior

Mechanistic Characterization of two-Component Materials Obtained by Semicontinuous Seeded Emulsion Polymerization ARANDA GARCÍA, F., NÚÑEZ-PÉREZ, Francisco A. Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías

Development of a Petit Robot Suitable For Building Robotic Systems FERNÁNDEZ- Arnoldo, CUAN- Enrique, GARCÍA- Roxana, URQUIZO- Elisa Instituto Tecnológico de Nuevo León

Public Administration in the conservation of a protected area: Biosphere Reserve Sierra del Abra Tanchipa MALDONADO MIRANDA-Juan José1, Carranza Alvarez Candy, Hernández Morales Alejandro, Cappello García Hector Manuel Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Huasteca de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí

LGAC. Management and development of MIPYMES in the state of Guanajuato ARRIAGA,Norma, RAMOS, Antonieta, REYES, Cesar, GARNICA, Juan SABES