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Entomofauna En Leucaena Leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit Asociada Con Gramíneas Pratenses: Caracterización De La Comunidad Insectil En Leucaena-Panicum Maximum Jacq

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Entomofauna En Leucaena Leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit Asociada Con Gramíneas Pratenses: Caracterización De La Comunidad Insectil En Leucaena-Panicum Maximum Jacq UNIVERSIDAD AGRARIA DE LA HABANA “FRUCTUOSO RODRÍGUEZ PÉREZ” CENTRO NACIONAL DE SANIDAD AGROPECUARIA ESTACIÓN EXPERIMENTAL DE PASTOS Y FORRAJES “INDIO HATUEY” Entomofauna en Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit asociada con gramíneas pratenses: Caracterización de la comunidad insectil en leucaena-Panicum maximum Jacq. Tesis presentada en opción al grado científico de Doctor en Ciencias Agrícolas OSMEL ALONSO AMARO La Habana 2009 UNIVERSIDAD AGRARIA DE LA HABANA “FRUCTUOSO RODRÍGUEZ PÉREZ” CENTRO NACIONAL DE SANIDAD AGROPECUARIA ESTACIÓN EXPERIMENTAL DE PASTOS Y FORRAJES “INDIO HATUEY” Entomofauna en Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit asociada con gramíneas prastenses: Caracterización de la comunidad insectil en leucaena-Panicum maximum Jacq. Tesis presentada en opción al grado científico de Doctor en Ciencias Agrícolas Autor: Ing. OSMEL ALONSO AMARO Tutora: Lic. Moraima Suris Campos, Dr. C La Habana 2009 No se sabe bien, sino lo que se descubre. José Martí AGRADECIMIENTOS AGRADECIMIENTOS Para concluir una obra científica como esta, siempre es necesario realizar un esfuerzo considerable unido a la contribución de varias personas, a las que a continuación emitiré mi más sincero agradecimiento: ☼ Primeramente agradezco de manera muy especial la entrega de la Dra. Moraima Suris Campos en la conducción de este trabajo de tesis, quien merece todo el reconocimiento posible como mi profesora para toda la vida. ☼ Al Dr. Elio Minel del Pozo Núñez, quien inicialmente contribuyó con la planificación de algunas de las investigaciones realizadas en este trabajo de tesis. ☼ A mi familia laboral más cercana, el MSc. Juan Carlos Lezcano Fleires y la Téc. Yohania Sanabria Ramírez, el primero por su apoyo incondicional, y la segunda por ser quien junto a mí participó en la mayor parte del trabajo de experimentación; además, porque ambos son excelentes seres humanos. ☼ Al Téc. Jaime Docazal Hernández, quien inicio la ejecución de los experimentos de mayor duración, y por su amistad y ayuda brindada. ☼ A las Ingenieras Yudit Lugo Morales e Idolkys Milian García, quienes me ayudaron considerablemente en la ejecución de los experimentos. ☼ A los Técnicos Julia Cáceres Amores, Vivian Ruz Díaz, Amado Hernández Mijangos y al Ing. Miguel Martínez García, quienes me apoyaron en determinados muestreos. ☼ Especial agradecimiento para el Dr. Horacio Grillo Ravelo por su dedicación en la identificación de un número significativo de los ejemplares insectiles colectados, así como por su contribución con información y publicaciones. ☼ Para los especialistas del IES: Dra. Ileana Fernández García, MSc. Marta M. Hidalgo-Gato González, MSc. Rayner Núñez Águila; MSc. Dely Rodríguez Velázquez, MSc Rosanna Rodríguez-León Merino y MSc. Adriana Lozada Piña por su colaboración en la identificación de varias de las especies de los insectos encontrados, así como a la Ing. Elba Reyes Sánchez por su contribución en el montaje de insectos. ☼ También a la cooperación en la identificación de insectos al Dr. Jorge Fontenla Rizo y Orlando Garrido Callejas del MNHN, el Dr. José Leonardo Fernández Triana de la UG, el Dr. Gabriel Garcés González de BIOECO, a la Dra. Margarita Ceballos y Dra. Moraima Suris Campos del CENSA y a la Dra. Nurys Valenciaga Valdés del ICA. Así como al Dr. Giraldo Alayón García del MNHN, quien identificó las arañas. ☼ Por sus consejos, sugerencias y por la revisión del material de tesis, al Dr. Luis Lamela López, el MSc. Onel Lopéz Vigoa y a la Dra. Tania Sánchez Santana. ☼ Agradezco también por los arbitrajes realizados al documento de tesis a los doctores Marta B. Hernández Chávez, Anesio R. Mesa Sardiñas, Héctor Rodríguez Morell, Eliazar Blanco Rodríguez y Carlos González Muñoz. AGRADECIMIENTOS ☼ A la dirección de la EEPF “Indio Hatuey”, representada por su director el Dr. Giraldo J. Martín Martín, por su contribución para la ejecución y culminación de este trabajo de tesis. ☼ A los doctores Mildrey Soca Pérez, Jesús M. Iglesias Gómez y Odalys C. Toral Pérez por su apoyo como administrativos para la realización de las diferentes actividades relacionadas con el trabajo de tesis. ☼ A los doctores Martha Lucia Escandon Delgado (Universidad Nacional de Colombia), Lorena Ruiz Castro y Benigno Gómez y Gómez (ECOSUR, México) y Antonio Ricardo Panizzi (EMBRAPA; Brasil), por su contribución con documentos valiosos y por transmitirme optimismo en todo momento. ☼ Al Lic. Iván Lenin Montejo Sierra por su apoyo incondicional para la automatización del cálculo de los datos, así como por la facilitación de diversos documentos y en la toma de fotos. ☼ A mis colegas de la Universidad de Pinar del Río el Dr. Yudel García Quintana y el Ing. Suriel Cruz Torres por facilitarme valiosos documentos y por brindarme su amistad en todo momento. ☼ A la Lic. Nidia Amador Domínguez por su contribución en la traducción de diversos documentos científicos utilizados en esta tesis. ☼ Al colectivo del grupo de Plagas Agrícolas de la División de Protección de Plantas del CENSA, al cual admiro y respeto, y del que ya me considero uno de sus integrantes. ☼ A los trabajadores de los moteles de postgrado de la UNAH, INCA e ICA por haberme hecho más grata la estancia durante el mayor período de trabajo de la tesis. Y de manera especial para los de la EEPF “Indio Hatuey”, Damaris, Odalys, Onidia, Gisela y Grabiel quienes me ayudaron muchísimo. ☼ A mis colegas la Dra. Hilda B. Wencomo Cárdenas, la Dra. Saray Sánchez Cárdenas y la MSc. Marlen Navarro Boulandier, quienes me aportaron su experiencia en determinados análisis estadísticos, así como me proporcionaron diversos documentos para consultar. ☼ Al Dr. Leonel Simón Guelmes por permitirme incorporarme en su equipo de trabajo para realizar los muestreos correspondientes en las diferentes empresas pecuarias de la provincia La Habana y Matanzas. ☼ A la Dra. Ileana Miranda Cabrera por su acertada orientación y contribución en el análisis estadístico de los datos, así como en la preparación del expediente de doctorante. ☼ Al Dr. Javier Arece García y la MSc. Yuseika Olivera Castro por su colaboración en el cálculo automatizado de los datos, su análisis estadístico en algunos casos, y por la revisión esmerada del documento. ☼ Al especialista de postgrado de la EEPF “Indio Hatuey”, MSc. Juan Francisco González Nodarse por su empeño en solucionar cuanto obstáculo se presentó durante el proceso doctoral. AGRADECIMIENTOS ☼ De manera particular el desempeño de la MSc. Alicia Ojeda González en la exhaustiva revisión de redacción y estilo del documento de tesis. ☼ A la Lic. Nayda Armengol López por su notable contribución en la revisión y rectificación de las referencias bibliográficas. ☼ Al Dr. Arístides Pérez Vargas por transmitirme los conocimientos necesarios para interpretar integralmente varios resultados de la tesis. ☼ A la MSc. Milagros de la C. Milera Rodríguez, por su preocupación y ayuda constante y por su aliento positivo en todo momento. ☼ A mis colegas doctorantes MSc. Miguel Herrera, Ing. Aniseto Blanco, Ing. Leonel Marrero, Ing. Ana Puertas, MSc. Deyanira Rivero, Ing. Abadi Lores, MSc. Ariel Cruz, Ing. Adrían Montoya, Ing. Alexeider Rodríguez, Ing. Aramís Rivas e Ing. Juan Carlos Pérez entre otros, quienes compartieron solidariamente criterios, momentos de recreación y una amistad sin precedente alguno. ☼ Al Ing. Antonio Delgado Perdomo por transmitirme conocimientos y formas de proceder experimental, y por su sentimiento humano para con los demás. ☼ A mi familia en sentido general, con distinción para mí prima Yanelis Amaro Vázquez y mi tía política Lazara Huerta Navarro quienes me han apoyado en momentos de necesidad. ☼ Al personal de la biblioteca de la EEPF “Indio Hatuey”, ICA, UCLV, CENSA; INCA, INISAV, MINAG y de la oficina de la FAO en Cuba donde me facilitaron documentos valiosos e importantes para elaborar el documento de tesis. Resaltando la contribución de las especialistas de la Estación Tamara Tur, Nancy Pérez, Teresa Daniel, Aurora Montecino y Dailys Rubido. Si me faltara persona alguna por mencionar no ha sido mi intención omitirla, por favor si hay alguien en este caso cuando lea este material, diga, sí, yo estoy incluido, aunque no aparezca mi nombre, pues hice un pequeño aporte para este gran empeño. MUCHAS GRACIAS PARA TODOS DEDICATORIA DEDICATORIA h A la memoria de mi hermano Osmany Alonso Amaro, quien hubiera sido un joven profesional digno representante de este nuevo siglo. h A la memoria de mi tío Juan Amaro Díaz quien fue un profesional y un revolucionario tenaz y persistente en todo momento. h A la memoria de mis abuelos Isolina Díaz Romero, Otilia Morales Barbé y Benito Alonso Bravo, campesinos que vivieron casi toda su vida en el campo cubano. h A mis padres Irmina Amaro Díaz y Armando Alonso Morales, los cuales a pesar de su humilde procedencia campesina siempre han apoyado mi formación como profesional. h A mi abuelo Joaquin Amaro Valle, campesino que con sus 95 años todavía opina acerca de como mejorar la agricultura gracias a ese caudal de conocimiento tradicional acumulado a lo largo de su vida. h A la memoria del Dr. Víctor A. Remy López, uno de mis primeros guías en mi andar por el camino de la ciencia. h A mis tías Silvia Amaro Díaz y Minerva Amaro Díaz, quienes me han apoyado constantemente en toda mi formación profesional. h A toda mi familia por su preocupación constante en cuanto a mis avances durante todo el proceso de formación doctoral. h A la Revolución Cubana, obra cumbre del invicto Comandante en Jefe Fidel Castro Ruz. h Al 81 aniversario del natalicio del guerrillero heroico Ernesto Che Guevara de la Serna. h Al 156 aniversario del natalicio del Héroe Nacional José Julián Martí y Pérez. SÍNTESIS SÍNTESIS Con el objetivo de determinar la composición taxonómica de la entomofauna presente en asociaciones de Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit y Panicum maximum Jacq., y otras gramíneas pratenses, así como la estructura trófica y la diversidad de la comunidad de insectos en leucaena-guinea, se muestrearon diferentes sistemas ganaderos localizados en la Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes “Indio Hatuey” y en cuatro empresas pecuarias de Matanzas y La Habana.
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