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Fatty Acid Profiles of a Benthic Chondrichthyan: Captive Feeding Trials and Ecological Applications

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Fatty Acid Profiles of a Benthic Chondrichthyan: Captive Feeding Trials and Ecological Applications Fatty acid profiles of a benthic chondrichthyan: captive feeding trials and ecological applications Crystal L. Beckmann BSc Marine Biology (Hons) Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October 2013 School of Biological Sciences Flinders University Adelaide, Australia Table of Contents SUMMARY .................................................................................................... III DECLARATION ............................................................................................. V STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY .......................................................................... V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................... VI STATEMENT OF CO-AUTHORSHIP ................................................... VIII LIST OF PUBLICATIONS .......................................................................... IX PEER-REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS RELEVANT TO THIS THESIS ........................... IX CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS RELEVANT TO THIS THESIS ............................. IX OTHER PUBLICATIONS OR CONTRIBUTIONS ..................................................... X LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................ XII LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................... XVI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................... XIX CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................ 20 1.1 CHONDRICHTHYAN ECOLOGY .............................................................. 21 1.2 WHAT ARE FATTY ACIDS?.................................................................... 22 1.3 FATTY ACID BIOMARKERS ................................................................... 26 1.4 ECOLOGICAL APPLICATION OF FATTY ACID PROFILES IN CHONDRICHTHYANS ............................................................................ 27 1.5 STUDY ORGANISM ............................................................................... 31 1.6 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ....................................................................... 33 1.7 THESIS STRUCTURE ............................................................................. 35 CHAPTER 2: EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF FATTY ACID PROFILES AS A TECHNIQUE TO DETERMINE DIETARY COMPOSITION IN BENTHIC ELASMOBRANCHS .................................... 36 2.1 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................... 37 2.2 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 38 2.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................. 39 2.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .................................................................. 42 2.5 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................... 63 2.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................ 64 2.7 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL ............................................................... 65 CHAPTER 3: A CONTROLLED FEEDING EXPERIMENT INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF A DIETARY SWITCH ON MUSCLE AND LIVER FATTY ACID PROFILES IN PORT JACKSON SHARKS HETERODONTUS PORTUSJACKSONI .......................................... 70 3.1 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................... 71 3.2 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 72 Table of Contents Page i 3.3 METHODS ............................................................................................ 74 3.4 RESULTS .............................................................................................. 76 3.5 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................... 88 3.6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................... 94 3.7 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL ............................................................... 96 CHAPTER 4: FROM EGG TO HATCHLING: PREFERENTIAL RETENTION OF FATTY ACID BIOMARKERS IN YOUNG-OF-THE- YEAR PORT JACKSON SHARKS HETERODONTUS PORTUSJACKSONI ................................................................................................................................ 98 4.1 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................... 99 4.2 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 100 4.3 METHODS .......................................................................................... 101 4.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................ 103 4.5 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................... 108 4.6 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL ............................................................. 109 CHAPTER 5: INTER-TISSUE DIFFERENCES IN FATTY ACID INCORPORATION AS A RESULT OF DIETARY OIL MANIPULATION IN PORT JACKSON SHARKS (HETERODONTUS PORTUSJACKSONI) 113 5.1 ABSTRACT ......................................................................................... 114 5.2 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 115 5.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................... 118 5.4 RESULTS ............................................................................................ 123 5.5 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................... 136 5.6 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................... 141 5.7 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL ............................................................. 143 CHAPTER 6: STOMACH CONTENT AND FATTY ACID BIOMARKERS AS INDICATORS OF SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN THE DIET OF PORT JACKSON SHARK (HETERODONTUS PORTUSJACKSONI) BETWEEN SOUTHERN AND EASTERN AUSTRALIA ...................................................................................................... 144 6.1 ABSTRACT ......................................................................................... 145 6.2 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 146 6.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................... 149 6.4 RESULTS ............................................................................................ 152 6.5 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................... 165 6.6 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................... 170 6.7 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL ............................................................. 171 CHAPTER 7: GENERAL DISCUSSION .................................................. 172 7.1 OVERVIEW......................................................................................... 173 7.2 TISSUE-SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES IN FATTY ACID DEPOSITION ............... 174 7.3 MATERNAL INPUTS ............................................................................ 177 7.4 ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS .............................................................. 178 7.5 FUTURE DIRECTIONS .......................................................................... 180 REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 182 Table of Contents Page ii Summary Fatty acid analysis is a tool for dietary investigation that complements traditional stomach content analyses. There is little known about how sharks alter dietary fatty acids following incorporation into tissues, the stability and turn-over rates of fatty acid in tissues, and whether specific fatty acids are selectively retained within tissues. Four controlled feeding experiments were used to determine the extent to which the fatty acid composition of diet is reflected in the tissues of the Port Jackson shark Heterodontus portusjacksoni and to improve our understanding of which fatty acid biomarkers can be used to reliably distinguish prey types. The first experiment tested the fatty acid profile of muscle and liver tissues and used two groups of sharks fed exclusive diets of prawns or squid, and an unfed control group. The liver and muscle fatty acid profiles showed significant differences between the groups fed exclusive diets and unfed control sharks, suggesting that the extent of dietary change was strong enough that both tissues could be used as indicators of diet. The different diet fed to sharks could, however, only be distinguished based on the liver fatty acid profiles, with prawn-fed sharks comparatively higher in 18:1n-7, 22:5n-3, 20:0 and 18:1n-9, while squid-fed sharks were higher in 16:0 and 22:6n-3. The lack of differences in the muscle fatty acid profiles suggesting that diet was not different enough to cause a change in the muscle fatty acid in the duration of the experiment. The second experiment further investigated liver and muscle fatty acid profile dynamics during a dietary change and assessed the fatty acid profiles of sharks fed squid for six weeks followed by prawns for an additional six weeks. This experiment showed significant differences in the liver and muscle fatty acid profiles within three weeks of a dietary switch driven by 22:6n-3 in the liver and muscle and 16:1n-7 in the liver. Higher
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