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Redalyc.Revisión Taxonómica Del Género Crotalaria L

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Redalyc.Revisión Taxonómica Del Género Crotalaria L Acta Botánica Venezuelica ISSN: 0084-5906 [email protected] Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela Dr. Tobías Lasser Venezuela Avendaño, Neida Revisión taxonómica del género Crotalaria L. (Faboideae-Crotalarieae) en Venezuela Acta Botánica Venezuelica, vol. 34, núm. 1, enero-junio, 2011, pp. 13-78 Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela Dr. Tobías Lasser Caracas, Venezuela Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=86222271002 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto ACTA BOT. VENEZ. 34 (1): 13-78. 2011 13 REVISIÓN TAXONÓMICA DEL GÉNERO CROTALARIA L. (FABOIDEAE-CROTALARIEAE) EN VENEZUELA Taxonomic review of Crotalaria L. genus (Faboideae-Crotalarieae) in Venezuela Neida AVENDAÑO Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela, Jardín Botánico de Caracas, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Apartado 2156. Caracas 1010-A, Venezuela [email protected] RESUMEN Se realizó la revisión del género Crotalaria para Venezuela, con la finalidad de actua- lizarlo taxonómicamente. La metodología se basó en la revisión de bibliografía, en el estu- dio y descripciones detalladas de los rasgos morfológicos de las especies, lo que permitió su identificación con el apoyo de las exsiccata depositadas en los herbarios nacionales, así como los tipos; además, se realizaron salidas de campo para enriquecer las colecciones del Herbario Nacional de Venezuela (VEN) y los herbarios regionales. Se determinaron 17 es- pecies y dos variedades (C. maypurensis var. depauperata y C. maypurensis var. maypuren- sis) distribuidas en el territorio venezolano en un rango altitudinal de 30-1800 m. C. paulina se consolida como nuevo registro para la flora de Venezuela. Se indican descripciones de las especies, acompañadas de clave, ilustraciones del hábito y de las estructuras reproductivas, y se menciona información sobre los usos, el hábitat y la distribución. Palabras clave: Crotalaria, Fabaceae, Faboideae, taxonomía, Venezuela ABSTRACT The review of Crotalaria genus to Venezuela was made in order to update the taxo- nomical information. The methodology was based on review of literature, the study and de- tailed descriptions of morphological features of the species, which allowed its identification with the support of the exsiccata placed on the national herbaria, as well as the types; in addi- tion, field trips were done to enrich the collections of the National Herbarium of Venezuela (VEN) and regional herbaria. Seventeen species and two varieties (C. maypurensis var. de- pauperata and C. maypurensis var. maypurensis) were identified distributed in the Venezue- lan territory in a 30-1800 m altitudinal range. C. paulina is consolidated as new record for the flora of Venezuela. The descriptions of the species are accompanied by key, illustrations of the habit of the reproductive structures, and the uses, habitat, phenology and distribution of the species are mentioned. Key words: Crotalaria, Fabaceae, Faboideae, taxonomic, Venezuela INTRODUCCIÓN Crotalaria L. fue descrito por primera vez por Linneo (1753b) organizando las especies en grupos con hojas simples y hojas compuestas; posteriormente, De ISSN 0084-5906 Depósito Legal 196902DF68 Recibido: 03/09/2009 Aceptado: 18/08/2010 14 Avendaño Candolle (1825) propuso subdivisiones adicionales basándose en la presencia o ausencia de la corola, la unión o separación de las partes de la corola y presencia de cotiledones foliáceos. Luego Bentham (1859), de acuerdo con las característi- cas de las hojas y hábito de la planta, dividió el género en 17 grupos, organizados en dos secciones: Simplicifoliae y Foliolatae. Harvey (1862, citado por Bernal 1986) adoptó tres secciones: Simplicifo- liae, Oliganthae y Racemosae, separó las especies trifolioladas de acuerdo al nú- mero de flores en el racimo, específicamente las especies del sur de África. Este concepto fue adoptado por Baker (1871) quien mantuvo los grupos Simplicifoliae y Oliganthae, pero reemplazó el grupo Racemosae por Chrysocalycinae, Sphae- rocarpae, Ocarpae, Cylindrocarpae y Multifoliolatae. Posteriormente, Dalla To- rre & Harms (1900-1907) reconocieron cuatro secciones: Simplicifolia (con siete series), Unifoliolatae, Trifoliolatae (con diez series) y Multifoliolate; las series se diferencian por los siguientes caracteres: hábito, arreglo floral, estípulas e indu- mento, en menor grado se consideran la forma de la quilla y la legumbre. Baker (1914, citado por Bernal 1986) adopta como secciones los grupos Simplicifoliae, Sphaerocarpae y Chrysocalycinae usados por Baker padre y adi- cionó dos grupos naturales en el mismo rango, Spinosae y Farctae; el resto de las especies las ubicó en la sección Crotalaria (Eucrotalaria), la cual dividió en 5 sub- secciones (Stipulosae, Oliganthae, Grandiflorae, Mediocriflorae y Parviflorae). En 1968 Polhill consideró que ninguno de los sistemas anteriores era com- pletamente satisfactorio, critica principalmente la división del género por el tipo de hoja, ya que algunas especies presentan más de un tipo de hoja en la misma planta. De acuerdo a su opinión, el sistema empleado por Bentham (1843, citado por Bernal 1986) sólo es aplicable en la India pero no en África y América donde existe mayor diversidad de especies en el género, aunque él mismo sugiere que la complejidad de los patrones de variación decrece sorprendentemente fuera del continente africano. Polhill (1968), basado en la morfología floral, clasificó 434 especies afri- canas y las ubicó en las siguientes 11 secciones: Grandiflorae, Incanae, Chryso- calcynae, Purpurea, Hedriocarpae, Macrostachyae, Geniculatae, Schizostigma, Calycinae, Crotalaria y Dispermae. Según Bernal (1986), esta clasificación ha servido como hipótesis inicial para el establecimiento de las relaciones entre to- dos los taxa. Bisby (1970) analizó 52 atributos morfológicos de 273 especies africanas por medio de procedimientos de taxonomía numérica (Agrupamiento por Liga- miento simple, Agrupamiento Mediano y Análisis de coordenadas principales de Gower) los cuales proveen una medida del valor taxonómico potencial. A pesar de que se encontraron algunas semejanzas entre las especies, los resultados presenta- dos por dicho autor indicaron problemas por encima del nivel de especie. Posteriormente, Bisby & Polhill (1973) establecieron una comparación en- tre los estudios ortodoxos y los estudios de taxonomía numérica, encontrando 20 discrepancias en la delimitación de las secciones y en la ubicación de las especies. Revisión taxonómica de Crotalaria 15 Como resultado obtuvieron una clasificación de las especies africanas en ocho secciones: Grandiflorae, Chrysocalycinae, Hedriocarpae, Geniculatae, Schizos- tigma, Calycinae, Crotalaria y Dispermae, las cuales se mantienen actualmente (Polhill 1982). Esta clasificación también es empleada para las especies de Amé- rica (Bernal 1986). Crotalaria L. es un género tropical y subtropical con la mayor concentra- ción de especies en el hemisferio sur, específicamente África (Polhill 1968; Win- dler & Mclaughlin 1980; Cuello 1999; Guzmán-Teare 2001). Se encuentra cons- tituido por 550 a 600 especies a nivel mundial, de las cuales 89 están reportadas para América; en Venezuela hubo un primer reporte de 8 especies según Knuth (1928), en 1945 Pittier et al. reportaron 10, luego Matos (1959) indicó 15. Estas especies tienen una amplia distribución en el país con un intervalo altitudinal en- tre 10-2350 m, varias tienen importancia económica por ser forrajeras, medicina- les, ornamentales. Algunas pueden ser consideradas como abono verde (Perez- Arbelaez 1956; Schery 1956; Hill 1965; Albornoz 2001; Negrete et al. 2004), aun cuando el género posee alcaloides pirrolizidinicos (compuestos básicos nitroge- nados de origen vegetal o animal de alta toxicidad) como las axilaridine, axillari- ne, desoxyaxilarine y la monocrotalina (C16H23O6N) que se encuentran en las hojas, frutos y semillas (Bisby et al. 1994; Toppe et al. 2001; Fletcher et al. 2009; Flores et al. 2009). El género pertenece a la tribu Crotalarieae Benth. y a la subfa- milia Faboideae y se caracteriza por tener cáliz lobulado, quilla con espolón pro- minente, estambres monadelfos y vaina inflada (Baker 1871). En Venezuela se cuenta con una revisión taxonómica del género (Matos 1959), sin embargo han pasado 46 años de este reporte donde se indicaba que existían 15 especies, muchas de las cuales han pasado a sinonimia. Actualmente se señalan 17 especies de las cuales 10 se reportan para la Guayana venezolana (Aymard 1999). En este sentido, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo actuali- zar la taxonomía del género Crotalaria, para lo cual se compiló información de las especies, se elaboraron descripciones y una clave taxonómica, se actualizó la nomenclatura, se estableció la distribución geográfica y altitudinal, y se com- plementaron las colecciones del Herbario Nacional de Venezuela (VEN) y otros herbarios en el país, contribuyendo de esta forma a incrementar el conocimiento florístico y sistemático del género en Venezuela. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Se revisaron revistas, libros, descripciones originales, informes técnicos, bases de datos y demás documentos relacionados con el tema; de igual manera se procedió con las colecciones botánicas, revisando la información de los rótulos de identificación y de los respectivos cuadernos de campo, correspondientes a las muestras
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