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Jaeckle, Dominic. 2021. ”The Market-Place Is the Louvre of the Common People”—Critical & Commercial Valuesystems in the Early & Late Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson

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Jaeckle, Dominic. 2021. ”The Market-Place Is the Louvre of the Common People”—Critical & Commercial Valuesystems in the Early & Late Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson Jaeckle, Dominic. 2021. ”The Market-place is the Louvre of the Common People”—Critical & Commercial ValueSystems in the Early & Late Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Doctoral thesis, Goldsmiths, University of London [Thesis] https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/29968/ The version presented here may differ from the published, performed or presented work. Please go to the persistent GRO record above for more information. If you believe that any material held in the repository infringes copyright law, please contact the Repository Team at Goldsmiths, University of London via the following email address: [email protected]. The item will be removed from the repository while any claim is being investigated. For more information, please contact the GRO team: [email protected] ‘THE MARKET-PLACE IS THE LOUVRE OF THE COMMON PEOPLE’ CRITICAL & COMMERCIAL VALUE SYSTEMS IN THE EARLY & LATE WRITINGS OF RALPH WALDO EMERSON Dominic JAECKLE Thesis submitted to Goldsmiths, University of London, for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2020 ii The essays, on my lap, lie. A finger Of light, in our pressurized gloom, strikes down, Like God to poke the page, the page glows. There is No sin. Not even error. Night, On the glass at my right shoulder, hisses Like sand from a sandblast, but The hiss is a sound that only a dog’s Ear could catch, or the human heart. My heart Is as abstract as an empty Coca-Cola bottle. It whistles with speed. It whines in that ammoniac blast caused by the passage of stars, for At 38,000 feet Emerson Is dead right ROBERT PENN WARREN ‘Homage to Emerson, On Night Flight to New York’ (1966) * I hope you hate Carlyle & Emerson’s insufferable essays, wisdom in every line, while his wife cried upstairs disgusting Emerson JOHN BERRYMAN Dream Songs (1969) † * Robert Penn Warren, ‘Homage to Emerson, On Night Flight to New York,’ The Collected Poems of Robert Penn Warren (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1998), 194 † John Berryman, ‘294’, The Dream Songs (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux; 1969), 316 iii iv Contents Abstract vii Introduction xi INTRODUCTION: Ayn Rand Beforehand 1 or Emerson’s Marketplace of Meaning I. COMMERCIAL VALUES: 17 EMERSON’S PRIVATE & PUBLIC PAPERS, 1836 to 1860 i. NATURE spoke to each apart… 22 ii. One man owns his clothes, & another owns a country… 51 iii. Property is an intellectual production… 78 II. GEOLOGY AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE: 104 THE CONTEXTS & CONTENT OF EMERSON’S ‘ART OF APPROPRIATION,’ 1850 to 1875 ii.i. THE ETHICS & AESTHETICS OF FINANCIAL PANIC: EMERSON’S JOURNALS, 1837–1844 129 ii.ii. REVOLUTIONS IN RELATION: READING EMERSON’S SILENT REVOLUTION, 1815–1850 161 ii.iii. APPROPRIATING THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR: LATE EMERSON & ‘QUOTATION & ORIGINALITY’ (1875) 186 CONCLUSION: ‘The Market-place is the Louvre of the Common People’ 233 Bibliography 258 Acknowledgements 278 v vi Abstract “The market-place,” [Napoleon] said, “is the Louvre of the common people.” RALPH WALDO EMERSON ‘Napoleon, or the Man of the World’ (1850) ‡ Presenting a unique revision of the works of Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882), this thesis considers Emerson’s practical and theoretical interest in quotation and appropriation relative to his developing position on American political economy and the intellectual outcomes of antebellum economic expansionism. I will reflect on the ways in which recent scholarship has sought to examine the political and economic investments of Emerson’s authorship through his conceptualizations of the act of reading; and examine Emerson’s relationship with cultural, critical and commercial value systems relative to his historic, political and socioeconomic contexts. Emerson’s analysis of the mechanisms and responsibilities of literary criticism depends upon the coalescence of capitalist and culturalist imperatives. I will investigate the ways in which the intersection of criticism and commerce impacted his use of metaphor, ideas of critical exchange and intellectual proprietorship; and effects his efforts to conceptualize what he called the ‘mechanics of literature.’§ Reading across two major periods of activity—1836 to 1850 and 1860 to 1875—the alliance of Emerson’s early and later works will be foregrounded in order to consider the development and coherency of his thinking. His cumulative efforts to explore the cultural, political and practical effectivity of literary criticism will be read as an indicator of the value Emerson placed on market- based economics and as foundation for an examination of his ideas of cultural progress and critical practice more widely. Through the act of quotation and appropriation, in particular, the political implications of Emerson’s thinking are underscored by an identification of the importance of context and proprietorship as determiners of cultural and critical value. I will argue that this position is informed by Emerson’s receptivity to the ascendance of market ideologies in the nineteenth century, and both underpins Emerson’s conceptualization of the act of reading and effects the ways in which Emerson has subsequently been read in twentieth and twenty-first century American Studies. ‡ Emerson, ‘Napoleon, or the Man of the World’ (1850), CW.IV., 240 § Emerson, ‘Literature’ (1837), in (eds.) S. E. Whicher, W.E. Williams, R.E. Spiller, The Early Lectures of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Vol.II., 1836-1838 (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press; Harvard University Press, 1964) 63 Further references to this volume will be noted as EL.II. vii viii Abbreviations & Primary Sources Ralph Waldo Emerson, (ed.) E. Emerson, Complete Works: Centenary Edition, 12 Volumes (Boston, MA: Houghton and Mifflin, 1903-1904) 1836 Nature: Addresses and Lectures (CW.I.) 1841 Essays: First Series (CW.II.) 1844 Essays: Second Series (CW.III.) 1850 Representative Men (CW.IV.) 1856 English Traits (CW.V.) 1860 The Conduct of Life (CW.VI.) 1870 Society and Solitude (CW.VII.) 1875 Letters and Social Aims (CW.VIII.) 1884 Poems (CW.IX.) 1883 Lectures and Biographical Sketches (CW.X.) 1856 Miscellanies (CW.XI.) 1894 Natural History of Intellect, and Other Papers (CW.XII.) Ralph Waldo Emerson, Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, 16 Volumes (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press; Harvard University Press, 1960-1982) 1960 JMN.I. (1819-1822) (eds.) W.H. Gilman, A.R. Ferguson, G.P. Clark, M.R. Davis 1961 JMN.II. (1822-1826) (eds.) W.H. Gilman, A.R. Ferguson, G.P. Clark, M.R. Davis 1963 JMN.III. (1822-1826) (eds.) W.H. Gilman, A.R. Ferguson 1864 JMN.IV. (1822-1826) (ed.) A.R. Ferguson 1965 JMN.V. (1835-1838) (ed.) M.M. Sealts 1966 JMN.VI. (1824-1838) (ed.) R.H. Orth 1969 JMN.VII. (1824-1838) (eds.) A.W. Plumstead, H. Harrison 1970 JMN.VIII. (1824-1838) (ed.) W.H. Gilman, J.E. Parsons 1971 JMN.IX. (1819-1822) (ed.) R.H. Orth, A.R. Ferguson 1973 JMN.X. (1822-1826) (ed.) M.M. Sealts 1975 JMN.XI. (1822-1826) (eds.) A.W. Plumstead, W.H. Gilman, R.H. Bennet 1976 JMN.XII. (1822-1826) (ed.) L. Allardt 1977 JMN.XIII. (1835-1838) (ed.) R.H. Orth, A.R. Ferguson 1978 JMN.XIV. (1824-1838) (ed.) S. Sutton Smith, H. Harrison 1982 JMN.XV. (1824-1838) (ed.) L. Allardt, D.W. Hill, R.H. Bennett 1982 JMN.XVI. (1824-1838) (ed.) R.A. Bosco, G.M. Johnson ix x Introduction: Ayn Rand Beforehand or Emerson’s Marketplace of Meaning 1 Emerson […], doesn’t he dimly seem some Ayn Rand beforehand? WILLIAM H. GASS ‘Emerson and the Essay’ (1985) 1 Your debts and credits, and your web of habits, are the very best basis of poetry. RALPH WALDO EMERSON From his Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks (1849) 2 1 William H. Gass, ‘Emerson and the Essay,’ Habitations of the Word: Essays (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985), 10 2 Emerson, ‘Journal TU’ (Undated, 1849), JMN.XI., 134 2 Emerson’s career-long analyses of the symbolic and practical consequences of the ownership of ideas— borne out by the movement of information, idea or image—are acutely informed by his vision of culture as a marketplace of meaning. In this thesis, I will argue that Emerson’s investigations of literary criticism and creativity are illuminated by his persistent evaluation of the ideological implications of the circulation of literary matter. As America’s industrial, economic and technological evolution were read by Emerson as a ‘silent revolution’ so too was his conceptualization of national culture and literary engagement informed by the revolutionary changes wrought by an increasingly market-led United States of the nineteenth century.3 I will map the ways in which Emerson sought to consider this ‘revolution’ in ways both practicable and theoretical, and consider the function of the marketplace as a central metaphor for the organisation and conceptualisation of his reflections on the dialectical progress of a national literary culture. In this respect, Emerson’s work is representative of both a practical and theoretical consideration of how forms of cultural labour are effectuated in moments of economic, industrial and technological change. As his work responds in part to the cultural consequences of financial crisis in 1837, Emerson’s conceptualist engagement with literary criticism is equally enhanced by a sensitivity to the ideological, intellectual and symbolic properties of market dynamism and depression. Emerson would not only comment on these socioeconomic circumstances in his work directly, he would also seek to systematise and analyse the practical, theoretical and intellectual aims and ambitions of literary criticism by assessing the philosophical and ‘scientific’ value of financial collapse as key to the advancement of an American culture of letters.4 Answering to the economic disequilibrium and uneven regional development that took place in the 1830s and onwards, the consequences and effects of the subsequent period of economic recovery are also evidenced in his structures of thought as author, his examinations of the act of reading, and both his use of metaphor and analysis of the function of metaphor itself.
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