Working Families Benchmarking Project 2021: Ut Vs Az

Working Families

Benchmarking Project 2021 edition

Utah vs. Arizona

May 2021 1

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Acknowledgements

This fourth edition of the Working Families Benchmarking Project was authored by Taylor Throne and Matthew Weinstein with the support of four University of Utah economics students -- Logan Burton, Jaewoo Choi, Catherine Miller, and Hannah Mundinger.

This report is published as part of the State of Working America series, which is available online at http://www.stateofworkingamerica.org/.

Voices for Utah Children is the Utah affiliate of the State Priorities Partnership, a 42-state consortium of independent nonprofit research and policy organizations that use evidence and analysis to advance public policies and investments that reduce poverty and give all people the opportunity to achieve the American Dream.

Voices for Utah Children 747 E. South Temple Suite 100 Salt Lake City, UT 84102 (801) 364-1182 www.utahchildren.org 2

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ Table of Contents

Summary of Key Findings ...... 4 Executive Summary...... 6 Policy Implications ...... 8 Part I: Economic Opportunity ...... 11 Business ...... 12 GDP ...... 14 Productivity ...... 16 Employment ...... 17 Education ...... 20 Equity ...... 31 Gender ...... 33 Part II: Standard of Living ...... 34 Income ...... 35 Wages ...... 36 Poverty ...... 39 Cost of Living ...... 45 Taxes ...... 46 Quality of Life ...... 47 Health ...... 49 Civic Engagement ...... 55

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ Working Families Benchmarking Project Summary of Key Findings Reality Part I: Economic Opportunity Check (“winner” highlighted and bolded) Utah Arizona Business Climate Metrics Business climate average rank 2019-2020 8th 16th Kauffman Index of entrepreneurship activity and rank 2018 .49 17th .11 27th Productivity and GDP Real GDP per worker 2019 (US = $93,674) $79,357 37th $81,524 34th Change in real GDP 2007-2020 (US = 17.9%) 35.4% 12.6% Change in Real GDP per capita 2007-2020 (US = $4,050, 7.8%) $3,956 (8.3%) -$2,971 (-6.4%) Employment Unemployment rate 2020 (US = 8.1%) 4.7% 7.9% Labor force participation rate, ages 20-64, 2019 M: 88.7% M: 80.8% All: 81.2% All: 76.1% (US: all = 78.3%, men = 82.8%, female = 73.9%) F: 73.5% F: 71.4% Percentage point change in the labor force participation rate for age -4.9% -2.5% 16+ 2007-2020 (US = -4.3%) Education Public K-12 spending per pupil & rank 2018 (US = $12,612) $7,628 50th $8,239 47th K-12 education funding distribution fairness rank 2018 2nd 24th Percentage & rank of 3- and 4-year-olds below 200% of poverty 62% 25th 70% 44th level not enrolled in school 2015-2019 (US = 59%) Percentage in full-day kindergarten 2017-2019 (US = 81%) 23% 79% NAEP average rank of 4th and 8th grade math and reading scores 11th 34th 2015-2019 High school graduation rates by race/ethnicity SY 2017-18 White: 89% Latinx: 78% White: 83% Latinx: 78% (US: White = 89%, Latinx = 81%, Native Amer. = 74%, Black = 79%) Native: 77% Black: 76% Native: 68% Black 74% Average higher education state spending per full-time student & $7,646 19th $2,417 50th rank 2019 (US avg = $7,198) Percentage with Bachelor’s degree or higher, ages 25-64, 2019 M: 36.2% M: 27.9% All: 35.4% All: 29.9% (US: all = 34.6%, men = 32.0%, women = 37.1%) F: 34.6% F: 31.8% Percentage with Bachelor’s degree or higher of Millennials (ages 25- M: 33.1% M: 25.7% All: 35.0% All: 28.2% 34), 2019 (US: all = 36.9%, men = 32.9%, women = 41.1%) F: 36.9% F: 30.8% Income and Gender Equity + Mobility Gini Index of income inequality state rank 2019 (1 most equitable) 1st 22nd Intergenerational mobility rank of U.S. 50th largest metros 1st (SLC) 28th (Phoenix) Gender wage ratio of women’s to men’s earnings & rank 2019 70% 49th 83% 11th (US = 82%)

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ Part II: Standard of Living (“winner” highlighted and bolded) Utah Arizona Income & Wages Real median household income & rank 2019 (US = $65,712) $75,780 11th $62,055 28th Median hourly wage & rank 2020 (US = $20.92) $19.89 29th $19.87 30th Median hourly wage adj for cost-of-living 2019 (US =$19.33) $19.17 $18.99 Minimum wage 2021 (US = $7.25) $7.25 $12.15 10th percentile hourly wage & rank 2019 (US = $10.07) $9.99 30th $10.94 12th % of workers earning below poverty wage 2018 (US = 22.5%) 22.1% 24.7% Poverty All: 8.9% All: 13.5% Poverty rates 2019 (US: all = 12.3%, child = 16.8%) Child: 9.9% Child: 19.1% All: 15.8% All: 18.4% Hispanic poverty rates 2019 (US: all = 17.2%, child = 23%) Child: 22% Child: 25% All: 19% 1st All: 37% 36th Share & rank of children in single-parent households 2019 Hispanic: Hispanic: (US: all = 34%, Hispanic = 42%) (1 is the lowest) 1st 26th 35% 46% Child food insecurity rate & rank 2019 (US = 15.2%) 12.1% 4th 19.0% 37th Child homelessness rate 2018 (US = 2.7%) 2.0% 2.0% Cost of Living BEA Cost of Living Price Index 2019 (US = 100) 96.5 96.3 Household renting cost burden rank 2019 (1 is lowest) 12th 25th State & local own-source public revenue (taxes) as percentage of 16.3% 15th 12.8% 48th personal income & rank 2018 (1 is highest) (US = 15.1%) Quality of Life Metrics Commute time to work in minutes 2019 (US = 27.6) 22.5 26.6 Homeownership rate & rank 2019 (US = 64.6%) 71.9% 8th 65.8% 31st Kids Count overall ranking 2020 4th 42nd Health State health system performance rank 9th/12th 33rd/24th (Commonwealth Fund rank 2018/US News rank 2019) Percentage without health insurance & rank 2019 All: 9.7% 33rd All: 11.3% 41st (US: all = 9.2%, child = 5.7%) Child: 8.3% 45th Child: 9.2% 47th Percentage of Hispanics without health insurance & rank 2019 All: 23.4% 37th All: 18.6% 26th (US: all = 18.7%, child = 9%) Child: 17% 43rd Child: 11% 32nd 7th worst for Salt Lake- 10th worst for Most polluted metropolitan areas by PM2.5 & rank 2016-2018 Provo-Orem Phoenix-Mesa Civic Engagement Percentage of eligible adults that voted in 2020 general election & 69% 22nd 66% 30th rank (US = 67%) Volunteerism rank 2018 (CNCS) 1st 34th

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ Executive Summary

The goal of the Working Families Colorado was chosen for the Benchmarking Project is to identify inaugural edition in 2016, then

economic and related issues Minnesota in 2017, and Idaho in affecting Utah families and examine 2018. For this 4th edition in 2021, we them through a comparative lens, are comparing Utah to our neighbor evaluating Utah using a peer state to the south, Arizona. as a benchmark. We hope that this benchmarking Many existing economic project contributes in a constructive comparison studies and rankings way to the broader economic policy are helpful in looking at the conversation among experts, economy as a whole, its impact on policymakers, and the general public. specific sectors, and employers. This project seeks to augment those Our findings are summarized on the comparisons by focusing on how next page. the economy is experienced by moderate- and lower-income families. It is these families whose children are most at risk of not achieving their potential in school and later in the workplace. Thus, how they experience the economy is of particular interest to Voices for Utah Children.

Part I: Economic Opportunity The dynamism, flexibility, and competitiveness of a state’s economy is a major contributor to economic opportunity; thus, we look at this topic through a wide range of metrics from business climate and entrepreneurship rankings to educational attainment and racial/ethnic gaps. Our most significant findings are as follows:

Utah ranks ahead of Arizona in most Arizona does have several leads on Utah,

measures of economic opportunity, including notably higher productivity and a more equal th educational attainment, job growth, business gender wage ratio, ranking 11 nationally th climate rankings, high level of economic while Utah is 49 . Arizona has more of its

mobility, and low level of income inequality. children in full-day kindergarten and has

Utah ranks 2nd for education funding fairness maintained a small but steady lead in per-pupil K-12 education investment, ranking 47th, and unlike Arizona has surpassed our pre- compared to 50th for Utah in 2018, last place in Great Recession level of real GDP per capita, the nation. Arizona also scores better on Site

although neither has returned to their Selection’s business climate ranking. previous labor force participation rates.

Part II: Standard of Living Ultimately, it is by our standard of living that we judge the success of our economy. We measure standard of living for moderate- and lower-income families by looking at measures such as wages, poverty, housing affordability, and health status. Our most significant findings are: Utah is the clear winner of most standard of Arizona’s notable advantages over Utah living measures. Utah has higher income, include a higher minimum wage (2021) at

wages, and a lower percentage of people in $12.15, which is adjusted annually for

poverty & earning poverty wages. Utah’s inflation, compared to Utah’s $7.25. This

slightly higher median hourly wage is likely contributes to Arizona’s #12 rank for

th consistent with Utah’s higher levels of post- the 10 percentile hourly wage* in 2019 of

th secondary educational attainment (see $10.90 compared to Utah’s 30 rank at Part I). $9.99.

* The 10th percentile wage is the wage at which 10% of workers earned below this wage level and 90% above it, so it is a good measure of wages for the lowest-skilled workers at the lowest-wage level of the economy.

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Policy Implications

Utah and Arizona have notable similarities and differences. Our neighbor to the south shares our semi-arid geography and ready access to outdoor recreational opportunities. Despite geographical similarities, Utah and Arizona have notable cultural and demographic differences. The prevalence of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in Utah1 is not seen in the more religiously diverse Arizona2. Both do have growing minority populations, most notably Hispanics/Latinos, who made up 14.4% of Utah’s population and 31.7% of Arizona’s in 2019.

In terms of age demographics, Utah and Arizona have a nearly identical proportion of those considered “dependent by age” (under 18 and over 65 years), but the distribution of those two groups is very different. In 2019, Arizona had a higher proportion of those 65 & older -- the 10th highest share in the country -- while Utah ranks 50th for our share of elderly. By contrast, Utah is at the other extreme for children, ranking 1st for the highest share of children of any state. In the end, both states’ proportion of working-age adults are nearly identical and lower than the nation as a whole.

Age Demographics as a Percentage of Total Population, 2019 US Arizona Utah Children (under 18 years of age) 22.2% 22.5% 29.0% Elderly (65 years and over) 16.5% 18.0% 11.4% Total “dependent by age” (under 18 & 65 years and over) 38.7% 40.5% 40.4% Working age adults (18 to 64 years) 61.3% 59.5% 59.6% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2019: ACS 1-year estimates Table ID: S0101, https://www.census.gov/data.html.

Racial/Ethnic Gaps

Racial and ethnic gaps remain a major challenge in the nation overall, and Utah and Arizona are no exception. Disparities in Utah between minority racial & ethnic groups compared to their White non-Hispanic peers are evident in high school graduation rates, wages, gender pay gaps, poverty rates, and uninsured rates. Addressing these gaps through an upfront investment in education would likely increase educational attainment, wages, and standard of living overall and would therefore contribute to reducing racial and ethnic gaps in the future.

1 Source: https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/utah/ 2 Source: https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/arizona/ 8

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

The Link Between Education and Income

The link between education and income is well-established. States with higher education levels generally have higher levels of worker productivity, wages, and incomes. In the current comparison with Arizona, Utah’s higher education levels make for higher levels of wages and income. The lesson for Arizona would be raise education levels to raise the state’s standard of living. The same applies to Utah, where the Legislature has struggled to turn seemingly large dollar increases in education funding every year into increases in real per-pupil investment sufficient to get Utah out of last place in the national ranking.

The latest data from the Census Bureau reports that Utah remains in last place in per-pupil education investment at $7,628, with Arizona only slightly better at $8,239 and 47th in the nation (for FY 2018). While Utah has done well for its meager investment levels, achieving impressive gains in educational performance as measured by NAEP 4th and 8th grade math and reading scores (see Figure 31, page 25), will we be able to continue to advance while remaining in last place?

While Utah “does more with less” in education compared to other states, we have growing challenges to address. Utah has racial/ethnic education gaps which are larger than the national average, for example for Hispanic and American Indian high school graduation rates (see Figure 33, page 26). Utah’s pupil-to-teacher ratio is 22.9, ranking 48th while the national average is 16 (see Figure 22, page 21). Moreover, Utah teacher pay has also fallen over the past 50 years by 1.8% while nationally teacher salaries have increased 6.7% (see figure 24, page 22).

At the college level, Utah historically was always ahead of the national average for attainment of bachelor’s degrees and above. But Census data show Utah’s lead shrinking relative to the nation with each successive generation, to the point now that Utah millennials (ages 25-34) are behind their peers nationally, despite relatively generous state support and low tuition levels.

Can Utah Become a High-Wage State?

For many years, economists have debated whether Utah is a low-wage state, as the Utah Foundation discussed in their 2008 report, “Is Utah Really a Low-Wage State?”3 That report argued that our seemingly low wages were explained by our younger demographic profile and lower cost of living. While this report does not examine how wages intersect with age demographics, Utah ranks 29th in median hourly wages, compared to 41st in 2004 (see

3 Source: http://www.utahfoundation.org/reports/is-utah-really-a-low-wage-state/ 9

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ chart below). When adjusted for our low cost of living, Utah’s median hourly wage in 2019 was $19.17, just 16 cents lower than the national level. These data seem to demonstrate that Utah has gone from being a low-wage state a generation ago to middle-wage status today, a considerable accomplishment.

One question Utah leaders may now wish to consider is, is that good enough? Should we declare, “Mission Accomplished”? Or is Utah in a position, like Colorado and Minnesota before us, to become, over time, a high-wage state and set our sights on taking the necessary steps today to achieve that goal over the years and decades to come?

Similarly, how do we include those earning the lowest wages in the gains Utah has made and will potentially make in the future? Utah is not even a half percentage point lower than the national share of workers earning poverty level wages (see Figure 55, page 38) and lags behind the nation’s 10th percentile wage, ranking 30th (see Figure 54, page 37). Even as the state with the lowest income inequality ranking in the nation (see Figure 45, page 31), Utah suffers from a tremendous gap between low-income workers and the rest of the income scale.

The main lesson that emerges from the Working Families Benchmarking Project reports comparing Utah to Colorado, Minnesota, Idaho and now Arizona is the following: Higher levels of educational attainment translate into higher hourly wages, higher family incomes, and an overall higher standard of living. The challenge for policymakers is to determine the right combination of public investments in education, infrastructure, public health, and other critical needs that will enable Utah to continue our progress and achieve not just steady growth in the quantity of jobs, but also a rising standard of living that includes moderate- and lower-income working families from all of Utah’s increasingly diverse communities.

Utah's Rank in Median Hourly Wages 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 20 25 25 25 26 28 28 25 30 29 29 30 29 31 32 31 30 37 35 38 38 38 40 41 45

Source: EPI analysis of Current Population Survey microdata

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ Part I: Economic Opportunity

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Utah has remained one of the top-rated Business states for business over the last decade.

Figure 1 – Business Climate Rankings (1 is best, 50 worst) UT AZ CNBC’s America’s Top States for Business, 4th 20th 2019 Forbes’ Best States for Business, 2019 3 rd 18th

Site Selection’s 2020 Top States for 18th 7th Business Climate, 2020 Source: Forbes Best States for Business, https://www.forbes.com/best-states-for-business/list/#tab:overall; CNBC America’s Top States for Business, https://www.cnbc.com/top-states-past-year-rankings/; Site Selection Magazine, 2020 Business Climate Rankins, https://siteselection.com/issues/2020/nov/2020-business-climate-rankings-cover.cfm.

Figure 2 – Kauffman Index: Figure 3 – Hachman Index of Startup Activity, 2020 Industry Diversity Rank FY 19-20 86% 100% 81% 70% 77% 78% 78% Utah Arizona 50% 1st 3rd 0% Opportunity Share Startup Early Survival Rate

Utah Arizona US Average The Hachman Index measures economic diversity by comparing the Opportunity share is % of new entrepreneurs who created a industry composition of a state to the industry composition of the business by choice instead of necessity. Startup early survival nation. Source: EDCU Business and Economics in Utah profile, rate % of startups that are still active after one year. Source: https://edcutah.org/research. Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, https://indicators.kauff man.org/.

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Figure 4 – Venture Capital Disbursed Per $1 Million of GDP, 2006-2018 $8,000 $7,384

$7,000 $5,979 $5,829 $5,797 $6,000 $4,301 $5,000 $5,119 UT $4,000 $3,649 $3,210 $4,478 $4,283 US $2,735 $3,985 $3,993 $3,000 $2,303 $2,303 $2,559 AZ $2,121 $1,867 $2,815 $2,743 $2,840 $2,554 $2,672 $2,000 $2,443 $2,111 $1,913 $1,787 $1,857 $1,000 $1,686 $1,365 $1,649 $1,219 $1,113 $1,126 $1,079 $954 $946 $720 $0 $511 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

This indicator represents the relative magnitude of venture capital investments in a state after adjusting for the size of the state's economy. Source: National Science Board, https://ncses.nsf.gov/indicators/states/indicator/venture-capital-per-1-million-state- gdp/table.

Figure 5 – Research and Development as a Percentage of GDP, 2006-2017 3.0% 2.9% 2.8% 2.8% 2.8% 2.8% 2.7% 2.7% 2.7% 2.7% 2.7% 2.7% 2.7% 2.7% 2.7% 2.6% 2.6% 2.6% 2.7% 2.7% 2.5% 2.6% 2.6% 2.4% 2.4% 2.4% 2.6% 2.4% US 2.5% 2.4% 2.4% AZ 2.4% UT 2.2% 2.2% 2.3% 2.0% 2.2% 2.2% 2.0% 1.9%

1.8%1.9% 1.8% 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

This indicator represents the extent to which research and development plays a role in a state’s economy. Source: National Science Foundation, https://ncses.nsf.gov/indicators/states/indicator/rd-performance-to-state-gdp/table.

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Fueled by our high birth rate, Utah’s overall GDP growth rate has GDP far exceeded the nation’s. However, on a per-capita basis, the nation's GDP reached its pre-Great Recession level in 2013, while

Utah took until 2016 to fully recover, and Arizona’s per-capita GDP still has not recovered from its much steeper Great Recession decline.

Figure 6 – Real GDP Per Capita, 1997-2020 (2012 dollars) $60,000

$55,000 United States Average $50,000 UT

$45,000 AZ $40,000

$35,000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

$60,000 $58,164 $57,204 $58,000 $55,830 $55,924 $54,903 $56,000 $54,368 $54,000 $53,132 $52,650 $51,874 $52,202 $51,885 $51,315 $51,611 $51,553 $52,000 $50,429 $50,844 US $49,577 $49,656 $50,000 $48,508 UT $47,930 $47,488 $48,000 $46,331 $46,418 AZ $46,178 $45,202 $45,127 $45,613 $46,000 $44,428 $44,491 $44,458 $44,163 $43,869 $43,207 $44,000 $42,890 $41,962 $41,281 $42,000 $40,895 $40,702 $40,728 $40,186$40,173 $40,655 $40,000 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, “Real GDP in chained dollars (SAGDP9),” “Personal Income Summary: Personal Income, Population, Per Capita Personal Income (SAINC1),” https://apps.bea.gov/itable/iTable.cfm?ReqID=70&step=1 (accessed April 27, 2021). 14

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Figure 7 – Difference in Real GDP Per Capita Compared to Pre-Great Recession 2007 to 2020 (“winner” bolded and highlighted) UT AZ US

$3,956 -$2,971 $4,050

Source: See Figure 6.

Figure 8 – GDP Per Capita as Percentage of US Average, 2006-2020 100%

95% 92% 93% 91% 90% 91% 90% 90% 89% 89% 89% 89% 90% 88% 88% 87% 87% 87% 87% US 86% UT 85% AZ 81% 80% 80% 79% 80% 78% 77% 77% 77% 77% 76% 76% 76%

75% 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Source: See Figure 6.

Figure 9 – Percentage Change in Real GDP 2007 to 2020 (“winner” bolded and highlighted) UT AZ US

35.4% 12.6% 17.9%

Source: See Figure 6.

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Utah lags behind most states in Productivity productivity per worker at 37th place while Arizona pulls slightly ahead in 34th

Figure 10 – Real GDP Per-Worker, 1997-2019 (2012 dollars)

Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, “Real GDP in chained dollars (SAGDP9N),” “Personal Income and Employment by Major Component (SAINC4),” https://apps.bea.gov/itable/iTable.cfm?ReqID=70&step=1 (accessed March 17, 2021).

Figure 11 – Real GDP Per-Worker Gap, 1997-2019 As difference between UT and US (= UT - US) and UT and AZ (= UT - AZ)

Source: See Figure 10. 16

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

The US overall and Utah achieved unemployment rates below pre-Great Recession levels in 2017 & 2019, Employment respectively, while Arizona never recovered to its pre-GR level. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, all three experienced a sharp increase in unemployment, although as of early 2021 Utah bounced back to 2.9%. . Figure 12 – Unemployment Rates, 2000-2020

People are classified as unemployed if they do not have a job, have actively looked for work in the prior 4 weeks, and are currently available for work. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Local Area Unemployment Statistics", https://data.bls.gov/cgi- bin/surveymost?la (accessed March 9, 2021).

Figure 13 – Underemployment Rates, 2004-2020

The underemployment rate is the total unemployed plus all marginally attached workers, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Alternative Measures of Labor Underutilization for States, 2019 Annual Averages", https://www.bls.gov/lau/stalt_archived.htm (accessed March 9, 2021). 17

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Figure 14 – Prime Age Employment to Population Ratio (25-54 yrs.), 1979-2021

84%

82%

80% Utah 78.9% 78% Arizona 76% 76.4% 75.6% US 74%

72%

70%

Source: Economic Policy Institute analysis of Current Population Survey microdata from the U.S. Census Bureau

Labor force participation rates for ages 16+ fell sharply due to the Great Recession, but not as much for ages 20-64, reflecting fewer teens working and more Baby Boomers retiring. By both metrics, participation rates rose again in recent years before the COVID recession. Figure 15 – Labor Force Participation Rates, 2000-2020 75% 72.9% 73% 72.2% 72.0% 71.2% 70.9% 71.6% 71% 68.5% 68.7% 68.5% 69% 67.9% 67.1% 67.2% 68.0% 66.6% 66.6% UT 67% 66.2% 66.0% 66.0% US 64.7% 65% 66.0% 63.7% AZ 65.2% 65.4% 63.2% 62.7% 62.9% 63.1% 63% 64.1% 61.7% 63.4% 63.2% 61% 61.8% 61.0% 60.9% 59% 60.3% 60.4% 60.6% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

The labor force participation rate is the labor force (sum of employed and unemployed persons) as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population for ages 16 & older. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “States and selected areas: Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population,” https://www.bls.gov/lau/staadata.txt, “Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population,” https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat01.htm, (accessed March 10, 2021).

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Figure 16 – Labor Force Participation Rates Ages 20-64, 2010-2019 82%

81% 80.0% 81.2% 79.6% UT 80% 79.4% 79.2% 78.9% 79% 78.6% 78.5% 78.3% 78.3% US 77.8% 77.8% 78% 77.5% 77.4% 77.1% 77.1% 77.1% 76.9% 76.8% 76.8% AZ 77% 76.1% 76% 75.5% 75.2% 74.7% 74.6% 75% 74.2% 74.3% 73.8% 73.7% 74% 73.5%

73% 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Employment Status Table ID: S2301, American Community Survey 1-year estimates, https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Table%20ID%20S2301&tid=ACSST1Y2019.S2301.

Figure 17 – Labor Force Participation Rates Ages 20-64 by Sex, 2007-2019 90% 89.2% 88.5% 88.4% 88.7% 87.7% 87.6% 86.9%

84.2% 85% 83.1% 83.4% 82.8% 81.9% 81.8% 81.7% 82.2% UT Male 83.3% 80% 82.5% US Male 80.2% 80.4% 80.8% 79.5% 79.7% AZ Male 78.7% 73.5% US Female 75% 72.7% 73.2% 73.9% 72.2% 71.9% 72.4% 71.4% AZ Female 70.9% 73.5% 69.7% 70.8% 71.4% 70% 68.9% 69.5% 71.4% UT Female 70.3% 70.0% 69.2% 69.2% 68.7% 67.6% 68.0% 65% 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

Source: See figure 16.

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Arizona and Utah rank 47th and 50th respectively for per-pupil investment in K-12 education. But Education for equity of funding, Utah ranks 2nd and Arizona 24th.

Figure 18 –Spending Per Pupil for Public K - 12th Grade, 2012-2018 (Inflation adjusted to 2018 dollars) $14,000 $12,499 $12,612 $12,069 $12,307 $11,602 $11,560 $11,671 $12,000

$10,000 $8,267 $8,199 $8,239 $7,770 $7,985 $7,934 $7,965 $8,000 $7,275 $7,354 $7,628 $6,788 $7,066 $6,895 $6,966 $6,000

$4,000

$2,000

$0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 US AZ UT

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "Per Pupil Amounts for Current Spending of Public Elementary-Secondary School Systems: US and State: 2012-2018," Table ID:GS00SS08, https://data.census.gov/cedsci/all?q=per%20pupil&g=0100000US. Note: Inflation adjusted using CPI-U, U.S. City Average, all items, 1982-84=100. Note: Spending is the Elementary-secondary education school current expenditures total per pupil.

Figure 19 – Funding Level: Cost-Adjusted Per-Pupil, 2018 (“winner” bolded and highlighted) UT AZ Funding level per-pupil $9,379 $9,046 adjusted for cost differences Rank 49th 50th Grade F F Difference from national -$5,170 -$5,503 average ($14,548) Source: Education Law Center, Making the Grade 2020, https://edlawcenter.org/research/making-the-grade-2020.html. Note: Funding levels adjusted for geographic differences in the costs of running a school district enabling a comparison relative to other states and the national average is based off each state’s adjusted funding level which is why they don’t match the spending in Figure 16. 20

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Figure 20 – Funding Equity, 2018 (“winner” bolded and highlighted) UT AZ Rank 2nd 24th Grade A C % more funding per pupil to 53% 1% high poverty districts than low poverty districts

Low poverty district funding $8,330 $8,392 per pupil High poverty district funding $12,717 $8,452 per pupil Source: Education Law Center, Making the Grade 2020, https://edlawcenter.org/research/making-the-grade-2020.html.

Figure 21 – Funding Effort: PK-12 Education Revenue as a Percentage of State GDP, 2018 UT AZ

Rank 41st 50th Grade F F PK-12 State & Local Revenue 2.82% 2.23% as % of state’s total GDP Effort below the national -.57% -1.15% average (3.39%) Source: Education Law Center, Making the Grade 2020, https://edlawcenter.org/research/making-the-grade-2020.html.

Figure 22 – Public K-12 Pupil to Teacher Ratios Fall, 2017 UT AZ US Pupil to teacher ratio 22.9 23.2 16.0 Rank 48th 49th Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Public elementary and secondary teachers, enrollment, and pupil/teacher ratios, by state or jurisdiction Fall 2017, https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d19/tables/dt19_208.40.asp. 21

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ Figure 23 – Average Annual Salary of Teachers K-12, SY 2018-19 UT UT Rank AZ AZ Rank US $50,342 42nd $49,892 44th $61,730 Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Estimated average annual salary of teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: Selected years, 1969-70 through 2018-19, https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d19/tables/dt19_211.60.asp.

Figure 24 – Percentage Change of Public Teacher K-12 Salary SY 1990-2000 to 2018-19 (2018-2019 $) UT AZ US SY 1999-2000 to -3.7% -9.6% -1.3% 2018-19 SY 1969-70 to -1.8% -14.6% 6.7% 2018-19 Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Table 211.60. Estimated average annual salary of teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: Selected years, 1969-70 through 2018-19, https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/2019menu_tables.asp.

Figure 25 –Average Annual Salary of Teachers K-12 SY 1969-70 to 2018-19 (2019 Dollars) $65,000 $62,566 $62,545 $64,703 $61,730

$60,000 $58,404 $58,646

United States $57,834 $55,207 $54,866 Arizona $55,000 Utah $52,100

$53,619 $50,342 $49,112 $52,281 $50,000 $51,250 $49,892 $48,639 $47,245 $45,000 1969-70 1979-80 1989-90 1999-2000 2009-10 2018-19

Source: See Figure 24.

After adjusting for inflation, teachers’ salaries today are lower than they were 50 years ago in Utah and Arizona, while they are up nationally.

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ Utah’s recent decision (FY 2016) to invest state tax dollars for the first time in public preschool has yet to register in the national rankings, which always have a lag of a few years, leaving Utah behind most states.

Figure 26 – Preschool Support, SY 2018-19 (“winner” bolded and highlighted) UT AZ US Total State pre-k spending $0 $21,712,929 $8,750,666,956

Local match required? NA Not Required 14 State Programs

State Head Start Spending $0 $0 $171,787,891

State spending per child enrolled $0 $4,013 $5,374

4-year-olds: percent enrolled in No program 4% 43rd 34% state-funded preschool & state rank 3-year-olds: percent enrolled in No program 2% 24th 6% state-funded preschool & state rank

Percent & rank of all 3- and 4-year- 56% 33rd 61% 46th 52% olds not in school (2017-2019) (lower % is better) Percent & rank of 3- and 4-year-olds 62% 25th 70% 44th 59% below 200% of poverty not in school (2015-2019) (lower % is better) Source: Rutgers Graduate School of Education, "The State of Preschool 2019," https://nieer.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/YB2019_Full_Report.pdf; Kids Count Data Center, Young children not in school & by poverty, https://datacenter.kidscount.org/data#USA/2/8/10,11,12,13,15,14,2719/char/0. Note: Utah did not qualify for SY 2018-19 but has recently appropriated 9 million dollars from state general funds for school readiness programs and thus will qualify for a state preschool program defined by NIEER starting the 2019-20 school year.

Figure 27 – State-funded Preschool Enrollment Rates, 2002-2019 Percentage of 3-year-olds enrolled Percentage of 4-year-olds enrolled 40% 7% 6% 6% 33% 33% 34% 35% 6% 30% 5% 28% 30% 5% 4% 4% 4% 24% US 25% US 4% 3% 3% 20% 17% 3% AZ 14% AZ 2% 2% 2% 15% 2% UT UT 1% 10% 6% 6% 6% 7% 4% 4% 4% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 5% 0% 0% 0% 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2018 2019 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2018 2019 Source: Rutgers Graduate School of Education, "The State of Preschool 2019," https://nieer.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/YB2019_Full_Report.pdf. 23

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Utah kindergarten enrollment exceeds the national level, but only 23%

attend full-day, compared to 81% nationally and 79% in Arizona.

Figure 28 – Percentage of Eligible Children Enrolled in Kindergarten, 2005-2018

Source: Education Counts Research Center, Early-Childhood Education Kindergarten Statistics, http://www.edcounts.org/create table/step1.php?clear=1.

th Figure 29 – Percentage of Figure 30 – Percentage of 4 Kindergartners in Full-Day Graders Scoring Below Proficient Programs Reading Level by Family Income (eligible vs not eligible for free/reduced school lunch)

Source: UT data: Calculations based on kindergarten enrollment for SY2019-20 reported by school districts & charter schools, captured by the Utah State Board of Education; AZ State Data: Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS), Current Population Survey: from Oct. 2017-19. https://doi.org/10.18128/D030.V7 .0; National Data: U.S. Census Bureau, "School Enrollment in the United States: Oct. 2017-19 - Detailed Source: Kids Count Data Center, fourth graders who scored below Tables," https://www.census.gov/topics/education/ proficient reading level by family income in the United States, school-enrollment/data/tables.2019.html. https://datacenter.kidscount.org/data#USA/2/8/10,11,12,13,15,14,2719/char/0 24

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Both states’ school performance has been climbing,

though Utah has ranked consistently above Arizona.

Figure 31 – Average NAEP 4th + 8th Grade Math + Reading Rank, 2003-2019

Source: U.S. Dept. of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/profiles/stateprofile?chort=1&sub=MAT&sj=&sfj=NP&st= MN&year=2019R3.

Figure 32 – Average NAEP 4th + 8th Grade Rank by Subject, 2003-2019

Source: See Figure 31. 25

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Figure 33 – High School Graduation Rates by Race/Ethnicity for School Year 2017-2018

100% 92% 90% 89% 89% 90% 87% 85% 85% 83% 81% 79% 78% 77% 79% 80% 76% 76% 74% 76%74% 68% 70% 60% 50% Total Asian White Pacific Islander Hispanic American Indian/ Black Alaska Native

UT AZ US

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, "Public high school 4-year adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR), by selected student characteristics and state: 2010-11 through 2017-18," https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d19/tables/dt19_219.46.asp. Note: The US rate for the Asian & Pacific Islander race were only available together.

Figure 34- Percentage Point Difference between the Graduation Rates of non-White & non-Hispanic White Students, SY 2017-2018 American Indian/ Alaska Native Black Hispanic Pacific Islander Asian 8% 7% 3% 3%

-2%

-4% -7% -7% -7% -8% -9% -12% -10% -11% -12% UT AZ US -13% -15% -15% -17% Source: See Figure 33.

Figure 35- Percentage & Ranking of Post-High School Educational Attainment, 2019 UT AZ US 55.8% 9th 53.8% 17th 51.9% Source: A Stronger Nation, Tracking America's Progress toward 2025, https://www.luminafoundation.org/stronger-nation/report /2020/#nation. Post-high school educational attainment is defined as college degrees, workforce certificates, & industry certifications.

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Figure 36 –Educational Attainment Ages 25-64, 2019

US 10.8% 21.9% 16.1% 8.1% 9.2% 21.4% 12.5%

AZ 12.3% 19.7% 13.8% 14.9% 9.3% 19.3% 10.5%

UT 7.1% 17.9% 18.2% 10.4% 10.8% 23.7% 11.5%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

No HS Diploma HS Graduate (including GED) Some College Short-term Credential Associate's Degree Bachelor's Degree Graduate or Professional Degree

Source: A Stronger Nation, Tracking America's Progress toward 2025, https://www.luminafoundation.org/stronger-nation/report/ 2020/#nation.

Figure 37 – Post-Secondary Educational Attainment, Ages 25-64 by Racial & Ethnic Groups, 2019 70% 66.8% 64.7% 60% 54.3% 49.6% 47.6% 48.5% 50% 36.3% 40% 34.8% 32.4% 30% 23.4% 25.5% 25.1% 21.4% 20.5% 18.7% 20% 10% 0% White Hispanic Asian and Pacific Islander African-American American Indian UT AZ US Source: Lumina Foundation, Utah's attainment rates across five racial and ethnic groups, https://www.luminafoundation. org/stronger-nation/report/2021/#state/UT&s-esid=byAttainment&s-ecmps=AZ. Note: Attainment rate is defined as at least an associate degree, relevant workforce certificate or industry certification.

Figure 38 –Ages 25-64 with a Bachelor’s Degree or More, 2010-19 37% 35.2% 35.2% 35.4% 35% UT 32.3% 32.8% 33% 31.4% 34.6% 30.9% 31.6% 34.0% US 30.3% 33.3% 31% 29.9% 32.6% 31.1% 31.2% 32.0% AZ 30.6% 29% 30.1% 29.9% 29.3% 29.8% 29.9% 27% 28.8% 26.3% 26.8% 27.5% 27.6% 27.7% 27.7% 25% 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "Educational Attainment Table ID: S1501," ACS 1-Year Estimates, https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q =education%20attainment&tid=ACSST1Y2019.S1501&hidePreview=false. 27

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Millennials in Utah and Arizona are behind Millennials

nationally for higher educational attainment.

Figure 39 – Educational Attainment by Age Group, 2019 Working Age Population (ages 25-64) Millennial Population (ages 25-34)

50% 50% 46% 45% 44% 45% 39% 40% 40% 37% 37% 35% 35% 35% US UT AZ US UT AZ 30% 28% 30% 30%

20% 20% 13% 11% 11% 11% 10% 10% 7% 8%

0% 0% Associate's or higher Bachelor's or higher Graduate degree or Associate's or higher Bachelor's or higher Graduate degree or higher higher Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "Sex by Age by Educational Attainment for the Population 18 years and over”, Table B15001, https://data. census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Table%20B15001&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B15001&hidePreview=false.

Figure 40 – Percentage of Bachelor’s Degree Holders in the Labor Force, 2005-2018 36% 34.4% 33.7% 34% 33.0% 32.4% 31.8% 31.5% 32% 31.3% 31.1% 30.7% 30.1% 29.7% US 29.3% 29.3% 30% 28.8% 28.9% 28.9% 28.4% UT 28.2% 28.2% 28.3% 28.3% 29.9% 28% 27.3% 29% 29.3% AZ 26.7% 26% 25.8% 27.5% 27.7% 27.7% 27.8% 26% 25.5% 25.2% 26.6% 24.9% 26.2% 25.8% 25.1% 24% 24.3% 25.1% 25% 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Source: National Science Board. 2018. “Bachelor's Degree Holders in the Labor Force.” Science and Engineering Indicators 2018, State Indicators, https://ncses.nsf.gov/indicators/states/indicator/bachelors-degree-holders-in-labor-force.

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Figure 41 – Average Public Four-Year In-State Public University Tuition & Fees, 2004-2021 (2020 dollars) $14,000

$11,870 $12,000 $11,540 $11,880 $12,000 $11,180 $10,820 $10,560 $10,240 $10,540 $10,560 $9,600 $9,860 $10,000 $9,500

$7,770 $9,070 $7,380 Arizona $8,000 $7,020 $6,580 US $5,950 $5,580 $7,060 $7,180 $7,250 $6,000 $6,700 Utah $6,350 $5,840 $4,000 $4,860 $5,040 $4,480

$2,000

Source: College Board, Trends in College Pricing, https://research.collegeboard.org/trends/college-pricing.

Figure 42 – State Support for Higher Education Per Full-Time Equivalent Student, 2006-2019 (2012 dollars) $8,000 $7,592

$6,857 $6,806 $7,000 $6,630 $6,590 $6,551 $6,589 $6,272 $6,406 $6,766 $6,908 $6,565 $5,710 $6,000 $5,634 $6,407 $6,266 $5,533 $5,290 $6,230 $6,212 $5,198 $6,073 $4,970 $5,928 $4,618 $5,427 $5,598 $5,000 $5,155 UT $4,282 $5,140 $5,285 $4,017 US $4,000 $3,549 $3,336 AZ

$3,000 $2,331 $2,377 $2,430 $2,438 $2,073 $2,099 $2,112 $2,151 $2,000

$1,000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Source: National Science Board. “State Support for Higher Education per Full-Time Equivalent Student.” Science and Engineering Indicators: State Indicators. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation. https://ncses.nsf.gov/indicators/states/indicator/state- support-for-higher-education-per-fte-student. (Accessed on March 16, 2021).

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Figure 43 – Percentage Change in State Spending for Higher

Education Per Student and Average Annual Tuition at Public Four-Year Colleges between 2008-2019 (inflation-adjusted)

-54%

-7% Spending

78% Tuition 40%

-80% -60% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% AZ UT

Source: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, "States Can Choose Better Path for Higher Education Funding in COVID-19 Recession," https://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/states-can-choose-better-path-for-higher-education-funding- in-covid .

Figure 44 – Average Net Price at Public Four-Year University as Share of Median Household Income, 2018 35%

30% 29% 29%

25% 24% 22% 22%

20% 17% 18% 18% 16% 15%

10%

0% Overall White, Non-Hispanic Black Hispanic Asian

UT AZ

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Utah ranks at or near the top of the national scale, Equity ahead of the nation and Arizona for income equity and intergenerational social mobility. 2019 Rank: Figure 45 – GINI Index, 2006-2019 UT #1 AZ #22 Note: higher values indicate greater inequality.

0.49 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.45 0.46 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 US 0.44 AZ 0.43 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 UT 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41

0.40

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Gini Index of Income Inequality ACS 1-Year Estimates Table ID: B19083, https://data.census.gov/cedsci /all?q=gini&g=0100000US_0400000US04,49.

Figure 46 – Intergenerational Upward Mobility Rankings (higher expected income percentile rank for a person whose parents were at the 25th income percentile) UT AZ Among the 50 largest commuting zones (urban + rural) in the US #1- Salt Lake City, UT #28 Phoenix, AZ Among 381 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (urban only) #3- Logan, UT-ID #91- Yuma, AZ #16- Provo-Orem, UT #120- Prescott, AZ #35- Ogden-Clearfield, #132- Sierra Vista, AZ UT #41- Saint George, UT #225 Lake Havasu City, Kingman, AZ #43- Salt Lake City, UT #228- Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ #253- Flagstaff, AZ #284- Tucson, AZ Average MSA Rank 28th 190th Source: Chetty, Raj, et al. "Where is the land of opportunity? The geography of intergenerational mobility in the United States," The Quarterly Journal of Economics 129.4 (2014): 1553-1623, https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w19843/w19843.pdf; Data available online at: https://opportunityinsights.org/data. 31

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Absolute income mobility measures the ability of children to make more money than their parents. The values for this chart were calculated using the percent chance that a son’s household income is higher than his father’s by age 30. Absolute income mobility has been decreasing nationally, and Utah and Arizona are no exception, a troubling trend.

Figure 47 – Absolute Income Mobility by Child Birth Cohort and State, 1940-1980

0.94 0.90 0.94 UT 0.88 US 0.80 AZ 0.78 0.79

0.70 0.74

0.64 0.63

0.63 0.60 0.61

0.58 0.57 0.53 0.50 0.49

0.46 0.40 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980

Source: Chetty, Raj, et al. "Where is the land of opportunity? The geography of intergenerational mobility in the United States," The Quarterly Journal of Economics 129.4 (2014): 1553-1623, https://opportunityinsights.org/data.

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ Utah ranks among the worst for gender

Gender equality while Arizona ranks near the top.

Figure 48 – Gender Pay Gap (“winner” bolded and highlighted)

Ranking: 1 is best, 50 is worst UT UT Rank AZ AZ Rank

Gender Wage Ratio of Women’s to 70% 49th 83% 11th Men’s Earnings, 2019 Projected year to close gender pay 2106 47th 2047 6th gap at current rate, 2015

UT UT Annual Loss AZ AZ Annual Loss What Mothers Make for Every 59¢ $25,455 75% $13,204 Dollar Fathers Make

Source: American Association of University Women (AAUW), Gender Pay Gap by State, https://www.aauw.org/resources/article/ gender-pay-gap-by-state/ ; Institute for Women’s Policy Research (IWPR), Status of Women in the States: Projected Year the Wage Gap Will Close by State 2020 Report, https://iwpr.org/; NWLC, Wage Gap for Mothers by Race, State by State, https://nwlc .org/resources/the-wage-gap-for-mothers-state-by-state-2017/ .

Figure 49 – Age at which a Woman’s Career Earnings Catch Up to a White non-Hispanic Man’s at 60 & Wage Gap Rank by Race

& Ethnicity, 2019 Ranking: 1 is best, 50 worst UT AZ US

Age Rank Age Rank Age

Overall 77 49th 68 8th 69

White, non-Hispanic women 79 49th 71 28th 79 Asian women 81 47th 67 11th 66 th th Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander 92 16 91 10 83 women* Native American women* 97 38th 90 30th 87 Black women* 98 41st 82 19th 83 Latina women 102 42nd 96 35th 92 Source: National Women’s Law Center (NWLC) , https://nwlc.org/resources/the-lifetime-wage-gap-state-by-state/. Note (*): 7 states were not included in the Native American, 4 in the Black & 32 in the Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander rankings due to insufficient sample size. 33

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ Part II: Standard of Living

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Utah is well ahead for household income ranking 11th nationally while Arizona lags behind at 28th. 2019 is also the

Income first year that Arizona’s cost-of-living adjusted real median household income fell below the national overall.

Figure 50 – Real Median Household Income, 2007-2019 2019 Rank: (Inflation adjusted to 2019 dollars) UT: 11th AZ: 28th

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "Income in the past 12 months (in 2019 inflation-adjusted dollars)," Table ID: S1901, ACS 1-Year Estimates, https://data.census.gov/cedsci/all?q=table%20S1901&g=0100000US_0400000US04,49. Note: Inflation adjusted using CPI-U, U.S. City Average, all items, 1982-84=100.

Figure 51 – Cost-of-Living Adjusted Real Median Household Income, 2008-2019 (2019 dollars)

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "Income in the past 12 months (in 2019 inflation-adjusted dollars)," Table ID: S1901, ACS 1-Year Estimates, https://data.census.gov/cedsci/all?q=table%20S1901&g=0100000US_0400000US04,49. U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, “Regional Price Parities (RPP),” https://apps.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=1&acrdn=8 (accessed March 18, 2021). 35

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Both Utah and Arizona rank in the bottom half Wages of states for median hourly wage. In 2020, Utah th st ranked 29 and Arizona 30 for highest median hourly wage.

Figure 52 - Real Median Hourly Wage, 1979-2020 (Inflation adjusted to 2020 dollars)

United States $20.50 Arizona $19.50 Utah

$18.50

$17.50 2020 Rank: $16.50 UT: 29th th $15.50 AZ: 30

$14.50

$21.00 $20.92 $20.50 United States

$20.00 $19.57 $19.89 Utah $19.38 $19.50 $19.87 $19.06 Arizona $18.99 $18.86 $18.90 $19.00 $18.74 $18.57 $18.73 $18.98 $18.40 $18.62 $18.52 $18.50 $18.36 $18.25 $18.27 $18.16 $18.04 $18.57 $18.56 $18.52 Cost of living-adj. $18.00 $18.37 $17.62 $18.02 median hourly $17.89 $17.42 $17.55 $18.08 $17.50 $17.93 $17.92 wage 2019 $17.51 $17.60 $17.40 th $17.00 $17.32 UT: $19.17/38 $17.10 $17.08 AZ: $18.99/40th $16.50 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Source: EPI analysis of Current Population Survey microdata (accessed March 18, 2021). Note: Inflation adjusted using R-CPI-U-RS, all items, 1977-2020. Median wages likely increased in 2020 due to many low-wage jobs being lost during the COVID-19 pandemic. 36

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Figure 53 – Real Median Wage by Race & Ethnicity, 2000-2020 (Inflation adjusted to 2020 dollars) $23.50 $22.98 US White

$22.59 $21.50 AZ White $20.41 $19.70 UT White $19.50 $19.52

UT $17.50 $17.98 $17.12 Hispanic

$17.00 US Hispanic $15.50 $16.19 AZ $13.70 Hispanic

$13.50 $13.61 $12.65 $11.50

Source: EPI analysis of Current Population Survey microdata (accessed April 13, 2021). Note: Inflation adjusted using R-CPI-U- RS, all items, 1977-2020.

Figure 54 – Minimum Wage and 10th Percentile Wage (“winner” bolded and shaded) UT AZ US Minimum wage/hr. $7.25 $12.15 $7.25 (2021) Minimum wage No Yes No inflation index (2021) Hourly Wage & rank $9.99 30th $10.90 12th $10.07 in 10th percentile in (2019) Sources: US Department of Labor, State Minimum Wage Laws, https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/minimum-wage/state; EPI analysis of Current Population Survey microdata (accessed March 18, 2021). 37

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Compared to Utah and the nation overall, more Arizonans earn a poverty-level wage. Arizona ranks 16th in the nation for the most share of workers earning poverty level wages, Utah ranks 31st.

Figure 55 – Share of Workers Earning Poverty Level Wages, 2007-2018 (poverty wage for a family of four was $12.36 in 2018)

Source: Source: EARN | State of Working X Data Library, Share of workers earning below the poverty wage: Economic Policy Institute

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

While Utah enjoys low poverty rates, Poverty Arizona is above the national average.

Figure 56 – Poverty Rates, 2007-2019

Source: Census Bureau, Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months, Table ID: S1701, ACS 1-Year Estimates, https://data.census.gov/ce dsci/all.

The Census Bureau’s Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) counts poverty more accurately by accounting for local cost of living, household expenses such as taxes, childcare, and medical bills, and government safety net programs such as Social Security/SSI, SNAP/food stamps, TANF, unemployment insurance benefits, federal tax credits like the EITC, and government subsidies for housing and school lunches.

Figure 57 – Supplemental Poverty Measure, 2017-2019 UT AZ US

8.0% 12.0% 12.5%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Table 5. Number and Percentage of People in Poverty by state using 3-year average 2017-2019, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2020/demo/income-poverty/p60-272.html.

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Figure 58 – Adult Poverty Rates by Race & Ethnicity, 2019 35%

30% 29% 29%

25% 23% 21% 19% 19% 19% 20% 18% 17% 17% 16% 15% 11% 11% 10% 10% 9% 9% 9% 7%

0% American Indian Asian Native Hawaiian or Black or African Hispanic of Latino Non-Hispanic White Pacific Islander American UT AZ US

Source: Census Bureau, Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months, Table ID: S1701, ACS 1-Year Estimates, https://data. census.gov/cedsci/all. Kids Count Data Center, Children in poverty by race and ethnicity in the United States, https:// datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/44-children-in-poverty-by-race-and-ethnicity?loc=1&loct=1#detailed/1/any/false /1729,37,871,870,573,869,36,868,867,133/10,11,9,12,1,185,13/324,323.

Figure 59 – Child Poverty Rates by Race & Ethnicity, 2019

40% 36% 35% 31% 30% 29% 30% 25% 25% 22% 23%

20%

15% 11% 10% 9% 10% 10% 8% 6% 5%

0% American Indian Asian & Pacific Islander Black or African Hispanic of Latino Non-Hispanic White American UT AZ US

Source: See Figure 58. Note: the estimates for Utah’s American Indian and Black races have been suppressed due to a large confidence interval. 40

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Figure 60 – Percentage of Children Living in Single-Parent Families, 2007-2019

40% 40% 38% 38% 38% 38% 37% 37% 37% 37% 37% 37% 35% 34% 35% 35% 35% 35% 35% 35% 35% 35% 34% 34% 34% 34% 30% 32% 32% Arizona United States Utah 25% 21% 20% 19% 19% 19% 19% 19% 19% 19% 19% 20% 18% 18% 18%

15% 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Source: Kids Count Data Center, Children in single-parent families in the United States, https://datacenter.kidscount.org/ data#USA/2/23/2488,24,2592,26,2721/char/0.

Figure 61 – Percentage of Children Living in Single-Parent Families by Race & Ethnicity, 2009-2019 52% 47% 46% 45% 45% 47% 44% 44% 44% 44% 44% 42% 41% 42% 42% 42% 42% 42% 42% 42% 42% 41% 41% 41% AZ Hispanic 40% 36% 36% 35% 37% 34% 34% 34% 35% 33% 33% 33% US Hispanic 30% UT Hispanic 32% 29% 28% 28% 27% 26% 26% 26% 26% AZ Non-Hispanic White 27% 28% 25% 25% US Non-Hispanic White 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% UT Non-Hispanic White 22% 24% 24% 24% 24% 24% 24% 17% 16% 16% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 17% 14% 14%

12% 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Source: Kids Count Data Center, Children in single-parent families by race in the United States, https://datacenter.kidsco unt.org/data#USA/2/23/2488,24,2592,26,2721/char/0. 41

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Figure 62 – Child Poverty Rates, 2008-2019 30%

27.2% 27.0% 26.5% 25.6% 24.4% 24.7% 25% 23.4% 23.6% 22.2% 22.6% 22.2% 21.6% 21.7% 20.8% 20.7% 20.8% 20.0% 20.1% 19.5% 20% 19.1% 18.2% 18.4% 18.0% 16.8% 15.7% 15.6% 15.1% 14.8% 15% 13.8% 12.9% 12.2% 11.1% 10.5% AZ 10.7% 9.5% 9.9% 10% US UT

5% 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Poverty Status in the past 12 months, Table ID: S1701, ACS 1-Year Estimates, https://data.census .gov/cedsci/all?q=child%20poverty%20.

Figure 63 – Family Poverty Rates, 2019 35% 29% 29% 30%

25% 21% 20% 15% 14% 15%

10% 8% 8% 5% 6% 5%

0% All Families Married Couples Single Parent

UT AZ US

Source: Kids Count Data Center, Families with related children that are below poverty by family type, https://datacenter.kids count.org/data#USA/2/16/17,18,19,20,22,21,2720/char/0. 42

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Utah has a noticeably lower homelessness rate

than Arizona and the nation overall.

Figure 64 – Homelessness Rates, 2014-2019 (as % of total population on a given night)

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population, Table ID: PEPANNRES, https://data.census.gov/cedsci/ table?q=population&g=0100000US&tid=PEPPOP2019.PEPANNRES&hidePreview=false; HUD Exchange, CoC Homeless Populations and Subpopulations Reports, https://www.hudexchange.info/programs/coc/coc-homeless-populations-and-subpopulations-repo rts/?filter_Year=2014&filter_Scope=&filter_State=&filter_CoC=&program=CoC&group=PopSub.

Figure 65 – Child Homelessness Rates, 2010-2018 (ages 3-17, enrolled students)

Source: National Center for Homeless Education, "Federal Data Summary: Education for Homeless Children and Youth," Table 2. Number homeless students by state and school year: 3-5 year old, K-12 and ungraded in Local Educations Agencies, https://nche. ed.gov/data-and-stats/; U.S. Census Bureau, Children Characteristics, Table ID: B09001, Children 3 to 17 years enrolled in school, https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=table%20S0901&g=0100000US&tid=ACSST1Y2017.S0901&moe=false&hidePreview=true.

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Figure 66 – Percentage of Children Facing Food Insecurity, 2019 UT AZ US

12.1% 19.0% 15.2%

Source: Feeding America, Child Food Insecurity Rates by State, https://www.feedingamerica.org/sites/default/files/2020- 06/Map%20the%20Meal%20Gap%202020%20Combined%20Modules.pdf.

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Utah and Arizona have similar costs-of-living Cost of Living and both are below the overall national level.

Figure 67 – Regional Price Parities, 2008-2019 (where 100 = price index equal to national level)

101 100.6 100.1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

98.6 99 97.9 97.8 97.7 98 United States 97.2 97.1 96.8 96.9 96.8 Utah 97 96.5 96.4 96.4 96.5 Arizona 96 96 95.9 96 96.3 96.1 95.8 96 95 95.3

94 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data, Regional Price Parities by state (all items), https://www.bea.gov/iTable/ iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=1&isuri=1&acrdn=8#reqid=70&step=1&isuri=1.

Figure 68 – Unaffordable Rent Burden Rates, 2010-2019 % of renting households paying more than 30% of household income to gross rent 55% 53.4% 2019 Rank: 53.2% (1 is 53% 51.9% 52.0% 51.8% 53.0% 51.5% highest/worst) 50.6% UT: 39th 51% 51.4% 49.6% 49.6% 49.7% 49.5% 49.70% th 51.2% AZ: 26 48.8% 48.8% 48.5% 49% 49.6% 47.8% 48.3% 47.0% 47.10% 46.5% 46.5% US 47% 45.0% AZ 45% 44.4% 44.4% 44.30% 44.1% UT

43% 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Selected Housing Characteristics, table ID: DP04, American Community Survey 1-year estimates, https://data.census.gov/cedsci/all?q=table%20DP04.

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Taxes Figure 69 – State & Local Revenue, 2018 (“winner” bolded and highlighted) Rankings: 1 is highest, 50 is lowest UT AZ US Total Total Own-Source Revenue ($ million) $22,307 $38,373 $2,550,300 Total own-source revenue as 16.3% 15th 12.8% 48th 15.1% percentage of personal income & rank Total Tax Revenue ($ million) $13,078 $27,374 $1,761,402 Total tax revenue as a percentage of 9.6% 32nd 9.1% 38th 10.4% personal income & rank Source: Federation of Tax Administrators, “2018 State & Local Revenue as a Percentage of Personal Income,” https://www. taxadmin.org/2018-state-and-local-revenue-as-a-percentage-of-personal-income. Note: Own-Source Revenue is all revenue collected by state & local government, including both taxes and fees (including university tuition and public hospital fees).

Figure 70 – State & Local Tax Collection by Source, 2018

U.S. Total 24% 35% 3% 31% 7%

Utah 31% 37% 3% 26% 4%

Arizona 17% 49% 1% 29% 4%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Individual Income Sales & Excise Corporate Income Property Other

Source: Federation of Tax Administrators, “2019 State & Local Tax Collection by Source,” https://www.taxadmin.org/2018-state- and-local-revenues-by-source.

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Compared to the nation and Arizona, Utah has higher homeownership

Quality of Life rates and shorter commutes to work.

Figure 71 – Homeownership Rates, 2006-2019 (% of households that own) 2019 Rank: th st 78% 76% UT: 8 AZ: 31 75% 76% 74% 74% 74% 73% 72% 72% 72% 71% 71% 72% 71% 71% 71% 71% 70% 70% 70% 69% 69% UT 68% 67% AZ 69% 66% 66% 66% 68% 65% 65% 66% 68% 67% US 67% 65% 64% 66% 64% 63% 64% 65% 65% 64% 65% 62% 64% 64% 62% 62% 60% 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "Homeownership Rates by State," Table 15, https://www.census.gov/housing/hvs/data/ann19ind. html.

Figure 72 – Mean Travel Time to Work, 2005-2019 29 27.6 26.9 27.1 26.4 26.6 27 26 25.5 25.5 25.7 25.8 25.1 25.3 25.1 25.3 25 26.6 25 25.7 25.3 25.6 24.8 25 25.1 25 24.8 24.8 25.1 24.3 24.5 24.6 24.5 23 US 22.5 AZ

Minutes Minutes 21 22 22 22 21.4 21.6 21.6 21.6 21.3 21 21.2 21.2 21.3 UT 20.5 20.8 19

15 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "Means of transportation to work by selected characteristics," Table ID: S0802, https://data.cen sus.gov/cedsci/all?q=Table%20S0802%20.

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Utah could further improve its already- strong child well-being rankings by focusing on education and health policy.

Figure 73 – Overall Child Well-being Rankings, 2020 (“winner” bolded and highlighted) Ranking: 1st is best, 50th is worst UT AZ Overall 4th 42nd Economic 2nd 36th Education 10th 46th Health 13th 33rd Family and Community 1st 46th

Source: The Annie E. Casey Foundation, "2020 Kids Count Data Book," https://www.aecf.org/m/resourcedoc/aecf-2020kidscount databook-2020.pdf.

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Utah leads Arizona by overall public health rankings,

Health including the lowest smoking rate in the nation. Figure 74 – Selected Health Care Performance Rankings, 2019 (“winner” bolded and highlighted) Ranking: 1 is best, 50 is worst UT Rank AZ Rank Overall Public Health Ranking 12th 24th Lowest Infant Mortality Rate (2018) 17th 22nd Lowest Mortality Rate 13th 10th Lowest Obesity Rate 13th 20th Lowest Smoking Rate 1st 19th Lowest Suicide Rate 39th 38th Mental Health 33rd 36th Source: U.S. News & World Report, Public Health Rankings https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/rankings/health- care/public-health. Figure 75 – Health Measures (“winner” bolded and highlighted) UT AZ US Total White Hispanic Total White Hispanic Total White Hispanic Teen birth rate per 12 7 29 18 9 26 17 11 25 1000 women, by Race/Ethnicity (2019) Infant mortality rate 5.5 4.7 7.4 5.7 4.8 5.7 5.7 4.6 4.9 per 1,000 live births by race/ethnicity (2018) Percentage of adults 8% 7% 8% 15% 14% 15% 15% 16% 12% who smoke by race/ethnicity (2019) Percentage of children 67.9% 66.5% 70.4% aged 19-35 months who are immunized (2017) White Hispanic White Hispanic White Hispanic Heart disease deaths 152 80 136.4 108 165.8 111.3 per 100,000 population by race/ethnicity (2019) Diabetes Deaths per 23.9 28.7 18.5 34.8 19 25.6 100,000 population by Race/Ethnicity (2018) Suicide Rate per 21.2 18.6 13.9 100,000 Individuals (2019) Percentage of Children 14% 16% 14% with Oral Health 49 Problems (2019) Source: Kids Count Data Center, Teen births by race/ethnicity, https://datacenter.kidscount.org/data#USA/2/27/28,29,30,31,32,34,33/char/0; KFF, State Health Facts: Health Status, https://www.kff.org/state-category/health-status/, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/default.htm.

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Arizona ranks 9th in the nation for the highest uninsured rate, while Utah is the 17th highest. Both states have expanded Medicaid.

Figure 76 – Percentage of Population without Health Insurance, 2009-2019 18% 17.2% 17.6% 17.3% 16.9% 17.1% 17% AZ 16% 15.1% 15.5% 15.3% 14.8% UT 15% 14.5% 15.3% 15.1% US 14% 13.6% 14.6% 14.5% 14.0% 13% 12.5% 12% 11.3% 11.7% 10.8% 10.6% 11% 10.0% 10.1% 10% 10.5% 9.7% 9.2% 9.4% 8.8% 9% 9.4% 9.2% 8.9% 8% 8.6% 8.7% 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "Selected characteristics of health insurance coverage in the United States," Table ID: S7201 ACS 1-year estimates, https://data.census.gov/cedsci/all?q=table%20S2701.

Figure 77 – Percentage of Population without Health Insurance by Race/Ethnicity and Sex, 2019

30% 29%

25% 24% 23%

19% 20% 19% 19%19% 16% 15% 14% 11% 12% 12% 10% 10% 9% 9% 10% 10% 10% 8% 8% 6%6%7% 7% 5% 0%0%0% 0% White, not Black American Asian Native Hispanic (any Female Male Hispanic Indian and Hawaiian and race) Alaska Native other Pacific US AZ UT Islander Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Selected Health Characteristics of Health Insurance Coverage in the United States, Table ID: S2701 ACS 1-year estimates, https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=health%20insurance&tid=ACSST1Y2019.S2701&moe=false&hidePreview =true. 50

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Figure 78 – Percentage of Children without Health Insurance, 2009-2019 14% 13.2% 12.8% 12.9% Data are not 12.0% 11.9% 12% comparable 10.0% across series 9.2% 10% 10.9% 11.1% 8.3% 8.4% 10.3% 10.1% AZ 9.5% 7.7% 8% 9.4% 7.3% 8.6% UT 8.0% 8.3% 7.5% 6% 7.2% 7.1% 7.2% 7.3% 7.4% US 5.8% 6.0% 5.7% 4% 5.0% 5.2% 4.8% 4.5% 2% 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "Selected characteristics of health insurance coverage in the United States," Table ID: S7201 ACS 1-year estimates, https://data.census.gov/cedsci/all?q=table%20S2701. Note: series between 2008-2016 & 2017-2019 are not comparable because the U.S. Census Bureau began including 18-year-olds in the health insurance age group for children in 2017.

In 2019 Utah tied (with Texas & Tennessee) for the highest percent of uninsured

Hispanic children at 17%. Arizona fared slightly better in 32nd place at 11%.

Figure 79 – Percentage of White and Hispanic Children without Health Insurance, 2008-2018 34% 35% UT - Hispanic AZ - Hispanic 30% Data are not 27% US - Hispanic 26% comparable 26% 25% across series AZ - White 25% 23% 22% 22% UT - White US - White 20%19% 18% 18% 19% 17% 17% 17% 16% 17% 15% 15% 14% 13% 13% 16% 12% 12% 12% 11% 11% 10% 10% 11% 10% 10% 10% 8% 9% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 7% 7% 7% 7% 9% 7% 7% 6% 5% 5% 5% 6% 5% 7% 4% 6% 6% 5% 5% 5% 5% 4% 4% 4% 4% 0% 3% 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Source: Kids Count Data Center, "Children without health insurance by race and ethnicity," https://datacenter.kidscount.org/. Note: series between 2008-2016 & 2017-2019 are not comparable because the U.S. Census Bureau began including 18-year-olds in the health insurance age group for children in 2017.

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Both Utah and Arizona have stricter eligibility requirements for public health insurance programs than most states. And although Arizona has higher participation rates than Utah and the US overall, these data do not yet reflect Utah’s full Medicaid expansion that began January 1, 2020. Figure 80 – Medicaid and CHIP Metrics (“winner” bolded and highlighted) UT AZ US State adoption of 12- Medicaid: CHIP: Medicaid: CHIP: Medicaid: CHIP: month continuous No Yes No No 23 States 25 States eligibility for children's Yes Yes Medicaid and CHIP (January 2020) Medicaid/CHIP child 87.6% (8.6%) 90.5% (2.8%) 93.7% 5% participation rate, 2016 (% Change 2013-2016) Medicaid/CHIP parent 72.3% 81.9% 79.9% participation rate, 2016

Medicaid Income Eligibility 138% 138% 138% Limits for parents (in a family of 3) as a Percent of the Federal Poverty Level (January 2021) Medicaid Income Eligibility 144% 161% 200% Limits for pregnant women (in a family of 3) as a percent of the federal poverty level (January 2021) Lawfully residing Yes No 35 States Yes immigrant children covered without a 5-year wait (ICHIA option), by Medicaid/CHIP (January 2021) Lawfully residing No No 25 States Yes immigrant pregnant women covered without a 5-year wait (ICHIA Option), by Medicaid/CHIP (January 2021) Presumptive Eligibility in Children: No Children: No Children: 19 States Yes Medicaid and CHIP for Pregnant: Yes Pregnant: No children (Medicaid or Pregnant: 30 States Yes CHIP) and pregnant women (January 2020) Source: KFF, State Health Facts: Medicaid & Chip, https://www.kff.org/state-category/medicaid-chip/. 52

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Figure 81 – Medicaid & CHIP Income Eligibility Limits for Children as a Percent of the Federal Poverty Level, 2020

Source: KFF, https://www.kff.org/health-reform/state-indicator/medicaid-and-chip-income-eligibility-limits-for-children-as-a-percent- of-the-federal-poverty-level/.

Figure 82 – Most Polluted Metropolitan Areas, 2016-2018 UT AZ By Ozone 11th Salt Lake City-Provo-Orem 7th Phoenix-Mesa By Short-Term Particle Pollution 7th Salt Lake City-Provo-Orem, 13th Logan 10th Phoenix-Mesa

Source: American Lung Association, Most Polluted Cities, https://www.stateoftheair.org/city-rankings/most-polluted-cities.html

Figure 83 – Selected County Air Quality Report Card (Scale A–F), 2016-2018 UT Ozone Particle AZ Ozone Particle Pollution Pollution Box Elder D F Cochise B A Cache B F Coconino C DNC Carbon C DNC Gila F DNC Davis F F La Paz C A Duchesne F C Maricopa F F Salt Lake F F Navajo C DNC San Juan A DNC Pima F B Tooele F D Pinal F F Uintah F A Yavapai C DNC Utah F F Yuma F C Washington B A Weber F F Source: American Lung Association, State Rankings, http://www.lung.org/our-initiatives/healthy-air/sota/city-rankings/states.

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Figure 84 –All Drug Overdose Death Rates, 1999-2019 (Per 100,000 Population) 28 23.4 23.1 22.4 22.4 22.3 23.8 26.8 21.3 22.1 23 21.2 19.3 19.1 19 19.1 19.5 20.3 19 22.2 21.6 17.5 21.7 16.1 16.3 20.7 18 19.8 14 18.7 18.2 18.9 13.5 16.9 16.9 17.7 15.7 16.1 13 10.6 14.9 16.3 10.6 10.9 13.7 14.1 14.7 12.7 13.2 13.1 13.8 AZ 10.4 12 12.3 10.6 10.4 11.5 11.9 11.9 11.9 8 10.1 US 8.9 9.4 8.2 UT 6.1 6.2 6.8 3 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Source: KFF, State Health Facts: Mental Health & Substance Use, https://www.kff.org/state-category/mentalhealth/ . Note: has been age adjusted.

Figure 85 –Obesity Rates for Adults, 2011-2019 32% 30.9% 31.4% 30.1% 29.6% 31.4% 30% 28.9% 28.9% 28.3% 27.4% 27.7% 29.5% 29.5% 28% 28.9% 29.0% 29.2% 28.4% 27.8% 26% 25.1% 26.8% US 26.0% 25.7% AZ 24% 25.4% 25.3% 24.5% UT 24.4% 24.3% 24.1% 22% 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Obesity defined by BMI≥30. Source: KFF, State Health Facts: Health Status, https://www.kff.org/state-category/health-status/.

Figure 86 – Percentage of Adults Who Reported No Physical Activity in the Last Month Outside of Work, 2011-2019 30% 26.3% 26.6% 25.4% 25.9% 26.0% 27% 24.2% 24.2% 23.3% 23.7% 24% 24.1% 25.2% 25.1% 21.2% 24.7% 24.1% 21% 22.6% 23.1% 18.9% 22.1% 16.5% 16.8% 18% 20.6% 20.3% 15.7% 21.1% 17.5% 18.0% 15% 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 US AZ UT

Source: CDC, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity: Data, Trends and Maps, https://nccd.cdc.gov/dnpao_dtm/rdPage.aspx ?rdReport=DNPAO_DTM.ExploreByLocation&rdRequestForwarding=Form.

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ Civic Engagement Figure 87 – Distribution of Community Service Provided, 2018 (by receiving organization type)

US 31% 6% 19% 6% 3% 5% 25% 6%

AZ 6% 21% 22% 1% 19% 4% 3% 24%

UT 42% 2% 7% 1% 23% 1% 22% 3%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Religious Hospital or other health Educational or youth service Public Safety Other Environmental or animal care Sport, hobby, cultural or arts Civic, political, professional or international

Source: AmeriCorps, Volunteering in America, States, https://nationalservice.gov/serve/via/states.

Utah leads the nation with our strong culture of volunteerism and an

improving voter turnout. Arizona ranks 34th for volunteering.

Figure 88– General Election Voter Turnout, (2000-2020) (as % of eligible population) 80% US UT AZ State Ranking for 69% 70% 67% 62% 60% 66% 61% 59% Voter Turnout 55% 60% 57% 56% 58% 60% 55% 55% 57% 53% 56% 51% (1 is highest turnout) 50%47% 50% 46% UT AZ 41% 41% 40% 42% 42% 35% 37% nd th 40% 38% 37% 34% 37% 30% 2020 22 30 rd rd 30% 2018 23 33 th th 20% 2016 35 40 rd th 10% 2014 43 37 rd th 0% 2012 33 38 th st 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2008 44 41 Source: The United States Elections Project, Voter Turnout Data, http://www.electproject.org/home/voter-turnout/voter-turnout-data. 55

VOICES FOR UTAH CHILDREN | WORKING FAMILIES BENCHMARKING PROJECT 2021: UT VS AZ

Working Families

Benchmarking Project

Voices for Utah Children 747 E. South Temple Suite 100 Salt Lake City, UT 84102 (801) 364-1182 www.utahchildren.org 56