• Abstract and Figures
• Public Full-text

INTRINSIC Al';jD EXTRINSIC GOALS THAT MOTIVATE KENYAN RUGBY MATCH OFFICIAI.S TO lOIN ,'\ND CONTINUE REFEREEING Muarnba J. 1<.,MunayiS. and Mugai D., Department of Leisure and Recreation, Kenyatta University Abstract Like many other sports, rugby is still an amateur officials to begin and continue refereeing. The study sport in Kenya. Participation in the sport is a will assess the extent to which goals such as voluntary part - time activity. The sport has over the enhanced self - esteem, socialisation, enjoyment, years benefited from this 'volunteerism' of all parties recognition and tangible rewards influence concerned including players, coaches, match individuals to join and continue refereeing. Self- officials, club and union officials, The purpose of this administered questionnaires were used to collect data. study therefore is to investigate the intrinsic and extrinsic goals that motivate Kenyan rugby match Key Words: Referee, motivation, rewards. Introduction Although rugby is still an amateur sport in Kenya, it Different scholars have defined the two principles of is now becoming very competitive. Kenya is intrinsic and extrinsic motivation differently. Shief currently ranked 34th in the world in the fifteen a-side (2008) defines extrinsic motivation as that which version and 9th in the current series standings of results from tangible rewards such as money or Sevens Worid Series Standings (www.irb.com). Such promotions, or intangible rewards such as public competitiveness demands for more and competent praise while intrinsic motivation is often a result of match officials. According to referee appointments engaging in activities based on the level of enjoyment released by the allocations committee of the Kenya like learning new things or in helping others. Ryan, Rugby Referees Society (KRRS) for the first leg of Williams, Patrick and Deci (20 10) define the two the 20 I0/20 II leagues (KRRS archives, 20 I0), an terms as follows, intrinsic motivation pertains to average of 40 referees were nominated to officiate participation in an activity because of the inherent matches across the country on a given weekend pleasures and satisfaction it provides while extrinsic (KRRS archives, 2010). An invoice sent to Kenya motivation characterizes activities that are performed Rugby Union Management indicates that a total of 51 to obtain some separable outcome. Lonsdale, Hodg league matches were officiated, a majority of them by and Rose (2009) point out that athletes are more a team of three -a referee and two assistants, and in likely to engage in an activity if they are intrinsically some cases a referee coach, between October 20 I0 motivated as compared to being extrinsically and February 20 II (KRRS archives, 20 I0). Th is motivated. It is therefore important to determine to study investigated what motivates these match what extent each of these goals motivates the Kenyan officials to participate in refereeing. Match Officials. Participation in physical activities and sports can be both intrinsically and extrinsically motivated. 186 Statement of the problem officiating 9f the 51 league matches (KRRS archives, In Kenya, referees are perhaps more likely to be 20 10)? It is important to investigate the role both evaluated negatively rather than positively. Coaches intrinsic and extrinsic goals play in making the rugby and players have strongly criticised what they termed match officials persist in this activity. De Villiers 'poor officiating' at the just-concluded two legs of the (2003) lists performance concerns, time pressure, fear Western Union National Sevens Circuit of physical harm and interpersonal conflicts as (www.eastandard.co.ke). Indeed referees are sources of stress in sports officials. Further he cites condemned rudely by spectators irrespective of how the public, the coaches, management of teams and . i. ' . objective they are. Further Rugby officiating is players themselves as parties responsible for placing characterized by stress, burn out and intention to referees under stress. With all these issues, what terminate (De Villiers, 2003). Given such factors, motivates rugby referees in Kenya to officiate? what is the attraction towards the officiating of Rugby in Kenya? What is the motivation for the Intrinsic Goals Tangible rewards OFFICIATING Enjoyment Extrinsic Goals Recognition :41 Self Esteem ] Socialisation Figure I The intrinsic and extrinsic goals that motivate match officials Research Design The study used the survey research design to rugby matches take part in Nairobi. Referees in determine factors that motivate rugby referees to start Nairobi have opportunities to referee matches at all and continue refereeing. It is a suitable research levels and more consistent than anywhere else in the design for this study because it does not involve country. manipulation of variables under investigation (Gratton and Jones, 2009) but reports current status of phenomenon. Target population The population of this study was rugby referees with Location of the study at least International Level I rugby officiating The location of the study was Nairobi Province. training. Level I trained referees have basic skills Nairobi was chosen as the area of study because most which enables them to referee rugby matches of 187 minimal to moderate degree of competition. The researcher and validated by academic staff in the referees were categorised as follows: Division I, Department of Recreation Management and Exercise Division 2 and Entry. These categories cut across Science of Kenyatta University. The questionnaire referees of different experience and competence. consisted of both open and close ended questions (i.e. Again, they included referees from different parts of 5 - point rating) to provide for structured responses. the country so the study had a national outlook. Data Presentation, Interpretation and Discussion Sampling procedures and Sample size The purpose of the study was to investigate both the The sample for this study was obtained using intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence the stratified sampling procedure. The referees were Kenyan rugby referee. The first part of the analysis stratified into three strata: Division I, Division 2, and deals with the demographic information, experience Entry. A stratified random sampling procedure was and qualification. While the second part deals with used in the study to ensure each category provided a information on the respondents' drivers for his or her match official with at least an IRS level I officiating consistence in refereeing. The data was presented in certificate and, has been active for the last two descriptive and tabular form. The following are the seasons (data was obtained from KRRS records). In results of the data analysis and their interpretations. each stratum a simple random sampling was used to The analysis was done using both SPSS and R get the final sample of 50 (75%) for the study. This analysis software. proportion is acceptable in a descriptive research design (Mugenda and Mugenda, 2003). Instrument return rate The questionnaire response rate is the proportion of Research Instrument the sample that participated in the study as intended A self administered questionnaire was used as the in all research procedures. The questionnaires were main data collection tool for this study. According to administered to a sample of 20 and 13 (65%) of the Gratton and Jones (2009), the questionnaires are sampled respondents duly filled and returned the appropriate where relatively simple, generally questionnaires. The return rate was therefore above quantitative information is required form large average thus making research effective. Table I gives sample. The questionnaire was constructed by the the summary of the instruments return rate. Table I Instrument Return Rate I Sampled Returned I Percent 20 13 65 1 Demographic information of the respondents Gender The respondents were asked to state their gender and all of them were males. Women rugby is just starting 188 to take shape in East Africa. Kenya boasts of about Age 30 female players, hence the possible low interest in The respondents were asked to state their age in years refereeing in the case of women. and Table 2 gives the summary of the findings. Table 2 Age in years Age in years Frequency Percentage Less than 20 5 38.46 20-29 5 38.46 30-39 3 23.08 Total 13 100.00 The results show that the field is dominated by the Education people aged below 30 years. Respondents aged below The respondents were asked to state their formal 20 years formed 38.46%, this shows that the game level of education and table 3 below gives the has a future as far as refereeing is concerned. summary of the findings. Table 3 Formal Education level of Referees Education level Frequency Percentage ~ I Masters I 7.7 Bachelors 3 23.1 I Diploma 3 23.\ Primary I 7.7 Students 5 38.4 Total 13 100.0 The findings reveal that most respondents are Marital status Bachelors and diploma holders at 23.1 % each. Indeed The respondents were asked to declare their marital over half of those who responded had attended a status and table 4 gives the summary of the findings. tertiary institution. Table 4 Marital Status of Referee Marital status Frequency Percentage Married 4 I 30.8 Single 9 69.2 Total 13 100.0 Most of the respondents (69.2%) were single and the Profession rest were married (30.8%) The respondents were asked to state their Profession Profession and Rewards and table 5 gives the summary of the findings. 189 Table 5 Professions of Referees Profession Frequency Percentage Administrator Manager I 7.7 Hotelier I 7.7 Commercial Taxi Driver I 7.7 Marketing manager I 7.7 Personal trainer I 7.7 Plumber I 7.7 School counselor I 7.7 Teacher I 7.7 Student 5 38.4 Total 13 100.0 The results show that rugby referees are of varied professions and that there is no particular profession Salaries that can be said to be major in rugby refereeing.

Load more

  8

Copy Link