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Hanns Eisler 6.1 Diplomarbeit Titel der Diplomarbeit Politische Botschaften in der Musik am Beispiel Hanns Eislers Verfasserin Andrea Maria Fellner Angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, im Juli 2009 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 301 316 Studienrichtungen lt. Studienblatt: Publizistik und Kommunikationswissenschaft Musikwissenschaft Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Duchkowitsch Wer nur von Musik etwas versteht, versteht auch davon nichts! Hanns Eisler Abbildung 1 - Hanns Eisler / Zeichnung von Gustav Seiz Quelle: Schebera, Jürgen (1998): Hanns Eisler. Eine Biographie in Texten, Bildern und Dokumenten. S. 69. IV Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Ouvertüre - Vorwort ....................................................................................................1 Prélude - Einleitung ....................................................................................................3 I. Kommunikation ..............................................................................7 1. Musik .....................................................................................................................9 1.1. Musikgeschichtliches ..................................................................................13 1.2. Hörbar .........................................................................................................15 1.3. L´Art pour L´Art? .........................................................................................16 1.4. Musik und Gesellschaft ...............................................................................19 1.5. Exkurs: Mediamorphose .............................................................................22 1.6. Bezugsrahmen: Das Lied ...........................................................................22 2. Musik = Kommunikation!? ................................................................................27 2.1. Kommunikation ...........................................................................................30 2.2. Assoziative Kommunikation ........................................................................32 2.3. Nachrichtenquadrat ....................................................................................34 3. Musikkommunikation ........................................................................................37 3.1. Medium Musik .............................................................................................38 3.2. Musik als Sprache ......................................................................................40 3.3. Botschaft .....................................................................................................43 3.4. Zeichen und Symbole .................................................................................44 3.5. Symbolischer Interaktionismus ...................................................................45 3.6. Rezeption von Musik ..................................................................................46 4. Kommunikationstheorien und Musik ...............................................................51 4.1. Funktion von Musikkommunikation .............................................................52 4.2. Uses-and-Gratification-Approach ...............................................................55 4.3. Agenda-Setting-Hypothese .........................................................................56 4.4. Stimulus-Response-Theorie .......................................................................58 4.5. Gatekeeper / News Bias / Framing .............................................................60 5. Musikkommunikation und Politik .....................................................................63 5.1. Ideologie in der Musik .................................................................................65 5.2. Politik gegen Musik .....................................................................................68 5.2.1. Zensur ............................................................................................70 5.2.2. „Musikbolschewismus“ ...................................................................72 5.3. Musik gegen Politik .....................................................................................73 5.3.1. Arbeitermusik .................................................................................73 5.3.2. „Kampfmusik“ nach Eisler ..............................................................75 5.3.3. „Agitprop“ .......................................................................................76 5.4. Exilmusik .....................................................................................................77 Inhaltsverzeichnis V II. Hanns Eisler ..................................................................................79 6. Ein Leben im Zeichen des Widerstandes ........................................................81 6.1. Hanns Eisler ...............................................................................................82 6.2. Der I. Weltkrieg ...........................................................................................84 6.3. Schönberg Schüler .....................................................................................85 6.4. Eisler meets Brecht .....................................................................................87 6.4.1. „Der SA-Mann“ ...............................................................................89 6.4.2. „Solidaritätslied“ .............................................................................91 6.5. Europäisches Exil (1933 - 1937) .................................................................92 6.5.1. „Der Marsch ins Dritte Reich“ .........................................................94 6.5.2. „Das Lied vom Anstreicher Hitler“ ..................................................98 6.5.3. „Die Moorsoldaten“ ......................................................................100 6.5.4. „Die Einheitsfront“ ........................................................................102 6.6. „Red Decade“ und „Workers League“ .......................................................103 6.6.1. „Das Saarlied“ ..............................................................................105 6.6.2. „Ballade der ‚Judenhure‘ Marie Sanders“ ....................................107 6.7. USA Exil (1938 - 1948) .............................................................................108 6.7.1. Das Hollywooder-Liederbuch .......................................................109 6.7.2. „An den kleinen Radioapparat“ ....................................................113 6.7.3. „Der Kälbermarsch“ ......................................................................114 6.8. HUAC - Vertreibung aus dem Exil ............................................................115 6.8.1. „Eisler on the go“ ..........................................................................117 7. Reprise - Resümee ...........................................................................................119 Da Capo - Al Fine ....................................................................................................122 Abstrakt ..............................................................................................................122 Abstract ..............................................................................................................123 III. Anhang ........................................................................................125 Abbildungsverzeichnis ..........................................................................................126 Abkürzungsverzeichnis .........................................................................................127 Quellenverzeichnis .................................................................................................128 Literatur ..............................................................................................................128 Internet ...............................................................................................................135 Audiomaterial .....................................................................................................136 Curriculum Vitae .....................................................................................................139 Abbildung 1 - Hanns Eisler - Hanns Eisler / Zeichnung von Gustav Seiz (Seite III) Quelle: Schebera, Jürgen (1998): Hanns Eisler. Eine Biographie in Texten, Bildern und Dokumenten. S. 69. Ouvertüre - Vorwort 1 „… to live without my music, would be impossible to do, ´cause in this world of troubles, my music pulls me through.“ John Miles, „Music“ Ouvertüre - Vorwort Seit ich mich mit Musik beschäftige, steht für mich fest, dass Musik Inhalte ver- mittelt. Mir wurde jedoch schnell bewusst, dass die Geschmäcker verschieden sind und sich in weiterer Folge auch die in der Musik enthaltenen Botschaften individuell gestalten können. Nicht nur, dass Musik in den diversen Kulturkreisen unterschiedlich sein kann, hat auch jede Gesellschaft und jedes soziale Gefüge eine eigenständige Definition und Auffassung was Musik betrifft. Der Stellenwert den Musik in meinem Leben einnimmt ist enorm. Der Rahmen der dies umspannt geht über, vieles worüber mir die Musik hinweggeholfen hat1, noch viel mehr Din- ge die sie hervorgehoben und unterstrichen hat, bis hin zu all dem, was mir durch die Musik aufgezeigt wurde und immer noch wird. Botschaften die sozusagen
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