DOCSLIB.ORG

As a Solid Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium Ion Batteries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
As a Solid Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium Ion Batteries UPTEC K 16013 Examensarbete 30 hp Juli 2016 A study of poly(vinyl alcohol) as a solid polymer electrolyte for lithium ion batteries Gustav Ek Abstract A study of poly(vinyl alcohol) as a solid polymer electrolyte for lithium ion batteries Gustav Ek Teknisk- naturvetenskaplig fakultet UTH-enheten The use of solid polymer electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries has the advantage in terms of safety and processability, however they often lack in terms of performance. Besöksadress: This is of major concern in applications where high current densities or rapidly Ångströmlaboratoriet Lägerhyddsvägen 1 changing currents are important. Such applications include electrical vehicles and Hus 4, Plan 0 energy storage of the electrical grid to accommodate fluctuations when using renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. Postadress: Box 536 751 21 Uppsala In this study, the use of commercial poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a solid polymer electrolyte for use in lithium-ion batteries has been evaluated. Films were prepared Telefon: using various lithium salts such as lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (LiTFSI) 018 – 471 30 03 and casting techniques. Solvent free films were produced by substituting the solvent Telefax: Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with water and rigouros drying or by employing a 018 – 471 30 00 hot-pressing technique. The best performing system studied was PVA-LiTFSI-DMSO, which reached ionic conductivities of 4.5E-5 S/cm at room temperature and 0.45 Hemsida: mS/cm at 60 °C. The solvent free films showed a drop of ionic conductivity by http://www.teknat.uu.se/student roughly one order of magnitude compared to films with residual DMSO present. High ionic conductivities in PVA-LiTFSI-DMSO electrolytes are thus ascribed to fast lithium ion transport through the liquid domain of DMSO, or by plasticizing effects of salt and solvent on the polymer. Thermal analysis of the films showed a clear plasticizing effect of DMSO by a decrease in the glass transition temperature. FTIR analysis showed complexation of all the lithium salts investigated with the OH-groups of the polymer by a shift in the characteristic frequencies of both salts and polymer. For the first time, prototype battery cells containing PVA electrolytes were manufactured and evaluated by galvanostatic cycling. PVA-LiTFSI-DMSO showed stable cycling performance for 15 cycles. Solvent free electrolytes were also investigated but did not result in any stable cycling performance. Handledare: Daniel Brandell Ämnesgranskare: Tim Bowden Examinator: Erik Lewin ISSN: 1650-8297, UPTEC K 16013 Popul¨arvetenskaplig sammanfattning Dagens samh¨allest˚arinf¨orstora utmaningar i och med klimatf¨or¨andringarp˚a jorden till f¨oljdav anv¨andandetav fossila br¨anslen.F¨oratt ¨overkomma detta beh¨over vi ist¨alletanv¨andaf¨ornybara energik¨allors˚asomvind- och solkraft, fast dessa har problem med att till exempel vinden inte alltid bl˚aseroch att solen inte skiner p˚anatten. Detta leder till att vi inte alltid kan f˚aut den energi vi beh¨over f¨oratt samh¨alletskall fungera, och vi beh¨over d¨arf¨orspara ¨overskottet fr˚ann¨ardet produceras som mest. En typ av energilagringsteknik som skulle kunna vara en l¨osningp˚adetta ¨ar litium-jon batterier eftersom de kan lagra v¨aldigt mycket energi i j¨amf¨orelse med andra batterier, och har ocks˚av¨aldigtsm˚af¨orluster vid upp- och urladdning. Men eftersom de kan lagra s˚apassmycket energi, s˚auppst˚ardet s¨akerhet- srisker vid storskalig anv¨andning. Detta h¨oroftast samman med anv¨and- ningen av brandfarliga flytande organiska f¨oreningari den s˚akallade elek- trolyten, vars funktion ¨aratt f¨orflyttalitium-joner mellan elektroderna i batteriet. F¨oratt ¨oka s¨akerheten kan man ist¨alletanv¨andasig av en fast elektrolyt best˚aendeav en syntetisk polymer. Problemet med dessa fasta varianter ¨aratt de har s¨amre prestanda ¨ande flytande med avseende p˚a bland annat jonledningsf¨orm˚aga. I detta examensarbete har polymeren poly(vinyl alkohol) studerats f¨oranv¨and- ning som just fast elektrolyt i litium-jon batterier. Polymeren har blandats med olika litiumsalter och l¨osningsmedelf¨oratt kunna se skillnader i pre- standa. Egenskaper s˚asomjonledningsf¨orm˚aga,v¨armeegenskaper och inter- aktioner mellan salt och polymer har studerats. Prototyp-batteri celler in- neh˚allandepoly(vinyl alkohol) som elektrolyt har ocks˚atillverkats och utsatts f¨orrepeterad upp- och urladdning. Resultatet av studien ¨aratt poly(vinyl alkohol) kan fungera i dessa till¨amp- ningar. Men f¨oratt uppn˚atillr¨ackligt h¨ogjonledningsf¨orm˚agas˚akr¨avsatt en viss m¨angdav l¨osningsmedletdimetylsulfoxid finns kvar efter tillverkning av elektrolytfilmerna. Detta pekar p˚aatt polymeren inte leder joner i sin kristallina fas eftersom detta l¨osningsmedel g¨orpolymeren mjukare. III List of abbreviations DMC Dimethyl carbonate ((CH3)2CO) DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide ((CH3)2OS) DSC Differential scanning calorimetry EC Ethylene carbonate ((CH2O)2CO) EDLC Electric double layer capacitor EIS Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy LFP Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) { TFSI Bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (N(CF3SO2)2 ) { Tf Trifluoromethanesulfonate (CF3SO3 ) Ni-MH Nickel-metal hydride NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance PVA Poly(vinyl alcohol) PEO Poly(ethylene oxide) PTFE Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Tg Glass transition temperature TGA Thermograviometric analysis SPE Solid polymer electrolyte VTF Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher IV Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background . .1 1.1.1 Li-ion batteries . .2 1.1.2 Solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) . .3 1.1.3 Poly(vinyl alcohol) . .5 1.2 PVA-based polymer electrolytes . .6 2 Scope of this thesis 9 3 Theory 10 3.1 Ionic conductivity . 10 3.2 Ion-transport mechanisms in solid polymers . 11 4 Methodology 14 4.1 Electrode and electrolyte preparation . 14 4.1.1 Polymer electrolyte films . 14 4.1.2 Electrodes . 14 4.1.3 Battery cell assembly . 15 V 4.2 Analysis . 15 4.2.1 Thermograviometric Analysis (TGA) . 15 4.2.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) . 16 4.2.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) . 17 4.2.4 Galvanostatic cell cycling . 20 4.2.5 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) . 20 5 Experimental 21 5.1 Electrode and electrolyte preparation . 21 5.1.1 Polymer electrolyte films . 21 5.1.2 Electrodes . 23 5.1.3 Battery cell assembly . 23 5.2 Analysis . 24 5.2.1 Thermograviometric Analysis (TGA) . 24 5.2.2 Differential Scanning Caliometry (DSC) . 24 5.2.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) . 24 5.2.4 Galvanostatic cell cycling . 25 5.2.5 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) . 25 6 Results and discussion 26 6.1 Ionic conductivity . 26 6.1.1 Variation of salt content in the PVA-LiTFSI-DMSO system . 26 6.1.2 Effects of different salts and solvents . 27 VI 6.2 Thermal properties . 30 6.2.1 TGA . 30 6.2.2 DSC . 32 6.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) . 35 6.3.1 Polymer-salt interactions . 35 6.3.2 Interactions between lithium salt and functional groups 39 6.4 Cycling . 41 7 Conclusions 44 8 Acknowledgements 46 VII 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Today's society faces a number of major challenges in the process of switching from fossil to renewable energy resources. One of these challenges is the nature of renewable energy sources (e.g wind and solar). Energy storage systems need to be put in place in order to accomendate fluctuations in the electrical grid, for instance such as at peak hours [1, 2]. Today, pumped- storage hydroelectric is most used for this purpose, although the technique lacks in term of efficiency seeing at least 15 % of the energy lost [3]. Another challenge is converting the vehicle fleet from gasoline into electric powered or fuel cell based/hydrogen powered. This also calls for not only high energy storage, but also for light weight solutions. Lithium-ion batteries are very promising solutions to these problems because of their superior energy and power density in comparison to other battery systems such as lead-acid and Ni-MH (figure 1.1). The system is also superior in terms of energy conversion efficiency compared to pumped-storage hydro- electricity; the charge-discharge efficiency of commercial Li-ion batteries is around 90 % [4]. As mentioned above, the storage most used today is pumped-hydro which has an energy efficiency of 70-80 % compared to the 90 % of the lithium- ion battery. Hydrogen storage and fuel cells are also alternative solutions to grid stabilisation. These systems however presents problems such as the risk of explosion with compressed hydrogen gas and considerably lower energy efficiencies of around 40 % [5]. 1 Fossil fuels Lithium-ion Energy density [Wh/kg]density Energy NiCd, NiMH Lead Acid Power density [W/kg] Figure 1.1: Ragone chart of different energy storage technologies (redrawn from ref [6]) 1.1.1 Li-ion batteries The state-of-the-art Li-ion battery is made up of two electrodes (a negative anode and a positive cathode), an electrolyte and a separator. It is often referred to as the "rocking chair battery", and functions by shuttling Li+ between the electrodes through the electrolyte (figure 1.2), thus generating a current during discharge. The electrodes are made out of compounds that have a layered or channeled structure, so that they can store Li+ in be- tween the layers/channels. This process is called intercalation, and common materials used today are LiCoO2 as the positive electrode ("cathode"), and graphite as the negative electrode ("anode"). The electrolyte is usually a mixture of organic solvents such as ethylene carbonate (EC) and a variety of linear alkyl carbonates, such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and a lithium salt, typically LiPF6 for sufficient ionic transport at high concentrations. To 2 keep the cell from short-circuiting a porous separator is soaked in the liquid electrolyte and placed between the electrodes.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2 a Primer on Polymer Colloids: Structure, Synthesis and Colloidal Stability
    A. Al Shboul, F. Pierre, and J. P. Claverie 2 A primer on polymer colloids: structure, synthesis and colloidal stability 2.1 Introduction A colloid is a dispersion of very fine objects in a fluid [1]. These objects can be solids, liquids or gas, and the corresponding colloidal dispersion is then referred to as sus- pension, emulsion or foam. Colloids possess unique characteristics. For example, as their size is smaller than the wavelength of light, they scatter light. They also offer a large interfacial surface area, meaning that interfacial phenomena are of paramount importance in these dispersions. The weight of each dispersed particle being small, gravity and buoyancy forces are not sufficient to counteract the thermal random mo- tion of the particle, named Brownian motion (in tribute to the 19th century botanist Robert Brown who first characterized it). The particles do not remain in a dispersed state indefinitely: they will sooner or later aggregate (phase separation). Thus, thecol- loidal state is in general metastable and colloidal stability is one of the key features to take into account when working with colloids. Among all colloids, the polymer colloid family is one of the most widely inves- tigated [2]. Polymer colloids are used for a large number of applications, ranging from coatings, adhesives, inks, impact modifiers, drug-delivery vehicles, etc. The particles range in size from about 10 nm to 1 000 nm (1 μm) in diameter. They are usually spherical, but numerous other shapes have been observed. Polymer colloids are not uncommon in nature. For example, natural rubber latex, the secretion of the Hevea brasiliensis tree, is in fact a dispersion of polyisoprene nanoparticles in wa- ter.
    [Show full text]
  • Entropy Driven Phase Transition in Polymer Gels: Mean Field Theory
    entropy Article Entropy Driven Phase Transition in Polymer Gels: Mean Field Theory Miron Kaufman Physics Department, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; [email protected] Received: 16 April 2018; Accepted: 27 June 2018; Published: 30 June 2018 Abstract: We present a mean field model of a gel consisting of P polymers, each of length L and Nz polyfunctional monomers. Each polyfunctional monomer forms z covalent bonds with the 2P bifunctional monomers at the ends of the linear polymers. We find that the entropy dependence on the number of polyfunctional monomers exhibits an abrupt change at Nz = 2P/z due to the saturation of possible crosslinks. This non-analytical dependence of entropy on the number of polyfunctionals generates a first-order phase transition between two gel phases: one poor and the other rich in poly-functional molecules. Keywords: crosslinking entropy; saturation; discontinuous phase transition 1. Motivation A polymer gel like polyacrylamide changes the volumes by a large factor of ~1000 when a small quantity of solvent like acetone is added to the solution or when the temperature is varied slightly. Central to the understanding of this phase transition are the covalent crosslinks [1–5] between the linear chains. Polymer chains, such as in hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) immersed in a water solution, form hydrogen bonds with the water. As the temperature, the pH, or some other external condition is varied, there is a change in the strength of the hydrogen bonds that results in the formation or destruction of aggregates of crosslinked polymer chains. Light scattering experiments [6,7] are used to study the influence of the amount of crosslinkers on the properties of the gel phases.
    [Show full text]
  • Soft Condensed Matter Physics Programme Course 6 Credits Mjuka Material TFYA37 Valid From: 2018 Spring Semester
    1(9) Soft Condensed Matter Physics Programme course 6 credits Mjuka material TFYA37 Valid from: 2018 Spring semester Determined by Board of Studies for Electrical Engineering, Physics and Mathematics Date determined LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY SOFT CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2(9) Main field of study Applied Physics, Physics Course level Second cycle Advancement level A1X Course offered for Biomedical Engineering, M Sc in Engineering Engineering Biology, M Sc in Engineering Entry requirements Note: Admission requirements for non-programme students usually also include admission requirements for the programme and threshold requirements for progression within the programme, or corresponding. Prerequisites Mandatory courses in mathematics and physics for the Y-program or equal. Intended learning outcomes The course will ive the student knowledge of the statistical physics of polymers, the chemical, geometrical and electronic structure of polymers as well as the structure, dynamics and processing of polymer solids. We will discuss condensed matter in the form of colloids, amphiphiles, liquid crystals, molecular crystals and biological matter. After the course, the student should be able to describe the geometry of polymer chains and their dynamics, and the mathematical description of these phenomena utilize thermodynamical analysis of phase transitions in polymers and polymer blends LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY SOFT CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 3(9) describe micro and nanostructure of polymer solutions and polymer blends describe amphiphile materials, colloids, foams and gels, liquid crystals Course content Polymers: terminology, chemical structures and polymerization, solid state structures, polymers in solution, colligative properties. Statistical physics of polymer chains: random coils, entropy measures, rubber physics.
    [Show full text]
  • Shape Memory and Actuation Behavior of Semicrystalline Polymer Networks
    Dipl.-Phys. Martin Bothe Shape Memory and Actuation Behavior of Semicrystalline Polymer Networks BAM-Dissertationsreihe • Band 121 Berlin 2014 Die vorliegende Arbeit entstand an der BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung. Impressum Shape Memory and Actuation Behavior of Semicrystalline Polymer Networks 2014 Herausgeber: BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Telefon: +49 30 8104-0 Telefax: +49 30 8112029 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.bam.de Copyright © 2014 by BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung Layout: BAM-Referat Z.8 ISSN 1613-4249 ISBN 978-3-9816668-1-6 Shape Memory and Actuation Behavior of Semicrystalline Polymer Networks vorgelegt von Dipl.-Phys. Martin Bothe aus Tubingen¨ von der Fakult¨at II – Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften der Technischen Universit¨at Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften – Dr. rer. nat. – genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Bickermann Gutachter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Michael Gradzielski Gutachter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Michael Maskos Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 16.07.2014 Berlin 2014 D 83 Für meine Familie Abstract Shape memory polymers (SMPs) can change their shape on application of a suitable stimulus. To enable such behavior, a ‘programming’ procedure fixes a deformation, yielding a stable tem- porary shape. In thermoresponsive SMPs, subsequent heating triggers entropy-elastic recovery of the initial shape. An additional shape change on cooling, i.e. thermoreversible two-way actuation, can be stimulated by a crystallization phenomenon. In this thesis, cyclic thermomechanical measurements systematically determined (1) the shape memory and (2) the actuation behavior under constant load as well as under stress-free condi- tions.
    [Show full text]
  • Polymer Exemption Guidance Manual POLYMER EXEMPTION GUIDANCE MANUAL
    United States Office of Pollution EPA 744-B-97-001 Environmental Protection Prevention and Toxics June 1997 Agency (7406) Polymer Exemption Guidance Manual POLYMER EXEMPTION GUIDANCE MANUAL 5/22/97 A technical manual to accompany, but not supersede the "Premanufacture Notification Exemptions; Revisions of Exemptions for Polymers; Final Rule" found at 40 CFR Part 723, (60) FR 16316-16336, published Wednesday, March 29, 1995 Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics 401 M St., SW., Washington, DC 20460-0001 Copies of this document are available through the TSCA Assistance Information Service at (202) 554-1404 or by faxing requests to (202) 554-5603. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF EQUATIONS............................ ii LIST OF FIGURES............................. ii LIST OF TABLES ............................. ii 1. INTRODUCTION ............................ 1 2. HISTORY............................... 2 3. DEFINITIONS............................. 3 4. ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS ...................... 4 4.1. MEETING THE DEFINITION OF A POLYMER AT 40 CFR §723.250(b)... 5 4.2. SUBSTANCES EXCLUDED FROM THE EXEMPTION AT 40 CFR §723.250(d) . 7 4.2.1. EXCLUSIONS FOR CATIONIC AND POTENTIALLY CATIONIC POLYMERS ....................... 8 4.2.1.1. CATIONIC POLYMERS NOT EXCLUDED FROM EXEMPTION 8 4.2.2. EXCLUSIONS FOR ELEMENTAL CRITERIA........... 9 4.2.3. EXCLUSIONS FOR DEGRADABLE OR UNSTABLE POLYMERS .... 9 4.2.4. EXCLUSIONS BY REACTANTS................ 9 4.2.5. EXCLUSIONS FOR WATER-ABSORBING POLYMERS........ 10 4.3. CATEGORIES WHICH ARE NO LONGER EXCLUDED FROM EXEMPTION .... 10 4.4. MEETING EXEMPTION CRITERIA AT 40 CFR §723.250(e) ....... 10 4.4.1. THE (e)(1) EXEMPTION CRITERIA............. 10 4.4.1.1. LOW-CONCERN FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND THE (e)(1) EXEMPTION.................
    [Show full text]
  • Polymer Colloid Science
    Polymer Colloid Science Jung-Hyun Kim Ph. D. Nanosphere Process & Technology Lab. Department of Chemical Engineering, Yonsei University National Research Laboratory Project the financial support of the Korea Institute of S&T Evaluation and Planning (KISTEP) made in the program year of 1999 기능성 초미립자 공정연구실 Colloidal Aspects 기능성 초미립자 공정연구실 ♣ What is a polymer colloids ? . Small polymer particles suspended in a continuous media (usually water) . EXAMPLES - Latex paints - Natural plant fluids such as natural rubber latex - Water-based adhesives - Non-aqueous dispersions . COLLOIDS - The world of forgotten dimensions - Larger than molecules but too small to be seen in an optical microscope 기능성 초미립자 공정연구실 ♣ What does the term “stability/coagulation imply? . There is no change in the number of particles with time. A system is said to be colloidally unstable if collisions lead to the formation of aggregates; such a process is called coagulation or flocculation. ♣ Two ways to prevent particles from forming aggregates with one another during their colliding 1) Electrostatic stabilization by charged group on the particle surface - Origin of the charged group - initiator fragment (COOH, OSO3 , NH4, OH, etc) ionic surfactant (cationic or anionic) ionic co-monomer (AA, MAA, etc) 2) Steric stabilization by an adsorbed layer of some substance 3) Solvation stabilization 기능성 초미립자 공정연구실 기능성 초미립자 공정연구실 Stabilization Mechanism Electrostatic stabilization - Electrostatic stabilization Balancing the charge on the particle surface by the charges on small ions
    [Show full text]
  • Polymer Basics
    POLYMER BASICS Many common items can be used to demonstrate the structure of a polymer. 1. Paper clips hooked together in a chain can be used to simulate the way that monomers link up to form very long chains. You can even simulate the process of polymerizing by placing a few "PC" (paper clip) monomers into a container (with a screw-top lid), in which you have already placed a large number of clips hooked together to make a chain. You can simulate the addition of energy, which is necessary to begin the polymerization process, by shaking the closed container. Then you can remove the entire polymer (paper clip) chain; however, it is probable that, when you pull out the chain, you will have short branches of clips extending off the main, long chain of paper clips, and some unlinked (monomer) molecules in the bottom of the reaction vessel. In real polymers, the length of the entire chain helps to determine the polymer's properties. The important points in this simulation are: a. A polymer chain is made up of a repeating monomer unit (the paper clip). b. The number of monomer paper clips in this chain is far smaller than the number of monomer units in a useful polymer. c. Producing a polymer doesn't always give a single long chain, but it produces chains with side branches, and frequently leaves some monomer molecules unreacted. 2. Strands of beads (costume jewelry) can also represent a chain of monomers. This long strand will usually emerge from a container as a single chain, with few entanglements and side-branches.
    [Show full text]
  • PIMC & Superfluidity D.M. Ceperley
    Path Integral Methods for Continuum Quantum Systems D. Ceperley University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign • Imaginary time path integrals • Path integrals for bosons • Restricted path integral method for fermions • Exchange of localized particles • Examples: – Liquid 4He and 3He: superfluids – Solid 4He and 3He : supersolid & magnetic order Liquid helium the prototypic quantum fluid • A helium atom is an elementary particle. A weakly interacting hard sphere. First electronic excitation is 230,000 K. • Interatomic potential is known more accurately than any other atom because electronic excitations are so high. • Two isotopes: • 3He (fermion: antisymmetric trial function, spin 1/2) • 4He (boson: symmetric trial function, spin zero) Helium phase diagram • Because interaction is so weak helium does not crystallize at low temperatures. Quantum exchange effects are important • Both isotopes are quantum fluids and become superfluids below a critical temperature. • One of the goals of computer simulation is to understand these 2 2 states, and see how they differ from H = − ∇ +V (R) classical liquids starting from non- ∑ i i 2m relativistic Hamiltonian: i 2 λ ≡ 2mi Imaginary Time Path Integrals The thermal density matrix ˆ HEφφααα= • Find exact many-body 2 −β E eigenstates of H. (;RRe ) ()α β = 1/kT ρβ= ∑ φα • Probability of α occupying state α is ˆ ˆ e-β H operator notation exp(-βEα) ρβ = off-diagonal density matrix: • All equilibrium * E properties can be ρβφφ(,RR ';)= (')() R Re−β α calculated in terms of ∑ αα thermal o-d density α matrix ρβ(RR , '; )≥ 0 (without statistics) • Convolution theorem relates high ρββ(,RR121 ;+= 2 ) temperature to lower = dR' ( R , R '; ) (RR', ; ) temperature.
    [Show full text]
  • Phase Transitions of a Single Polymer Chain: a Wang–Landau Simulation Study ͒ Mark P
    THE JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS 131, 114907 ͑2009͒ Phase transitions of a single polymer chain: A Wang–Landau simulation study ͒ Mark P. Taylor,1,a Wolfgang Paul,2 and Kurt Binder2 1Department of Physics, Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio 44234, USA 2Institut für Physik, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany ͑Received 11 June 2009; accepted 21 August 2009; published online 21 September 2009͒ A single flexible homopolymer chain can assume a variety of conformations which can be broadly classified as expanded coil, collapsed globule, and compact crystallite. Here we study transitions between these conformational states for an interaction-site polymer chain comprised of N=128 square-well-sphere monomers with hard-sphere diameter ␴ and square-well diameter ␭␴. Wang– Landau sampling with bond-rebridging Monte Carlo moves is used to compute the density of states for this chain and both canonical and microcanonical analyses are used to identify and characterize phase transitions in this finite size system. The temperature-interaction range ͑i.e., T-␭͒ phase diagram is constructed for ␭Յ1.30. Chains assume an expanded coil conformation at high temperatures and a crystallite structure at low temperatures. For ␭Ͼ1.06 these two states are separated by an intervening collapsed globule phase and thus, with decreasing temperature a chain undergoes a continuous coil-globule ͑collapse͒ transition followed by a discontinuous globule-crystal ͑freezing͒ transition. For well diameters ␭Ͻ1.06 the collapse transition is pre-empted by the freezing transition and thus there is a direct first-order coil-crystal phase transition. These results confirm the recent prediction, based on a lattice polymer model, that a collapsed globule state is unstable with respect to a solid phase for flexible polymers with sufficiently short-range monomer-monomer interactions.
    [Show full text]
  • Charge Carrier Transport in Non-Homogeneous MDMO-PPV Polymer
    Vol. 119 (2011) ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A No. 2 Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium Ultrafast Phenomena in Semiconductors, Vilnius 2010 Charge Carrier Transport in Non-Homogeneous MDMO-PPV Polymer V. Kažukauskas¤, M. Pranaitis and V. Janonis Department of Semiconductor Physics and Institute of Applied Research, Vilnius University Saul˙etekio9, bldg. 3, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania By thermally stimulated currents we have investigated carrier transport and trapping in [poly-(2-methoxyl, 5-(3,77dimethyloctyloxy)] paraphenylenevinylene (MDMO-PPV). To assure selective excitation of the defect states the spectral width of the exciting light was varied from 1.77 eV up to 3.1 eV. The thermally stimulated current curves were shown to be a superposition of carrier generation from trapping states and thermally stimulated mobility growth. The extrinsic excitation resulted in 0.16 eV photoconductivity effective activation energy values, which decreased down to 0.05 eV for the intrinsic excitation. The deeper states with activation energies of 0.28–0.3 eV and 0.8–0.85 eV were identified, too. The results are direct indication of distributed in energy trapping and transport states with the standard deviation of the density of states of about 0.015 eV. PACS: 73.20.Hb, 73.50.Gr, 73.50.Pz, 73.61.Ph 1. Introduction glass. The Al contact was deposited on the top. Car- rier transport and trapping were investigated by the Poly(phenylen vinylen)s (PPVs) are distinguished by thermally stimulated current (TSC) spectroscopy as de- their excellent luminescent, mechanical properties and scribed in [8]. The samples at 77 K were excited by light applicability for organic photovoltaic devices.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Fundamentals of Conjugated Polymer Nanostructures
    3 1 Fundamentals of Conjugated Polymer Nanostructures Thanh-Hai Le1 and Hyeonseok Yoon1,2 1Chonnam National University, Graduate School, Department of Polymer Engineering, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, South Korea 2Chonnam National University, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju 61186, South Korea 1.1 Introduction Earlier research on the design and development of materials related to conjugated polymers has attracted renewed interest, which has contributed to the materials being accepted as robust alternatives to their inorganic counterparts, therefore leading to large and substantial practical research efforts. Since the time when polyacetylene was discovered in 1977 by Hideki Shirakawa, Alan Heeger, and Alan MacDiarmid, many kinds of conjugated polymers have been developed, such as polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANI), polythiophene (PT), poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV), and their derivatives [1]. Conjugated polymers contain a carbon backbone, which holds interchanging single (σ) and double (π) bonds that allow electrons to be delocalized, and thus contribute towards various electronic, electri- cal, electrochemical, and optical characteristics. Owing to the π-conjugated system coupled with the inherent characteristics of polymers, conjugated polymers have competitive properties over those of their inorganic counterparts, such as mild syn- thetic conditions, chemical diversity, structural flexibility, tunable electrical/optical properties, anticorrosion, and lightweight [2, 3]. Note also that, by converting bulk conjugated polymers into nanostructures, the resulting nano-dimensionality features can lead to beneficial properties, such as quantized energy level, enlarged surface area, more efficient and rapid doping/dedoping, and enhanced crystallinity [4–7]. Conjugated polymers have been hybridized with other functional materials to overcome their limitations in terms of conductivity, stability, and solubility.
    [Show full text]
  • Temperature and Composition-Dependent Density of States in Organic Small-Molecule/ Polymer Blend Transistors Simon Hunter, Alexander D
    Temperature and composition-dependent density of states in organic small-molecule/ polymer blend transistors Simon Hunter, Alexander D. Mottram, and Thomas D. Anthopoulos Citation: J. Appl. Phys. 120, 025502 (2016); doi: 10.1063/1.4955282 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4955282 View Table of Contents: http://aip.scitation.org/toc/jap/120/2 Published by the American Institute of Physics JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 120, 025502 (2016) Temperature and composition-dependent density of states in organic small-molecule/polymer blend transistors Simon Hunter, Alexander D. Mottram, and Thomas D. Anthopoulosa) Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (Received 9 March 2016; accepted 23 June 2016; published online 14 July 2016) The density of trap states (DOS) in organic p-type transistors based on the small-molecule 2,8-difluoro-5,11-bis(triethylsilylethynyl) anthradithiophene (diF-TES ADT), the polymer poly(triarylamine) and blends thereof are investigated. The DOS in these devices are measured as a function of semiconductor composition and operating temperature. We show that increasing operating temperature causes a broadening of the DOS below 250 K. Characteristic trap depths of 15 meV are measured at 100 K, increasing to between 20 and 50 meV at room-temperature, dependent on the semiconductor composition. Semiconductor films with high concentrations of diF-TES ADT exhibit both a greater density of trap states as well as broader DOS distributions when measured at room-temperature. These results shed light on the underlying charge transport mechanisms in organic blend semiconductors and the apparent freezing-out of hole conduction through the polymer and mixed polymer/small molecule phases at temperatures below 225 K.
    [Show full text]