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Ethnobotanical and Ethnopharmacognostic Exploration of Folk Medicines of Deosai Plateau Department of Botany Hazara University M

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Ethnobotanical and Ethnopharmacognostic Exploration of Folk Medicines of Deosai Plateau Department of Botany Hazara University M ETHNOBOTANICAL AND ETHNOPHARMACOGNOSTIC EXPLORATION OF FOLK MEDICINES OF DEOSAI PLATEAU KIFAYAT ULLAH KHAN DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA 2015 HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA Department of Botany ETHNOBOTANICAL AND ETHNOPHARMACOGNOSTIC EXPLORATION OF FOLK MEDICINES OF DEOSAI PLATEAU By Kifayat Ullah Khan This research study has been conducted and reported as partial fulfillment of the requirements of Ph.D degree in Botany awarded by Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan Mansehra Thursday 05, June 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All praises for Almighty Allah who guided us in darkness, gave me the potentiality, strength and ability to complete this work. All respects are for his last prophet Muhammad (PBUH) who enables us to recognize our creator. I expressed my deep sense of indebtedness to my learned teacher and research Supervisor Professor Dr. Muqarab Shah, Chairman, Department of Micro Biology, Professor Dr. Habib Ahmed, Dean Feculty of Sciences and Chairman, Department of Genetics, Hazara University, Mansehra, whose guidance has inspired me in the completion of my research work. Thanks are due to Mr. Syed Saeed Shah ex Federal Secretay, for incouragement and support throughout academic carrier. I am very grateful to Abdul Majid, Lecturer, Department of Botany, Hazara University for providing his guidance and kind assistance during my studies as well as my research work. I would like to also thank to Prof. Dr. Manzoor Hussain, Chairman Department of Botany, Dr. Shujaul Mulk Khan, Dr. Jan Alam, Assistant Professors, Department of Botany, Hazara University for helping in plant identification, review of thesis and valueable suggestions during the field and lab work. Thanks to Mr. Ashiq Ali and Mr. Muhammad Ali Faizi of Alpine Medicinal Herb & Rural Welfare Organization for providing useful company during the field trips and also for identification of plant specimens. I am also thankful to Dr. Ashraf, Dr. Qamar and Mr. Doulat Beg of NARC of help and Guidance. I am also thankful to Dr Alamgir, Assistant professors, Aasim Awan from Department of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha for useful suggestions regarding pharmacological studies. Special thanks are due to Mr. Muhammad Asif, for providing his computer expertize during data arrangement. Finally, I am thankful to those my friends and colleagues who encouraged me and raised my moral to be dedicated for the survey of ethno-pharmacological survey in Northern Areas. Kifayatullah Khan i TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Subject Page Acknowledgments I Abstract X CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Historical Dimension of Gilgit-Baltistan 1 1.2 Deosai Plateau 3 1.3 Geography 4 1.4 Climate 6 1.5 Landscape 8 1.6 Ethnic Culture of Gilgit-Baltistan 9 1.6.1 Horse Polo 9 1.6.2 Nasalow 10 1.6.3 Grapes Crushing Festevel 10 1.6.4 Languages 11 1.7 Biodiversity and associated issues 1.7 Biodiversity 11 1.7.1 Vegetation and forest types 12 1.7.1.1 Tropical Scrub Zone 12 1.7.1.2 Dry Alpine Zone 13 1.7.1.3 Alpine Meadow Zone 13 1.7.1.4 Sub-Alpine Zone 13 1.7.1.5 Dry Temperate Coniferous Forest Zone 13 1.7.1.6 Dry Temperate Zone 14 1.7.2 Botanical Explorations 14 1.7.3 Flora of Deosai 15 1.7.4 Folk Knowledge Regarding Medicinal Herbs in GB 16 1.7.5 Problems with Traditional Knowledge 18 1.7.5.1 Loss of Species 18 1.7.5.2 Conservation 19 1.7.5.3 Loss of Knowledge 19 1.7.6 Pharmacogostic Studies 20 1.7.6.1 Prostratin 20 1.7.6.2 Flavopiridol 20 1.7.6.3 Artemisinin 21 1.7.7 Threats to Bio-Diversity 21 1.7.7.1 Poverty 22 1.7.7.2 Deforestration 22 1.7.7.3 Endangered Medicinal Species in Gilgit-Baltistan 23 ii 1.7.8. Medicinal Plants of the study area 1.7.8.1 Medicinal Plants of Gilgit-Baltistan 23 1.7.8.2 Marketing Status of Medicinal Plants 26 1.7.8.3 Exploitation of Medicinal Plants 26 1.7.9 Livelihood of Project Area 27 1.7.10 Agriculture Diversity 27 1.7.11 Livestock Diversity 27 1.7.12 Collection of Medicinal Plants 28 1.7.13 Employment 29 1.7.14 Fruit Diversity 29 1.8. Justification and literature overview 30 1.8.1 Justification 30 1.8.2 Literature Review 31 1.9 Objectives 40 CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 41 2.1 Methodlogy 41 2.1.1 Literature Review 41 2.1.2 Herbarium Search 42 2.1.3 Expert Consultation 43 2.1.4 Extensive Field Serveys 2.1.5 Intensive Studies 43 2.1.6 Market Analysis 44 CHAPTER 3 RESULTS 45 3.1 1. Aconitum hetrophylum Wall. ex Royle 48 3.2 2. Aconitum violaceum Jacq. 49 3.3 3. Aconogonon molle (D.Don) Hara 51 3.4 4. Aconogonon tortousum (D.Don) Hara 53 3.5 5. Anaphlis nepalensis DC. 54 3.6 6. Angelica glauca Edgew 55 3.7 7. Angelica archangelica var. himalaica Clarke 56 3.8 8. Arnebia benthamii Wall. ex G.Don 58 3.9 9. Artemisia maritima (Berg.) Wellkomm 60 3.10 10. Artemisia absanthium L. 61 3.11 11. Astragalus bicuspis Fisch. 62 3.12 12. Astragalus peduncularis Royle 63 3.13 13. Aquilegia fragrans Benth. 65 3.14 14. Aquilegia nivalis Hook.f & Thoms. 66 3.15 15. Allium carolinianum Regel 67 3.16 16. Allium fedtschenkoanum Regel 68 3.17 17. Achillea millefolium L. 70 3.18 18. Anemone rupicola Camb. 71 3.19 19. Anemone tetrasepala Royle 72 3.20 20. Anemone obtusiloba D. Don 73 3.21 21. Berberis orthobotrys Bien. ex Aitch. 75 iii 3.22 22. Bergenia stracheyi Boiss. 76 3.23 23. Bistorta affinis D. Don 78 3.24 24. Betula utilis D.Don 80 3.25 25. Colchicum luteum Baker 81 3.26 26. Codonopsis clematidea (Schernk) C.B Clarke 82 3.27 27. Carum carvi L. 84 3.28 28. Corydalis govaniana Wall. 85 3.29 29. Caltha alba L. 86 3.30 30. Chearophyllum villosum Wall. 87 3.31 31. Colutea paulsonii Freyn 88 3.32 32. Chenopodium foliosum Asch. 89 3.33 33. Dactylorhyza hatagira D.Don 91 3.34 34. Delphinium cashmirianum Royle 92 3.35 35. Delphinium brononianum Royle 93 3.36 36. Equesitum arvensis L. 94 3.37 37. Epilobium longifolium L. 97 3.38 38. Ephedra gerardiana Wall. 98 3.39 39. Euphorbia thomsoniana Boiss. 99 3.40 40. Ferula narthex Boiss. 101 3.41 41. Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke 103 3.42 42. Fragaria nubicola L. 104 3.43 43. Gentiana tianschanica Rupr. 105 3.44 44. Geranium pratense L. 105 3.45 45. Hyocyamus niger L. 108 3.46 46. Iris hookeriana Foster 109 3.47 47. Juniperus excelsa M.B 111 3.48 48. Juniperus communis L. 112 3.49 49. Jurinea macrocephala Royle 113 3.50 50. Lomatogonium spathulatum (Kern) Farnald. 115 3.51 51. Leontopodium leontopodinum (DC.) Hand.-Mazz. 116 3.52 52. Lindelofia longiflora (Benth.) Baill 116 3.53 53. Mentha longifolia L. 117 3.54 54. Medicago sativa L. 119 3.55 55. Melilotus officinalis L. 120 3.56 56. Nepeta discolor Benth. 121 3.57 57. Oxyria digyna L. 122 3.58 58. Oxytropis glabra DC 124 3.59 59. Papaver naudicaule DC. 125 3.60 60. Pedicularis bicornuta Klotzsch 126 3.61 61. Pedicularis pectinata Wall. ex Benth. 127 3.62 62. Primula macrophylla Don 127 3.63 63. Primula rosea Royle 129 3.64 64. Picrorhiza kurooa Royle ex Benth. 130 3.65 65. Podophyllum emodi Wall. 131 3.66 66. Polygonatum geminiflorum Decne. 132 iv 3.67 67. Potentilla fragarioides L. 135 3.68 68. Prangos pabularia Lindl. 135 3.69 69. Pleurospermum candolei Benth. 136 3.70 70. Phlomis bracteosa Royle ex Benth. 138 3.71 71. Rheum webbianum Royle 139 3.72 72. Rehum speciforme Royle 140 3.73 73. Rosa webbiana Royle 141 3.74 74. Rhodiola quadrifida (Pallas) F.M. 143 3.75 75. Ribes alpestere Decne. 144 3.76 76. Rubus irritance Focke 145 3.77 77. Rumex nepalensis Spreng 147 3.78 78. Salvia nubicola Wall. 148 3.79 79. Swertia petiolata D.Don 149 3.80 80. Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner 149 3.81 81. Sisymbrium irio L. 152 3.82 82. Saxifraga flagellaris Willd. ex Sternb 153 3.83 83. Salix flabellaris Andersson 153 3.84 84. Taraxacum officinale Webber 154 3.85 85. Tamaricaria elegans Royle 156 3.86 86. Thymus linearis L. 157 3.87 87. Trollius acaulis Lindl. 158 3.88 88. Trifolium paratense L. 159 3.89 89. Tulipa clusiana DC. 161 3.90 90. Verbascum thapsus L. 161 3.91 91. Valeriana wallichii DC. 162 3.92 92. Viola rupestris Schm. 164 3.93 93. Urtica dioica L. 165 4.1 CHAPTER 4. DISCUSSION 17 3 4.2 Conclusion 176 4.3 Recommendations 177 4.4 References 178 4.5 Appendices 202 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Contents Page No No. 1 The panaromic view of Nanga-parbat (Killer Mountain) from Deosai xi Plateau 2 Political map of Pakistan ( Arrow showing Gilgit-Baltistan in the xii Map) 3 Map of Gilgit-Baltistan 1 4 A view of Deosai Plateau during early winter 2 5 Map of the study area 5 6 Mean minimum temperature of the area 1944-2011 7 7 Mean maximum temperature of the area 1944-2011 7 8 Fluctuations in mean minimum and mean maximum 8 temperature over fifty six years 9 Fluctuation in precipitation over a period of fifty years 8 10 Rosa webbiana and vegetation of Artemisia 12 11 Panoramic view of Deosai showing different habitats 14 12 Sheosar lake, blooming in late summer 16 13 'Pansar Store' local herbalist (a); Hakim 'traditional doctor' 18 treating patients 14 Overgrazing in high alpine pastures 19 15 Medicinal plant smuggling and fire wood transportation 21 16 Deforestation and timber wood extraction 23 17 Lower hills way to Deosai; natural habitat degrading gradually 25 18 Plants from the study area being sold in local market 26 19 Capra falconeri habitat 28 20 Author collection Swertia at Deosai Plateau 29 21 Author conducting interview from local communities 43 22 Collection of plant specimens at Deosai 44 23 pi diagram showing the incidance of diseases (A) and incidance 45 with respect to the age group (B) 24 Showing the price values of valuable plants 46 25 A; Aconitum hetrophylum habit and habitat, B; Drug collected in 50 early winter is alkaloid rich,C; Aconite roots being sold in market at Gilgit, D; macroscopic features, E; Close up of Aconitum violaceum , F; author while collecting Aconitum violaceum Deosai National Park 26 A; Aconogonon molle habit and habitat, B; Aconogonon tortousum 52 in blooming, C.
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