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A Generalized Investigation of Selected Highway Design and Construction Factors

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A Generalized Investigation of Selected Highway Design and Construction Factors A GENERALIZED INVESTIGATION OF SELECTED HIGHWAY DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION FACTORS BY REGIONAL GEOMORPHIC UNITS WITHIN THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES MARCH 1970 -NUMBER 8 BY MATTHEW W. WITCZAK IHRP JOINT HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROJECT PURDUE UNIVERSITY AND INDIANA STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION Final Report A GENERALIZED IN\^ESTIGATION OF SELECTED ^IGH.'yv'AY DESIGN AND CONSTRICTION FACTORS EY REGIONAL GEOFORLHIC UNITS WITHIN THE CONTINENTAL UNITED ITATES (N.C.H.R.P. 1-3(1)) Matthew W. Witczak Purdue TJniversity Lafayette, Indiana March, 1970 Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2011 witii funding from LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation; Indiana Department of Transportation http://www.archive.org/details/generalizedinvesOOwitc 11 ACKNO"^\fLEDGEMENTS This study was conducted by use of funds provided by the National Cooperative Hi::hway Research Propram. The work was carried out in the School of Civil Engineerin.- at Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana and is an extension of the research summarized in the Interim Report on this same subject which was submitted to the National Coopurative Highway Research Program under date of September, 19^5. This research was conducted under the guidance of Professors C. W. Lovell, Jr., and E. J. Yoder. Ackaowlod, ,ement is also made to Professors M. W. Melhorn, C. ?. Scholer and K. B. VJoods, for their instructive suggestions. A portion of the analysis concerning hi^yn voluirie change soils and frost problems is based upon the work conducted by Mr. H. P. Jensen and Kr. A. h, Osborne, formerly Graduate Assistants in Research at Purdue University. Liberal use has been made of data appearing in published literature dealing with ;;;eology, . eororp'-jolo.-'y and physiographic mapping. These sources are referenced in the report. Some of the informiation dealing vjith aggregate sources and problems was obtained by means of a questionnaire sent to each state hi^-hway agency of the adjacent [).8 states. ill Special acknowledgement is made to the works of Fenneman, Lobeck, Woods and Lovell. The basic physiographic units studied are those proposed by Woods and Lovell {Reference 390). Iv TABLE CF CONTENTS LIST CF TABLES vll LIST CF FIGURES x AESTHACT xv INTRCDUCTICN 1 PURPOSE ^ SELECTED SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERINCr EACKGRCUND INFCRKATICN 6 General 6 Fundamentals of Geomorphology b Highway Design and Construction Factors 14 Aggregates 14 Soils and Related Factors 23 Soil Origin and Texture 23 Poor Subgrade Support Areas 24 High Volume Change Soils 26 Frost and Frost Susceptible Soils 26 INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES 28 Gene ra 1 2 8 Regional Geomorphology 29 Highway Design and Construction Factors 30 Aggregates 3^ Soils and Related Factors 35 Soil Origin and Texture 35 Poor Subgrade Support Areas 37 High Volume Change Soils 37 Frost Action and Frost Susceptible Soils 39 RESULTS 41 Physiography (Geomorphology) 41 Summary of Basic Report Units 41 Comparison of Units Among Physiographers .... 53 Physiographic Boundaries 57 Highway Design and Construction Factors 52 TABLE OP CONTENTS (continued) Aggregates 62 Q,uestlonnalre Response 6? Mapping 62 Aggregate Types 82 Availability of quality Aggregates by Basic Report Units 91 Soils and Related Factors II3 Soil Origin 113 Soil Texture 113 Poor Subgrade Support Areas 1^4 Inorganic Soils 1^4-4 Organic Soils 153 High Volume Change Soils 153 Frost and Frost Susceptible Soils I65 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 174 Generalized Summary Comparison Between Eastern and Western United States 174 General 174 Topographic Differences 177 Geologic Differences 178 Climatic Differences 182 Populate on Differences 186 Summary of Major Difference I90 Summary of Individual Subject Areas Considered ... I90 Physiography and Regional Physiographic Units 190 Aggregates 199 Design Factor Rating Summary 199 Generalized Distribution of Aggregates.. 202 Potential Aggregate Availability Ratings 211 Soils and Related Factors 21? Soil Origin 217 Uniqueness of Origin to Basic Report Provinces/Sections 217 Relation of Transported Surficial Origin Areas to Regional Physio- graphic Units 222 Poor Subgrade Support Areas 223 Organic Deposits 223 Design Factor Rating Summary.. 223 Distribution 225 Inorganic Deposits 23I Design Factor Rating Summary.. 231 High Volume Change 241 vl TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Design Factor Rating Summary 2^1 Distribution 2kk General Geologic-Origin Parent Material Inferences 248 Importance of Climate Upon the Regional Distribution of High Volume Change ? U'} Frost and Frost Susceptible Soils ? 52 Distribution 25?. Composite Factor of Design Summary Rating by Section 258 limitations Associated With Using Physiographic Units as Unique Highway Engineering Factor of Design Units 258 General 258 Idealized Concepts of Regionalization 262 Reglonalization Scheme 262 Basic Concepts of Regionalization Within Physiographic Units 263 Utility of Physiographic Units to Factors of Design 266 Aggregates 266 Soils and Related Factors 273 Composite Utility of Units 2?? Concept of a Unique Highway Engineering- Physiographic Category 278 Recommended Physiographic-Highway Engineering Units of the Continental United States 279 General 279 Recommended System 280 General Description of Recommended Units .... 287 BIBLIOGRAPHY 309 APPENDIX A > Sample NCHRP Materials i^uestlonnalre 339 APPENDIX B - Description of Basic Unit Boundaries 3^5 APPENDIX C - State Aggregate Production Data 393 VITA 395 vll LIST CF TABLES Tatle Page 1. Differences Between Physiographers in Physiographic Divisions 12 2. Summary of Regional Physiographic Unit Categories 13 3. Crushed and Broken Stone Sold or Used by Producers in the United States in 1958 by Kinds and Principal Uses (in Thousands of Short Tons ) 16 4. Physiographic Unit Code ^2 5. Occurrence of Physiographic Sections Within States ^3 0. Area Summary of Basic Report Units 45 7. GeoTicrphic Summary of Physiographic Sections 49 6. Differences in Physiographic Categorizations Between Physiographers and Basic Report Units 54 9. Response to Materials Questionnaire by State b3 IC. Reference Summary of State Pi t/Q.uarry- Aggregate Areas 73 11. Aggregate Type Code 83 12. Summary of General Aggregate Types Used by State 84 13. Summary of General Aggregate Types Used by Basic Report Sections 88 14. Summary of Surficlal Soil Origin by Sections 114 15. General Soil Classification Correlation 116 vlll LIST CF TABLES (continued) latle Page lb. Generalized Severity Category of Poor Subgrade Support Potential ty Textural Classification 1^46 17. Reference Summary of High Volume Change Soil locations Obtained From Engineering Literature , . I55 18. Geologic Age Summary of High Volume Change Formations 137 19. Summary of Geologic Formations Showing High Volume Change by Frequency of Occurrence 1/vlthln Section 16C 20. Origin-Parent Material Summary of High Volume Change Pedologlc Soil Series IbZ 21. Summary of Pedologlc Soil Series Showing High Volume Change by Frequency of Occurrence within Sections 16^ 22. Final Adjusted High Volume Change Frequency of Occurrence Eatings by Basic Report Section I66 23. Status of Physiographic Sections and their General Relationship to Ground Freezing I68 24. Frequency of Occurrence Ratings of Frost Susceptible Sells Within Physiographic Sections considered In the Freezing Zone 173 25. Classification of Kajor Physiographic Unit Categories Within the United States 176 2b. Summary of Estimated Potential Availability Ratings of Q,uallty Aggregates Within Sections .... 200 27. Summary of Major Crushed Stone Types Utilized as Highway Aggregate Within Sections 204 28. Summary of Major Highway Functional Uses of Crushed Sandstone Aggregate Within Sections 206 29. Summary Comparison Between Occurrence of Areas Lacking Aggregate From Materials Questionnaire and Sections Having an Aggregate Availability Rating More Severe Than Adequate to Limited 213 Ix LIST CF TABLES (continued) Tatle Page 30. Summary Comparison Between Sections Possessing Areas Lacking Aggregate From Materials Question- naire and Sections Having an Aggregate Avail- ability Rating Less Severe Than Limited to Problem 2 lU 31. Generalized Summary of the Predominant Geologic Conditions Existent Within Sections Possessing an Aggregate Availability Rating More Severe Than Adequate to Limited 216 32. Summary of Generalized Degree of Homogeneity of Major Soil Origins Found In Sections by Province 216 33. Summary of Estimated Frequency of Occurrence Eating of Organic Poor Subgrade Support Areas Within Sections 224 34. Summary of Sections Possessing Organic Type Deposits Grouped by Major Georaorphlc Modes 22? 35« Summary of Estimated Frequency of Occurrence- Severity Rating of Inorganic (clayey) Poor Subgrade Support Areas Within Sections 232 36. Summary of Estimated Frequency of Occurrence Rating of High Volume Change Soils (Final Adjusted Rating) Within Sections 242 3?. Summary of Section Frequency of Occurrence Rating by Frost Susceptible Soil Type 253 38. Summary of Highest Frequency of Occurrence Rating of Frost Susceptible Soil Category by Section 254 39. Composite Factor of Design Summary Rating by Physiographic Section 259 40. Summary of Sections Where Uniqueness of Region- al Sand Gravel Distribution and Occurrence Is Generally Good 270 41. Summary of Aggregate Production Rankings by State 393 42. Summary of State Aggregate Production Factors by Increasing Magnitude 394 LIST CF FIGURES Flgui-e Page 1. Types of Indefinite Boundaries 59 2. Distrltutlon of Generalized Potential Crushed Carbonate Stone Areas 64 3. Distribution of Generalized Potential Crushed Granltlc/Metamorphlc Complex Stone Areas.
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