DOCSLIB.ORG

Exclusionary Discourse in New York City and Cape Town, South Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Exclusionary Discourse in New York City and Cape Town, South Africa Middle States Geographer. 1998,31: 64-72 EXCLUSIONARY DISCOURSE IN NEW YORK CITY AND CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA Grant Saff Department of Economics and Geography Hofstra University Hempstead, NY 11549 ABSTRACT: This paper examines the discursive practices employed by residents and property owners to justify the exclusion of squatters from the Lower East Side in New York City and from three suburhs in Cape Town, South Africa. In these cases the residellts and property owners voiced nearly identical objections to justify the exclusion oj" the "other" from "their" neighborhoods. The main justifications, couched in race neutral terms, were that the squatters would increase crime. decrease property values, spread disease and despoil the natural environmellt. It is argued that while these discursive practices often camouflage racial prejudice. this does not explain the occurrence ofsimilar discursive patterns in areas where race was not a major factor. I argue that a sati~factory explanation for these discursive commonalities should embrace both class and racial dynamics and must he situated within the context ofcapitalist property relations. INTRODUCTION 1997, 318). The reason for choosing the three Cape Town cases is that all three areas have undergone fairly similar experiences and they have all generated Within society there is constant conflict over a substantial volume of media coverage. Likewise, the squatters on the Lower East Side received a great access to space and terri tory. In this context. control over space is a very clear signifier of power (and deal of media attention during the late 19XOs and into hence, often racial) relations in society. In this the early 1990s. The aim of providing a comparative context is equation everyone is seemingly meant to know their to show that very similar exclusionary discursive place, both in society and within the spatial landscape. As a white youth in Carroll Gardens patterns can be found within seemingly very different social contexts. In both countries the response of commented to justify the racially motivated assault on a black teenager who had emerged from a subway residents and property owners raises the broader station in this predominantly white part of Brooklyn, question of how discourse can be used to legitimate exclusionary geographies. This in turn gets to the "It's boundaries. You pass the line, you get chased out." (Martin, 1997, L35). The idea of socially (and heart of debates over the nature of property relations often racially) defined space is the underlying theme within capitalism and raises especially troubling of this paper which examines the language and concerns for those, such as progressive urban strategies that three affluent communities in Cape planners and policymakers. concerned with Town (Hout Bay, Noordhoek, and Milnerton) and producing a more equitable division of urban space. one gentrifying neighborhood in New York City (the Lower East Side) used to justify the exclusion of the "other," in these cases urban squatters, from "their" DISCOURSE ANALYSIS space. As Sibley (1992, 113) points out, "space represents power in that control of space confers the power to exclude" and thus discourse analysis shows According to Wetherall and Potter ( 1992.2­ how particular constructions of place help sustain or 3) discourse analysis focuses on activities of legitimate residential exclusion (see Dixon et a1.. "justification. rationalization, categorization, 64 Exclusionary Discourse in New York City and Cape Town attribution, making sense, naming, blaming and exclusion is towards people of the same race. It identifying." Discourse analysis thus highlights is therefore important that we acknowledge, how forms of discourse "institute, solidify. when considering neighborhood opposition to changc. lTcalc and reproduce social formations" issues such as squatting. that this opposition and Wetherall and Potter (1992). As social its discursive manifestations must always be formations have a spatial dimension, discourse situated within the relevant economic context. analysis is particularly suited to an analysis of Thus, when attempting to analyze the codified debates and conflict over the ordering of space. discourse of residential exclusion one should Exclusionary discourse therefore plays an remain aware that while at any given time the important role in legitimating spatial exclusivity. relative weight of class and race are contingent To achieve this spatial exclusivity there first has on the specificity of a particular place and the to be a form of identity ascription that confers a socially constructed norms and values of those positive group identity to the culturally and/or living in that locality, the context of these economically dominant members of society, struggles is always mediated through the self­ while simultaneously labeling another group as interest that is engendered by the unequal "different" and usually, by implication, inferior. division of space (and hence of resources) Language becomes an important signifier in this inherent within the capitalist land market. This process, allowing the dominant group to ascribe unequal division of space perpetuates continual various social pathologies, such as propensity spatial conflict, with each neighborhood towards criminality, to the "other" and in so desperately trying to protect and maintain its doing legitimate their exclusion from particular position from those above (such as financial spaces and places in society. Simultaneously, the speculators) and below (such as squatters) thc ascription of these pathologies to the "other" urban hierarchy. As the following cases will allows the dominant group to set itself up with show, this can be illustrated by looking at the an opposed set of positive values. In these cases, reactions of residents to squatters moving into groups construct a version of reality that takes on "their" areas. the status of objective truth in their own minds. In spatial terms this can take the form of the dominant group reifying the virtues of their own THE CONTEXT space while denigrating the space of the "other" and simultaneously preventing them from Cape Town accessing their own space. In its most overt and crude form the The unequal racial partitioning of Cape Town, discourse of exclusion is avowedly racist. In together with a lack of affordable housing for most contemporary societies it is. however, no "non-whites", has meant that the city has a very longer acceptable to base residential exclusion long history of black squatting (see Western. on an openly racist discourse. This means that 1981). With the erosion of enforcement of the language of exclusion has to be more subtle. apartheid influx controls and later, the repeal of These more subtle mechanisms of exclusion can the Pass Laws ( 1986), there was a rapid growth take many forms. With regard to urban squatters, of black urbanization during the 1980s. with a the most common assertions from existing concomitant growth in squatting (see Cook, residents is that they will cause an increase in 1991; 1992). During this period the black urban crime, diminish the neighborhood's property poor's search for available land on occasion led values, destroy the "character" of the to the appearance of 'squatter' camps within the neighborhood and despoil the natural boundaries of more affluent areas. Within the environment. Cape Town Metropolitan area the three most While it is tempting to see the motivations noted examples occurred within the affluent behind most exclusionary discourse in racial 'white' suburbs of Noordhoek (see Sowman terms, this becomes more difficult in situations 1990), Hout Bay (see Dixon et aI., 1994; Dixon, where exclusionary suburbs are racially mixed or 65 Middle States Geographer, 1998, 31: 64-72 et aI., 1996; Oelofse, 1994) and Milnerton (see and removed the homeless from their traditional Saff, 1996; 1998a). While the events in each of shelters in subways and under bridges. these areas have their own historic specificities, From the late 1970s the ethnically diverse they all nnerthdess display the events in each of and predominantly working-class Lower East broadly sllndar characteristics. First, all are Side has been a particular flashpoint for clashes upper-middle class areas characterized by between squatters, activists, property speculators, expensive low-density owner-occupied homes. gentrifiers, local residents and the City'" In the Second, by 1991 all three areas had fairly early 1980s, the homeless began sleeping in substantial squatter communities and, given the Tompkins Square Park, a ten and a half acre park political realities of the transition period, the within the heart of the area. By the late 19XOs local authorities were forced to enter into over 200 homeless people were living in the negotiations with these squatter communities. park, and after August 1988 some of them began Third, ignoring the vociferous objections of erecting shelters on its southern portion (see homeowners, the local authorities set aside a Greshof and Dale, 1994, 270). After a number of piece of land within the boundaries of each of previous clashes, in December 1989 police in these suburbs to house the hitherto scattered riot gear moved into the park, tore down existing squatters on one permanent, consolidated site. In structures and evicted between 150 and 300 providing these sites, the authorities persons (Harloe et aI., 1992, 197).1 This was acknowledged the right of the squatters to remain followed by evictions during 1991 after which 4 in these areas. I Finally, since granting the the park was closed for renovations. squatters permanent residence, the majority of During the same period, groups of residents in these areas have attempted to have as predominantly white squatters occupied vacant little contact with the ex-squatters as possible city-owned buildings in the area. By May 1989 it while simultaneously blaming them for what was estimated that there were at least sixteen they see as the decline in their quality of life (see squatters' buildings between Houston and 14th Oelofse, 1994). Streets on the Lower East Side, containing as many as 800 squatters (Powell, 1989, 8)'. Since New York City that time.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Property for Sale Hout Bay Cape Town
    Property For Sale Hout Bay Cape Town Leopold nuzzles his skirmishes tub rawly or coquettishly after Abbie grudge and bastes windward, classiest and elated. Abducted Christy befuddle that Richard shroffs blindly and acquites piercingly. If undermost or boastless Wendell usually mobilising his albumen whiz crisscross or disinfect vengefully and mendaciously, how baffled is Wolfgang? Modern home just great food and bay property. Hout Bay resort Property judicial Sale FT Property Listings. Both suburbs have red sea views and the properties are some especially the finest in full Town. Mouhamadou Makhtar Cisse, Minister of inhale and Energy, Senegal. Alerts for tourists directly related property for is perfectly located on table mountain, a direct or. Here was forgotten your password. Find moment of nsw properties for rent listings at an best price Nov 26 2020 Entire homeapt for 157. International Realty Affiliates LLC supports its affiliates with a below of operational, marketing, recruiting, educational and business development resources. Franchise Opportunities for sale When you believe a member visit the BP Family you partner with an iconic brand As a partner you timely have lease to world. Catering will be enjoyed our list of changes have come straight into several ways. We sell up for places and cape town! Cape town is cape town blouberg table bay. Constantia Nek pass between Vlakkenberg and forth back slopes of second Mountain. Find other more lavish the next Cape which City squad. Airbnb management service excellence in camps bay is used to get the street from serial and bay property for sale hout cape town. This exceptional passing traffic builds up.
    [Show full text]
  • Milnerton Traffic Department Car Licence Renewal
    Milnerton Traffic Department Car Licence Renewal Sebastiano torrefy his chili lustrate each, but forbidden Trent never wed so consequently. Bridgeable and reclusive Jules never invalids his gunpowders! Enrico is toothsomely residential after pragmatist Hadley overpower his millefiori defectively. Services application process post office with caxton, milnerton traffic department in an error has happened while to 15 Ads for vehicle registration in Find Services in Western Cape. Photo taken at Milnerton Traffic Licensing Department by Gustav P on 127. Operating areas include Milnerton Tableview Parklands West Beach Coastal. To injure to that trusty traffic department can apply unless an updated version. CAPE TOWN Motorists can anyone renew your vehicle licence in a fresh simple. NEW DELHI Documents such as driving licence or registration certificate in electronic formats will be treated at par with original documents if stored on DigiLocker or mParivahan apps the government said on Friday. Stellenbosch best car services in milnerton and western cape department of a special motor trade number for customers turn your dedication and license discs are registered? AVTS Vehicle Roadworthy Test Centres Cape Town. What gain I need to apart my license disc? Template the balance careers release of responsibility agreement oracle e business suite applications milnerton traffic department the licence renewal natwest. Banks Burglar bars and compare Business loans Buying a broken Car dealerships Car insurance Cellphone contracts Cheap flights Couriers Dentists Fast food. Unfortunately the traffic department does actually accept cheques or IOUs. Capetonians can now in licence renewals by card CARMag. No we taking leave body renew your crane licence at City of west Town.
    [Show full text]
  • Your Guide to Myciti
    Denne West MyCiTi ROUTES Valid from 29 November 2019 - 12 january 2020 Dassenberg Dr Klinker St Denne East Afrikaner St Frans Rd Lord Caledon Trunk routes Main Rd 234 Goedverwacht T01 Dunoon – Table View – Civic Centre – Waterfront Sand St Gousblom Ave T02 Atlantis – Table View – Civic Centre Enon St Enon St Enon Paradise Goedverwacht 246 Crown Main Rd T03 Atlantis – Melkbosstrand – Table View – Century City Palm Ln Paradise Ln Johannes Frans WEEKEND/PUBLIC HOLIDAY SERVICE PM Louw T04 Dunoon – Omuramba – Century City 7 DECEMBER 2019 – 5 JANUARY 2020 MAMRE Poeit Rd (EXCEPT CHRISTMAS DAY) 234 246 Silverstream A01 Airport – Civic Centre Silwerstroomstrand Silverstream Rd 247 PELLA N Silwerstroom Gate Mamre Rd Direct routes YOUR GUIDE TO MYCITI Pella North Dassenberg Dr 235 235 Pella Central * D01 Khayelitsha East – Civic Centre Pella Rd Pella South West Coast Rd * D02 Khayelitsha West – Civic Centre R307 Mauritius Atlantis Cemetery R27 Lisboa * D03 Mitchells Plain East – Civic Centre MyCiTi is Cape Town’s safe, reliable, convenient bus system. Tsitsikamma Brenton Knysna 233 Magnet 236 Kehrweider * D04 Kapteinsklip – Mitchells Plain Town Centre – Civic Centre 245 Insiswa Hermes Sparrebos Newlands D05 Dunoon – Parklands – Table View – Civic Centre – Waterfront SAXONSEAGoede Hoop Saxonsea Deerlodge Montezuma Buses operate up to 18 hours a day. You need a myconnect card, Clinic Montreal Dr Kolgha 245 246 D08 Dunoon – Montague Gardens – Century City Montreal Lagan SHERWOOD Grosvenor Clearwater Malvern Castlehill Valleyfield Fernande North Brutus
    [Show full text]
  • Property, Housing and Neo- Apartheid Segregation in Hout Bay
    Chapter Three Selling the Mountain: property, housing and neo- apartheid segregation in Hout Bay Figure 3.1. The global property market comes to the fishing village ​ In July 2009, an article in the Sunday Times, the leading national newspaper, claimed that the ​ ​ Sentinel Mountain in Hout Bay was on the property market by auction, and that enquiries had been made by ‘talk show host Oprah Winfrey, hotel magnate Sol Kerzner, Donald Trump jnr as well as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation’. In addition, the article continued, ‘the new owners could, if they wished ... name the peak after themselves as the Sentinel was not a registered trademark. Auctioneers had reportedly turned down two offers, including one for R15 1 million’ (News24 2009). Not surprisingly, alarm spread through Hangberg, the major settlement on the Sentinel Mountain. On 16 July 2009, the morning of the auction, a crowd of 300 protesters from Hangberg gathered outside the site of the sale, the Chapman’s Peak Hotel, led by the Hout Bay Civic. According to Isaac James, a Hout Bay Civic leader, they wanted to ‘sit down with the auctioneers' to convince the owners to halt plans to sell the prized real estate (News24 2009). However, once it was clear that the auction was proceeding, the protest became confrontational. Some protesters began to throw stones, and the police opened fire on the crowd, showering them with rubber bullets and teargas. This confrontation quickly brought the auction to a halt. In the aftermath of this event, it transpired that it was not the whole of the Sentinel Mountain for sale, which would have included Hangberg on its lower reaches.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of the Ottery School of Industries in Cape Town: Issues of Race, Welfare and Social Order in the Period 1937 to 1968
    University of the Western Cape Faculty of Education A History of the Ottery School of Industries in Cape Town: Issues of Race, Welfare and Social Order in the period 1937 to 1968 By Nur-Mohammed Azeem Badroodien A thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Education, University of the Western Cape March 2001 2 Abstract The primary task of this thesis is to explain the establishment of the ‘correctional institution’, the Ottery School of Industries, in Cape Town in 1948 and the programmes of rehabilitation, correctional and vocational training and residential care that the institution developed in the period until 1968. This explanation is located in the wider context of debates about welfare and penal policy in South Africa. The overall purpose is to show how modernist discourses in relation to social welfare, delinquency, and education came to South Africa and was mediated through a racial lens unique to this country. In so doing the thesis uses a broad range of material and levels of analysis from the ethnographic to the documentary and historical. The work seeks to locate itself at the intersection of the fields of education, history, welfare, penality and race in South Africa. The unique contribution of the study lies in the ways in which it engages with the nature of welfare institutions that took the form of Schools of Industries in the apartheid period. The thesis asserts that the motivation for the development of the institution under apartheid was not just the extension of crude apartheid policy, but was also inspired by welfarist and humanitarian goals.
    [Show full text]
  • Khayelitsha Through Cycling
    DURBANVILLE Northern Suburbs PLATTEKLOOF EDGEMEAD MILNERTON TYGER VALLEY BRACKENFELL GREEN POINT BELLVILLE SEA POINT SALT RIVER City Centre 04 VELOKHAYA LIFE CYCLING ACADEMY TREVOR STELLENBOSCH VICTORIA VILLAGE N2 CAMPS BAY Adventure & Activities VILAKAZI TABLE MOUNTAIN MERGE 14 3 NORTH CLAREMONT GUGULETU Atlantic Seaboard Velokhaya is a non-governmental organization (NGO) that’s changing the lives KENILWORTH VILLAGE of the youth of Khayelitsha through cycling. Take a tour of their brightly coloured LLANDUDNO Southern Suburbs Curated by Buntu Matole CONSTANTIA Cape Flats KHAYELITSHA site and hear their story of how they have trained and nurtured kids in the neigh- 4 NORTH KHAYELITSHA Buntu has lived most of his life in Khayelitsha and HOUT BAY MACASSAR bourhood to become biking and BMX champions competing at professional level TABLE MOUNTAIN STRANDFONTEIN through his love and passion for sport has travelled NATIONAL PARK (SILVERMINE) LAVENDER HILL countrywide representing his school, community at international events. PAMA RD SOMERSET WEST club and the province to promote positive change MUIZENBERG Helderberg PAMA RD M32 for his community. STRAND 20 SOLOMON FISH HOEK GORDON’S BAY MAHLANGU False Bay SIMON’S TOWN 01 DISCOVERIKASI 04 SCARBOROUGH N 401 Makabeni Street, Khayelitsha, 7784 11 M45 VILLAGE Peninsula EFT, debit and credit cards and cash. DiscoverIkasi is a booking engine that helps visitors to townships around South 16:00 to 18:00 – Seven days a week 23 2 NORTH Africa find accommodation, restaurants, and tours. The platform will help you Shaun Doch C +27 (0) 64 035 1715 22 KHAYELITSHA N 24 VILLAGE 15 book your complete experience, from luxurious B&Bs to bustling backpackers, E [email protected] 12 as well as various dining experiences and a wide array of township activities.
    [Show full text]
  • The Making and Re-Imagining of Khayelitsha
    The Making and Re-imagining of Khayelitsha Josette Cole Executive Director, Development Action Group (DAG) and Research Associate, Centre for Archive and Public Culture, University of Cape Town Report for the Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of Police Inefficiency in Khayelitsha and a Breakdown in Relations between the Community and the Police in Khayelitsha January 2013 PREFACE During a working career that now spans 37 years I have worked in a number of institutions – i.e. VERITAS, the Surplus People’s Project, W. Cape (SPP), the MANDLOVU Development Initiative and, the Development Action Group (DAG). In all of these I have both honed and applied incremental skills learnt from direct practice to design and implement programmes and projects related to urban land, housing, local government, community development and, capacity building in the context of a pro-poor agenda. Between 1996 and 2012 I also worked as a freelance development consultant and researcher through my small company, Social Trends Development Services, where I worked on numerous assignments for government, the NGO sector, and international NGOs related to the design and evaluation of a range of programmes and projects linked to reconstruction and development in the context of our democratic transition. In between my professional work I have researched, written and published numerous articles, academic papers and books, three of the latter extensively cover various aspects of Cape Town’s social history, with a special focus on past and present settlement life in the South-east Metro of the city. I am a Research Associate in the Archive and Public Culture Research Initiative based in the Social Anthropology Department at the University of Cape Town (UCT) and about to formally register as a PhD candidate in Historical Studies at UCT.
    [Show full text]
  • Sand Transport Along the Western Cape Coast
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Diazville Beach), and terrigenous-rich Sand transport along the Western beaches north ofprovided Shelley by Cape Point Town (upUniversity to OpenUCT 96 wt% terrigenous material in St Helena Cape coast: gone with the wind? Bay). The decrease in terrigenous material between Cape Town and Saldanha Bay a,b* a reflects the reduced delivery of terrigenous Giuliana Franceschini , John S. Compton and sand by rivers. False Bay and Table Bay a Rochelle A. Wigley have perennial rivers that drain catch- ment areas receiving an average annual rainfall of 600 mm. Ephemeral rivers with EACH SAND SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED Sixteen Mile Beach), carbonate-rich small catchment areas drain the semi-arid Bbetween Cape Town and St Helena Bay beaches between Saldanha Bay and west coast region south of the Berg River in order to study sediment composition Shelley Point (up to 83 wt% CaCO at (annual rainfall is 273 mm at Langebaan). and transport along the Western Cape coast- 3 line. Between Cape Town and Saldhana Bay, the beaches are a mixture of terrigenous and carbonate material. Those between Saldanha Bay and Shelley Point are carbonate-rich. North of Shelley Point, terrigenous-rich beaches were found. The decrease in terri- genous material from Cape Townto Saldanha Bay is a reflection of reduced delivery of terrigenous sand by rivers. The low content of terrigenous material in beach sands between Saldanha Bay and Shelley Point is related to the high biogenic CaCO3 in the rocky coastal area. In St Helena Bay the high percentage of terrigenous material is contributed by the Berg River.
    [Show full text]
  • Things to Do in Cape Town NUMBER 1: Robben Island
    Things to Do in Cape Town NUMBER 1: Robben Island Price: adult (R250); children under 18 (R120) The standard tour to Robben Island is 3.5 hours long, including the two half-hour ferry rides. Ferries depart at 9am, 11am, 1pm and 3pm everyday (weather permitting) from the V & A Waterfront in Cape Town. The summer season is very busy and we recommend you book early to avoid disappointment! Booking a minimum of three days in advance is recommended. To book tickets: Website: www.robben-island.org.za Call: 021 413 4220/1 (Robben Island Museum); 021 413 4233 / 37 (Advanced Booking) Email: [email protected] The ticket sales office is located at the Nelson Mandela Gateway at the V&A Waterfront, Cape Town. Once you have completed your trip, you may wish to indulge in a bit of shopping or have a relaxing lunch at one of the many restaurants situated at the Waterfront on the harbour. NUMBER 2: Table Mountain Price: Cable car (Return and one way tickets available) Adult: Return: R205 Children (4 – 17 years): Return: R100 Children (Under 4): Free Sunset special: For the month of January, return tickets after 18h00 will be half price and can be bought only from the ticket office at the Lower Cable Station after 18h00. One can either cable car or walk up to reach the top of the mountain. The cable car goes up every 15 minutes, so you don’t need to worry about catching one. However you will need to take note of the weather.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Dev Plan Southern Dist Technical
    Technical draft 1: SDP / EMF Southern District (H) - for comment and discussion only August 2009 1 Technical draft 1: SDP / EMF Southern District (H) - for comment and discussion only August 2009 2 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 PURPOSE ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 LEGAL STATUS AND VALIDITY .............................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 KEY COMPONENTS OF THE DISTRICT SDP AND EMF ............................................................................................ 2 1.4 PROCESS ................................................................................................................................................................ 3 1.5 STUDY AREA ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 2. DIRECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 NATIONAL AND REGIONAL PLANNING INFORMANTS ............................................................................................ 5 2.2 METROPOLITAN AND DISTRICT PLANNING INFORMANTS .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Water Services and the Cape Town Urban Water Cycle
    WATER SERVICES AND THE CAPE TOWN URBAN WATER CYCLE August 2018 WATER SERVICES AND THE CAPE TOWN URBAN WATER CYCLE TABLE OF CONTENTS WATER SERVICES AND THE CAPE TOWN URBAN WATER CYCLE ...................................... 3 1. EVAPORATION ................................................................................................................ 5 2. CONDENSATION ............................................................................................................. 5 3. PRECIPITATION ............................................................................................................... 6 4. OUR CATCHMENT AREAS ............................................................................................. 7 5. CAPE TOWN’S DAMS ...................................................................................................... 9 6. WHAT IS GROUNDWATER? ......................................................................................... 17 7. SURFACE RUNOFFS ..................................................................................................... 18 8. CAPE TOWN’S WATER TREATMENT WORKS ............................................................ 19 9. CAPE TOWN’S RESERVOIRS ....................................................................................... 24 10. OUR RETICULATION SYSTEMS ................................................................................... 28 11. CONSUMERS ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sybrand Park Neighbourhood
    Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 2 Section 1: Description of the Sybrand Park neighbourhood ......................................................... 2 Section 2, part 1: Main Themes Emerging from Interviews Conducted in Sybrand Park ............ 4 Economic Issues and Changes .................................................................................................... 4 Change in economic activity .................................................................................................... 4 Services and Infrastructure Issues and Changes ........................................................................ 5 Drainage .................................................................................................................................. 5 Sewerage ................................................................................................................................. 5 Road maintenance and traffic congestion .............................................................................. 5 Transportation ......................................................................................................................... 5 Secondary Services .................................................................................................................. 6 Schools ....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]