Architectures Multi-Photochromiques: Structures Et Fonctions

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Architectures Multi-Photochromiques: Structures Et Fonctions Architectures multi-photochromiques : structures et fonctions Agostino Galanti To cite this version: Agostino Galanti. Architectures multi-photochromiques : structures et fonctions. Theoretical and/or physical chemistry. Université de Strasbourg, 2018. English. NNT : 2018STRAF046. tel-02083921 HAL Id: tel-02083921 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02083921 Submitted on 29 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG ÉCOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES CHIMIQUES UMR 7006 – Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (I.S.I.S) THÈSE présentée par : Agostino GALANTI soutenue le : 4 Décembre 2018 pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur de l’université de Strasbourg Discipline/ Spécialité : Chimie / Chimie physique Multi-Photochromic Architectures: from Structure to Function THÈSE dirigée par : M. SAMORÌ Paolo Professeur, Université de Strasbourg RAPPORTEURS : M. DE FEYTER Steven Professeur, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven M. MONTALTI Marco Professeur, Università di Bologna AUTRES MEMBRES DU JURY : M. HERMANS Thomas Maître de conférences, Université de Strasbourg L’objectif de cette thèse a été axé sur le développement des systèmes capable de répondre à des stimuli externes, basés sur des unités photochromiques. Au cours des dernières décennies, d’énormes progrès ont été effectués quant à la réalisation des systèmes synthétiques contenant des interrupteurs moléculaires contrôlables à distance, notamment en utilisant préférentiellement la lumière comme stimulus. Le but d’une telle quête est d’augmenter la complexité des dispositifs et des machines moléculaires synthétiques, dans l’objectif ultime d’imiter les processus naturels.[1] Par ailleurs, du point de vue technologique, il est très attractif d’obtenir des matériaux ou des complexes host- guest capables de modifier leurs propriétés macroscopiques (par ex. changement de morphologie, ou capture/relargage d’un guest) ou de stocker des informations utilisant des photons comme stimulus. Les familles d’unités photochromiques employées les plus souvent comprennent les azobenzènes, les diaryléthènes et les spiropyranes, qui typiquement sont des interrupteurs moléculaires binaires, modulables par irradiation lumineuse entre deux états (méta) stable. Afin d’amplifier l’effet via le changement des propriétés physicochimiques de tels interrupteurs moléculaires, il est généralement convenable de les combiner avec d’autres unités fonctionnelles, soit moléculaires ou bien avec des nanomatériaux. Ce faisant, il a été démontré qu’il est possible d’obtenir des dispositifs électroniques de mémoire,[2] ou d'observer des propriétés émergentes dans des systèmes hybrides plasmoniques-moléculaires[3] avec des stimuli lumineux. Avec l’objectif de développer des dispositifs et des machines artificiels de plus en plus complexes, un intérêt croissant est consacré à la réalisation de systèmes comprenant de multiples interrupteurs moléculaires dont le comportement est indépendant de l’état des unités voisines.[4] La synthèse d'unités multi-photochromiques présente un intérêt particulier, car en principe il pourrait permettre de réaliser un système commutable entre 2n états (où n est égal au nombre de photochromes actifs, s’ils sont différenciables). En vue de la [I] réalisation de cette thèse, des nouveaux systèmes multi-photochromiques, où hybrides photochrome/nanomatériaux contenant des fragments azobenzène, diaryléthène ou spiropyrane ont été réalisés et étudiés. La première partie du travail expérimental effectué dans ce cadre porte sur l’étude de nouveaux dérivés photochromiques à base d’azobenzènes contenant jusqu’à trois interrupteurs dans la même molécule. Les composés ont été réalisés en collaboration avec le groupe du Prof. M. Mayor (Karlsruher Institut für Technologie), synthétisés par J. Santoro and Dr. M. Valášek. De telles molécules ont été réalisées comme composants de base pour la génération de matériaux sensibles à la lumière, utilisables pour le stockage, tels que des polymères de coordination et des réseaux moléculaires covalents 2D et 3D, pour ainsi étudier leur auto-assemblage dans des réseaux formés via des liaisons hydrogène.[5] Figure 1. Isomérisation du tris(azobenzène) 1. Les édifices moléculaires étudiés ici sont constitués de noyaux « star-shaped » rigides, leur géométrie étant dictée par la présence d’une squelette aromatique et par des unités photochromiques se ramifiant à partir d’un cycle benzène central 1,3,5-trisubstitué. Un tel motif de substitution places les bras réciproquement en position méta, abaissant ainsi la conjugaison de ces systèmes multi-chromophoriques. Ce projet est motivé par l’étude du multi-photochromisme de tels systèmes, de ce fait une caractérisation détaillée des multiples états isomériques a été effectuée. Le multi-photochromisme du dérivé tris(azobenzène) 1 a été étudié par comparaison avec des composés bis(azobenzène) et mono(azobenzène) présentant une géométrie et une rigidité similaire, en utilisant plusieurs techniques analytiques, comprenant la séparation par chromatographie de [II] chaque état et leur caractérisation par spectrométrie de masse à mobilité ionique. Les composés modèles bis(azobenzène) et mono(azobenzène) ont été réalisés en substituant progressivement le groupe diazene-1,2-diyl par des unités ethyn-1,2-diyl, donnant ainsi des branches similaires en géométrie et dimension, mais non photosensibles. L’auto- assemblage du dérivé tris(azobenzène) 1 en réseaux bidimensionnels a été étudié par microscopie à effet tunnel (STM), corroborée par la modélisation moléculaire (cette dernière a été effectuée en collaboration avec le groupe du Prof. J. Cornil, Université de Mons). L’exploration de l’auto-assemblage dynamique de tels systèmes en architectures supramoléculaires ordonnées a permis d’identifier des motifs résultant de multiples isomères, démontrant ainsi que le multi-photochromisme est conservé lorsque les molécules sont confinées en deux dimensions. Figure 2. Images STM de 1 enregistrées à l’interface entre un substrat de graphite (HOPG) et une solution (c = 10 µM) de 1 en acide 1- heptanoïque. À gauche, pas de rayonnement lumineux. Centre, irradiation in-situ avec lumière UV à l'état photostationnaire (PSS, λmax = 367 nm). À droite, irradiation ultérieure in-situ avec lumière visible (PSS, λmax = 451 nm). Le deuxième système étudié dans ce travail est basé sur des systèmes contenant plusieurs diaryléthènes. Les édifices moléculaires présentés ici sont basés sur une architecture de type dyade contenant un noyau fluorescent et symétrique constitué par une porphyrine et quatre diaryléthènes. Ces diaryléthènes sont, plus précisément, des dithyénylethènes pontés par un groupement perfluorocyclopentène (DTE) dans sa périphérie. Les composés décrits ci-dessus ont été designés et synthétisés par l’équipe de Prof. J. Weiss (Université de Strasbourg), par Dr. T. Biellmann. Ces systèmes ont été conçus pour exploiter la porphyrine centrale à la fois comme échafaudage symétrique pour les photochromes ainsi que pour ses propriétés photophysiques attractives. Les unités DTE employés sont [III] connectées à la position méta d’un noyau de tétraphénylporphyrine : une telle connectivité a été choisie non seulement pour empêcher la formation d’atropoisomères, mais surtout pour découpler électroniquement les interrupteurs moléculaires afin de conserver leur photoréactivité. Quatre porphyrines tétra-substituées par unités DTE 2 ont été étudiées, la base libre et les complexes de Zn(II), Ni(II) et Co(II). La conversion photochimique efficace et réversible des quatre dérivés du système 2 a été démontrée par spectroscopie d’absorption UV-Vis et 1H-RMN (cette dernière a été faite en collaboration avec l’équipe de Prof. V. Guerchais, Université de Rennes I). Il est intéressant de noter que la base libre et le complexe de zinc ayant toutes les unités DTE sous forme ouverte présente des propriétés photophysiques similaires à celles de leurs analogues non photochromiques : la tétraphénylporphyrine base libre et le complexe de zinc. A l’inverse, la conversion photochimique déclenchée par les UV des unités DTE en leurs isomères fermés correspondant apporte une annihilation presque complète de l’émission initiale des fluorophores. Figure 3. a) Formule de structure des dérivés de porphyrine 2 tétra-substitués avec unités DTE étudiés. M = H2, Zn(II) montrent une émission commutable réversible. b) Schéma simplifié de l'extinction des émissions par transfert d'énergie vers l'isomère fermé de l’unité DTE. Gauche, DTE-ouvert : fluorescence ON. Droite, DTE-fermé : fluorescence OFF. La luminescence peut être commuté dans un état ON et un état OFF de façon réversible sur plusieurs cycles d’irradiation, tant en solution que dans les couches minces dopées par 2, ce qui nous a permis de démontrer que ces composés pouvaient être utilisés comme colorants fluorescents photo-réinscriptibles. Il est important de souligner que la detection de la fluorescence de ces composés peut être effectuée sans modifier l’état des commutateurs modulant la fluorescence.
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