DOCSLIB.ORG

Environmental Conservation and Restoration Ecology: Two Facets of the Same Problem

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Environmental Conservation and Restoration Ecology: Two Facets of the Same Problem Web Ecology 1: 20–27. Environmental conservation and restoration ecology: two facets of the same problem Krystyna M. Urbanska Urbanska, K. M. 2000. Environmental conservation and restoration ecology: two facets of the same problem. – Web Ecol. 1: 20–27. Restoration ecology has often been regarded as a subordinate component of conserva- tion biology and yet the two disciplines differ from each other. Conservation aims at staving off extinction, i.e. preserving ecological structures and services which still exist, however endangered they may be. On the other hand, the principal objective of restora- tion is re-building ecological structures and services that have been destroyed. The most distinct focus of conservation is on population response to exploitation, whereas resto- ration is principally concerned with over-exploited sites and landscapes in which com- munities/ecosystems are to be re-built. Conservation aims at preserving as many species as possible; on the other hand, the biodiversity approach in restoration may be ad- dressed on three levels viz. 1) initial species diversity, 2) post-restoration increase of diversity via spontaneous species immigration, and 3) age-state diversity of developing plant cover. The conceptual framework in conservation biology differs from that in restoration ecol- ogy. The two basic paradigms used in conservation biology are 1) small-population paradigm and 2) declining-population paradigm, and one of its useful concepts is pop- ulation viability assessment (PVA). The two principal paradigms used in restoration ecology are 1) nature-in-balance paradigm and 2) nature-in-flux paradigm. Interfaces between conservation and restoration may be recognized when e.g., recovery strategies for threatened species include habitat/ecosystem restoration, or when population proc- esses in non-threatened species are studied to verify their usefulness as restoration mate- rial. Integration of species and ecosystem approaches is already recognizable in ecology. It is to be hoped that in future conservation and restoration become integrated components of ecosystem management, but for the time being they remain two different facets of the same problem which is the negative human impact upon environment. K. M. Urbanska ([email protected]), Geobotanical Dept, Swiss Federal In- stitute of Technology (SFIT), Zürichbergstrasse 38, CH-8044 Zürich, Switzerland. There was never a more important time for ecologists to For any area of study, clarity of terminology is essential speak out about applied, socially relevant environmental to the establishment of a rigorous framework in which issues (O’Neill and Attiwill 1997, Lubchenco 1998). both theoretical and empirical work can be placed (Gaston However, the use and interpretation of terminology and 1994). This need is very clear when conservation biology concepts has been arbitrary and inconsistent, and discus- and restoration ecology are being discussed, because there sion of these matters occasionally denegerates into argu- seems to be some confusion. In particular, restoration ecol- ments over semantics (Goldstein 1998). ogy is often considered to be a subordinate part of conser- Accepted 20 January 2000 Copyright © EEF ISSN 1399-1183 20 WEB ECOLOGY 1, 2000 vation biology, and its specific features are not always rec- dressed in a further part of this paper. ognized in spite of the considerable “maturation” the disci- The differences in the principal target between conser- pline has undergone in recent years. vation biology and restoration ecology influenced the de- Conservation and restoration are not alternatives, and velopment and use of a conceptual framework in either neither are they synonyms. I propose, thus, to define the discipline. The two basic paradigms used in conservation main focus of either respective field, and also to recognize biology are 1) small-population paradigm and 2) declin- some interface areas. This essay provides insights from ter- ing-population paradigm. The first paradigm refers to haz- restrial plant ecology. ards that are particularly grave to small populations, espe- cially stochasticity, both genetic and environmental. The second paradigm deals mostly with decreasing population Focus points and conceptual issues size and its persistence (see e.g., Holsinger 1995, Holsinger and Vitt 1997). The aim of long-term conservation should The difference between conservation biology and restora- accordingly be increasing the size of endangered popula- tion ecology may be recognized when the following ques- tions and reversal of the deterministic persistence threats tions are asked: 1) the when-questions: when is conserva- (Caughley 1994). tion called for? Which situations require restoration? 2) the The focus on population in conservation biology has what-questions: what should be conserved? What should resulted in the development of several useful concepts. be restored? One of them is population viability analysis (PVA) to esti- Some time ago, Michael Soulé rightly proclaimed con- mate risk of extinction of a population. From this estima- servation biology as a “crisis-oriented” discipline. Consid- tion, the size of a minimum viable population (MVP) may ered along the same line of thinking, restoration ecology is be derived (see e.g., Menges 1991). However, the PVAs an “after damage” discipline. The obvious difference be- have limitations because they refer to single species, do not tween decline and destruction is further stressed by some include considerations on all possible risk sources, and key-words applicable to either of the two fields. Conserva- above all because they prognose future developments sole- tion key-words such as decline, structure reinforcing, proc- ly on the basis of current conditions. They may also be ess improvement refer to a “five to midnight”-situation, unsuited to endangered species management (Ralls and whereas restoration key-words: destruction, structure re- Taylor 1997). building, process initiation indicate a “five (fifteen?) past As far as restoration ecology is concerned, the main par- midnight”-situation. adigms used are 1) stability of ecosystem/community (na- Conservation has started and still mainly is focusing on ture-in-balance paradigm) or 2) pattern of ecosystem species i.e. populations, usually ones that are rare or whose changes influenced by its past (nature-in-flux paradigm). abundance is rapidly declining esp. where man has been The balance-of-nature paradigm focuses on the theory of the cause. Hence the emphasis on patchiness of the popu- climatic succession (Clements 1916, Egler 1954, Drury lation rather than that of the environment, which means and Nisbet 1973, Connell and Slayter 1977). In this theo- patch theory rather than patch dynamics (Wiens 1997). ry, temporal and spatial heterogeneity and also site history On the other hand, restoration started with and still is fo- were relegated to less important, even inconsequential cusing on community/ecosystem: new populations are considerations of community change. This was a deter- created mostly as parts of new communities. Also, the first ministic equilibrium theory: some species were “better” step towards sustainability of restored area is the restora- than others; competition was thus considered the main tion of ecosystem function (Bradshaw 1996). force structuring the community. Another aspect which enables us to recognize the differ- The modern paradigm on nature in flux is based on ence in central focus between conservation biology and ecological heterogeneity in space and time. Nature does restoration ecology is exploitation. Conservation biology is not tend toward balance but is in a continual state of obviously concerned with population responses to exploi- change (Pickett et al. 1992, 1997). This is a non-equilibri- tation; sometimes, this central focus may be related even to um theory focusing on patchiness, and also on contingen- a sub-population level, e.g., to one gender only (Caro cy (= importance of history); it points out as well the im- 1999); for instance, we all are familiar with the dramatic portance of stochastic events (Pickett et al. 1994, Parker impact of heavy ivory poaching on male African elephant and Pickett 1997). As a result, alternative pathways to al- Loxondata africana. On the other hand, restoration ecolo- ternative end points exist within a single system (Gould gy is principally concerned with over-exploited sites and 1986, 1989). All species are interesting and unique on var- landscapes in which structure and function of community ious niche axes. Also, there is a growing interest in plant and ecosystem has been destroyed. interactions other than competition; in particular, positive Throughout the world in conservation biology biodi- interactions are increasingly studied (e.g., Cody 1993, Cal- versity is considered to be “as many species as possible laway and Walker 1997, Urbanska 1997b). should be preserved”. The biodiversity approach in resto- I have argued elsewhere that it would be most helpful to ration ecology is more structured; this issue will be ad- distinguish between succession as pattern (pathway) and WEB ECOLOGY 1, 2000 21 succession as process or mechanism. The broader model of productive behaviour. In this context, I propose now to vegetation dynamics proposed by Pickett may apply better have a closer look at button wrinkleworth Rutidosis leptor- to restoration of very degraded, highly stressed sites than rhynchoides (F. Muell.), an endangered perennial compos- the deterministic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Creating Jobs, Protecting Forests?
    Creating Jobs, Protecting Forests? An Analysis of the State of the Nation’s Regional Forest Agreements Creating Jobs, Protecting Forests? An Analysis of the State of the Nation’s Regional Forest Agreements The Wilderness Society. 2020, Creating Jobs, Protecting Forests? The State of the Nation’s RFAs, The Wilderness Society, Melbourne, Australia Table of contents 4 Executive summary Printed on 100% recycled post-consumer waste paper 5 Key findings 6 Recommendations Copyright The Wilderness Society Ltd 7 List of abbreviations All material presented in this publication is protected by copyright. 8 Introduction First published September 2020. 9 1. Background and legal status 12 2. Success of the RFAs in achieving key outcomes Contact: [email protected] | 1800 030 641 | www.wilderness.org.au 12 2.1 Comprehensive, Adequate, Representative Reserve system 13 2.1.1 Design of the CAR Reserve System Cover image: Yarra Ranges, Victoria | mitchgreenphotos.com 14 2.1.2 Implementation of the CAR Reserve System 15 2.1.3 Management of the CAR Reserve System 16 2.2 Ecologically Sustainable Forest Management 16 2.2.1 Maintaining biodiversity 20 2.2.2 Contributing factors to biodiversity decline 21 2.3 Security for industry 22 2.3.1 Volume of logs harvested 25 2.3.2 Employment 25 2.3.3 Growth in the plantation sector of Australia’s wood products industry 27 2.3.4 Factors contributing to industry decline 28 2.4 Regard to relevant research and projects 28 2.5 Reviews 32 3. Ability of the RFAs to meet intended outcomes into the future 32 3.1 Climate change 32 3.1.1 The role of forests in climate change mitigation 32 3.1.2 Climate change impacts on conservation and native forestry 33 3.2 Biodiversity loss/resource decline 33 3.2.1 Altered fire regimes 34 3.2.2 Disease 35 3.2.3 Pest species 35 3.3 Competing forest uses and values 35 3.3.1 Water 35 3.3.2 Carbon credits 36 3.4 Changing industries, markets and societies 36 3.5 International and national agreements 37 3.6 Legal concerns 37 3.7 Findings 38 4.
    [Show full text]
  • December 2012 Number 1
    Calochortiana December 2012 Number 1 December 2012 Number 1 CONTENTS Proceedings of the Fifth South- western Rare and Endangered Plant Conference Calochortiana, a new publication of the Utah Native Plant Society . 3 The Fifth Southwestern Rare and En- dangered Plant Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah, March 2009 . 3 Abstracts of presentations and posters not submitted for the proceedings . 4 Southwestern cienegas: Rare habitats for endangered wetland plants. Robert Sivinski . 17 A new look at ranking plant rarity for conservation purposes, with an em- phasis on the flora of the American Southwest. John R. Spence . 25 The contribution of Cedar Breaks Na- tional Monument to the conservation of vascular plant diversity in Utah. Walter Fertig and Douglas N. Rey- nolds . 35 Studying the seed bank dynamics of rare plants. Susan Meyer . 46 East meets west: Rare desert Alliums in Arizona. John L. Anderson . 56 Calochortus nuttallii (Sego lily), Spatial patterns of endemic plant spe- state flower of Utah. By Kaye cies of the Colorado Plateau. Crystal Thorne. Krause . 63 Continued on page 2 Copyright 2012 Utah Native Plant Society. All Rights Reserved. Utah Native Plant Society Utah Native Plant Society, PO Box 520041, Salt Lake Copyright 2012 Utah Native Plant Society. All Rights City, Utah, 84152-0041. www.unps.org Reserved. Calochortiana is a publication of the Utah Native Plant Society, a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organi- Editor: Walter Fertig ([email protected]), zation dedicated to conserving and promoting steward- Editorial Committee: Walter Fertig, Mindy Wheeler, ship of our native plants. Leila Shultz, and Susan Meyer CONTENTS, continued Biogeography of rare plants of the Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, Nevada.
    [Show full text]
  • Threatened Species Translocation Plan Button Wrinklewort (Rutidosis
    Threatened Species Translocation Plan Button Wrinklewort (Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides) Summary Button wrinklewort Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides is a perennial wildflower that grows in grasslands and woodlands in Victoria, NSW and the ACT. There are only 29 known extant populations of the species left and only 8 that contain 5000 or more plants. The species is listed as endangered both nationally (EPBC Act 1999) and locally (Nature Conservation Act 2014). Increasing the number of populations through the establishment of new, self-sustaining populations is identified as a key management objective for the preservation of R. leptorrhynchoides in perpetuity in the wild (ACT Government 2017). The translocation will be undertaken at the Barrer Hill restoration area (Molonglo River Reserve, ACT). The restoration area supports potentially suitable habitat, is within the species known range and is believed to have supported R. leptorrhynchoides in the past. Furthermore, the Molonglo River Reserve is recognised as a biodiversity offset with significant and ongoing funding committed to the restoration, protection and ongoing management of reserve. Objectives To establish a new, self-sustaining, genetically diverse population of Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides within the Molonglo River Reserve that is capable of surviving in both the short and long term. Proponents Parks and Conservation Service (PCS) and Conservation Research (CR), Environment and Planning Directorate (EPD). Australian National Botanic Gardens (ANBG) Greening Australia (GA) Translocation team Richard Milner – Ecologist (PCS) Greg Baines – Senior vegetation ecologist (CR) Emma Cook – Vegetation ecologist (CR) David Taylor (ANBG) Martin Henery (ANBG) Nicki Taws (GA) Background Description The Button Wrinklewort Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides (Figure 1) is an erect perennial forb from the daisy family (Asteraceae).
    [Show full text]
  • Grassy Groundcover Gazette December 2016
    Grassy Groundcover Gazette News, updates and on ground action December 2016 In the last year’s edition there were a number of stories Dr Paul Gibson-Roy focussed on sites that had recently been restored. Cath Lead Scientist Olive spoke about her Euroa Arboretum site seeded by Rod and Dave. Cath and I crossed paths recently at this Greening Australia (NSW) year’s ANPC national conference held at the Botanic Paul’s Piece Gardens in Melbourne. I was thrilled to hear her report on how much things have progressed there. Likewise, I caught up with Shaun Kennedy from SA Water earlier in Hello once again to all our readers. As always I’m grateful Sydney, and he told me how the grassy restoration works to have this opportunity to communicate with you all at he’s initiated in South Australia in recent years are this hectic time of the year and reflect on ‘things grassy’ looking fine and robust. The same could be said from a as we do in this newsletter. Each year I tend to comment conversation I had with Geoff Robertson from FOG. Geoff on ‘steps forward or backwards’ for our sector, and while had been to the Heritage Trust’s Scottsdale property acknowledging there continues to be serious limitations south of Canberra to look at a wildflower seeding that restrict progress for restoration and conservation in undertaken by GAs Canberra team. He said it was looking general, this year I’m going to try and focus more on the wonderful and now represents a rare patch of dense positives (many of which will be made clearer in the wildflowers in a district otherwise dominated by African articles that follow).
    [Show full text]
  • Genetics and Conservation Biology
    C. R. Biologies 326 (2003) S22–S29 Genetics and conservation biology Richard Frankham Key Centre for Biodiversity and Bioresources, Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia Abstract Conservation genetics encompasses genetic management of small populations, resolution of taxonomic uncertainties and management units, and the use of molecular genetic analyses in forensics and to understanding species’ biology. The role of genetic factors in extinctions of wild populations has been controversial, but evidence now shows that they make important contributions to extinction risk. Inbreeding has been shown to cause extinctions of wild populations, computer projections indicate that inbreeding depression has important effects on extinction risk, and most threatened species show signs of genetic deterioration. Inappropriate management is likely to result if genetic factors are ignored in threatened species management. To cite this article: R. Frankham, C. R. Biologies 326 (2003). 2003 Académie des sciences. Published by Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved. Résumé Génétique et biologie de la conservation. La génétique de la conservation inclut la gestion génétique des petites populations, la résolution des incertitudes taxinomiques et des unités de gestion, l’utilisation d’analyses moléculaires dans l’expertise et la compréhension de la biologie des espèces. Le rôle des facteurs génétiques dans l’extinction des populations sauvages a été controversé, mais il a été mis en évidence que cela contribue grandement au risque d’extinction. La consanguinité provoque des extinctions de populations sauvages, les modélisations indiquent que la dépression de consanguinité a des effets importants sur les risques d’extinction et la plupart des espèces en danger souffrent de détérioration génétique.
    [Show full text]
  • (Largeflower Triteleia): a Technical Conservation Assessment
    Triteleia grandiflora Lindley (largeflower triteleia): A Technical Conservation Assessment © 2003 Ben Legler Prepared for the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Species Conservation Project January 29, 2007 Juanita A. R. Ladyman, Ph.D. JnJ Associates LLC 6760 S. Kit Carson Cir E. Centennial, CO 80122 Peer Review Administered by Society for Conservation Biology Ladyman, J.A.R. (2007, January 29). Triteleia grandiflora Lindley (largeflower triteleia): a technical conservation assessment. [Online]. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/ projects/scp/assessments/triteleiagrandiflora.pdf [date of access]. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The time spent and the help given by all the people and institutions mentioned in the References section are gratefully acknowledged. I would also like to thank the Colorado Natural Heritage Program for their generosity in making their files and records available. I also appreciate access to the files and assistance given to me by Andrew Kratz, USDA Forest Service Region 2. The data provided by the Wyoming Natural Diversity Database and by James Cosgrove and Lesley Kennes with the Natural History Collections Section, Royal BC Museum were invaluable in the preparation of the assessment. Documents and information provided by Michael Piep with the Intermountain Herbarium, Leslie Stewart and Cara Gildar of the San Juan National Forest, Jim Ozenberger of the Bridger-Teton National Forest and Peggy Lyon with the Colorado Natural Heritage Program are also gratefully acknowledged. The information provided by Dr. Ronald Hartman and B. Ernie Nelson with the Rocky Mountain Herbarium, Teresa Prendusi with the Region 4 USDA Forest Service, Klara Varga with the Grand Teton National Park, Jennifer Whipple with Yellowstone National Park, Dave Dyer with the University of Montana Herbarium, Caleb Morse of the R.L.
    [Show full text]
  • III Joséphine+Th. Koster INULEAE
    The compositae of New Guinea III Joséphine+Th. Koster Rijksherbarium, Leiden 4. INULEAE*) 88 & Nat. Pfl. Fam. Cass., J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. (1819) 193; Hoffmann, E. P., 4, 5 (1894) 172. Herbs. Leaves nearly always alternate, sometimes rosulate, mostly entire, sometimes dentate, rarely pinnatifid. Heads solitary or in inflorescences, homogamous or heteroga- herbaceous corolla of mous; phyllaries one- to many-seriate, or membranous; marginal anthers flowers filiform, dentate, or ligulate, of disc flowers tubular, (4- or) 5-dentate; achene sagittate and mostly caudate at the base; style two-armed; small, pappus setaceous, sometimes consisting of scales, or wanting; receptacle naked. KEY TO THE GENERA IN NEW GUINEA Leaves decurrent the heads clustered into 2 I a. along stem; small, densely glomerules b. Leaves not decurrent along the stem; heads solitary, few together, corymbose, paniculate, or clustered, but not in glomerules 3 Pterocaulon 2 a. Pappus setaceous I. 2 Sphaeranthus b. Pappus wanting . 3. Epaltes 3 a. Heads small, numerous, disc-shaped; pappus wanting Heads setaceous b. variously shaped; pappus 4 18— orange-yellow, afterwards glossy. 4 a. Headsjlarge; involucre 25 mm long; phyllaries yellow-brown, 4. Helichrysum than 18 coloured but not 5 b. Involucre much shorter mm; phyllaries variously yellow .... Phacellothrix 5 a. Heads solitary, homogamous; corolla tubular 5- several when then corolla of b. Heads solitary or together,mostly heterogamous, homogamous marginal flowers filiform 6 less whitish brown. 6 a. Whitish lanate herbs; phyllaries rigid, membranous,more or glossy, or light 7 membranous, not whitish or light brown 8 b. Herbs not whitish lanate; phyllaries herbaceous or Heads feminine flowers often numerous, sometimes 7 a.
    [Show full text]
  • Implications of Different Species Concepts for Conserving Biodiversity ⇑ Richard Frankham A,B, , Jonathan D
    Biological Conservation 153 (2012) 25–31 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Biological Conservation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Perspective Implications of different species concepts for conserving biodiversity ⇑ Richard Frankham a,b, , Jonathan D. Ballou c, Michele R. Dudash d, Mark D.B. Eldridge b, Charles B. Fenster d, Robert C. Lacy e, Joseph R. Mendelson III f,g, Ingrid J. Porton h, Katherine Ralls c, Oliver A. Ryder i a Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia b Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia c Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC 20008, USA d Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA e Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, IL 60513, USA f Zoo Atlanta, 800 Cherokee Ave., SE Atlanta, GA 30315, USA g School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 301 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA h Saint Louis Zoo, One Government Drive, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA i San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92027, USA article info abstract Article history: The 26 definitions of species often yield different numbers of species and disparate groupings, with Received 16 January 2012 financial, legal, biological and conservation implications. Using conservation genetic considerations, we Received in revised form 17 April 2012 demonstrate that different species concepts have a critical bearing on our ability to conserve species. Accepted 28 April 2012 Many species of animals and plants persist as small isolated populations suffering inbreeding depression, Available online 29 June 2012 loss of genetic diversity, and elevated extinction risks.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis, Two Plant Species with a Different Life-History Are Investigated
    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Reproduction and genetics in fragmented plant populations Luijten, S.H. Publication date 2001 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Luijten, S. H. (2001). Reproduction and genetics in fragmented plant populations. UvA, IBED, EPS. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:09 Oct 2021 I I Reproductionn and genetics of f fragmentedd plant populations Reproductionn and genetics of f fragmentedfragmented plant populations ACADEMISCHH PROEFSCHRIFT Terr verkrijging van de graad van doctor aann de Universiteit van Amsterdam opp gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof.drr J. J. M. Franse tenn overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie,, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Aula der Universiteit opp woensdag 23 mei 2001, te 16.00 uur doorr Sheila Helen Luijten geborenn te Voorburg Promotor:: Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Paternal Bottlenecks in Fragmented Populations of the Grassland Daisy Rutidosis Leptorrhynchoides
    Genet. Res., Camb.(1999), 73, pp. 111–117. With 3 figures. Printed in the United Kingdom # 1999 Cambridge University Press 111 Paternal bottlenecks in fragmented populations of the grassland daisy Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides ANDREW G.YOUNG* ANTHONY H.D.BROWN Centre for Plant Biodiersity Research, CSIRO Diision of Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia (Receied 29 May 1998 and in reised form 16 September 1998) Summary Allozyme markers were used to estimate mating system parameters in nine fragmented populations of the grassland daisy Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides that differed in size and spatial isolation. Multilocus estimates of outcrossing rate did not differ significantly among populations, all indicating a high level of outcrossing (tm l 0n84–1n0). Small populations showed greater divergence than large populations between the allele frequencies in the population and those in the pollen pool, indicating paternal bottlenecks. Isolated populations of fewer than 200 individuals also exhibited higher correlations of outcrossed paternity (rp) than larger populations, indicating the production of more full-sibs within families. The combination of paternal bottlenecks and correlated paternity increases the genetic identity of progeny across families and predisposes populations to biparental inbreeding in subsequent generations. As over half the remaining populations of R. leptorrhynchoides contain fewer than 200 plants, such second-order inbreeding may threaten the viability of the species if it is associated with significant inbreeding depression. long-term viability and conservation value, subject to 1. Introduction the mitigating effects of purging of genetic load if Habitat fragmentation has emerged as a dominant selection is strong (Barrett & Charlesworth, 1991). landscape process over the last century, and is now The few studies that have quantified outcrossing rates widely regarded as a major threat to species diversity.
    [Show full text]
  • Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul
    Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Taxonomia, filogeografia e história evolutiva de quatro espécies de plantas do bioma Pampa: uma contribuição para o conhecimento da biodiversidade e conservação da área GERALDO MÄDER Orientadora: Dra. Loreta Brandão de Freitas Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular da UFRGS como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências. Porto Alegre, Maio de 2012 INSTITUIÇÕES E FONTES FINANCIADORAS - Laboratório de Evolução Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS - Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, PUCRS - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) - Programa Especial em Taxonomia – PROTAX (MCT/CNPq/CAPES) - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS) 2 3 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a todos que contribuíram durante a elaboração deste trabalho, em especial: - À Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e Instituições e Fontes Financiadoras. -Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, em especial ao Elmo Cardoso pela prontidão em resolver as questões burocráticas. - À Loreta Brandão de Freitas pela oportunidade oferecida, pelos ensinamentos e pela eficiência de coordenar um laboratório onde nunca faltou nada durante os quase nove anos em que estive presente. - Aos colegas do Laboratório de Evolução Molecular: Ana Lúcia, Ana Luiza, Aline Fregonezi, Aline Lorenz, Carol, Clênio, Jéferson, Lauís, Maikel, Michele, Nelson, Pakisa, Priscilla, Raquel e Veronica pela amizade, troca de ideias e experiências. - À minha família, por todo o apoio. - E à Luana que além da imensa ajuda extraindo, preparando PCRs, géis e etc... no último ano esteve presente para me dar amor e carinho e felicidade.
    [Show full text]
  • Rutidosis Leptorhynchoides
    Plants of South Eastern New South Wales Flower head. Australian Plant Image Index, Back of flower head. Australian Plant Image Index, photographer Murray Fagg, Scottsdale Bush Heritage photographer Murray Fagg, Australian National Reserve, near Bredbo Botanic Gardens, Canberra, ACT Flowering stems. Australian Plant Image Index, Flowering plants. Australian Plant Image Index, photographer Murray Fagg, Scottsdale Bush Heritage photographer Murray Fagg, Scottsdale Bush Heritage Reserve, near Bredbo Reserve, near Bredbo Common name Button wrinklewort Family Asteraceae Where found Woodland, grassland, and disturbed sites. ACT and nearby, Michelago on the Monaro Highway, and near Goulburn. Notes Perennial herb to 0.45 m high, tufted and arising from a woody rootstock, usually multistemmed. Stems more or less woolly towards the base, otherwise hairless, sometimes slightly sticky, the bases covered with brown scales of old leaf bases. Leaves mostly alternating up the stems, 0.5-5 cm long, 0.5–2 mm wide, more or less hairless, margins rolled down, tips rounded. Flower heads 8– 22 mm in diameter, broad-hemispherical to hemispherical, surrounded by dull greenish bracts with stiff papery margins. Florets numerous, yellow to orange-yellow. Flower heads single. Flowering November-April. Does not usually flower until the second year. Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides in NSW. Endangered Australia. Endangered NSW. Provisions of the NSW Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 No 63 relating to the protection of protected plants generally also apply to plants that
    [Show full text]