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LA DELINCUENCIA ORGANIZADA Y SU PREVENCIÓN. Especial Referencia a Las Pandillas Latinoamericanas De Tipo Violento

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LA DELINCUENCIA ORGANIZADA Y SU PREVENCIÓN. Especial Referencia a Las Pandillas Latinoamericanas De Tipo Violento UNIVERSIDAD DE SALAMANCA CAMPUS DE EXCELENCIA INTERNACIONAL TESIS DOCTORAL EN DERECHO PENAL LA DELINCUENCIA ORGANIZADA Y SU PREVENCIÓN. Especial referencia a las pandillas latinoamericanas de tipo violento AUTORA: Dª. SYLVIA CÓRDOBA MORENO DIRECTORA: DRA. Dª. LAURA DEL CARMEN ZÚÑIGA RODRÍGUEZ Salamanca, 2015 El hombre no posee el poder de crear vida. No posee tampoco, por consiguiente, el derecho a destruirla. (Mahatma Gandhi) A mi hijo Gorka, mi prioridad, mi fortuna, mi bendición; a mis padres y a Andrey, por animarme a terminar lo que un día empecé. ÍNDICE Abreviaturas………………………………………………………………………....I-III INTRODUCCIÓN……………………………………………………………………1-8 PRIMERA PARTE: EL CRIMEN ORGANIZADO Y LAS PANDILLAS LATINOAMERICANAS DE TIPO VIOLENTO CAPÍTULO I: DIFERENCIACIÓN ENTRE LA DELINCUENCIA COMÚN Y EL CRIMEN ORGANIZADO………………………………………………………...9 1.- La necesidad de definir el concepto de organización criminal……………….…….10 2.- Definición de delincuencia común. La carrera delictiva...……………………..…...11 3.- Definición de crimen organizado………………………………………………...…13 3.1.- Concepto de delincuencia organizada en España………………………....14 3.2.- Concepto de delincuencia organizada en la comunidad internacional……18 CAPÍTULO II: ANTECEDENTES HISTÓRICOS DE LA DELINCUENCIA ORGANIZADA………………………………………………………………..……...20 1.- Referencia histórica…...………………….…………………………………………22 1.1.- Antecedentes nacionales…………………………………………………..24 1.2.- Antecedentes internacionales……………………………………………..29 2.- Situación actual……………………………………………………………………..31 3.- Factores intervinientes.……………...………………………………………………34 CAPÍTULO III: LAS DISTINTAS FORMAS DE CRIMEN ORGANIZADO....39 1.- Tipos de organizaciones criminales………………………………………………...41 1.1.- En función del mayor o menor grado de complejidad de la organización y de su estructura……………………………………………………….....41 A) Ocasionales (bandas de delincuentes)………………………………42 B) Convencionales (grupos organizados)……………………………...43 C) Evolucionadas (organizaciones de tipo mafioso)………………...…43 1.2.- En función de su procedencia…………………………………………..44 A) Grupos autóctonos…………………………………………………..45 B) Grupos de la Unión Europea………………………………………..45 C) Grupos de fuera de la Unión Europea………………………………46 1.3.- En función de sus similitudes con otros elementos o formas de organización de la sociedad…………………………………………………….50 A) Las organizaciones criminales como empresa……………………...50 B) Las organizaciones criminales como secta………………………....52 C) La organización criminal como Estado……………………………..52 D) La organización criminal como familia………………………….…53 2.- Mención especial a la organización de La Cosa Nostra….......……………………..53 CAPÍTLO IV: DIVERSIFICACIÓN DE ACTIVIDADES DELINCUENCIALES EN EL SENO DE ESTOS GRUPOS………………………………………………...56 1.- Blanqueo de capitales…………………………………………………………….…58 2.- Tráfico de drogas……………………………………………………………………62 3.- Tráfico de personas…………………………………………………………………63 3.1.- Con fines de prostitución……………………………………………….…66 3.2.- Con fines de inmigración ilegal…………………………………………...67 4.- Pornografía infantil a través de Internet………………………………………….…69 5.- Sicarios..……………………………………………………………………….……71 CAPÍTULO V: EL DIFÍCIL TRATAMIENTO DEL CRIMEN ORGANIZADO Y DE LAS ASOCIACIONES ILÍCITAS………………………………………………72 1.- El injusto en los delitos de organización………………………………...………….76 2.- Diferenciación de las asociaciones ilícitas con las organizaciones ilícitas………....79 CAPÍTULO VI: LA REPRESIÓN DE LA DELINCUENCIA ORGANIZADA Y DE LAS PANDILLAS DE TIPO VIOLENTO……………………………………...81 1.- Medios Políticos…………………………………………………………………….86 1.1.- Nacionales………………………………………………………………...86 1.2.- Internacionales (PARLAMENTO EUROPEO)…………….......................87 2.- Medios Judiciales…………………………………………………………………...89 2.2.- Nacionales………………………………………………………...………91 2.3.- Internacionales (EUROJUST, EUROORDEN).............………………….93 3.- Medios Policiales…………………………………………………………………...94 3.1.- Nacionales………………………………………………………………...95 3.2.- Internacionales (INTERPOL, EUROPOL)………………………………101 CAPÍTULO VII: LA REFORMA DEL C.P. EN MATERIA DE GRUPOS DE DELINCUENCIA ORGANIZADA……………………………..………………….104 1.- Nuestra legislación para los miembros de la delincuencia organizada que se encuentran en prisión………………………………………………………………….107 2.- Los FIES………………………………………………………….………………..111 3.- Medidas o consecuencias accesorias………………………………………………115 3.- Afectación de la reforma de la ley penal española en 2015 en los delitos de organizaciones y grupos criminales…………………………………………………...119 SEGUNDA PARTE: LAS BANDAS JUVENILES VIOLENTAS Y SU PREVENCIÓN CAPÍTULO I: QUÉ ES Y A QUÉ SE DEBE LA DELINCUENCIA JUVENIL..121 1.- Concepto de delincuencia juvenil…………………………………………………124 2.- Características comunes de los delincuentes juveniles……………………………125 3.- Causas y factores de la delincuencia y violencia juvenil………………………….130 4.- Evolución de la delincuencia juvenil…………………………………….….…….139 CAPÍTULO II: DERECHO PENAL DE MENORES…………………………….145 1.- Historia de la legislación en materia de menores…………………………...……..150 2.- Respuesta legislativa y judicial al problema de las bandas juveniles……………..153 3.- Los modelos de Justicia Penal de Menores………………………………………..155 4.- La imputabilidad de menores……………………………………………………...159 5.- Principios informadores de la LORPM…………………………………………....161 6.- Las medidas susceptibles de ser impuestas a los menores………………………...165 6.1.- Notas características de las medidas sancionadoras…………………….168 6.2.- Tipología de medidas sancionadoras previstas en la legislación de menores………………………………………………………………………………..171 CAPÍTULO III: LAS STREET GANGS LATINAS O BANDAS CALLEJERAS DE TIPO VIOLENTO……………………………………………….……………..182 1.- Definición de las bandas callejeras o pandillas……………………………………185 2.- Origen y evolución de las pandillas hispanas……………………………………...191 3.- Pandillas callejeras: ¿Criminalidad organizada o delincuencia común?..................197 4.- Delincuencia juvenil en el seno de las bandas callejeras de tipo violento………...201 5.- La tipología de las Street Gangs y las bandas latinas más conocidas…..…………204 5.1.- Latin Kings…………………………………………………………........207 5.2.- Ñetas……………………………………………………………………..208 5.3.- Latinos Fuegos…………………………………………………………...210 5.4.- Trinitarios………………………………………………………………..210 5.5.- Dominican Don’t Play…………………………………………………...210 5.6.- Bling-Bling………………………………………………………………211 5.7.- La Pandilla de la Calle 18………………………………………………..212 5.8.- La Mara Salvatrucha o MS………………………………………………213 5.10.- Otras bandas latinas…………………………………………………...217 CAPÍTULO IV.- LA TRANSFORMACIÓN DE LAS PANDILLAS JUVENILES VIOLENTAS A CRIMEN ORGANIZADO TRANSNACIONAL……………...218 1.- Expansión de las maras a otros países……………………………………………..219 2.- Experiencia de Barcelona con las bandas latinas………………………………….223 3.- Las bandas latinas en Madrid……………………………………………………...227 4.-Las bandas latinas para nuestra Jurisprudencia…………………………………….232 5.- Medidas legales llevadas a cabo para combatir las pandillas juveniles…………...255 6.- Programas de intervención frente a las bandas……………………………………259 7.- Los cárteres colombianos y mejicanos y su relación con las pandillas latinas..…..261 CAPÍTULO V.- CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LOS PANDILLEROS, LA VIOLENCIA EN LAS PANDILLAS Y EL PORQUÉ SE CREAN……………...264 1.- Características comunes de los pandilleros………………………………………..265 2.- La violencia en el seno de las bandas como signo distintivo básico de otras agrupaciones juveniles delictivas……………………………………………………..268 3.- Causas de la formación de las bandas juveniles de tipo violento, ¿porqué existen?..........................................................................................................................271 4.- Actividad delictiva de los miembros de las pandillas……………………………..276 CAPÍTULO VI: TEORÍAS CRIMINOLÓGICAS SOBRE LA PREVENCIÓN DE LA DELINCUENCIA Y LA REGULACIÓN DE LA PREVENCIÓN EN ESPAÑA……………………………………………………………………………...279 1.- Teoría del delito y de la pena……………………………………………………...280 2.- Teorías de la prevención de la delincuencia……………………………………….285 2.1.- Prevención Especial……………………………………………….……..287 2.2.- Prevención General………………………………………..…………….288 3.- Pautas para la prevención de la delincuencia juvenil……….…………………..…292 CAPÍTULO VII: PREVENCIÓN DE LA FORMACIÓN DE LAS BANDAS O PANDILLAS CALLEJERAS VIOLENTAS……………………………………....297 1.- Orígenes de la prevención de la delincuencia juvenil, a nivel mundial…………...299 2.- Prevención de la formación de las bandas o pandillas ……………………………305 CAPÍTULO VIII: MEDIDAS ESTABLECIDAS EN EL DERECHO COMPARADO PARA COMBATIR LA CREACIÓN DE BANDAS O GRUPOS ORGANIZADOS……………………………………………………………….……310 1.- Los modelos de represión de la delincuencia juvenil……………………………...313 1.1.- Modelos de carácter preventivo………………………………………….313 1.2.- Modelos de carácter administrativo o judicial………………………..….314 1.3.- Modelos de carácter sociológico………………………………………...315 1.4.- Modelos de carácter biológico y psicológico, o modelos terapéuticos de carácter biopsicológico………………………………………………………..315 1.5.- Modelos punitivo-judicial……………………………………………….315 CAPÍTULO IX: EL TRATAMIENTO DE LA DELINCUENCIA ENTRE LOS JÓVENES PERTENECIENTES A BANDAS CALLEJERAS DE TIPO VIOLENTO…………………………………………………………………………..318 1.- Posibles soluciones favorecedoras del tratamiento de jóvenes que han cometido delitos………………………………………………………………………………….321 2.- El tratamiento reformador de los jóvenes pandilleros……………………………..326 3.- La ley del efecto………………………………………………………………..….332 4.- Programas para combatir la Delincuencia y el Pandillerismo………………..……333 5.- La reinserción de jóvenes delincuentes……………………………………………340 CONCLUSIONES……………………………………………………………..…….345 BIBLIOGRAFÍA……………………………………………………………..……...354
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