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Revista De Istorie Militară Nr. 5-6/2016 SUMAR • Istorie medievală – ALEXANDRU MADGEARU – Campania împăratului Ioan Tzimiskes REVISTA DE ISTORIE în Bulgaria din anul 971. Un model de soluționare a conflictelor pentru MILITARĂ actualele superputeri .................................................................................................. 1 Publicaţia este editată de Minis terul Apărării Naţionale, • Centenar Primul Război Mondial prin Institutul pentru Studii Politice de Apărare şi Istorie – MIHAIL DOBRE – Ecouri diplomatice italiene la demersurile pentru Militară, membru al Consor ţiului intrarea României în Primul Război Mondial (1916) ........................................... 7 Acade miilor de Apărare şi In­ stitutelor pentru Studii de Se­ – CAMELIA BRÂNCOVEANU, MARIN BADEA – Aspecte economice ale curitate din cadrul Partene­ pregătirii și ducerii războiului României ................................................................. 14 riatului pentru Pace, coordo­ – MANUEL STĂNESCU – Falkenhaynn și traversarea Carpaților în nator naţional al Proiec tului de Istorie Paralelă: NATO – Tratatul toamna anului 1916. Analiza strategiei germane .................................................. 19 de la Varşovia – DANIEL FOCȘA – Antanta și politica forței față de Grecia (octombrie 1915 – decembrie 1916) ....................................................................... 28 COLEGIUL DE REDACŢIE • General­maior (r) dr. MIHAIL • Istorie universală E. IONESCU, direc torul Institu­ tului pentru Studii Politice de – DRAGOȘ ILINCA – Geopolitică, război și istorie. Originile Orientului Apărare şi Istorie Militară Mijlociu Modern ......................................................................................................... 36 • Academician DINU C. – CAROLA FREY – Schimbări majore în diplomația modernă a Chinei: G I U R E S C U , A c a d e m i a Română momentul 2012­2015 ................................................................................................. 48 • D r. J A N H O F F E N A A R , Preşedintele Comisiei Olandeze de Istorie Militară • Muzeologie • Prof. univ. dr. DENNIS – ION CERĂCEANU – O zi la muzeul comunicațiilor și informaticii ......... 57 DELE TANT, London Univer­ sity • Colonel (r) dr. PETRE OTU, • Viața științifică directorul ştiinţific al Institu tului pentru Studii Politice de Apărare –MANUEL STĂNESCU – Conferința științifică internațională cu tema şi Istorie Militară „Primul Război Mondial și Bulgaria în 1916” (Sofia, Bulgaria, • Prof. univ. dr. MIHAI 3­7 octombrie 2016) ................................................................................................... 70 RETEGAN, Universitatea Bucureşti – CARMEN RÎJNOVEANU – Al 42­lea Congres International de Istorie • Conferenţiar univ. IULIAN Militară (Plovdiv, 3­9 septembrie 2016) ................................................................. 71 FOTA, Academia Naţională de Informaţii • Dr. SERGIU IOSIPESCU, cc. şt., Institutul pentru Studii Politice de Apărare şi Istorie Militară • Prof. univ. dr. ALESANDRU DUŢU, Universitatea „Spiru Haret” • Prof. univ. dr. MARIA GEOR GESCU, Universitatea • Revista este inclusă în baza de date a Consiliului Naţional al Cercetării Ştiinţifice Piteşti în Învăţământul Superior, fiind evaluată la categoria „C”. • Comandor (r) GHEORGHE VAR TIC • Poziţia revistei în lista-catalog a publicaţiilor este la numărul 5017 ISSN 1220-5710 CONTENTS • Medieval History – ALEXANDRU MADGEARU – The War of 971 in Bulgaria: a Model of Conflict Resolution for Present Superpowers ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1 • First World War Centenary – MIHAIL DOBRE – Italian Diplomatic Echoes to the Demarches for Romania’s Entry Into World War 1 (1916) ......................................................................................................................................................................... 7 – CAMELIA BRÂNCOVEANU, MARIN BADEA – Economic Aspects of Romania’s Preparation and Subsequent Entry into World War 1 ............................................................................................................................... 14 – MANUEL STĂNESCU – Falkenhaynn and the Crossing of the Carpathians in the Fall of 1916. An Analysis of the German Strategy ............................................................................................................................... 19 – DANIEL FOCȘA – The Entente and its Policy of Force towards Greece (October 1915 – December 1916) ................................................................................................................................... 28 • Universal History – DRAGOȘ ILINCA – Geopolitics, War and History. The Origins of the Modern Middle East .................. 36 – CAROLA FREY – Major Changes in Chinese Foreign Policy: 2012­2015 ..................................................... 48 • Museology – ION CERĂCEANU – A Day at the Museum of Communications and Computer Science ......................... 57 • Scientific Life – MANUEL STĂNESCU – The International Conference „The First World War and Bulgaria in 1916” (Sofia, Bulgaria, October 3­7, 2016) ................................................................................................................................ 70 – CARMEN RÎJNOVEANU – The 42nd International Congress of Military History (Plovdiv, September 3­9, 2016) ......................................................................................................................................... 71 • Responsabil de număr: PETRE OTU • ALEXANDRU VOICU – redactor • ADRIAN PANDEA – coperta • ELENA LEMNARU – tehnoredactare computerizată Adresa redacţiei: strada Constantin Mille nr. 6, cod 010142, Bucureşti, sector 1, telefon: 0213157827, telefax: 004021-3137955, http://ispaim.mapn.ro/pages/view/88 B 00136/11.05.2017 Istorie medieval` CAMPANIA ÎMPăRATULUI IOAN TZIMISKES ÎN BULGARIA DIN ANUL 971. UN MODEL DE SOLUţiONARE A CONFLICTELOR PENTRU ACTUALELE SUPERPUTERI* ALEXANDRU MADGEARU ** Abstract The campaign led by John Tzimiskes in Bulgaria against Svyatoslav in 971 could be con- sidered an example of conflict resolution and peace-building, according to the terminology of the present military science (the concepts are usually applied to modern international and civil wars). The complexity of that conflict involving, besides the Byzantine and Rus’ armies, the Bulgarians who were fighting in coalition with both parts, required a step by step conflict resolution, a particular way to treat with the enemy. For instance, Tzimiskes gave amnesty to those Bulgarians who fought on the side of the Rus’, before the end of the siege of Dorostolon. He wished to be seen as a liberator of Bulgaria (the capital Preslav conquered by the Rus’ in 968 was occupied by the Byzantine army during the 971 campaign). Later on, the emperor permitted the retreat of the enemy from Dorostolon, but ensuring a future alliance with the Pechenegs to prevent other invasions. For a present-day superpower like it was the Byzantine Empire in the 10th century, the evolution of this conflict provides some lessons of peace-buil- ding, such as the temporary recognition of the legitimate ruler of the invaded state (Boris II was freed by the Byzantine army), and the amnesty for those internal forces who fought on the side of the enemy. The victory of 971 was followed by an administrative organization that split in several parts the territory of Bulgaria, but this kind of conflict resolution proved to be not successful to annihilate the revival of that state after five years, by a rebellion in a peripheral area. This is another lesson for the present powers who are settling fundamentally different administration in a defeated country. Keywords: peace-building, conflict resolution, Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria, Russian Kievan state, Danube, Preslav, Dristra, John Tzimiskes, Basil II, Svyatoslav În vara anului 968, marele cneaz al Kievu- de circa 40.000 de oameni, cu care a ajuns la lui Sviatoslav a atacat Bulgaria la solicitarea lui Dristra. Armata bulgară cu efective de circa Kalokyros, strategul din Cherson, cu o oaste 30.000 a încercat să apere oraşul, dar în zadar. * Versiunea engleză a acestui articol a fost prezentată la al 23-lea Congres Internaţional de Studii Bizantine, Belgrad, 22-27 august 2016. ** Cercetător științific gr. I, Institutul pentru Studii Politice de Apărare și Istorie Militară. Revista de istorie militară 1 A urmat cucerirea capitalei Preslav. Astfel, ru- luat ostatic de Sviatoslav, şi a sfârşit prin a-i fi şii au trecut Dunărea cu sprijinul unui preten- luată puterea şi dus la Constantinopol5. dent la tronul de la Constantinopol. Împăratul Recunoaşterea temporară a conducătoru- Nikephor Phokas a căutat să îndrepte aceas- lui legitim al statului care a fost invadat a fost tă eroare strategică provocată de ambiţia lui prima măsură de ceea ce în prezent denumim Kalokyres, chemându-i pe pecenegi contra ru- „peace-building”, aplicată de împăratul Ioan şilor. Acţiunea nu a dat rezultate, căci Sviatos- Tzimiskes. Scopul ei a fost atragerea de partea lav s-a întors la Preslav în august 969, supunân- sa măcar a unora dintre locuitorii din teritoriul du-l pe tânărul ţar Boris II (969-971), care îşi ocupat, indiferent dacă obiectivul final a fost căpătase domnia cu ajutorul împăratului1. Ru- abolirea monarhiei bulgare. Nu putem fi siguri şii au devenit astfel o ameninţare chiar pentru că Ioan Tzimiskes a plănuit de la început să in- Imperiul
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