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Blephariceridae, Net-Winged Midges Entomology Publications Entomology 2003 Blephariceridae, Net-Winged Midges Gregory W. Courtney Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ent_pubs Part of the Entomology Commons, and the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons The complete bibliographic information for this item can be found at https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ ent_pubs/570. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Entomology Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Blephariceridae, Net-Winged Midges Abstract Net-winged midges (Diptera: Blephariceridae) are a small group of highly specialized aquatic flies. The immature stages are remarkable in their adaptations to and intimate association with torrential streams. Structural adaptations of larvae include six ventral suctorial disks, which function as hydraulic suckers and allow for secure attachment to current-exposed substrata. Other unusual features include a fused head, thorax, and first abdominal segment ( =·cephalothorax or cephalic division), which keeps the anterior larval body compact and close to the boundary layer while the larva is feeding. Pupae also are well adapted to torrential streams, being dorsoventrally compressed, streamlined, and attached immovably to rocks by three to four pairs of ventrolateral adhesive disks. Adult blepharicerids are slender bodied and long legged and show a diversity of habits. Despite their unique appearance, wide distribution, and trophic significance, data about net-winged midges emainr scattered and incomplete (e.g., Courtney 2000a,b). Disciplines Ecology and Evolutionary Biology | Entomology | Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Comments This chapter is published as Courtney, G.W. 2003. Blephariceridae, Net-Winged Midges. pp. 702-708 in S.M. Goodman & J.P. Benstead (editors). The Natural History of Madagascar. University of Chicago Press. Posted with permission. This book chapter is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ent_pubs/570 702 Invertebrates Systematic Accounts · Net-Winged Midges rather drab in color. Hennya regalis (Villeneuve), however, is much larger and more colorful (fig. 8.30)-hence the species epithet "regal." Again, this fly was originally placed in its own genus (Deuteroclara), but despite its size and color the species is now placed in Hermya (15 species), a genus that is widespread in tropical and southern Africa and ranges across the Oriental region. As far as we are aware, H. regalis is known only from two specimens, the original type and the one illustrated here. Although nothing is known of the biology of this species, from its placement in the subfamily Phasiinae (tribe Cylindromyiini), we can predict its maggots will be found to be parasitoids of true bugs (Heteroptera). Acknowledgments This chapter is the product of considerable collaboration. We are grateful to Gail E. Kampmeier, Illinois Natural His­ tory Survey, for helping to format table 8.35. A number of persons provided up-to-date information on flies of Mada­ gascar, in particular those belonging to the superfamily Figure 8.30. Hermya regalis (Villeneuve) (Tachinidae), adult male, dorsal view. Asiloidea: Fritz Geller-Grimm (Asilidae), Neal L. Evenhuis (Bombyliidae and Mydidae), Boris Kondratieff (Mydidae), Mark A. Metz and Martin Hauser for critiquing early and Martin Hauser (Therevidae and Asilidae). We thank drafts of this chapter. Blephariceridae, Net-Winged Midges G. W. Courtney Net-winged midges (Diptera: Blephariceridae) are a small tribution, and trophic significance, data about net-winged group of highly specialized aquatic flies. The immature midges remain scattered and incomplete (e.g., Courtney stages are remarkable in their adaptations to and intimate 2000a,b). association with torrential streams. Structural adapta­ Published data on the net-winged midges of Madagascar tions of larvae include six ventral suctorial disks, which are limited to a few short notes and species descriptions function as hydraulic suckers and allow for secure attach­ (e.g., Alexander 1952, 1956; Paulian 1953) and the de­ ment to current-exposed substrata. Other unusual features tailed review by Stuckenberg (1958). The first Malagasy include a fused head, thorax, and first abdominal segment collections were made in the mid-1900s, when Paulian (= ·cephalothorax or cephalic division), which keeps the an~ (19496) recorded blepharicerid larvae from the northern terior larval body compact and close to the boundary layer part of the island. The first adult material was recorded a while the larva is feeding. Pupae also are well adapted few years later and provided the basis for a new genus and to torrential streams, being dorsoventrally compressed, species from the subfamily Edwardsininae, Paulianina hova streamlined, and attached immovably to rocks by three to Alexander (Alexander 1952). Paulian (1953) subsequently four pairs of ventrolateral adhesive disks. Adult blephar­ described six larval forms and one pupal form assigned to icerids are slender bodied and long legged and show a di­ Paulianina and one larval form representing an unusual versity of habits. Despite their unique appearance, wide dis- member of the Blepharicerinae (tribe Apistomyiini). Shortly G. W. Courtney 703 thereafter, Alexander (1956) described a second species, (fig. 8.31D,H). Known larvae of Malagasy blepharicerids P. robinsoni Alexander, again based on a single adult fe­ include members of both major subfamilies, with the ed­ male. Stuckenberg's (1958) comprehensive review of Pau­ wardsinine genus Paulianina being most diverse. Final­ (ianina was based largely on his very important collections instar Paulianina larva share several features: dorsal cranial made between December 1955 and January 1956. These margin entire or only slightly excised posteriorly; antennae collections contained larvae, pupae, and adults (some pha­ two-segmented; intercalary segments usually prominent rate, dissected from pupae) of six new species of Paulianina, and bearing five-filamented tracheal gills ventrolaterally; as well as the immature stages of two unknown species. anal division of most species with small secondary prolegs. This outstanding review remains the most comprehensive Within this group, the subgenus Paulianina in the strict discussion of Malagasy Blephariceridae. As per this review, sense has markedly enlarged maxillary lacinia (fig. 8.31E), the fauna contains representatives of both major subfami­ a complete first intercalary segment, and simple, lobelike lies, Edwardsininae and Blepharicerinae, with the latter pseudopods; most larvae also lack sclerotized plates or represented by an undescribed member of the tribe large outgrowths dorsally (fig. 8.31A). In contrast, the sub­ Apistomyiini. genus Eupaulianina has smaller ("normal") maxillary laci­ More recent data on Malagasy" net-winged midges re­ nia, a divided first i~tercalary segment, complex pseudo­ main largely unpublished. Among the most compelling dis­ pods, and usually scleritized plates or outgrowths (spines, coveries are specimens from the late 1950s and early 1960s tubercles) dorsally (fig. 8.31B-D). Only one Blephariceri­ (Stuckenberg and Bertrand collections, respectively) and nae (apistomyiine) is known from Madagascar, and its miscellaneous samples gathered by Smithsonian Institution larva is among the most aberrant blepharicerids morpho­ scientists and other researchers. These collections include logically. Known specimens are markedly flattened, chiton­ additional specimens of known species, representatives of like, have indistinct intercalary segments, bear distinct pos­ several undescribed species of Paulianina, and all major life terior excisions on the dorsal cranial margin, and lack stages of the unnamed apistomyiine (G. W. Courtney un­ . secondary prolegs on the anal division (fig. 8.31H). publ. data). Pupal net-winged midges also are distinctive, being semiovoid, flattened ventrally, and slightly to strongly con­ vex dorsally (fig. 8.31G,I). General features of known Morphological Features of Malagasy Blephariceridae Malagasy pupae are in most respects typical of the family. The cuticle is pale, semihyaline, thin, and soft ventrally and Larval blepharicerids are among the most distinctive and black to brown and darkly sclerotized dorsally. The bran­ easily recognized insects. In most species, the body is some­ chial sclerite consists of the fused pronotum and mesono­ what cylindrical, flattened ventrally, and has six major divi­ tum and bears a pair of distinct respiratory organs an­ sions (fig. 8.31A-D,H). The first of the~e body divisions terodorsally. In most Blepharicerinae (e.g., apistomyiine), (= cephalothorax or cephalic division) comprises the fused these organs consist of four distinct respiratory lamel­ head, thorax, and first abdominal segment. Like most ne­ lae, each broad basally, elongate, and tapered distally matoceran larvae, blepharicerids have a complete head cap­ (fig. 8.311). In Edwardsininae (e.g., Paulianina), respiratory sule with well-developed lateral sclerites (genae) and an organs are never lamellate but rather comprise specialized elongate-ellipsoid median sclerite (frontoclypeal apotome). areas of elevated
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