The Soils of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa=Carleton

Home , Bear Brook (Ontario), Manotick, Mer Bleue Bog, North Gower, Ottawa River, Ottawa Valley

7 - f- i The Soils of The III Regional Municipality of Ottawa=Carleton (excluding the Ottawa Urban Fringe) Volume 1

Ministry of Agriculture and Food ONTARIO Ganada Jack Riddell, . Minister Research Direction Clay Switzer, Deputy branch de la recherche THE SOILS OF THE REGIONAL MUNICIPALITY OF OTTAWA-CARLETON

(excluding the Ottawa Urban Fringe)

Volume 1

REPORT NO. 58 OF THE ONTARIO INSTITUTE OF PEDOLOGY

by L.W. Schut and E.A. Wilson

1987

The Ontario Institute of Pedology has the responsibility for coordinating activities in soil resource inventories and related research in soilgenesis, morphology, classification, characterization, and interpretation of Ontario soils. The Institute consists of three cooperating agencies, namely Agriculture Canada, the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, and the University ofGuelph. Theseagencies provide on-going support through the Land ResourceResearch Cen- tre, Research Branch ofAgriculture Canada, theSoil and WaterManagement Branch of the Ontario Ministryof Agriculture and Food, and the Department of Land Resource Science ofthe University ofGuelph. Staff from each of these agencies contribute to the programs ofthe Institute. Additional support for the Institute's programs and cooperation is also received from time to time from other agencies, such as the Ontario Ministry ofNatural Resources and Environment Canada.

TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 4 SOIL INTERPRETATIONS...... 77 LIST OF TABLES ...... 4 A. AGRICULTURAL CAPABILITY CLASSIFICATION ...... 77 FIGURES ...... 5 LIST OF (a) Explanation of Capability Classifications ...... 77 INTRODUCTION...... 6 (1) Capability Classification for Mineral Soils . . . .77 HOW TO USETHE SOIL MAPS AND REPORT ...... 6 (a) Soil Capability Classes ...... 77 (b) Soil Capability Subclasses ...... 77 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA (c) Subclass Refinements ...... 78 Climate ...... 10 (d) Soil Capability Ratings ...... 80 Bedrock Geology ...... 12 (e) Guidelines Used in Rating Soils ...... 80 Physiography ...... 13 (1) Wetness (W) and Surficial Geology and Relationship to Soils ...... 17 Drainage Variability (V) ...... 80 SURVEY METHODS (2) Limitations Not Affecting Soil MappingProcedures ...... 24 the Rating...... 81 Survey Intensityand Map Reliability ...... 24 (3) Associated Stoniness ...... 81 The Mapping System ...... 25 (4) Limitations Requiring Less Conventions Usedin Mapping ...... 25 Severe Downgrading ...... 81 Definitions of Terms Associated with (2) Capability Classification for Organic Soils . . . . 81 the Soil Maps and Legend ...... 26 (a) Organic Soil Capability Classes ...... 81 GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF SOIL (b) Organic Soil Capability Subclasses ...... 81 ASSOCIATIONS, LAND TYPES, AND (c) Organic Soil Capability Ratings...... 82 MISCELLANEOUS LAND UNITS (3) Capability Classification for Land Type Introduction ...... 30 and Miscellaneous Land Units ...... 82 Soil AssociationKey - Figure 16 ...... 31 (b) Introduction to the Rating Tables ...... 82 Soil Association Descriptions ...... 30 (c) How to Apply the Capability Rating Tables ...... 83 Anstruther(A) ...... 30 (d) Examples of Rating Determinations for Bearbrook(B) ...... 32 SomeMap Symbols...... 83 Borromee(BE) ...... 33 (e) The Capability Rating Tables ...... 85 Castor (C) ...... 34 Table 9 - Agricultural Capability Ratings for Chateauguay(CH) ...... 35 Soil Landscape Units representing Dalhousie(D) ...... 36 Mineral Soils ...... 85 Farmington (F) ...... 38 Table 10 - Agricultural Capability Ratings for Goulbourn(GB) ...... 39 Soil Landscape Units representing Greely(GY) ...... 40 Organic Soils...... 93 Grenville(G)...... 41 Table 11- Agricultural Capability Ratings for Huntley(H) ...... 43 Land Type and Miscellaneous Ironside (I) ...... 43 Land Units ...... 93 Jockvale(J) ...... 45 B. SOIL INTERPRETATIONS FOR Kars(K) ...... 46 WATER EROSION ...... 94 Leitrim (L) ...... 48 1. Introduction ...... 94 Lemieux(LE) ...... 50 2. Factors Affecting Soil Erosion byWater...... 94 Malakoff (MK) ...... 51 3 . Measurement of Factors Affecting Water Erosion Manotick(M) ...... 51 (a) Rainfall Factor (R) ...... 95 Mer Bleue (MB) ...... 53 (b) Soil Erodibility Factor (K) ...... 95 Mille Isle (MI)...... 54 (c) Slope Gradient (S) and Slope Length (L) Nepean(N) ...... 55 Factors...... 98 North Gower (NG) ...... 56 (d) Cropping and Management Factors (C) ...... 98 Oka(O) ...... 58 4. Soil Erosion Assessment ...... 102 Osgoode(OS) ...... 64 C. LAND SUITABILITY CLASSIFICATION FOR Ottawa (OT) ...... 65 FOREST TREE SPECIES ...... 105 ...... 66 COMMON Queensway(Q) ...... 1 . Introduction ...... 105 Reevecraig(RE) ...... 67 ...... 105 ...... 68 2. Methods ...... Rideau(R) ...... 3. Explanation of SuitabilityRatings ...... 105 St. Thomas (ST) ...... 70 4 . Limitations to the Rating System ...... 105 Uplands (U) ...... 72 5 . How to Applythe Suitability Ratings Table ...... 106 Land Type Descriptions ...... 74 6. Examples of Some Ratings Determinations ...... 106 Recent Alluvium (AR) ...... 74 Eroded Channels (ER) ...... 74 REFERENCES ...... 111 Rockland(RK) ...... 74 APPENDIX 1 . Definitions of classes and phases used Escarpment (X) ...... 75 to describe soil and landscape Miscellaneous Land Units ...... 75 features ...... 112 Landslide (LD) ...... 75 Marshland (ML)...... 75 APPENDIX 2 . Correlation ofrecognized series and Altered by Man - Disturbedland (DL), subgroupsto previously published soil Land information ...... 114 Landfill site (LF), Sewage lagoon (SL), Topsoil removed (TR), Urban land (U) ...... 76 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF TABLES Members of the Ontario Institute of Pedology (OIP) pro- 1 . Summary statistics ofthe Eastern Counties and Renfrew vided assistance in many areas, especially B., van den Broek Climatic Regions ...... 10 and Dr. C.J. Acton, who acted throughout the project as tech nical advisers, and D. Irvineand J.A. McLennanwho provided 2 . Temperature data ('C) from the Ottawa-Carleton Region and cartographic assistance throughout the project . During map- vicinity ...... 10 ping the authors were assisted by R . Purdon, E . Taylor, R. 3. Precipitation data from the Ottawa-Carleton Region and Denis, J. Reynolds, J. Heinonen, R. Whiten, and K. Groves. vicinity...... 12 Assistance during the developmental stage of the survey was 4. Growing season and frost data from theOttawa-Carleton provided by W White. Region and vicinity ...... 12 Laboratoryanalyses were primarily conducted bythe OIP 5. First field seeding or planting Soil dates for commercial pro- Characterization Laboratory, University of Guelph. Some duction of vegetables inthe Ottawa-Carleton Region . .12 analyses were alsocarried out bythe Service Laboratory ofthe Land Resource Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, 6. Correlation between physiographic regions, surficial Ottawa. Engineering analyses were done by the Aggregates materials, And soil associations and land types . . . . . 17,18 Sectionlaboratory ofthe Highway Engineering Division ofthe 7. Major, moderate, and minor subclass definitions . . . . .78 Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications, 8. Extremely severe, very severe, and severe subclass Toronto. When detailed soil characterization and sampling definitions ...... 80 was carried out, the authors were assisted by B. Hohner and K. Wires of Agriculture Canada, both of whom also con- 9. Agricultural capability ratings for soil landscape units ducted speciallaboratory analyses. representing mineral soils ...... 85 The authors are greatly indebted to C. Tarnocai of the 10. Agricultural capability ratings for soil landscape units Land Resource Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, representing organic soils ...... 93 Ottawa, for his assistance in sampling and characterizing the 11 . Agriculture capability ratings for land type andmiscella- organic soils and for contributingto their final descriptions on neous land units ...... 93 the soil maps andinthe report. 12. The relative effectiveness of common field crops in reduc- Appreciation is also expressed to members of the Cartog- ing water erosion in Ontario ...... 94 raphySection ofthe Land Resource Research Centre. Members 13. of that section were involved in the K-values, K-ranges, and erodibility classes for the preparation of the prelimi- Ottawa-Carleton soils ...... nary and finalmaps, as well as the digitizing ofthe final maps...... 97 Special thanks are extendedto B. Edwards who supervised this 14. Guidelines for establishing soil erodibility classes . . . . .98 work, and to D. Perkins who did much of the map prepara- 15 . Soil erodibility (K-factor) values for common textures in tions. Appreciation is also extended to J. Day, J. Nowland, and the Ottawa-Carleton Region ...... 98 J. Dumanski ofthe same institute for technical guidance at key times during the project. 16. LS-values for different combinations of slope length and slope gradient ...... 99 The word processing the of report manuscript in prepara- 17 . tion for printing was done by M. van Dooren, J. McCluskey, C-values for continuous and rotational crops in the Ottawa-Carleton Region M. Kaczorowski, J. Forestell, and K. Palmer. Their efforts are ...... 100 gratefully acknowledged with special thanks. 18. Guidelines for assessing soil erosion potential The soil maps were printed by the Department of Energy, classes ...... 103 Mines and Resources, Ottawa, and the report was printed by 19. Land suitability ratings for commonly planted forest tree the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food. species in Eastern Ontario ...... 107

LIST OF FIGURES

1. Soil map index for the Regional Municipality of Ottawa- 22. Bearbrook landscapes are mostly level, characteristic of Carleton ...... 7 deep water marine deposits...... 60 2. General location of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa- 23 . A gently undulating Grenville landscape featuring domi- Carleton and the survey area...... 8 nantly well drained soils with a significant proportion of imperfectly drained soils. This type of Grenville landscape Main towns, transportation routes, and municipal bound- 3. was mapped as the G4 soil landscape unit...... 60 aries of the Regional Municipality ofOttawa-Carleton . .9 (Gren- Municipality 24. A well drained Eluviated Melanic Brunisol profile 4. Location of weather stations in the Regional soil association . These soils vicinity ...... 11 ville series) of the Grenville of Ottawa-Carletonand have developed on strongly calcareous loam and sandy 5 . Bedrock geology ofthe Ottawa-Carleton Region...... 14 loam till and feature B horizons with some accumulation 6. Physiography ofthe Ottawa-Carleton Region ...... 15 ofilluviated clay ...... 60 7. Drainage map of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa- 25. Manotick association soils feature 40 to 100 cm of sandy Carleton ...... 16 material overlying clays. Soils ranging from well to very poorly drained were included in this soil association . This 8. Generalized surficial materials of the Ottawa-Carleton drained Orthic Humic Gleysol (Allen- ...... 19 example is a poorly Region ...... dale series) featuring an A horizon rich in organic matter 9. Landscape cross-section showing soils and geology from and subsurface horizons which are heavily mottled . . . .61 Cumberland Township ...... 21 Vars to Leonard in 26. Manotick landscapes dominated by poor natural drainage 10. Landscape cross-section showing soils and geology from are nearly level with persistent high water tables ...... 61 Corners in Osgoode the Rideau River to east of Herbert 27. Jockvale landscapes are generally level to very gently ...... 22 Township ...... undulating...... 61 showing soils and geology across 11 . Landscape cross-section 28. An imperfectly drained Gleyed Melanic Brunisol (Staple- the Carp Valley and adjacent bedrock uplands near Mara- association . The neutral to . . . . .23 don series) ofthe Jockvale soil thonin West CarletonTownship...... medium acid fine sands and loamy fine sands of this asso 12. Categories employed inthe survey to defineland areas ciation are mostly imperfectlyto poorly drained...... 61 ...... 27 ...... 29. An imperfectly drained Gleyed Dystric Brunisol (Vinette 13 . Examples of map unit symbols and their key compo- series) of the St . Thomas soil association . Soil materials nents ...... 28 are dominated by fine sand textures. This example fea 14. Diagrammatic soil profile of a typical well-drained soil in tures some accumulation of iron and aluminum in the B the Ottawa-Carleton Region ...... 29 horizonbut not sufficientto meet the criteria for a podzolic Bf ...... 62 15. Diagrammatic soil profile of a typical poorly drained soil in the Ottawa-Carleton Region ...... 29 30. Imperfectly drained St. Thomas landscapes have nearly level topography ...... 62 16. Soil Association Key ...... 31 31 . A well drained Orthic Melanic Brunisol (Oka series) ofthe 17. A poorly drained Orthic Humic Gleysol profile (North Oka soil association . Of note is the large volume of lime- Gower series) of the North Gower soil association . Soil stone and dolomitic gravel and stones, especially in the materials are of deep marine depositional origin and con lower unweathered portion of the profile ...... 62 sist of nonstony clay loam and silty clay loam. These soils were mostly mapped as the NG2 soil landscape unit. . . .59 32. Oka parent materials, in this case grey-green shale material ofthe 03 soil landscape unit, are frequently mined for 18. North Gower association landscapes are nearly level to aggregate. Materials at this site have been extracted down very gently sloping and have relatively high agricultural to bedrock at about 2 m depth ...... 62 capability...... 59 33 . Farmington landscapes reflect the levelto very gentlyslop- 19. Dalhousie landscapes are generally level. Agricultural ing limestone and dolomite bedrock less than 50cm below capability for common field crops is relatively high thesurface ...... 62 (2W) ...... 59 34. Example portion of a soil map for the Ottawa-Carleton 20. A poorly drained Orthic Humic Gleysol (Brandon series) Region ...... 84 of the Dalhousie soil association . These soils consist of ...... nonstony clay and silty clay of marine origin and were 35 . Distribution of the rainfall factor "R" for southern mostlymapped as the D3 soil landscape unit ...... 59 Ontario ...... 96 21 . A poorly drained Orthic Humic Gleysol profile 36. Portion of a soil map and legend for the Ottawa-Carleton (Bearbrook series) oftheBearbrook soilassociation . Such Region ...... 103 soils feature reddish, nonstony heavy clay of deep marine 37. Nomograph for the prediction of cropland erosion poten- origin. Most Bearbrook association soils are poorly tial in the Ottawa-Carleton Region ...... 104 drained and were mapped as the B2 soil landscape unit ...... 60 INTRODUCTION The soil survey area, which is the subject of this report, not sufficient for present-day regional land use decision- does not comprise all ofthe Regional Municipality of Ottawa- making (2,3). Thus, a resurvey of the remaining area of the Carleton. A soil survey of the non-urban areas of the cities of Regional Municipality, at a scale of 1:50,000, was begun in Nepean and Gloucester in the Regional Municipality has been 1976. Preliminary soil maps, incorporating the new, more previously published in Soil Survey Report No. 47, Soils, capa- detailed soil information, were published as the survey pro- bilityandland use in the Ottawa UrbanFringe (1) . The remain- gressed (4,5,6). der of the Regional Municipality is included in this report. A The report is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 is soil map index pertaining to these surveys is provided in intended for general distribution and includes descriptions of Figure 1. the climatological and geologic settings of the soils, general The soil survey of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa- descriptions of the soils, and soil interpretations. Volume 2 Carleton, as reported herein, involved a resurvey of areas (available on request) contains detailed morphological, physi- which previously encompassed part of Russell County as well cal, and chemical descriptions of typical soils, as well as tables as the former County of Carleton. The resurvey of these areas of engineering test data . In addition to the report, there are is part of an ongoing program in Ontario to provide improved three soil maps provided with Volume 1 which have been pub- information aboutthe soil resources ofthe province, which will lished at ascale of 1 :50,000. aid in making decisions relating to the wise use of these The information contained in this report is intended to resources. The recent survey of the Ottawa Urban Fringe area complement previously published soil information for the (1), published at a scale of 1 :25,000, provided such informa- Ottawa Urban Fringe area. Many of the technical aspects and for tion much ofthe area adjacent to the City of Ottawa where concepts of the survey for that area were incorporated in this land use conflicts are more intense. Information available at survey in orderto maintain as much consistency as possible in thattime for the remainder ofthe Regional Municipality, how- published soil information for the entire Regional Municipal- ever, continued to be that provided in older surveys which was ity.

HOW TO USE THE SOIL MAPS AND REPORT The soil maps and report have been prepared with the (6) For more detailed information on specific Soil Landscape, intention of providing basic soils information for many users. Land Type, or Miscellaneous Land Units, locate them in For this reason, they contain a wide range of information Volume 1 ofthe report. Such information can be found in which can be used to answer many questions. In general terms, the section titled "General Descriptions of Soil Associa- however, most of the information provided can be placed into tions, Land Types and Miscellaneous Land Units". one of two general categories: (a) the nature and properties of For specific types of soil interpretations refer also to Vol- the soils which occur within the land areas of the region, and ume 1 . The section titled "Soil Interpretations" includes (b) interpretive information which can be used when making soil capability interpretations for common agricultural land management or land use decisions. field crops, soil erosion interpretations, and land suitability To use the soil maps and report efficiently the following interpretations forcommon forest tree species. procedure shouldbe followed: (8) For detailed morphological, chemical and physical Locate the area of interest in Figure 1, the "Soil Map descriptions oftypical soils,as well astables ofengineering Index" included with each volume. Determine the appro- test data, users arereferred to Volume 2. priate soil map for the area. When using the soil maps and report it is important to (2) Open the appropriate soil map, and locate your specific have an understanding ofthe following: area ofinterest. Natural and cultural features on the map, 1 . All soils, including those in this survey, exhibit a range of such as streams, roads, lot and concession numbers, should properties and characteristics within defined areas. There- assist in location. fore, thesoils occurring within amap delineation and repre- Note the map unit symbol or symbols shown within the sented by a specific map unit may vary. Likewise, similarly map delineations which encompass your area ofinterest. identified soils encompassed within separate map delinea- (4) Find the section "Explanation of Map Unit Symbols" on tions may also vary. the map. This section explains the types of map symbols 2. The boundaries between map units represent the best esti- and their respective components. A map symbol may con mate ofwhere the soils change. Since these changes at times sist of one or more components, depending on the type of may be gradual, some boundaries may only be- approxi- land area it represents and the landscape features which matelylocated. may exist. More detailed explanations ofmap symbols and 3. Within any delineation onthe maps, inclusions ofunidenti- components are given in the section "Definitions of Terms fied soil components may be present which are not Associated with the Soil Maps and Legend" of thereport. accounted for in themap unit. These unidentified soil com- Brief descriptions of all symbol components are provided ponents, which could be as large as 10 hectares (ha) in area, in the border areas of each map. Locate in the Legend the are unavoidable due to the map scale and nature of the soil specific Soil Landscape Unit, Land TypeUnit, orMiscella- mapping . neous Land Unit shown in the symbol. Locate the specific 4 . Most soils information is based on the examination of soil slope class, stoniness or rockiness class, or soil phase characteristics to a depth of about 100 cm below the shown in the symbol in the appropriate border section surface. which describes those landscape features. Detailed definitions ofthese are given inAppendix 1 ofthe report. CUMBERLAND

W. CARLETO KANATA

OSGOODE GOULBOUR

RIDEAU 0 10 20 km Soil Survey Report No. 47 t L (1979) "Ottawa Urban Fringe"

Soil Survey Report No. 58 Q "Soils of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa- Carleton"

Figure 1. Soil map index for the Regional Municipality of Ottawa- Carleton. r 78 'W-

48'N- REGIONAL MUNICIPALITY OF OTTAWA-CARLETON

44 -

LAKE ONTARIO

42'N

82*W

Figure 2. General location of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa- Carleton and the survey area. Otta!~?

Figure 3. Main towns, transportation routes, and municipal boundaries ofthe Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton. 3o,ood o tU .~ l~ C1

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA

Climate Table 1. Summary Statistics of the Eastern Counties and Renfrew Climatic Regions' The Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton is situated in parts of two climatic regions (7). The majority of the Eastern regional municipality is situated in the Eastern Counties cli Counties Renfrew matic region. The remainder consisting of the northwestern part of the municipality is situated in the Renfrew climatic MeanAnnual Temperature ('C) 6.1 5.0 region. Asummaryof pertinentclimatic averages forthese two Mean Daily Maximum Temperature (°C) regions is provided inTable 1. January -4.4 -5 .5 Differences between these regions are evident when com- April 11 .1 10.5 paring such statistics as mean average temperatures (6.1 vs July 27.2 26.6 5 .0°C), frost-free period (135 vs 130 days), growing season October 13.8 13 .3 (195 vs 190 days), and mean annual precipitation (762 to 940 Mean Daily Minimum Temperature (°C) mm vs 711 mm). January -15 -16.1 April -1 .1 Climatic trends across the regional municipality generally 0.5 July 13.8 13.3 parallel thebroader trends indicated in Table 1. Figure4 shows October 2.7 2 .2 the location of climatic stations in the Ottawa-Carleton region and vicinity. Tables 2, 3, and 4 show temperature, precipita- Extreme Low Temperature (°C) -40 .0 -40.0 tion, and growing season data respectively by climatic station. Extreme HighTemperature (°C) 40.0 39.4 Mean annual temperature data indicate a very slight southerly Mean Date of Last Spring Frost May 15 May 18 warming trend with Kemptville registering the highest temper- Mean Date of FirstFall Frost Sept. 28 Sept. 25 ature at 5.9°C . Precipitation data from Table 3 indicate a Mean Annual Frost Free Period 135 130 up the For subtle drying trend northwesterly Ottawa valley. Apr 15 Apr. 18 example, mean May to September rainfall values exceed 390 Start ofGrowing Season* . mm at Ottawa and are reduced to 352.7 mm at Arnprior. End of Growing Season Oct. 28 Oct. 27 Growing season values listed in Table 4 exhibit an increasing Mean Annual Length of trend towards the south. A comparison of Arnprior and Growing Season 195 190 Kemptville stations shows an increase of approximately 4 days Mean AnnualGrowing in the growing season, 6 days in the frost-free period, 200 Degree Days* 3400 3100 growing degree days, and 100 corn heat units at the latter Mean Annual Precipitation (cm) 76.2-94 .0 71 .1 station. Mean Annual Snowfall (cm) 203 191 *Basedon temperatures above5°C 'DatafromBrown etaL,1968

Table 2. Temperature data (°C) from the Ottawa-Carleton Region and vicinity' Mean MeanDaily Mean Daily Mean Highest Lowest Annual Maximum Minimum Daily Recorded Recorded Jan Apr July Oct Jan Apr July Oct Jan Apr July Oct Chats Falls 5 .8 -6.0 10.8 26.7 13 .3 -16.7 0.0 14.7 3.7 -11 .3 5.4 20.7 8.5 37.8 -41.1 Arnprior 5 .5 -7.2 10.6 26.4 13 .1 -15.9 0.0 14.4 3.1 -11 .6 5.4 20.4 8.3 37.2 -37 .2 Ottawa, Agr. Canada 5.9 -6.4 10.6 26.2 13 .1 -15.2 0.7 14.9 3.8 -10.8 5.7 20.6 8.5 37.8 -38.9 OttawaInt'1. Airport 5 .7 -6.4 10.7 26.3 13 .0 -15.4 0.3 14.9 3.2 -10.9 5.6 20.6 8.1 37.8 -36.1 Carp 5.4 -7.2 10.4 25.9 13.0 -15.6 0.4 14 .5 2.9 -11 .5 5.4 20.3 8.0 35.6 -37.8 Russell 5 .7 -6.1 10.7 26.3 13.6 -15.8 0.2 14.2 3.1 -11 .0 5.5 20.3 8.3 36.1 -40.0 Almonte 5.4 -5.8 10.9 26.4 13.5 -16.2 -0.6 13 .4 2.6 -11 .0 5.2 19.9 8.1 37.8 -38 .9 Ashton Station 5.3 -6.2 10.6 26.2 13.2 -16.0 -0.3 13.6 2.5 -11 .1 5.2 19.9 7.9 35.6 -37.2 Kemptville 5 .9 -5 .4 11 .1 26.6 13.6 -15.1 0.2 14.1 3.1 -10.3 5.7 20.4 8.4 38.3 -39 .4 'CompiledfromEnvironmentCanada,AtmosphericEnvironmentServiceClimaticNormals,1951-1980 Chats Falls

Arnprior

" OTTAWA Agriculture Canada

" Carp OTTAWA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT " Russell

Almonte

Ashton Station

" Kemptville

0 20 km

Figure 4. Location of weather stations in the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton and vicinity. A frost-free period ranging from 130 to 140 days makes Table 3. Precipitation data from the commercial production of many vegetable crops possible . Ottawa-Carleton Region and vicinity' Table 5 lists the first field seeding or planting dates for com mon vegetables in Climatic Zone E, which includes the Mean Mean Mean Ottawa-Carleton region . Annual Rainfall Annual Soil climate in the Ottawa-Carleton region Precipitation may to Snowfall is generally (mm) September(mm) classified as mild mesic with respect to soil temperature, and (cm) humid to subaquic with respect to soil moisture (8). Mean Chats Falls 819.6 364.8 205 .8 annual soil temperature at 50 cm depth ranges from 8 to 15'C Arnprior 745.6 352.7 158.8 and mean summer soil temperature ranges from 15 to 22°C. Ottawa, Agr. Canada 846.2 397.3 205 Thermal period of the soil, which is the period during which .5 soiltemperature exceeds 15'C at 50 cm depth, approaches 120 Ottawa Int'1. Airport 879.3 393 .2 227.3 days. The humid soil moisture regime implies that the period Carp 854.0 378 .4 198.7 when the soil is dry is less than 90 days in most years, with Russell 846.4 382.9 178.2 water deficits ranging from 2.5 to 6.4 cm. Climatic Moisture Almonte 735.6 331 .6 179.5 Index (CMI) for the humid regime is 74 to 84% . This index Ashton Station 915.1 377.3 225.9 expresses growing season precipitation as a percentage of potential available water use byannual field crops . Kemptville 867.0 386.7 185.0 'Compiled from Environment Canada, Atmospheric Environ- mentServiceClimatic Normals,1951-1980

Table 4. Growingseason and frost data from the Ottawa-Carleton Region and vicinity' Mean Mean Mean Mean GrowingSeason Length Annual Annual MeanDate Annual Growing Growing Corn Heat Last First Frost Free Starts Ends Season (days) Degree Days Units Frost Frost Period Chats Falls April 17 Oct 28 194 3200 2500 May 17 Sept26 132 Arnprior April 17 Oct 28 194 3200 2500 May 17 Sept26 132 Ottawa, Agriculture Canada April 16 Oct29 196 3300 2600 May 15 Sept 27 135 Ottawa International Airport April 16 Oct 29 196 3300 2600 May 15 Sept 27 135 Carp April 16 Oct28 195 3300 2600 May 16 Sept 27 136 Russell April 15 Oct 29 197 3400 2600 May 14 Sept 28 139 Àlmonte April 16 Oct 29 196 3300 2500 May 17 Sept27 135 Ashton Station April 16 Oct 29 196 3300 2600 May 16 Sept 27 136 Kemptville April 15 Oct 30 198 3400 2600 May 15 Sept28 138

'Dataestimatedfrom Brown etaL,1968

Table 5. First field seeding or planting dates for commercial Bedrock Geology production ofvegetables inthe Ottawa-Carleton Region' The bedrock geology of the regional municipality is mainly of Paleozoic era and Ordovician period (10). The Crops Dates exception is a fairly large area of Precambrian bedrock in the Frost Hardy western part of the region, extending from the villages of asparagus, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, April25-May 10 Fitzroy Harbour and Galetta to the CityofKanata (Figure 5). cabbage, lettuce, onion, radish, Part of the Grenville supergroup, this Precambrian bedrock rhubarb, pea, spinach, parsnip, consists of quartzites, crystalline limestone, and other meta- earlypotato morphic rocks along with granite and granite-gneiss (11,12). Semi-Frost Hardy Included in the area is the Carp Ridge, an area consisting of beet, carrot, cauliflower, celery, May 5-15 marshlands, bare rock outcrops and thin till deposits gener- late potato, early sweet corn allylessthan half a metrethick. Semi-Frost Tender The Ordovician or Cambrian sandstone of the Nepean snap bean, sweet corn, tomato May 25-June 5 formation is the oldest Paleozoic bedrock in the region (10). Occurring and outcropping in partsofthe City of Kanata, this Frost Tender generally cream colored coarse grained sandstone is a source limabean, cucumber, eggplant, June 5-15 of building stone and underlies much of the shallow Nepean muskmelon, pepper, pumpkin, soil association . squash, watermelon The Oxford formation is the dominant bedrock in the 'From OMAFPublication 363, VegetableProduction Recom- region, underlying most of Rideau and Osgoode townships mendations and smaller parts of West Carleton Township and the Cityof Kanata. It exists in thick beds and consists mainly of weathering dolomite, sometimes varying to grey limestone and magnesian limestone (10). The upper part of the formation may also contain shaly layers. Outcrops are most common in till over the bedrock has been sorted and redeposited as beach southwestern Rideau Township and northeastern Osgoode lines in localized spots. Many of these have been mined for Township, wherethe formation also underlies fairly extensive aggregate. Also present are considerable areas of wetlands in areas ofthe shallow Farmington soil association. the form of stream and basin swamps and a few fen deposits. deposits of formations is the This physiographic area also includes scattered Transitional to the Nepean and Oxford Main drainage channels are the formation which alternates from grey deeper clays and sands. Ordovician March Rideau and the Jock Rivers . sandstone to sandy, blue-grey dolomite (10). This formation underlies a portion ofthe City ofKanata. The North Gower drumlin field includes the eastern half of Rideau Township and the majority of Osgoode Township. Of Chazy age are the St. Martin and Rockcliffe forma- till plains of consists of grey-green This physiographic region features drumlins and tions (10). The Rockcliffe formation sloping topography. Low lenses. Main areas of occurrence gently undulating to moderately shale with some sandstone adjacent to these deposits commonly consist of finer in the northern and southern parts of West Carleton areas are clays and silts of Champlain Sea origin. These lower deposits Township, and northern Cumberland Township. The mainly present is an esker deposit along a narrow are generally poorly drained. Also limestone St. Martin formation outcrops River on the west side and occurring in a Cumberland Township adjacent to the flanking the Rideau fringe in northern northsouth direction. This deposit was locally reworked into Ottawa River. beach-type landforms on the surface by the Champlain Sea. The Ottawa formation, which is mostly limestone, con- Resulting topography is somewhat subdued with the original stitutes almost as much of the region as the Oxford forma- esker flanked by gentlysloping sand plains in spots. Intermit- tion. Approximately half of both West Carleton and tent limestone plains and stream swamp deposits also occur in Cumberland Townships are underlain by this formation. The the drumlin field area. The Rideau River is the main drainage upper part of this formation consists of fairly pure limestone channel through the area, serving such minor channels as the with a few shaly layers (10). Materials from this formation Mudand Steven Creeks. In the eastern part ofthe region, the continue to be mined and also underlie much of the shallow smaller South Castor and Castor Rivers are also important Farmington soil association. drainage channels. In general, the highproportion ofpoorly- Intermittently overlying the Ottawa formation is the drained areasin thisphysiographic region has necessitated the Eastview formation, which consists of dark grey limestone digging ofa considerable municipal drainagenetwork. interbedded with shale (10). Its onlylocation within the region The Ottawa Valley clay plains include areas of West is a narrow band which approximately bisects Cumberland Carleton and Goulbourn townships, the City of Kanata, and Township fromeast to west. the majority of Cumberland Township. West of the City of Thebrownto black shales ofthe Billings formation over- Ottawa, the physiography is acombination of clayplains and lie the aforementioned Eastview formation and constitute the bedrock uplands which is due to faulting. Agood example of bedrock of central Cumberland Township. This formation is this phenomenon is the Carp Valley and the adjacent Carp succeeded by the grey and sandy weathering shales of the Ridge, demarcated from each other by the Hazeldean fault. Carlsbad formation in southern Cumberland and northeast- East of the City of Ottawa, in Cumberland Township, the ern Osgoode townships. In the same general area, the Carls- clay plain borders the present Ottawa River. Further to the bad formation is in turn succeeded by the Queenston south across the middle ofthe township, the more or less uni- formation which consists of red shale (10). The three afore- form clay plain borders an ancient abandoned channel of the mentioned bedrock formations account for the relatively fre- Ottawa River. The channel varies from 3 to 5 km, wide and quent occurrence of the shaly Leitrim soil association in was abandoned due to isostatic uplift of the land surface fol- central and southern Cumberland Township. The Queenston lowing glacial retreat . This caused the channel to rise above formation is also the original source of the reddish bands of sea level, therefore confining the river to its modern northern silt and clay which characterize the Bearbrook soil associa- route. Part of the channel is now drained by the Bear Brook, tion. but it is alsothesite ofthe poorly drained Mer Bleue bog inthe western portion. Most of the channel consists of clay plains alternating with sandy deposits and modifiedtill plains . Afew Physiography ancient landslide sites are also present (12). Main drainage The Ottawa-Carleton map area consists of parts of four channels besides the Ottawa River in theclay plains region are physiographic regions. These are the Smiths Falls limestone the Mississippi River, Carp River, Cardinal Creek, Becketts plain, the North Gower drumlin field, the Ottawa Valley clay Creek, as well asthe Bear Brook. plains, and the Russell Prescott sand plains (13). Figure 6 To the south of the ancient river channel, in the remain- shows the predominance of aspects of these four general der of Cumberland Township and northern Osgoode Town- regions in comprising the physiography of Ottawa-Carleton. ship, the area is part of the Russell Prescott sand plains Figure 7 shows the rivers and main streams of the region. physiographic region. These sand deposits were originally Table 6 summarizes the relationships between the physio- part ofa delta of the early Ottawa River. The delta was subse- graphic regions, surficial materials, and soils ofthe region. quently incised during the events of isostatic uplift of the The Smiths Falls limestone plain includes thewestern half regional land mass and the resulting recession and rerouting of Rideau Township, the majority of Goulbourn Township, ofthe river's waters. The remainingdeposits are generally 5 to and a large part of southernwest Carleton Township. The 10 m thick, and level to very gently undulating except where topography of this area is generally nearly level, being con- theyhave been reworked into dunes. Main drainage channels trolled by the shallow and mainly limestone and dolomite in this area are the North Castor River, Shaws Creek, and the Ottawa and Oxford bedrock formations. The thin veneer of South Indian Creek.

~rrur, `purrrrurr~-`rrurrrrrrrrirrrrr; lvuuounuurr, Iurrrrrurrrrrrr py8dlu ,No: OF, ~nuur-~sa mi 0uur%!SU!-1 ~ : II~IILiIVIu~~dllr Ilm

QUATERNARY Rockcliffe Formation : grey-green shale with lenses of grey sandstone Q PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT Recent alluvium and glacial deposits - bedrock unknown Oxford Formation : dolomite and limestone

ORDOVICIAN ® March Formation: interbedded sandstone and dolomite

Queenston Formation : red shale ORDOVICIAN OR CAMBRIAN .... rr rr Carlsbad Formation : grey shale, sandy shale, some dolomite 111111111111 Nepean Formation: sandstone layers PRECAMBRIAN Billings Formation : black shale; minor brown shale PC Grenville Formation : crystalline limestone, quartzites, and Eastview Formation : dark grey limestone with shale bands metamorphic rocks; associated granites and granite-gneiss

Ottawa Formation : mainly limestone, some dolomite, shale and ' re Fault line sandstone in basal part After Wilson, A.E . 1964 . Geology of the Ottawa-St . Lawrence St . Martin Formation: limestone, minor shale and dolomite Lowland . Geological Survey of Canada . Memoir 241 .

Figure 5. Bedrock geology ofthe Ottawa-Carleton Region.

Till plains (undrumlinized) _ Eskers

Till plains (drumlinized) ONE Shallow till and rock ridges

Limestone plains Peat and muck

Sand plains 000 Drumlins

Clay plains Beaches

After Chapman, L.J ., and D.F. Putnam 1972, Map 2227, Physiography of the Eastern Portion of Southern Ontario.

Figure 6. Physiography ofthe Ottawa-Carleton Region. River

Figure 7. Drainage map of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa- Carleton.

Surficial Geology and Relationship to association . In a few other localized areas till deposits were submerged in deeper, slower moving marine waters resulting Soils of the Region in less than 1 m thick veneers of silt and clay being deposited Surficial geology maps and related information provided on the till. These deposits were mapped as the Chateauguay usefulgeneralguidance in muchofthe mapping andreporting soil association . of the soils of the region . Figure S is a generalized map of the Wisconsin glacial retreat also produced well sorted ice- surficial deposits. A summary table is also provided in which frontal deposits in several areas ofthe region. Consisting orig- the physiographic regions referred to in the previous section inally of non-fossiliferous sand, gravel, cobbles, and as well as the surficial materials are related to the various soil occasional lenses of till, these often esker-like ridges also associations (Table 6). In addition, three landscape cross- underwent varying degress ofmodification during the Cham- sections in Figures 9, 10 and 11 are provided to further aid plain Sea inundation. Many deposits were extensively understanding of soil-geological relationships in the region. reworked into marine beach deposits and were mapped as the Fairly extensive areas of the region consist of thin Oka soil association . However, those havingundergone lesser deposits (less than 1 m thick) of unconsolidated sediments modification or which were essentially intact with only thin over bedrock interspersed with bare bedrock outcrops. This beach features were mapped as the Kars soil association . bedrock is generally distinguished as Precambrian or Paleo- Main deposits of this soil material are located in the Stittsville- zoic. The thin veneer of unconsolidated material is mostly Huntley area of Goulbourn and West Carleton townships, undifferentiated glacial drift and has been mapped as the the Kars area of Rideau Township, Osgoode Township along Anstruther soil association in the Precambrian areas, the Far- a line running from Osgoode to Greely, andin the Leonard to mington soil association in the Paleozoic limestone and dolo- Sarsfield area of Cumberland Township. mite areas, and the Nepean soil association in the areas of sandstone. Most of the Anstruther association mapped is on Table 6. Correlation betweenphysiographic regions', or in the vicinity ofthe Carp Ridge. The Nepean soil associa- surficial materials', and soil associations and land types tion was mapped mainly in the City of Kanata area. The Far- mington association is more widespread, having been Soil Associations, mappedextensively in Rideau, Goulbourn and West Carleton Land Types, or townships, as well as in considerable areas of Osgoode and Physiographic Miscellaneous Cumberland townships. Rockland land types have also been Regions SurficialMaterials LandUnits mapped in parts of these areas dominated by bare bedrock Recent Deposits and veneers ofdriftless than 10 cmthick . SmithsFalls OrganicDeposits: muck Borromee The thin glacial till veneers in the bedrock dominated limestone plain, and peat in form of Goulbourn areas correspond to a great degree in age and source to two North Gower bogs, fens and swamps Greely main deeper types of Pre-Champlain Sea deposits (12,14). drumlin field Huntley These are the deep glacial till deposits and fluvioglacial Lemieux deposits which are products of the Wisconsin age glacial Malakoff retreat. The tills are characterized by two general landforms, Mer Bleue these being elongated drumlin ridges oriented along a Marshland northsouth axis, and undulating till plains. The composition Modern River Deposits Recent Alluvium of the till is highly influenced by the type of bedrock local to Eroded Channels the deposit. Hence the majority of till deposits in the region Post-Champlain Sea Deposits are calcareous and moderately coarse to medium textured Ottawa Valley Clayey Abandoned Bearbrook with a fairly high proportion of stones and boulders. High clayplains RiverChannel Deposits: Rideau contents oflimestone and dolomite reflect the areal predomi- silt and silty clay with Dalhousie nance of the Ottawa and Oxford bedrock formations in the sand lenses underlain by Manotick region (10). These surficial materials were mapped as the unmodified marine clay Castor Grenville soil association . Extensive deposits occur in Goul- . Thomas and Cumberland townships . Russell-Prescott SandyAbandoned St bourn, Rideau, Osgoode, sandplains, River ChannelDeposits: Uplands A few till deposits are dominated by sandstone, most OttawaValley stratified medium sand Ottawa notably in areas of northern West Carleton Township in the clayplains deposits, locally Mille Isle vicinity of Fitzroy Harbour. These materials are non reworked into dunes; Manotick calcareous and somewhat sandier than the aforementioned unfossiliferous calcareousmaterials, and were mapped as the Queensway soil Russell-Prescott Estuarineand Channel St. Thomas association . Till deposits derived chiefly from shale bedrock sandplains Deposits: stratified Uplands have been mapped as the Leitrim soil association . Materials mediumto fine grained Ottawa derived from a number of shale-bearing formations are sand; locally reworked Manotick included in the Leitrim association . They include the Queen- into dunes Castor ston (red shale), Carlsbad (grey shale), Billings (black shale), Champlain Sea Deposits (grey shale) and Rockcliffe (grey-green shale). The Eastview Gower Littoral Facies: gravel, Oka most extensive shaly till deposits arelocated in southern Cum- North with the Queenston, drumlin field, coarse sands, andcob- berland township and are associated Smiths Fallslime- bles; slabs ofbedrock Carlsbad, and Billings formations . stone plain where derived from All till deposits in the region were subject to modification Paleozoic bedrock; fos- due to subsequent marine inundation following glacial siliferous; sometimes retreat . Ina few areas ofhigh modification, shallow fast mov overlies fluvioglacial ing marine waters removed clay and silt from the till and deposits deposited a veneer of sand most often less than 1 m thick on the till surface. Such depositsweremapped asthe Ironside soil (Continued on Page 18)

Table6. Correlation between physiographic regions', surficial materials2, and soil associationsand land types (cont'd) Soil Associations, Land Types, or Physiographic Miscellaneous Regions Surficial Materials Land Units NorthGower Sub-littoral Facies: uni- Jockvale drumlin field, form, fine buff sand Uplands Smiths Falls lime- deposited in shallow Manotick stone plain water asnearshore Castor facies; commonly Reevecraig reworked into dunes; Osgoode commonly fossiliferous MilleIsle Ironside Ottawa Valley Deep-water Facies: Rideau clay plain blue-greyclay, silt, and Bearbrook silty clay; calcareous Dalhousie and fossiliferous at North Gower depth; commonly Chateauguay reworked, non- Castor calcareous and non- Landslide fossiliferous at surface (2m depth or less) Pre-Champlain Sea Deposits North Gower Fluvioglacial Deposits: Kars drumlin field gravel and sand, stratified, some till; in the form ofeskersand vari- ousice contactdeposits; surface reworked into beaches in locations below the Champlain Sea Emit. North Gower Glacial Deposits: till; Grenville drumlin field heterogeneous mixture Leitrim ranging from clayto Ironside large boulders, generally Chateauguay sandy, grades down- Queensway ward into unmodified till; surfacegenerally modified by wave or river action; topography flat to hummocky Bedrock Smiths Falls _R: limestone, dolomite, Farmington limestoneplain locally shale, sandstone Nepean (Paleozoic); mainly bare, tabular outcrops; includesareas thinly veneered byunconsoli- dated sediments upto 2 mthick Ottawa Valley R: intrusive andmeta- Anstruther clay plain morphic rocks (Precam- brian); mainlybare, hummocky, rolling or hilly rock knobupland; includes areas thinly veneered by unconsolidated sediments up to 2 m thick 'FromPhysiographyofSouthernOntario, ThirdEdition, byL.J. ChapmanandD.F. Putnam, Ontario GeologicalSurvey. FFromMap 1425A, SurficialMaterialsandTerrainFeatures, by S.H. Richard, N.R. Gadd, andJ.S. Vincent, GeologicalSurvey of Canada. Intrusive and metamorphic precambrian bedrock; occurs either at Marine beach deposits ; cobbly or flaggy sand and gravel or near the surface

surface; HUN Paleozoic bedrock either at or near the Fluvial or estuarine sand deposits limestone, dolomite, locally shale or sandstone; usually significant areas of marine beach and organic deposits are included Combination of Paleozoic bedrock outcrops, glacial tilt, and marine Glacial till deposits ; minor areas of Paleozoic bedrock at or near clay deposits the surface may also occur Combination of eroded marine clay deposits and fluvial or estuarine sand deposits Fluvioglacial deposits ; cobbly sand and gravel

Organic deposits Marine clay deposits; includes eroded marine clays associated with old river channels nnnnoioion miammoo Marine clay deposits, with significant areas of glacial till deposits nonmmnon Generalized from Richard, S.H ., N.R . Gadd, and J.-S. Vincent, 1974, nouummooi in the form of drumlins and till plains . Surficial Materials and Terrain Features, Ottawa-Hull, Map 1425A, Geological Survey of Canada. Marine clay deposits, with significant areas of Precambrian bedrock outcrops nrr Marine sand deposits; minor areas of glacial till deposits may also Nam NONE occur

Figure 8. Generalized surficial materials of the Ottawa-Carleton Region . The Champlain Sea marine inundation resulted in deep Recession of the Champlain Sea was succeeded by stages water deposits, shallow water ornear shore deposits, and shore of the ancestral Ottawa River. Surficial deposits resultant of line or beach deposits influenced by tidal fluctuation (14). The these stages exist in West Carleton Township following a band deep water deposits generallyconsist ofblue-grey clay and silty from the Galetta area through Fitzroy, Constance Bay, clay. These deposits are also referred to as Leda clay and are Woodlawn and further southeast into the City of Kanata. In usually non-calcareous and non-fossiliferous in the upper Cumberland Township, ancient channel deposits are found in metre, and slightly calcareous and fossiliferous at lower the northern portion adjacent to the present Ottawa River depths. Bands of silt and very fine sand commonly occur channel, and across the middle of the township mainly in or amongst theclaydeposits, especiallyin areas where the marine near a channel running from westto east . Along the floors and clays are adjacent to till knolls which served as an erosional sides of that channel, erosive action exposed what were origi- source of the coarser materials during the different stages of nally marine clays. These exposed clay deposits were mostly sea inundation. Soil associations corresponding to the coarser mapped as Rideau and Bearbrook soil associations, and some non-calcareous upper clay layer are the North Gower, Dalhousie soil association . Where veneers of silt or sand were Dalhousie, Osgoode, and Castor. The upper clay layer was left on top of the clay, Castor and Manotick associations were deposited in a more fresh water environment associated with mapped. In the same channel some till deposits were also the late stages ofthe Champlain Sea and the early stages ofthe exposed from underneath the eroded clay. Chateauguay, Iron- ancestral Ottawa River. The deeper, finer, slightly calcareous side, and Grenville soil associations were mapped in this area. and fossiliferous clays were deposited during the earlier stages Considerable deep deposits of unfossiliferous sand were also ofthe Champlain Sea in a salt to brackish water environment . deposited on the channel floors, banks and terraces. These Soil associations mapped on these deposits are the Rideau and deposits were included mostly in the St. Thomas, Ottawa and Bearbrook soil associations which are composed of heavy Mille Isle soil associations. Along the banks of the ancestral clays. The main areas where North Gower, Dalhousie, Castor Ottawa River are a number of landslide deposits (12). The and Osgoode soilassociations have been mapped are along the landslides occurred when the sensitive marine clays became Carp Valley inWest Carleton Township, the Richmond plain in saturated and weakened, allowing large sections of the banks Goulbourn Township, and in the drumlinfield through Rideau to liquify and flow. Some of these deposits are mapped as the and Osgoode townships. Bearbrook and Rideau associations Landslide land unit. Others have been mapped as soil associa- were mapped primarily in Cumberland Township. tions, namelythe St. Thomas, Ottawa, Rideau and Bearbrook. Near shore and beach deposits of the Champlain Sea cor- The most recent deposits in the map area are the organic respond with the latter stages of inundation as the marine deposits and the modern river deposits. The organic deposits waters receded due to isostatic uplift of the region. The near havebeen mapped and classified in seven organic soil associa shore deposits are described as medium to fine fossiliferous tions. The modern river deposits have been mapped as Recent sands (14). These nearly level to very gently sloping sand plains Alluvium land types, or are included in the Eroded Channel usually occur adjacent to marine beach deposits. Good exam- land type. ples of these occurrences are located in the Huntley, Stittsville The organic deposits are most extensive in Goulbourn and and Stanley Corners area of Goulbourn Township, in the Kars Rideau townships where they are associated with the Paleozoic and Watterson Corners area of Rideau Township, and in bedrock plains of this area. The bedrock is mostly of the Osgoode Township between the village of Osgoode and Ottawa and Oxford formations (10). Swamp landforms were Manotick Station. Soil associations mapped on these surficial mapped as the Huntley, Goulbourn, and Greely soil associa- materials include the St. Thomas, Jockvale, Mille Isle, tions. Fen landforms were mapped as the Malakoffsoil associ- Osgoode, and Uplands. Where sand and silt deposits of this ation. Other areas with extensive organic deposits are in type are shallow over marine clay, the Castor and Manotick Osgoode Township between Greely and West Osgoode associations have been mapped. (mainly Huntley and Greely associations) and in central Cum- Beach deposits have been mapped as the Oka soil associa- berland Township (mainly Mer Bleue and Malakoff association. These deposits resulted from the reworking by wave tions). action of Wisconsin age fluvioglacial deposits such as eskers, Modern river channel deposits have been mapped as till ridges such as drumlins, and shallow till deposits on Paleo- Recent Alluvium (AR) in areas along the Ottawa River in zoic bedrock. Oka soils that developed on beach deposits northern Cumberland Township. Areas around modern formed on fluvioglacial or ice-contact deposits were mapped streams which were mapped as the Eroded Channel land type in the Stittsville and Manotick Station areas. Oka soils devel- also includelocalized modern river deposits. oped on beaches formed on the westerly sides of drumlins are common in Rideau and Osgoode townships. Shallow to bedrock Oka soils developed from the sorting and redeposition of shallow till veneers are common in West Carleton, Goulbourn, and Rideau townships. GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS SOIL ASSOCIATIONS OR LAND TYPES

Till L Leitrim s Sand ST St. Thomas c Clay CH Chateauguay L-CH Leitrim-Chateauguay Ironside B-M Bearbrook-Manotick B Bearbrook ER Eroded Channel Vertical Exaggeration = 33:1 Note: At depths of less than 5 m this diagram is a schematic representation of the surficial deposits showing only their approximate relationships .

Figure 9. Landscape cross-section showing soils and geology from Vars toLeonard in Cumberland Township. GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS SOIL ASSOCIATIONS r Till J-nn Jockvale-Manotick Gr Gravel, cobbles G Grenville s Sand NG-OS North Gower-Osgoode si,L Silt, loam GB Goulbourn Clay loam nni Mille Isle c Clay nn-D Manotick-Dalhousie o Organic K-U Kars-Uplands H Huntley D-NG Dalhousie-North Gower F Farmington Vertical Exaggeration = 33:1 Note: At depths of less than 5 m this diagram is a schematic representation of the surficial deposits showing only their approximate relationships .

Figure 10. Landscape cross-section showing soils and geology from the Rideau Riverto east ofHerbertCorners in Osgoode Township.

Hazeldean Carp River Fau It Carp Ridge I~I I 1 I cI D-NG RK-A III ~ I I I~I I I I I I I I I I

GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS SOIL ASSOCIATIONS OR LAND TYPES

s Sand an Manotick si,L Silt, loam F Farmington CL Clay loam NG-D North Gower-Dalhousie c Clay D Dalhousie Till C Castor ER Eroded Channel D-NG Dalhousie-North Gower RK-A Rockland-Anstruther Vertical Exaggeration = 17:1 Note: At depths of less than 5 m this diagram is a schematic representation of the surficial deposits showing only their approximate relationships .

Figure 11. Landscape cross-section showing soils and geology across the Carp Valley and adjacent bedrock uplands near Marathon in West Carleton Township. SURVEY METHODS

Introduction ples were also taken periodically for laboratory analyses to ver- ifyor supplement the field observations . A soil surveyinvolves the systematic examination, description, classification, and mapping of soils in an area (15), as The next procedure was to compile the field and labora- well as interpretation of the information for various purposes tory information in the office on to a 1 :50,000 scale base map relating to use. Theresulting soil map identifies the soils which so that a preliminary map at that scale could then be pub occur, and delineates land areas in which the soils have similar lished. This involved transferring the information on the gen- properties and surface expression within defined limits. The erally larger scale photographs on to a 1 :50,000 scale mylar survey report provides general as well as specific information base map. The mylar base map was underlain by an NTStopo- about the soils and their respective characteristics, and various graphic map to transferthe information accurately. During the types of interpreted information such as soil erosion potential course of the survey, a number of preliminary soil maps were or agricultural capability. The text of this volume ofthe report published for areas as the field mappingwas completed. includes general information about the soils and three types of Upon completion of the field mapping, a detailed soil interpreted information. description and sampling program was undertaken to further This section of the report describes the basic procedure characterize the soils in the survey area. The most commonly and concepts employed in the survey. It also provides explana- occurring soils were generally described and sampled at least tions which will be helpful in understanding and using the soil twice, while soils which were less common but still of impor- maps as well as the information provided elsewhere in the tant areal extent were described and sampled at least once. report. Soils of very limited areal extent generally were not characterized to this extent. In the program, the properties and charac- Soil Mapping Procedures teristics of typical soils were described and recorded in detail, and samples were taken for a broad range of chemical and The survey conducted for the area was greatly influenced physical analyses. Descriptions and analyses for these typical by the survey for the Ottawa Urban Fringe area (1) . A legend soils are provided in Volume 2. Each site assessment was taken was developed forthat surveywhich classified thesoils into soil from a 1 m square by 1 m deep pit, and all site information was associations primarily on their characteristics and surface entered into the Canada Soil Information System (CanSIS), a expression. In order to correlate as closely as possible with the computerized data management system for soil surveys. Ottawa Urban Fringe survey, it was decided that the established legend for that survey should be adhered to as much as The two last procedures in mapping consisted of the prep- possible. During the course of mapping, some aspects of the aration of preliminary soil maps, and then the final soil maps. established legend were revised to represent the soils which Final legend revisions necessitated some revisions of the pre occurred in the survey area. These revisions includedthe devel- liminary map information, and these were then incorporated opment of new soil associations, broadening the definitions of in thecompilation of the final maps. These were then prepared several established soil associations, and the development of for final map publication by the Cartography Section of the additional soil landscape units where necessary in some of the Land Resource Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, established associations. Information from existing resource Ottawa. Prior to publication, that unit also digitized the final publications such as geological reports, the old soil map, and soils information and stored the information in a computer soil surveys of surrounding counties, aided in developing the data file. This data file makes possible computer generated revised legend (14,16,17,18,19, 20). derived and interpretive maps. Tentative map units and boundaries were drawn on the Survey Intensity and Map Reliability most recent aerial photographs with the aid of a stereoscope . In surveys now carried out across Canada, the map scale Color photographs at a scale of 1 :25,000 were mainly used for and the amount of precision or the intensity level with which this pretyping of the survey area. The tentative map units and the soils should be described and mapped are both determined boundaries were then checked in the field, and classified before the survey begins. Each is dependent upon the purpose according to the existing legend. and objectives of the survey. A "Survey Intensity Level" is Field checking was mainly carried out along all public therefore assigned to the survey which is an indication of the roads which generallyprovided easyaccessto mostparts ofthe precision with which the survey was made. Five intensity levels survey area. Periodic examinations were made, especially have been established . Survey Intensity Level 1 is the highest where stereoscopic investigations had suggested major soil or intensity, requiring the most detailed procedures and resulting landscape differences. Most examination sites were confined in the greatest level of precision. Detailed, large scale surveys to fields, woodlots, and undisturbed road allowances. Excava- such as those at 1 :10,000, would have this intensity level. Sur- tion sites such as drainage ditches and gravel pits, however, vey intensity level 5 has the lowest intensity, the least detailed were also examined because they provided valuable informa- procedures, and the lowest level of precision. An example tion on the geologic deposition of the soil materials . The would be small scale surveys such as those at 1 :250,000, which majority ofsites were close to roads, but occasionally traverses present generalized soil information (21). were made some distance into concessionstoverify soil bound- The Survey Intensity Level of the Ottawa-Carleton soil aries. survey is at an intermediate level, or level 3 . The soil maps are The soil profiles at examination sites wereusually checked published at a scale of 1 :50,000, which is an appropriate scale to a depth of 1 m . The identified soil and its location was then at this intensity level. At this scale, the minimum size of deline- marked on the aerial photograph. Periodically, site informa ation which can be shown on the maps is .5 cm2, which is tion at field checks was recorded and later computerized for approximately 12.5 ha on the ground (21). Since the average future reference. Profile characteristics were recorded as well area covered by delineations on the maps is about 90 ha, addi- as many additional site factors such as topography, depth to tional soils may be present in some map delineations which water table, and surface stoniness where applicable. Soil sam- cannot be shown due to this scale limitation.

In this survey, boundaries were periodically checked in the descriptors, whereas map units composed ofland type or mis- field, but mainly they were interpreted from aerial photo- cellaneous land units usually do not have additional descrip- graphs. At least one site inspection consisting of soil material tors. and surface feature assessments was made in most map deline- Since a map delineation may representone or two types of ations. Soil materials were examined in vertical sections by land areas, then one or a combination of two map units are using a probe, auger, or shovel . Average depth of examination shown to define the land area or areas. The entire amalgama was to about 1 m. At each site, on-site slope as well as surround- tion of symbols shown within the map delineation, which may ing slopes, surface stoniness, and surface rockiness were deter- portray either a single map unit or a combination of two map mined. units, is called the map unit symbol. Ifonemap unit composes The soil maps included in this survey thus provide infor- the symbol, that symbol is a simple map unit symbol. If two mationat a level ofdetail which is most suited for making gen- map units compose the symbol, then that symbol is a com- eral land assessments and decisions related to use on an overall pound map unit symbol. Some examples of map unit symbols map delineation basis. They are not suitable for making land are given in Figure 13 . Further explanations of these are given assessments or land use decisions for site specific or small land in the section "Definitions of Terms Associated with the Soil areas within map delineations, such as potential building sites Maps and Legend", and definitions of specific symbols are or fields within individual farms. In such cases, an on-site given in Appendix 1. Definitions and explanations are also examination of soil characteristics is recommended. givenonthe maps as well. Soil series were recognized and correlated in accordance The Mapping System with the Canadian System of Soil Classification (22). In the The mapping system employed in the survey is similar to survey, however, large areas of land had to be delineated in the system employed in the surveyofthe Ottawa Urban Fringe which related but significantly different series often occur. area (1). In each survey, a categorical system is used to define Under this circumstance, series information served as an aid in landareas atdifferentlevels ofdetail. Such asystem allows nat- mapping, but was not used as a basis to delineate land areas. urally occurring landscape patterns to be identified and Soil association descriptions, therefore, reflect a range in soil mapped at the scale of the survey. Categories employed in this characteristics which may comprise a number of different soil survey to define land areas are shown in Figure 12. series. In all site assessments made during mapping, emphasis The broadest category in the system differentiates a was first placed on the nature of the soil materials and then into one ofthreebasic types. Ifthe land area their geologic origin. Thus, the Jockvale association for exam- mappedland area ori- consists of recognizable soils, those soils are defined in a par ple, comprises soils developed on both marine and fluvial ticular soil association . The soil association is a mapping con- gin parent materials. venience which groups soils on the basis of similarities in physiographic factors and soil parent materials (1). Thirty soil associations have been defined for different types of soils Conventions Used in Mapping occurring in the survey area. Iftheland area consists mainly of guidelines outlined in "The materials that cannot be classified Standard soil classification unique land features such as Canadian System of Soil Classification" (22) and "The Cana- as soils, those areas are defined in a particular land type. Four (24), applied in this sur example being Rockland (RK) dian Soil Information System" were landtypes were defined, with an vey. These publications defined the limits employed for slope, in which extensive rock outcropping occurs. Finally, if undis- well as texture and features do not occur, those surface stoniness and rockiness classes as turbed soils or recognizable land Component classes used to differentiate soil land areas were defined as miscellaneous land. An example drainage classes. map units are fully defined in Appendix 1 . would be land areas which have been altered by man, such as urban land (U). In addition to the standard classification guidelines employed, a number of conventions were followed in this sur- Soil associations and land types have been subdivided into the portrayal of landscape descriptors, each of which defines an vey. These are primarily related to a number of landscape information at the map scale, andthe survey objective ofcorre- individual land area. These descriptors are called soil land lating as closely as possible with the survey of the Ottawa scape units andland type units, and composethe next category explana- landscape pattern Urban Fringe area. Aspects of the survey and a brief in the mapping system. Each defines a basic conventions pertaining to them are as follows: in terms of the range of topographic conditions and the types tion ofthe of soils or land features which are present. Soil landscape Soil variants A soil variant in this survey is a soil which has units, and to a lesser extent land typeunits, are the most impor- characteristics similar to soils included in a particular soil asso- tant land descriptors in the mappingsystem. ciation, but is different in at least one major characteristic . Four types of soil variants were recognized and identified on An area on the soil maps enclosed by a boundary line and some called a map delineation . A the soil maps by separate soil landscape units defined for defined byone or more symbols is associations . These are: map delineation encloses a particular type of land area, or it soil may enclose a combination of two separate and distinct types (1) Soils having significant layers of finer or coarser-textured of land areas. Combinations of land areas often had to be materials within the profile. An example is the NG5 soil included in one delineation due to the map scale. Most often, landscape unit of the North Gower association, in which these combinations involve two soil landscape units. layers ofcoarser-textured silt, silt loam, or fine sandy loam occur within the profile. Each type of land area represented within a map delineation is defined by a map unit. A map unit represents discrete (2) Soils in which underlying materials which occur within 1 soil/land elements and is represented by the following: (1) a m of the surface are significantly different from those soil landscape, land type, or miscellaneous land unit symbol materials which normally compose the association . An which defines the type of land area; and (2) additional descrip- example would be the 14 landscape unit of the Ironside tor symbols which define such elements as surface slope, sur- association, in which Leitrim till rather than Grenville till face stoniness, or rockiness. A map unit including a soil materials underlie fine sand and loamy fine sand materi- landscape unit as itsprimary component always has additional als.

Soils in which the materials composing the profile have the Definitions of Terms Associated same origin as those of other soils in the association, but the material composition is significantly different . An with the Soil Maps and Legend example here would be theK3 unit in the Kars association, A number of terms are used in the survey to distinguish in which the glaciofluvial material is predominantly and describe land areas and their respective landscape compo- coarse sand with fewer coarse fragments than usual. nents. Definitions ofthose terms associated with or occurring (4) Soils in which the composite materials are of a somewhat on the soil maps and their respective legends are listed below. different but nevertheless related geologic type compared Some ofthese definitions aretaken from the Glossary ofTerms to those defined for the association . An example is the L5 in Soil Science, published by Agriculture Canada (15). unit inthe Leitrim association in whichthe shaly soil mate- Soil Map Legend Each map has an identical legend which rials have originated from soft red shale bedrock rather provides basic descriptions for soil associations, land types, or than soft black shale bedrock. miscellaneous land. It also provides a description of soil land- In all instances where soil variants were mapped, their scape and land type units and the criteria used to differentiate occurrence was toolimited inextent to warrant separation into them. The legend, therefore, is an integral part of each map. new associations . Soil Association A natural grouping of soils based on simi- Symbols Due larities in climatic or physiographic factors and soil parent Compound Map Unit to the map scale, combi- materials. nations of landscapes or land areas often had to be included in one map delineation . These combinations areportrayed on the In this survey, soil associations are primarily groups of soil maps by a Compound Map Unit Symbol, and may include soils which have developed on and are therefore composed of two soil landscape units, or a soil landscape unit and a land similar materials. The origin of those materials and their sur type unit as the primary components. An example for each of face expression have played a secondary role in the develop- these is given in Figure 13 . In each combination, the first land- ment of soil associations for the survey. scape or land type unit shown inthe symbol is the "dominant" Most soil association names originate from a dominant component and occupies the largest proportion of land area, soil series (taxonomic component) included in them. Thus, the while the second is the "significant" component and occupies Grenville series is the dominantly occurring soil in the Gren a smaller proportion. ville association . All soil associations basically represent cer- When two soil landscape units are shown in a compound tain kinds of soil materials, and in most cases consist of more map unit symbol, the second or significant landscape unit was thanone soil series. restricted to having one drainage member only. Since the pro Soil associations are subdivided into soil landscape units portion of land area occupied by these landscape units is quite whicharemore specific landscape descriptors based on certain small, only the most commonly occurring drainage member drainagecomponents with known landscapepositions. occupies enough area of the delineation to justify representation inthe map unit. Land Type A land area having unique soil, bedrock, or topographic features. They may have large proportions of bedrock Stoniness or Rockiness class In some landscapes surface outcrops, ortheymay consist ofsoil materials which are highly stoniness, or rock outcrops, or a combination of both occur. variable and have been recently deposited . They may also con- Thedegree ofoccurrence ofthese features mayvary considera- sist of land areas with extreme use limitations due to steep bly, and significantly influence the agricultural capability of slopes. Recent alluvium (AR), Eroded channels (ER), Rock- the soils they are associated with. For these reasons, either a land (RK), and Escarpments (X) are land types identified in stoniness class symbol or rockiness class symbol when applica- themap legend. ble is shown in conjunction with the soil landscape unit in the map unit symbol. Ifboth occur in the same landscape, only the Miscellaneous Land A land area in which the naturally most limiting from an agricultural perspective is shown. Defi- occurring soil or land features are not recognizable and could nitions of stoniness and rockiness classes applied are given in not be mapped. The soils have usually been disturbed or com- Appendix 1. pletely altered by urban related land use activities. The present land condition or land use is shown on the soil maps as a mis- Rockland Land areas were mapped as rockland if 25% or cellaneous land unit. more ofthe area consisted of either bedrock exposures or areas having 10 cm or less of mineral soil material over bedrock. Soil Material Description When soils that compose associa- Bedrock features of this type and proportion essentially rule tions have developed on materials which are generally uni- out their use for agriculture. form, the mineral or organic material comprising the parent material is described . Parent material in this instance consists Soil Taxonomic components Soils described and sampled for of the unweathered or partially weathered materials from the survey were classified to the subgroup level of the taxo- which the soil has developed. These materials generally occur nomic classification system (22). This level of classification at some depth from the surface. In layered soils in which one was deemed appropriate for the scale of mapping, and was material overlies a dissimilar material, both the overlying therefore emphasized in this report. Soil series (the most material and the underlying material are described. In most detailed level of classification), were determined for only the soils of this type, the overlying material has been completely most commonly occurring soils within each soil association . weathered. Named soil series were provided mainly for correlation purposes. Materials are described according to their depositional origin, texture, type of coarse fragments, reaction and thick- Soil Phases Soil phases have been used when additional soil ness. features are present in the landscape which are not accounted soil association description . They are shown in the Land Type Description Includes the soil or land criteria used for in the delineate land areas as Land Types. map unit symbol as separate components attached to the soil to landscape unit. The four soil phases applied were shallow, Main Surface Textures The surface textures of soils compos- peaty, coarse, and fine, which are fully defined in Appendix 1. ing associations vary within defined limits which do not affect (Continued on Page 29) BASIC LAND AREAS INDIVIDUAL LAND AREAS LANDSCAPE COMPONENTS Specific landscape features SOIL ASSOCIATION SOIL LANDSCAPE UNITS associated with an identified - a grouping of soils based on - a subdivision of the soil association soil landscape unit comprising with similarities in physiographic based on a landscape pattern an area; includes soil phases, factors and parent identified topographic limits and slope class, stoniness class, and materials. soil drainage properties rockiness class. - example : Grenville (G) - example : G1

LAND TYPE LAND TYPE UNIT - a grouping of land areas in - a subdivision of the land type which the soils, or the occurrence based on defined soil, bedrock, of bedrock, or topographic or topographic occurrences features are similarly and - example: RK1 uniquely expressed - example: Rockland (RK)

MISCELLANEOUS LAND MISCELLANEOUS LAND UNIT - a grouping of land areas - a unit used to portray in which the representative individual miscellaneous soils or unique land types could land areas not be identified; includes areas - example : U (Urban Land) disturbed .by man

- - - - INCREASING DETAIL OF INFORMATION - - - -010-

Figure 12 . Categories employed in the survey to define land areas. EXAMMAP PLES OF KEY COMPONENT TYPE OF MAP U IT SYMBOLS COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION UNIT SYMBOL A Land Type Unit AR1 AR1 (Recent Alluvium)

A Miscellaneous Land DL DL Unit (Disturbed Land) NG2 NG2 A Soil Landscape Unit SIMPLE 2 (North Gower Soil Association)

G4-S A Soil Landscape Unit G4-S (G4; Grenville Soil Association) S3 .2 with a soil phase (S; shallow)

Q3-J3 Two Soil Landscape Units 03 and J3 (Q3; Queensway Soil Association) S2 .2-4 (J3 ; Jockvale Soil Association) COMPOUND A Soil Landscape Unit (A1 ; Al -RK3 Anstruther Soil Association), A1 and RK3 R2.3-5 and a Land Type Unit (RK3; MAP DELINEATION Rockland Land Type)

Figure 13. Examples of map unit sumbols and their key components .

their agricultural use. The dominantly occurring textures of (very dark gray) those encountered are shown in the legend . Ap SoilLandscapeUnit A subdivision ofthe soil association representing a landscape area having specific proportions ofiden- - Bg1 (mottled dark gray) tified drainage components and surface slopes which occur within a defined range and in a set pattern. On the map, this unit composes part ofthe map unit symbol shown for a deline- UE ated area. ô -Bg2 (mottled gray) Land 1 rpe Unit A subdivision of the land type representing a land area having specific soil or land conditions which serve to distinguish the area from others which may be included in the land type. For example, the Rockland land type has primarily been subdivided into land type units on the basis of different (mottled olive gray) types ofbedrock which occur. Soil Drainage Therapiditywith which water is removed from the soilin relation to supply. Supply or additions ofwater occur inthe form of precipitation, groundwater flow, or surface runoff water from surrounding soils. Removal of water relates to a number of factors including texture, structure, landscape position, and length and gradient of slope. Figure 15. Diagrammatic soilprofile ofatypicalpoorlydrained soil in the Soil drainage was determined using the drainage classifi- Ottawa-Carleton Region. cationguidelines outlined inthe Canadian System ofSoil Clas- sification (22). In this survey, drainage classes defined in that system were grouped resulting in five soil drainage descriptions. These descriptions are as follows: (1) Excessive - very less ofthe map delineation or area defined by a soil landscape rapidlyor rapidly drained; (2) Good - well-drained or moder- unit are regardedas inclusions and are not identified. imperfectly drained; (4) ately well-drained; (3) Imperfect - In the soil map legend, many soil landscape units have Poor - poorly drained; and (5) Very Poor - very poorly state which is shown as being dominant. In drainage classes which only one drainage drained. Definitions of the seven soil such cases, 80010 or more ofthe unit is composed ofthat drain make up these groupings are given in Appendix 1 . age state. Other drainage conditions may be present, but they Dominant and Significant These are terms which refer to do not occur in significant proportions. either the relative proportions of land areas which compose a Map Delineation An area delineated on the map or enclosed map delineation represented by acompound map unit symbol, by a boundary line, and identified by a map unit symbol com- or the relative proportions of soil drainage components composed ofone ortwo map units. posing a soil landscape unit used to define a particular land area. Dominantmeans that more than 4001o of themap deline- Map Unit A mapped land area defined by one or more sym- ation consists of that type of land area, or, more than 4001o of bols representingvarious landscape components, and compos- within a map the soil landscape unit and therefore land area is composed of ing all or part of the map unit symbol shown that drainage state. Significant means that more than20% but delineation. In the survey, many different map units are por- less than 40% consists of the land area or drainage state indi- trayed in either simple or compound map unit symbols on the cated. Land areas or drainage conditions occupying 20010 or soil maps. Simple Map Unit Symbols Map symbols which contain a single soil landscape, land type, or miscellaneous land unit as defined in the map legend . Examples of some simple map unit (dark brown) symbols and an explanation of their components are as follows: 1. G1 .S simple map unit symbol representing a single (dark yellowish brown) S1.3 soil landscape GI soil landscape unit of the Grenville associa- U tion; the soils have good drainage and meet 0 the material and landform criteria defined for the Grenville association S soil phase; a shallow phase indicating the soils are only 50 to 100 cm thick over bedrock, which is shallower than normal for Grenville soils. When soil phases are not (light yellowish brown) shown, those soil conditions are not present. St stoniness class; stones whichhave a diameter greater than 15 cm occupy 0.01 to 0.1% of the surface (class 1). In some symbols, a rockiness class may be shown rather than a stoniness class (for example R2 instead of S1). Rockiness classes identify the amount Figure 14. of surface which is either exposed bedrockor Diagrammatic soil profile of a typical well-drained soil in the Ottawa-Carleton Region. (Continued on Page 30)

has bedrock with 10 cm. When stoniness or 1 . F5-NG4.0 compound map unit symbol representing rockiness classes are not shown, those sur- R2 .2*-2 two soil landscapes face conditions are not present . 3 slope class; simple (regular), very gently F5 dominant soil landscape and components sloping, 2 to 5% slopes (class 3). R2.2* Multiple (irregular) slopes having the same NG4.0 significant soil landscape and components; limits would have an asterisk (*) after the 2 surface stoniness or rockiness is not present class number, for example 3*. 2. J8-RK2 compound map unit symbol representing a 2 . RK1 simplemap unit symbol representing asingle soil landscape and aland type area land type area; a land type unit of the Rock- 3*-5* land land type in which 25°16 or more of the J8 dominant components (soil landscape); soil area is composed of limestone or dolomite 3* phases, surface stoniness, or surface rocki- exposures . ness are not present 3 . U simple map unit symbol representing asingle _RK2 significant components (land type area) miscellaneous land area, the area has been 5* significantly altered and consists of built-up urbanland . 3 . D3-NG2 compound map unit symbol representing 2 two soil landscapes Compound Map UnitSymbols A mapping convention representing a combination of different land areas within one map _D3 dominantsoil landscape delineation . Included may be either two soil landscapes, or a 2 soil landscape and a land type area. Dominant and significant NG2 significant soil landscape land areas composing the map delineation are identified by position ofthe soil landscape or land type units in the symbol, 2 the first shown representing the dominant area and the second Note Single components shown in the denominator apply to shown the significant area. Examples of compound map unit both soil landscape units shown in the numerator. symbols and an explanation of their components are as follows:

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SOIL ASSOCIATIONS, LAND TYPES, AND MISCELLANEOUS LAND UNITS

Introduction Soit Association Descriptions The soil legend and the soil association definitions follow those developed for the soil survey ofthe Ottawa Urban Fringe ANSTRUTHER (A) (1). However, a number of new soil associations were identi- Location and Extent Soils of the Anstruther association fied. These include the Boromee, Goulbourn, Greely, occur mainly in West Carleton Township and the City of Lemieux, Malakoff, Ottawa, Reevecraig, and St. Thomas. Kanata, with the majority occurring on, or in close proximity Also, the Leitrim association definition was broadened to to the ridge of Precambrian bedrock which outcrops north of include the Ellwood association and the Piperville association the village of Carp. Approximately 4,200 ha of Anstruther was renamed Osgoode. A number of other associations were soils were mapped, of which 4,000 ha or 95 QIo were mapped in modified to better representsoil variability encountered inthis combination with either soils of other associations or miscella- survey. Correlation of the soils of the two surveys is discussed neous land units. in each association description . Landform and Topography Anstruther soils consistof a 10 to Saturated hydraulic conductivity data compiled by Mc- 50 cm thick veneer of undifferentiated drift material which Keague and Topp (35) served as a useful guide in the assess- overlies Precambrian igneous and metamorphic bedrock. ment of the soil moisture characteristics of some of the soil Often the thin soil veneer is absent in places and the bedrock is associations . exposed at the surface . Topography is controlled by the hum- Soil taxonomyand pedological class definitions and limits mocky nature of the underlying bedrock. Slopes generally used to describe the soil associations are in accordance with the range from 3 to 9016, but within map units some areas mayhave Canadian System of Soil Classification (22) and the Canada steeper slopes which may range ashigh as 15% . Soil Information System (24). Soil Material Anstruther soil materials are moderately A summary key to the soil associations is provided in Fig- coarseto coarse textured and contain aconsiderable amount of ure 16. granitic material of Precambrian bedrock origin. Material originating from Paleozoic limestone and dolomite bedrock is also present at times but to a much lesser extent. Depth of materialis usually less than 50 cm.

MATERIAL SOIL ASSOCIATED TYPE DEPTH MATERIAL QUALIFIER ASSOCIATION FEATURES OVER LIMESTONE OR DOLOMITE BEDROCK FARMINGTON Flaggy VERY SHALLOW LOAMY OR SANDY OVER SANDSTONE Flaggy (10 " 50 cm with coarse fragments BEDROCK NEPEAN to bedrock) OVER IGNEOUS & Stony METAMORPHIC BEDROCK ANSTRUTHER

LOAMY OVER CLAYEY MATERIAL CASTOR Marine or Fluvial over Marine materials OVER CLAYEY MATERIAL MANOTICK CONTRASTING SANDY MATERIALS OVERLOAMY MINERAL MATERIAL WITH IRONSIDE Î SOILS within 1 m COARSE FRAGMENTS Marine over Glacial till materials OVERLOAMY CLAYEY OR MATERIAL WITH CHATEAUGUAY LOAMY COARSEFRAGMENTS BEARBROOK > 60% CLAY fine) (very RIDEAU

CLAYEY 40 - 60% CLAY Marine materials DEEP no coarse (tine) DALHOUSIE (> 100cm) fragments 0r CLAY (moderately fine) LOAMY no coarse OSGOODE fragments FINE TO VERY FINE OTTAWA- SAND; REEVECRAIG CARLETON CALCAREOUS SOILS JOCKVALE SANDY , FINE SAND ; t SIMILAR no coarse NONCALCAREOUS ST. THOMAS Marine or Fluvial materials MATERIALS fragments within 1 m MEDIUM UPLANDS SAND OTTAWA COARSE SAND - MILLE ISLE

STONY; CALCAREOUS LOAMY GRENVILLE with coarse STONY; NONCALCAREOUS QUEENSWAY Glacial fill materials fragments SHALY LEITRIM COBBLY KARS Fluvioglacial materials SAND & GRAVEL ANGULAR _ FRAGMENTS OKA Marine Beach materials FEATHER MOSS OVER FEN PEAT BORROMEE SUBSTRATUM . PEAT SEDGE FEN within 160cm PEAT MALAKOFF FOREST PEAT GREELY LORGANIC -~- GOULBOURN Organic deposits SOILS SPHAGNUM OVER FEN PEAT MER BLEUE SUBSTRATUM PEAT SEDGE FEN PEAT beyond 160cm LEMIEUX FOREST PEAT HUNTLEY

Figure 16. SoilAssociation Key. Soils that compose the association are most often stony, as having a 10 to 25 cm thick veneer ofundifferentiated glacial withrounded fragments ofgraniteand gneisspresent through- drift over Precambrian igneous and metamorphic bedrock. In out the soil material. Some cobble size fragments of similar this survey the definition was broadened to include similar material also are present. Occasionally, rounded fragments of materials to a depth of50cm. sedimentary bedrock origin may be present in some soil profiles. Total coarse fragment content is variable in Anstruther BEARBROOK (B) soils with somesoils having few coarse fragments, whileothers Location and Extent Soils of the Bearbrook association may have amounts ranging as high as 50% by volume. The occur mainly in Cumberland Township, with a minor occur- matrix of the parent material is noncalcareous and dark red- rence in West Carleton Township near Constance Bay. dish brown to brown in color. Soil reaction is moderately to Approximately 7,500 ha of Bearbrook soils were mapped, of very strongly acid, and texture ranges from sand to sandy which approximately 3,500 ha were mapped in combination loam. A slightly higher silt and clay content is present in the with soils of other associations . surface material, with texture most often being sandy loam or Landform and Topography Bearbrook soils occur mainly on loamysand. level to very gently sloping areas of clayey marine material Surface stoniness is present but generally not as pro- whichis greater than 2 m deep. Slopes areusually less than 2%, nounced as other shallow to bedrock soils such as those of the although steeper slopes may occur in eroded areas between or Farmington association. Surface stoniness ranges from adjacent to stream channels. slightly to very stony. Soil Material Bearbrook soils are predominantly composed Soil Moisture Characteristics Anstruther soils are domi- of reddish brown to brown heavy clay parent material. Clay nantly rapidly drained to well-drained. In addition, they are content in sampled profiles ranged from 65 to 89% . Fre- rapidly permeable and have a low moisture holding capacity quently, interbeddedlayers oflight gray to olive gray heavyclay due to foursoil factors : (1) coarse-texture ; (2) loose singlegrain may be present which varyin thickness from 3 to 25 cm. Occa- or granular structure of the material; (3) shallowness to sionally, interbedded layers consisting of fine to medium sand bedrock; and (4) sloping nature of the underlying bedrock. may occur in place of the heavier textured gray layers. These Surface water runoff rates are generally moderate. layers generally rangein thickness from 10-20 cm. Soil reaction to Soil Landscape Units One unit was identified in the in the upper weathered layers varies from strongly acid neu- Anstruther association . It is described as follows : tral, while reaction in the parent material is generally neutral. The surface Ap horizons range in thickness from 15 to 25 cm, Recognized Recognized and are mainly silty clay or clay. Subgroups Series Bearbrook soils are quitevariable with respect to thenum- Al : Dominantly rapidlyto Orthic Dystric Anstruther ber and thickness of interbedded layers which may be present. well-drained soils Brunisols In all Bearbrook soils, however, reddish brown to brown heavy found on very clay material is dominant in the profile. Soils in which gray gently to moderately Orthic Sombric Kanata heavy clay is dominant in the profile with minor layers of red- sloping topography. Brunisols dish brown to brown heavy clay also present were included in Slopes range from the Rideau association . 4-15%. Soil Moisture Characteristics Bearbrook soils are most often Taxonomic Components The well-drained Anstruther series poorly drained. A few areas of imperfectly drained and very (Orthic Dystric Brunisol subgroup) has a surface A horizon poorly drained soils also occur. Soils of this association are which is less than 10 cm thick, very dark brown in color, and usually slowly permeable, but permeability can vary widely has textures which range from sandy loam to loamy sand. The depending on the amount of macropores present. Ground- underlying Bm horizon is dark yellowish brown to dark brown water occupies the surface and upper subsoil horizons for long in color and has textures ranging from loamy sand to sand. periods most years. Bearbrook soils have medium to high Most often it has weak subangularblocky structureoris struc- water holding capacities, but can be droughty during dry peri- tureless. No unweathered parent material remains in the pro- ods dueto high moisture retention characteristics which results file, and Precambrian bedrockoccurs at adepth of20to 50cm. in insufficient moisture release for plant use. Surface runoff The well-drained Kanata series (Orthic Sombric Brunisol can be slow to rapid, depending on the topography and inci- subgroup) has most profile characteristics described for the denceof surface cracks. Anstruther series. It differs, however, by having an Ah horizon Soil Landscape Units Four units were identified in the greater than 10 cm thick . Bearbrook association . They are described as follows: Mapped Soil Combinations Anstruther soils were most often Recognized Recognized the significant rather than the dominant member when Subgroups Series combination with either soils of other associations mapped in imper- GleyedMelanic Wendover or miscellaneous land units. Approximately 3,500 ha of all BI : Dominantly Anstruther soils weremappedin this way, withmore than 80% fectly drained soils Brunisols of that total occurring in combinations in which a Rockland found on nearly level to land unit (RK2 and RK3 landscape units) was the dominant gently sloping eroded member. Approximately 500 ha of Anstruther soils were stream divides and mapped in combinations in which they were the dominant channel bluffs. Slopes member. these combinations, the Anstruther-Dalhousie generallyrange from 1 Of . combination is the most extensive. to 9% agricul- B2: Dominantlypoorly OrthicHumic Bearbrook General Land Use Anstruther soils have little or no soils found Gleysols tural capability and most remain forested. drained on levelto nearly level Correlation to Ottawa Urban Fringe In the soil survey of the topography. Slopes Ottawa Urban Fringe, the Anstruther association was defined range from 0 to 2%.

B3 : Dominantlyvery Rego Gleysols hay production and serve to improve structure and thereby poorly drained soils facilitatebetter drainage. found on level to Correlation to Ottawa Urban Fringe Bearbrook soils in the depressionaltopogra- survey area are similar to those mapped in the Ottawa Urban phy. Slopes are less Fringe. than 2010 . B4 : Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic drained soils having Gleysols BORROMEE (BE) 10to 20 cm thick layers Location and Extent Borromee association soils occur only ofinterbedded fine to in Cumberland Township and occupy a very small portion of medium sand within 1 the Mer Bleue Bog. Approximately 50 ha of Borromee soils m ofthe surface. were mapped. Topography is levelto Landform and Topography The Borromee association is nearly level, and slopes composed of organic soils which are found in shallow areas range from 0 to 2% . within flat bogs, or in horizontal fens adjacent to flat bogs. Taxonomic Components The Wendover series (Gleyed The topography is level or nearlylevel, with slopes being 1 % or Melanïc Brunisol subgroup) is amoderately well to imperfectly less. drained soil. This soil has dark grayish brown to dark brown, SoilMaterial Soils included in the association consist of 40 to granular surface horizons 10 to 20 cm thick. The underlying 160 cm of organic material which is underlain by clayey min- subsoil grades from grayish brown or dark yellowish brown in eral material. The organic material primarily consists of yen the upper B horizon to reddish brown or brown in the C hori- peat, with a thin surface layer of feather or sphagnum moss zon which occurs at an average depth of72 cm. The C horizon and fen peat less than 30 cm thick usually present. frequentlyalso has light graytoolive grayinterbeddedlayers of silty clay or heavy clay. Structure in the weathered portion of Whenpresent, the thin surface layer ofmixed peat materi- the subsoil is medium to coarse subangular blocky. In the C als is undecomposed or fibric and is dark reddish brown to horizon or unweathered parent material occurring at depth, dark brown incolor. Occasionally, the entire organic section of soil structure is not usually evident and the material is massive. the profile may consist of well decomposed sedge fen peat The restricted drainage conditions are indicated by faint yel- which is dark reddish brown to black in color. Soil reaction lowish brown or brownish red mottles in the lower B horizons. ranges from extremely acid in the upper organic material to In the A and upper B horizons textures consist of silty clay and stronglyacid in the organic material at depth. clay. Inthe lower B and C horizons textureis mainly heavy clay. Well decomposed qr humic sedge fen peat material which The Bearbrook series (Orthic Humic Gleysol subgroup) is is black in color is the dominant material comprising the a poorly drained soil which is slowly pervious and subject to majority of soils included in the association. Moderately water saturation for a much longer part of the growing season decomposed or mesic sedge fen peat occurs as subdominant than theWendover series. Texture and structure is similarto the layers which are dark reddish brown in color. Both types of Wendover series. The surface Ap horizon, however, tends to be organic material are mainly derived from sedge type plants. thickerand it has a higher organic matter content. Color ofthe The underlying mineral material or substratum is most Ap varies from very dark grayish brown to black . The Bg and oftenclayey, but may also be either sandyorloamy. In all cases, transitional BC horizons ofthesubsoil have prominent mottles however, itis gray to olive gray in color. which are most commonly yellowish brown, reddish brown, or Soil Moisture Characteristics Borromee soils are poorly to strong brown. very poorly drained, with the water table at or near the surface The very poorly drained Rego Gleysols are found in low for most of the year. Groundwater is generally acid and low in lying or depressional sites in which the water table is continu- nutrients and is therefore not influenced by nutrient rich ously at or near the surface. These soils usually have a well groundwater discharge from surrounding mineral soils. decomposed humic peat layer at the surface which is less than Soil Landscape Units One unit was identified in the Borro- 40 cm thick . Due to its highly saturated condition and very mee association. Itis described as follows : slow internal drainage, reduction has occurred in the subsoil resulting in matrix colors which are more grayish. Reduction Recognized Recognized processes are even more evident in the interbedded layers in Subgroups Series which colors rangefrom greenish gray to bluish gray. BE 1 :Dominantly poorly to Terric Mesic Borromee Mapped Soil Combinations Bearbrook soils were most often very poorly drained Humisols mapped in combination with soils of the Rideau association . soils found on level Terric Humic Approximately 2,000 ha were mapped in Bearbrook-Rideau or nearlylevel topogra- Mesisols combinations, and 800 ha were mapped in Rideau-Bearbrook phy. Slopes are 1% or combinations . These combinations mostly occur in Cum- less. berland Township on the marine clay plains north of the ances- Taxonomic Components The Borromc" series (Terric Mesic tral riverchannel of the Ottawa River. Humisol subgroup) represents the majority ofsoils included in General Land Use Bearbrook soils have moderately severe the association . Well decomposed or humic sedge fen peat is limitations which affect their use for agriculture. Dueto gener- the dominant organic material within the control section. The ally slowinternal drainageand high moistureholding capacity, Terric Humic Mesisol subgroup occurs less often, with moder- these soils do not dry quickly in the spring and cultivation and ately decomposed or mesic sedge fen peat the dominant planting areusually delayed. organic material within the control section. Present agricultural land use consists mainly of hay, cereal Mapped Soil Combinations Borromee soils were not mapped grain and corn grown in rotation. Legumes often are used for in combination with soils of other associations .

General Land Use Borromee soils consist ofwetland in which textured material tends to have much lower permeability if soil the surface vegetation is usually a mixture offeather or sphag- structureis massive or platy. num moss and sedge . Occasionally black spruce or tamarack Soil Landscape Units Four units were identified in the Castor trees also occurs. association . Theyare described as follows : Correlation to Ottawa Urban Fringe Borromee soils werenot mapped as such in the Urban Fringe area. Rather, they were Recognized Recognized included in the Mer Bleue association as terric components Subgroups Series which were represented by the MB4 and MB5 soil landscape C2: Dominantly imper- GleyedMelanic Castor units. fectlydrained soils Brunisols found on very gently CASTOR (C) sloping topography. Slopes range from Location andExtent Castor association soilsoccur in each of 2-5%. thethree map sheet areas. The most extensive areas are located on the marine plains in the C3: Dominantly imper- Gleyed Melanic Castor central and eastern portion of fectly Osgoode Township, and on the marine plains adjacent to the drained soils in Brunisols Carp River in West Carleton Township. Approximately 8900 combination with (imperfect) ha of Castor association significant areas of Orthic Humic Bainsville soils were mapped, ofwhich 2,800 ha poorly were mapped in combination with soils ofother associations. drained soils Gleysols(poor) found on very gently Landform and Topography Castor association soils have sloping topography. developed on a 40 to 100 cm thick veneer of medium-textured Slopes range from material which is underlain by moderately fine to fine textured 2-5%. materials. The origin of the veneer material may be fluvial, : estuarine, lacustrine, or marine, while the origin of the under- C4 Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic Bainsville lying material may either lacustrine drained soils in Gleysols (poor) be or marine. Landscapes combination with Gleyed Melanic Castor are often level nearly most or level with slopes less than 2% . significant areas of Brunisols Occasionally the topography is verygently sloping with slopes ranging from 2 to 5% . imperfectly drained (imperfect) soils found on nearly Soil Materials Soils comprising the association consist of 40 level topography. to 100 cm of medium-textured material which is underlain by Slopes are less than fine-textured material. Coarse fragments are not present in 2076. either material. C5: Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic Bainsville Theaverage depth of the upper veneer is approximately 65 drained soils found on Gleysols cm. Parent materials comprising the veneer are most often yel- level to nearlylevel lowish brown to olive gray or gray in color, and have very fine topography. Slopes sandy loam, silt loam, or loam textures. Soil reaction ranges range from0-2% . from neutral to slightly acid. Surface textures and textures of are the mate- Taxonomic Components The imperfectly drained Castor the weathered subsoil similar to those of parent series (Gleyed Melanic Brunisol subgroup) has surface Ap or rial. Occasionally, layers of loamy very fine sand, fine sandy Ah horizons which are 15 to 25 cm thick. They have granular loam, and silt which have varying thicknesses may be present structure and are very dark grayish brown in color. The under- in the veneer material. lying Bm or Bmgj horizons are yellowish brown to light olive The underlying lacustrine or marine deposits are similar brown in color, and have weak granular to weak subangular to parent materials comprising the North Gower, Dalhousie, blocky structure. Distinct to prominentmottles, which are usu- Rideau, and Bearbrook soil associations . In areas where Cas ally yellowish to reddish brown in color, occur within 50 cm of tor soils were mapped along with soils of one of those associa- thesurface. The finer-textured parent material at depth is light tions, the type of underlying material can usually be inferred. brownish gray to olive grayin color, and hasprominent mottles Because the underlying material was not differentiated, it may which are yellowish brown to dark brown in color. Structure have either clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, clay, or heavy ranges from subangular blocky to massive. Contact of the clay textures. Colors range from olive gray or gray to reddish underlying material usually occurs at depths greater than brown, with olive gray or graycolors being the most prevalent. 50 cm. alkaline, the neutral Soil reaction ranges from neutral to mildly The poorly drained Bainsville series (Orthic Humic Gley- condition being dominant. sol subgroup) has very dark brown Ap or Ah horizons which Soil Moisture Characteristics Almost 90% ofall Castor soils have granular to subangularblocky structure. Theyrange from mapped were poorly drained. They occur on level or nearly 15 to 25 cm in thickness. The underlying Bg horizons have dark level landscapes where surface runoff is slow to very slow, and grayish brown to olive gray or gray matrix colors . Prominent where water tables may occur in the upper part of the profile mottles which vary in color are present in the Bg horizons as for significant periods during the growing season. The small well as the remaining lower portion of the profile. Structure minority of Castor association soils that are imperfectly ranges from granular to subangular blocky. The finer-textured drained occur on the mid to upper slope positions of very gen- parent material at depth is commonly gray to brownish gray in tly sloping landscapes which permit moderate surface runoff. color. Structure may beplaty, subangular blocky, or massive. This factor contributes to water tables which are less persistent Mapped Soil Combinations Approximately 30% of all soils in the upper part of the profile in comparison to those occur- included in the association were mapped in combination with ring in the poorlydrained soils ofthe association . soils of other associations . Approximately 2,200 ha were Permeability ofthe medium-textured veneer is most often mapped in combinations in which they were the dominant moderate, but occasionally may be low. The underlying finer- component. In combinations in which they were the signifi-

cant component, approximately 600 ha were mapped. The material consists of either Queensway or Leitrim till occur less combinations of Castor-North Gower and Castor-Manotick often, and were included inthe association due to their limited were the most extensive, accounting for 1,200 ha and 700 ha extent. respectively. The combination of Dalhousie-Castor was the The underlying Grenville till material is stony and grayish next most extensive, accounting for 400 ha ofall Castor soils. brown to olive gray in color. Coarse fragments primarily con- GeneralLand Use Castor soils have fair to good productivity sisting of rounded or angular limestone or dolomite are com potential for a wide range of common field crops. They are mon, andin totalusually exceed2001o by volume. Texture ofthe commonly used for corn, cereal grain, and hay production as matrix material is most often sandy loam or loam . However, well as for permanent pasture. A few limited areas of Castor the upper portion or all of the till occurring within I m of the soils remain as woodland. surface has often been modified resulting in a higher proportion of silt and clay than normally found in Grenville till mate- Correlation to Ottawa Urban Fringe Castor soils mapped in volume also for the similar thosecharacter- rial. A lower proportion of coarse fragments by the survey area are most part to occurs. Regardless of the extent of modification, the underly- ized for the Ottawa Urban Fringe. Textures and types of mate- ingtill material is strongly calcareous and alkalinein reaction. rials composing the veneer and underlying materials are similar. There are differences, however, in soil reaction and the Most Chateauguay soils are nonstony at the surface. depth ofthe veneer material. In this surveyarea, soil reactionis Soil Moisture Characteristics The majority of Chateauguay commonlyneutral rather than medium to slightly acid in both soils are poorly drained and occur on nearly level to level the veneer and underlying material. In addition, the underly- topography or in depressional areas. Imperfectly drained soils ing clayey material is occasionally mildly alkaline rather than occur on more inclinedslopesusually found along the flanks of neutral inreaction. The minimum depth of the veneer material till ridges and knolls. Surface water runoff is moderate on inthis survey is 40 cm rather than 25 cm as inthe OttawaUrban inclined slopes, and slow on level or nearly level slopes. Cha- Fringe survey. This change was made in order to conform to teauguay soils are slowly to moderately permeable, depending recent classification guidelines. Since the average depth ofthe on the quantity and condition of macropores in the upper veneer in both areas is substantially more than 40 cm, the dif- marine veneer. Due to the abundance of fine material in the ferencein minimum depth is not significant. upperveneer, theyhave a highmoisture holding capacity. Two soil landscape units, the CI and C6, were identified and mapped in the Ottawa Urban Fringe survey but were not Soil Landscape Units Five units were identified in the Cha- mappedin this surveydueto very limited occurences. teauguayassociation . They are described as follows : Recognized Recognized Subgroups Series CHATEAUGUAY (CH) CH3 : Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic MacDonald Location and Extent Soils of the Chateauguay association drained soils found Gleysols occur throughout the area, but are most commonly found in on levelto nearly level Rideau and OsgoodeTownships dueto the occurrence of inter- or depressional topog- spersed glacial till knolls and marine clay plains. Approxi- raphy. Slopes range mately 2,300 ha of Chateauguay soils were mapped, ofwhich from 0 to 2010 . The 7001o were mapped in combination with soils of other associa- clayey veneer is under- tions. lain byGrenvilletill. Landform and Topography Chateauguay association soils CH4: Dominantlyimper- Gleyed Melanic consist of a 40 to 100 cm thick veneer of medium to fine tex- fectly drained soils Brunisols tured marine material which is underlain by stony or shaly gla- found on nearly level Gleyed Eluviated cial till. Both the upper marine veneer and underlying glacial to very gently sloping Melanic Brunisols till have usually been modified by marine wave action. The topography. Slopes veneer may be present on the lower slopes of till ridges or range from 1 to 5070 . knolls, or it may completely overlay till plains which have more The clayey veneer is subdued slopes. Slopes range from 0 to 5 010, but most often are underlain byGrenville 2010 or less. till. Soil Material Chateauguay soil materials are quite variable. CH5 : Dominantlyimper- Gleyed Melanic Most often the 40 to 100 cm thick marine veneer is nonstony, fectly drained soils Brunisols consisting ofsiltyclay loamor clayloammaterial which is dark found on nearly level to grayish brown to olive gray in color. Soil reaction is neutral. very gently sloping Frequently, however, the veneer may have finer or coarser tex- topography. Slopes tures which range from silt loam or loam to heavy clay. The range from I to 5%. coarser textured material was deposited in shallow marine The clayey veneer is water, most likely during the recession of the Champlain Sea. underlain by Leitrim Finer textured materials are indicative of less extensive modifi- till. cation and deposition in deep marine water. The averagedepth of the veneer is 63 cm, and surface textures may be silt loam, CH6:Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic loam, or clay loam. drained soils found Gleysols onlevel to nearly level Three types of glacial till materials may underlay the or depressional topog- marine veneer in Chateauguay soils. They correspond to the raphy. Slopes range parentmaterials of the Grenville, Queensway, and Leitrim soil from 0 to2070 . The associations . Representative Chateauguay soils are underlain clayeyveneer is under- by Grenville till material and are the most common soils lain by Leitrim till. included in the association . Soils in which the underlying (Continued on Page36)

CH7 : Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic in the rotation, while in others more emphasis may be placed drained soils found Gleysols on cereal grains. on level to nearly level Correlation to the Ottawa Urban Fringe Chateauguay soils in or depressional topog- the area are slightly different from those mapped in the Ottawa raphy. Slopes range Urban Fringe. Although the association concept of marine from 0 to 2%. The material overlying clayey glacial till was retained, there are a number veneer is under- of differences with respect to the depth and type of materials. lainby Queensway till. With respect to depth, the marine veneer in this survey was Taxonomic Components The MacDonald series (Orthic allowed to be 40 to 100 cm rather than 25 to 100 cm as in the Humic Gleysol subgroup) is poorly drained and represents the Urban Fringe survey in order to conform to recent classifica- majority of soils which were mapped. Surface horizons are tion guidelines. Since the minimum veneer thickness in each commonly very dark grayish brown or black in color and have survey area is usually greater than 40 cm, this difference in granular structure. Subsurface B horizons ofthemarine veneer depth is not significant. There is, however, a significant differ- are dark brown to dark grayish brown or olive in color, and C ence in the type of materials which comprise the soil associa- horizons or parent material are dark grayish brown to olive tion in each survey area. In general, the marine veneer of a gray. In both horizons, structure is usually subangular blocky. Chateauguay soil in each survey area is similar, with clay con- Prominent yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown mottles tent usually exceeding 27% . The glacial till underlayer, how- occur in the veneer within 50 cm of the surface. The stony ever, varies considerably. Although the majority of calcareous till material underlying the veneer is commonly Chateauguay soils in the survey area are underlain by stony grayish brown to olive gray in color with prominent yellowish Grenville till, they are also occasionally underlain by either brown mottles. Structure is most often subangular blocky, but stony Queensway till, or shaly Leitrim till. Due to the limited occasionally maybemassive or platy. extent of the two latter soils, it was decided that new associa- The imperfectly drained Gleyed Melanie Brunisols and tions to characterizethem were not warranted. Gleyed Eluviated Melanie Brunisols comprising the CH4 soil The moderately well drained Chateauguay series was landscape unit were not named due to their limited extent . identified in the OttawaUrbanFringe, butnot in this survey for Soils which constitute these subgroups have a till underlayer a number of reasons. Outside the Fringe area, the occurrence which corresponds to the parent materialof the Grenville asso- of these is quite limited and they were not mapped mainly due ciation. Except for the presence of a slightly illuviated B hori- to scale limitations. They occur in small transition areas zon (Btj) in the latter subgroup, most profile characteristics of between better drained soils of the Grenville association hav- each subgroup are similar to the poorly drained MacDonald ing higher elevations, and lower lying poorly drained soils of series. They differ by having slightly browner matrix colors the Chateauguay association . Also, the marine veneer of these and distinct rather than prominent yellowish brown mottles, soils tends to be lighter textured, with clay content often less characteristics which are indicative ofless persistent saturation than 27% . With respect to texture they are not significantly in theupper profile. different from soils ofthe Grenville association, and they were The imperfectly drained Gleyed Melanie Brunisols and thereforemapped as part ofthat association . poorly drained Orthic Humic Gleysols comprising the CH5 and CH6 soil landscape units have a till underlayer which cor DALHOUSIE (D) responds to the parent material ofthe Leitrim soil association . Location and Extent Soils ofthe Dalhousie association occur Profile characteristics oftheupper marine veneer are similar to quite extensively in most ofthetownships ofthe survey area. In those previously described for the imperfect and poorly West Carleton Township, the most extensive area occurs on the drained components underlain by Grenville till. Characteris- marine clayplains in the vicinity ofthe villages ofAntrim, Kin- tics of the underlying shaly till are similar to those described burn, and Carp. A less extensive area occurs in Goulbourn for the parent material of the Leitrim association . Township between the villages of Stittsville and Richmond. In The poorly drained Orthic Humic Gleysols which consti- Rideau Township, the most extensive area occurs between and tute the CH7 soil landscape unit have a till underlayer which in close proximity to the villages of North Gower and corresponds to the parent material of the Queensway soil asso Manotick. Less extensive areas occur adjacent to the Rideau ciation. Profile characteristics aresimilartothose given for the River between the hamlets of Reevecraig and Burritts Rapids. MacDonald series except for the absence of carbonates, lower An extensive area occurs in the southern portion of Osgoode pH, and slightly browner matrix color of the underlying Township and is centred aroundthe village ofVernon. In Cum- Queensway till material. berlandTownship, extensive areas occur adjacentto and north MappedSoilCombinations Approximately 1,600 ha of Cha- ofthevillage ofNavan. Approximately 21,200 ha ofDalhousie teauguay soils were mapped in combination with soils of other soils were mapped. associations . Of this total, 700 ha were mapped in combina- Landform and Topography Soils of the Dalhousie associations in which theywere the dominant component, and 900 ha tion have developed on level to very gently sloping marine clay were mapped in combinations in which they were the signifi- plains. The clayey marine material was deposited in deep water cant component. When mapped as the dominant component, during inundation bythe Champlain sea. Slopesare mostoften the most extensive combinations occur with soils of the less than 2076, but occasionally may range from 2 to 556 . Dalhousie and Grenville soil associations . When mapped as Soil Materials Dalhousie association soils are predominantly the significant component, Grenville-Chateauguay combina- finetextured, noncalcareous, and lack coarse fragments ofany tions are the most extensive. North Gower-Chateauguay and type. The parent material ofmost soils is gray in color and has Dalhousie-Chateauguay combinations also occur but less either silty clay or clay textures. Soil reaction is neutral. Some extensively. soils were included in the association, however, which had par- General land use Chateauguay soils are well suited for most ent materials which were mildly alkaline in reaction and also annually cultivated crops. They are, therefore, utilized in both weakly calcareous. Surface textures generally have a slightly rotational cropping systems and in monocultural systems such lower clay content, and are dominantly silty clay loam or clay as continuous corn. In some systems corn may be emphasized loam.

In some soils, significant layers ofcoarser textured materi- D5: Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic Brandon als occur which have clay loam, silty clay loam, silt loam, or drained soils in Gleysols (poor) loam textures. Thickness of thelayers is highly variable. Occa combination with sionally, some soil materials also gradeinto heavy clay near the significant areas of Gleyed Melanie Dalhousie bottom ofthe control section . imperfectly drained Brunisols (imperfect) being very soils found on nearly Four soil phases were recognized, with each very gently organicphase was recognized in which 15 levelto limited inextent. An sloping topography. to 40 cm of organic material occurred on the surface of some A coarse phase was applied to Slopes range from very poorly drained soils. Ito3olo. Dalhousie soils which had 15 to 40 cm of sandy material at the surface. Occasionally, a shallow phase was necessary where Taxonomic Components The imperfectly drained Dalhousie bedrock occurred at depths between 50 and 100 cm, and a series (Gleyed Melanie Brunisol subgroup) commonly is found rockiness phase was applied to some Dalhousie landscapes on inclinedmarine claylandscapes which occur infrequently in with intermittent rock outcrops. the survey area. The surface Ap horizons are most often dark brown to very dark grayish brownin color andhave subangular Soil Moisture Characteristics More than 90% of the . The underlying Bmgj horizons are poorly drained. blocky to granular structure Dalhousie soils mapped in the survey area to dark grayish brown in color and also have subangu- level or nearly levellandscapes having slopes less are olive Theyoccur on lar blocky structure. Faint to distinct olive colored mottles may than 2% . Occasionally, very poorly drained soils occur in orC horizons to be present inthese horizons. The parent material depressional areas. In both soils, drainage is restricted due prominent yellowish brown to olive groundwater discharge and are gray in color and have high water tables resulting from mottles. Structure ranges from subangular blocky to surface water runoff from adjacent areas. Imperfectly drained brown angular blocky. soils also are found in the survey area but are quite limited in extent. They occur on the mid to upper slopes of very gently The poorly drained Brandon series (Orthic Humic Gleysol sloping landscapes. Slopes range from 2 to 5%. subgroup)is found on the level to nearly level marine clay plains which are common in the survey area. Surface Ap horizons are generally medium permeability and Dalhousie soils have very dark grayish brown to very dark gray in color highmoisture holding capacity. In some soils, permeability has generally and have subangular blocky to granular structure. The under- been significantly reduced due to compaction by heavy and promi- practices such lying Bg horizons have a dark gray colored matrix machinery associated with monocultural tillage mottles. Structure is subangular blocky. corn cropping. Surface runoff on Dalhousie nent yellowish brown as continuous The parent material or C horizons have gray matrix colors and soils is slow to moderate. prominent mottles with colors similar to those in the overlying Soil Landscape Units Five units were identified for the Bg horizons. Structure is commonly subangular to angular Dalhousie association . They are described as follows: blocky. Recognized Recognized The very poorly drained Rego Gleysols most often occur Subgroups Series in wet depressional areas. The majority of these soils have a D1 : Dominantly imper- Gleyed Melanie Dalhousie surface layer of organic materialwhich ranges in depth from 15 drained soils Brunisols to 40 cm. They remain saturated for much of the year which fectly greenish found on nearly level to contributes to massive structures and olive gray to very gently sloping gray matrix colors. topography. Slopes Mapped Soil Combinations Approximately 11,900 ha or generally range from 56% of all Dalhousie soils were mapped in combination with I to 501o . either soils of other associations or miscellaneous land units. combi- D2: Dominantly imper- Gleyed Melanie Dalhousie Of this total, approximately 8,500 ha were mapped in fectly drained soils in Brunisols nations in which they were the dominant component, and combinationwith (imperfect) 3,400 ha were mapped in combinations in which they were the significant areas of Orthic Humic Brandon significant component. The combinations ofDalhousie-North poorlydrained soils Gleysols (poor) Gower, Dalhousie-Rideau, and North Gower-Dalhousie are found on nearly level to the most extensive. They account for approximately 5,000, very gently sloping 1,500, and 1,200 ha respectively of all Dalhousie soils mapped. topography. Slopes The lack of recognizable topographic differences across the generally range from landscapes as well as scale limitations necessitated the map- Ito3% . ping ofthese soils in combinations . D3: Dominantlypoorly Orthic Humic Brandon General Land Use Dalhousie soils have good agricultural drained soils found Gleysols capability for common field crops. They are widely utilized for on level to nearly level the production of corn, cereal grains, and hay. Some soils in topography. Slopes small localized areas remain in permanent pasture or are for- range from0 to 2% . ested. D4: Dominantlyvery Rego Gleysols Correlation to Ottawa Urban Fringe Dalhousie association poorly drained soils soils of this survey correlate closely with those of the Ottawa found on level to nearly Urban Fringe. The DS soil landscape unit was developed for level or depressional this survey in order to characterize landscapes with domi- topography. Slopes are nantly poor drainage and significant imperfect drainage. The lessthan 2% . smaller map scale ofthis survey made this decision practical .

FARMINGTON (F) Farmington soils are moderately permeable and lateral Location and Extent Soils of the Farmington association water movement is common due to the impermeable nature of occur most extensively in Goulbourn, Rideau and West Carle- the underlying bedrock. Moisture holding capacity is low due ton Townships. Smaller, more localized areas also occur in to the moderately coarse texture of the soil material and the Cumberland and Osgoode Townships. Approximately 37,400 shallowness to bedrock. Surface runoff is slow to moderate ha of Farmington soils were mapped, of which approximately depending on thetopography. 6,800 hawere mapped in combination with either soils of other Soil Landscape Units Six units were identified in the Far- associations or miscellaneous land units. mington association . They are described as follows : Landform and Topography Farmington soils consist of a 10 Recognized Recognized to 50 cm thick veneer of stony undifferentiated drift material Subgroups Series which overlies either limestone or dolomite bedrock. The Fl : Dominantly well Orthic Melanie Farmington topography is most commonly level to very gently sloping or -drained soils found Brunisols undulating with slopes ranging from 0 to 5% . Steeper slopes on very gently to mod- ranging to 15% occur less frequently and are the result of dif- erately sloping topog- ferential and fluvial erosion as well as local block faulting. raphy. Slopes are Often, the bedrock plains are flanked by steep scarps facing dominantly 2 to 5%, northward towards the Ottawa River, with theremainder ofthe but mayrange up to bedrock plain having a gradual slope to the south. 15% . Soil Material Farmington soil materials are moderately F2: Dominantly imper- Gleyed Melanie Franktown coarseto coarse textured and contain aconsiderable amount of fectlydrained soils Brunisols calcareous material originating from Paleozoic limestone and found on nearlylevel dolomite bedrock. Original glacial deposits similar to those of topography. Slopes are the Grenville association have been subsequently reworked 2% or less. leaving a coarser textured veneer of material, generally less than 50 cm thick, over limestone or dolomite bedrock. Occa- F3 : Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic Brooke sionally, deposits greater than 50 cm thick occur which are drained soils found on Gleysols usually confined to depressional areas. Average depth to level to nearly level bedrock from recorded sites was 34 cm. Bedrock exposures are topography. Slopes common in many Farmington landscapes, and may account range from 0to 2% . for as much as 25% ofthe area of some map units. F4: Dominantly well Orthic Melanic Farmington A significant proportion of Farmington materials consist -drainedsoils in Brunisols (well) of flat angular pieces of limestone and dolomite which are combination with Gleyed Melanie Franktown present throughout the profile. A small percentage of rounded significant areas of Brunisols Precambrian cobbles and stones also are present. Total coarse imperfectly drained (imperfect) fragment content is variable and may range as high as 50% by soils found onverygen- volume. The matrix of the parent material is dark brown to tly to moderately slop- olive in color and strongly to extremely calcareous. Texture is ing topography. Slopes predominantly sandy loam, with lighter textures of loamy fine are dominantly2 to sand and loamy sand also occurring . Some soils may be com- 5%, but may range up pletely weathered in which case calcareous parent material is to 15a/o . not present in the profile. Soil reaction in the weathered por- F5: Dominantly imper- Gleyed Melanie Franktown tion is most often neutral, while reaction in the calcareous par- fectly drained soils in Brunisols ent material when present is alkaline. Surface textures are combination with (imperfect) predominantly sandy loam and loam, with fine sandy loam significant areas of Orthic Humic Brooke and silt textures also occurring but less extensively. poorly drained soils Gleysols stones greater than 15 cm in diameter are present generally found on (poor) Surface nearlylevel to very gen- to some extent on most Farmington soils. A wide range of sur- occur, the most common classes tly sloping topography. face stoniness conditions range from being either moderately stony or very stony with up to 15% of Slopes the surface being occupied by stones. 1 to 5%. Farmingtor Two soil phases were applied to some Farmington soils. A F6: Dominantly well OrthicMelanie -drained soils in Brunisols (well) fine textural phase was applied to some soils in which the soil Humic Brooke finer textures which were most often clay loam. combination with Orthic material had significant areas of Gleysols (poor) An organic phase was applied to some poorly drained soils material at the poorly drained soils which had a 15 to 40 cm thick layer of organic generally occurring on surface. nearly levelto very gen- Soil Moisture Characteristics Farmington soils have a wide tly sloping topography. range of drainage conditions. On very gently to moderately Depressional areas sloping sites, soil drainage varies from excessive to well. On commonly occur and nearly level sites, imperfect drainage conditions prevail. Poor slopes range from drainage conditions are usually found in depressional sites or Ito5% . in low lying areas which border marshlands, streams, or organic deposits. Lateral seepage is a major contributor to poor drainage conditions in most depressional sites.

Taxonomic Components The well-drained Farmington series Correlation to Ottawa Urban Fringe Most Farmington soils (Orthic Melanic Brunisol subgroup) has dark brown to black in the area are similar to those mapped in the Ottawa Urban colored surface A horizons and dark yellowish brown to olive Fringe. Some soils, however, have been highly reworked by colored B and C horizons. Soil structure is generally granular water action and are coarser textured than those characterized at the surface, and either granular or subangular blocky at inthe OttawaUrban Fringe report. depth. Texture and the amount of coarse fragments are quite variable. Surface texture is dominantly sandy loam or loam, withlesser occurrences ofsilt loam or fine sandy loam. Texture GOULBOURN (GB) oftheB and C horizonsis dominantly sandy loam, but coarser Location and Extent Soils of the Goulbourn association textures are common in areas that have been highly reworked occur mainly in Osgoode and Rideau Townships. Less exten- or wave washed. sive areas also occur in West Carleton and Cumberland Town- The Franktown series (Gleyed Melanic Brunisol sub- ships. In all areas they occur in low lying depressional group) consists of imperfectly drained soils which are subject landscape positions, and frequently are found adjacent to or to water saturation for short periods during the growing sea are intersected by rivers or streams. Approximately 3,500 ha of son. Distinct dark yellowish brown to yellowish brown mottles Goulbourn soils were mapped, with an estimated 1,100 ha of are present in the subsoil which reflect the restricted drainage. that total having been mapped in combination with soils of Other than the presenceofmottles, these soils are similar to the other associations . Farmington series in other profile characteristics. Landform and Topography The Goulbourn association is The Brooke series (Orthic Humic Gleysol subgroup) con- composed of organic soils which are found inhorizontal basin sists of poorly drained soils which remain saturated for long or peat margin swamps. The topography is level or depres- periods during the growing season. They are generally located sional, and slopes are usually 1 % or less. in depressional sites, and are subject to periodic ponding. Sur- Soil Material Soils of the association consist of 40 to 160 cm face A horizons are slightlythicker and higher in organic mat- of moderately to well decomposed organic material which is ter content than the better drained soils of the association . underlain bymineral material. Most oftenthe organic material Underlying B and C horizons are more grayishin color thanthe is uniformly woody forest peat which is black in color. Soil better drained series, and have prominent dark yellowish reaction ranges from neutral at the surface to medium acid at brown mottles. Other profile characteristics are similar to the depth. Occasionally, a layer of dark reddish brown to black better drained series ofthe association. sedge fen peat which is variable in thickness may underlay the Mapped Soil Combinations Less than 2001o of the Far- woody forest peat. Soil reaction in this instance is more acidic, mington soils occurring in the survey area were mapped in ranging from medium acid at the surface to strongly acid at combination with either soils ofother associations or miscella- depth. neous land units. Approximately 5,100 ha were mapped in The woody forest peat comprising all or part of the combinations in which they were the dominant component, organic material is primarily moderately decomposed or mesic and 1,700ha were mapped in combinations in which they were in terms of its degree of decomposition. Rubbed fibre content the significant component. When mapped as the dominant generally ranges from 12to 16014, In some profiles, a significant component, the most extensive combinations were with soils of layer of well-decomposed humi.- peat is also present which is the Grenville, Oka, and Greely associations . The Farmington- 25 cm or more thick and has a rubbed fibre content ofless than Grenville combination was the most extensive of the three, 10010 . Either type ofmaterial is derived mainly from forest veg- accounting for approximately 1, 800 ha of all Farmington soils etation, particularly coniferous and deciduous tree species. mapped. In that combination the Grenville soils were most Primary components include leaf and needle material as well commonly mapped as a shallow phase. When mapped as the as varying amounts of woody debris in the form of stems, significant member, the Oka-Farmington combination was the branches, and roots. most extensive. Approximately 700 ha of Farmington soils When present, the layer of sedge fen peat at depth is most were mapped with Oka soils as the dominant member. often moderately decomposed or mesic. It is dominantly com- Mapped soil combinations in which soils of the Oka asso- posed of sedge material, with some cotton grass remnants also ciation are either dominant or significant members occur present . A significant amount of thematerial is very fine roots mainly onthe bedrock plains in Goulbourn and West Carleton ofthe two previously mentioned plant types. Townships. The relatively small areas of individual beach The underlying mineral material or substratum is quite deposits in these areas necessitated the use of compound map variable Sandy loam textures are most common, but sandy units in order accurately represent variability which . to soil and clayey textures occur as well. Color of the substratum occurs. In Farmington-Grenville (shallow) soil combinations, ranges from portion of the majority and Goulbourn gray to dark greenish gray. The upper occur in Rideau Townships and the substratum is usually neutral in reaction and noncalcare- represent shallow to bedrock areas in which the depth of some soils is to cm. These areas be ous, although the presence of carbonates and a higher pH can 50 100 could not mapped sepa- be expected forsome types of substratums at greater depths. rately. General Land Use Farmington soils not for Soil Moisture Characteristics Goulbourn soils are poorly to are suitable very poorly drained, with the water table at or near the surface annual cultivationdue to shallowness to bedrock, surfaceston- of iness, and bedrock outcropping in most areas. When for most the year. Standing; water atthe surface is acommon surface occurrence. Due to the nutrient-rich nature of the mineral sub- stoniness and bedrock outcrops are not extensive, perennial stratum and the surrounding mineral soils, the groundwater forage crops which can withstand droughty conditions may which saturates these soils is also nutrient-rich. potentially be grown on some Farmington soils. The majority of Farmington soils remain under forest cover. Less extensive areas of abandoned farmland and scrubland are also commonly found on these soils. Agricultural land use is mainly confined to thegrazingofsheep and beefcattle.

Soil Landscape Units One unit was identified in the Goul- new association for the remaining area ofthe Regional Munici- bourn association . It is described as follows: pality was warranted for two reasons . First, by confining the Recognized Recognized Huntley association to deep (> 160 cm) organic soils and Subgroups Series includingthe shallower (< 160 cm deep) soils inthe Goulbourn association, more taxonomically exclusive association GB1 : Dominantly con- Terric Mesisols Goulbourn cepts were achieved for both associations. Secondly, a large poorly to Terric Humic Mesisols Manion Corners proportion of soils occurring outside the Urban Fringe area verypoorly Terric Humisols Munroe have similar depths and the same origin of materials as drained soils those Terric Mesic Humisols represented by the H3 and H4 soil landscape units, but the found on level materials are not as well decomposed. A new association was to depres- therefore needed to describe the wider range of soil materials sional topo- and taxonomic components which occur. graphy. Slopes are I% or less. GREELY (GY) Taxonomic Components Four poorly to very poorly drained Location and Extent The organic soils of the Greely associa- components compose the Goulbourn association . Most often, tion occur mainly in Rideau, Goulbourn, and West Carleton the greater part of the organic material ofthe control section is Townships in close proximity to areas of shallow Paleozoic mesic in terms of its degree of decomposition . Therefore, the bedrock. Therefore, Greely association soils were often dominantly occurring subgroup is the Terric Humic Mesisol, mapped adjacent to soils of the Farmington association . with Terric Mesisols also common but less extensive. Occasion- Approximately 4,500 ha ofGreely soils were mapped . ally, all or the greater part of the organic material may be Landform and humic rather than mesic. In this instance, the subgroups which Topography The Greely association is com- occur are Terric Humisols andTerric Mesic Humisols. posed of organic soils which are found in horizontal basin or stream swamps. The topography is level or depressional, and The Goulbourn series (Terric Mesisol subgroup) is one of slopes are usually 1% orless. the most commonly occurring soils in the association . The Soil Material organic Soils of the association consist of 40 to 160 cm material consists of mesic woody forest peat which is of moderately well neutral to medium acid in reaction and black in to decomposed woody forest peat under- color. The lain by 10 to 50 cm of mineral material overlying paleozoic underlying mineral material is sandy loam in texture, and gray to dark greenish bedrock. The woody forest peat is black in color and varies in grayin color. degree of decomposition, with rubbed fibre content on a hori- The Manion Corners series (Terric Humic Mesisol Sub- zon basis being either slightly higher or slightly lower than group) occurs most often and is similar to the Goulbourn series 10% . The peat material may be uniformly mesic or humic, or with the exception of a humic layer of woody forest peat in the layers of both mesic and humic material generally less than 25 profile. The layer is usually thicker than 25 cm and most often cm thickmay occur. All of the organic material is derived from occurs at or nearthe surface. forest vegetation, particularly coniferous and deciduous tree The Munroe series (Terric Humisol subgroup) occurs less species. Primary components include leaf and needle material frequently than either of the two previously described soils. It as well as varying amounts of woody debris consisting of is composed of humic rather than mesic woody forest peat. stems, branches, and roots. Soil reaction ofthe peat material is Other profile characteristics are similar to the Goulbourn neutral to medium acid. series. The mineral substratum is variable in texture and thick- The Terric Mesic Humisols occur occasionally and are ness. Texture ranges from loam to sand, with sandy loam tex- mainlycomposed ofhumic woodyforest peat . Alayer ofmesic tures most prevalent. Thickness ranges from 10 to 50cm. Color woody forest peatusually occurs inthe midto lower portion of of the substratum is most often gray to dark greenish gray. Soil the organic material. Other profile characteristics are similar reaction ranges from neutral to mildly alkaline, and carbonates to the Goulbourn series. are present occasionally. Mapped Soil Combinations Approximately 900 ha of Goul- These soils aredifferentiated from those ofthe Goulbourn bourn soils were mapped as the dominant component in com- association on the basis of a lithic contact which occurs at bination with soils of other associations . Only 200 ha were depth. Paleozoic bedrock usually consisting of either lime- mapped in combinations in which they were the significant stone or dolomite underlies the thin mineral substratum. component. The combination representing the largest area Soil Moisture Characteristics Greely soils are poorly to very consists of Goulbourn soils mapped as the dominant compo- poorly drained, with the water table at or near the surface for nent in combination with soils of the Jockvale association most of the year. Standing water at the surface and ponded which have a thin organic surface layer (J6.0 map unit) . water in some areas are common occurrences. Moisture reten- Approximately 650 ha ofGoulbourn soils were mapped in this tion is high in part tothe impermeable nature ofthe underlying combination . bedrock. The groundwater is nutrient rich due to the underly- General Land Use Most Goulbourn soils consist of wetland ing mineral material and discharge from adjacent mineral which has a hardwood cover which predominantly consists of soils. maple, birch, and aspen. Some cedar softwoods are present Soil Landscape Units One unit was identified in the Greely occasionally. The understory consists of ferns, mosses, association . It is described as follows : grasses, and tall shrubs. Recognized Recognized Correlation to Ottawa Urban Fringe Organic soils compos- Subgroups Series ing the Goulbourn association were not mapped as such in the GY1 : Dominantly poorly to Typic Humisols Greely Ottawa Urban Fringe. In that survey, they were mapped as ter- very poorly drained Typic Mesisols ric components of the Huntley association and were repre- soils on level to Terric Mesic Burritts sented by either the H3 or H4 soil landscape units. Although depressional Humisols Rapids adequately characterized and mapped as part of the Huntley topography. Slopes Terric Humic association in the Ottawa Urban Fringe, it was decided that a are 1% or less. Mesisols

Taxonomic Components Four components were recognized and metamorphic rock fragments as well as Paleozoic shale in the association to accommodate variations in degrees of and sandstone rock fragments also occur in most materials. organic material decomposition and mineral substrata thick- The parent material of Grenville soils is commonly nesses. referred to as Grenville till. It is a stony, grayish brown to olive The poorly to very poorly drained Greely series (Typic gray colored unsorted till in which coarse fragment content Humisol subgroup) and Typic Mesisols have similar depths usually exceeds 20% by volume. Texture is commonly sandy and origin of organic material, but they are underlain by a thin loam or loam, with sandy loam textures being the most fre- layer of mineral material less than 30 cm thick which overlies quent . Soil reaction is mildly alkaline, and the material is also Paleozoic bedrock. TheTypic Humisols are dominantly humic stronglycalcareous. The upperweathered material is neutral in in their degree of decomposition, and the Typic Mesisols are reaction and weakly to moderately calcareous. Coarse frag- dominantly mesic. ments are also present in this material, but their proportion is The poorly to very poorly drained Burritts Rapids series usually less than that occurring in the underlying parent mate- (Terric Mesic Humisol Subgroup) and Terric Humic Mesisols rial. Surface textures are sandy loam, loam, or silt loam. also have similar depths and origin of organic materials, but Due mainly to the inundation of the Champlain Sea over they are underlain by mineral substratum which is 30 to 50 cm the area following glaciation, the upper 50 to 100 cm of most thick. The Terric Mesic Humisols are dominantly humic in Grenville materials have been modified somewhat by marine their degree of decomposition, and the Terric Humic Mesisols and fluvial action. Reworking has altered the texture consider- are dominantlymesic. ably, resulting at times in either finer or coarsertextured mate- Mapped Soil Combinations Greely soils were most often rial than in the unaltered till material at depth. It has also mapped as the significant component in combinations with contributed in some areas to very stony surface conditions due soils of other associations . Approximately 900 ha of Greely to the removal of fine material. The amount of stones occur- soils were mapped in combinations, with more than 80% of ring at the surface is quite variable, with conditions ranging that total mapped in combinations in which they were the sig- from slightly to exceedingly stony (< 0.1% to 50%). Moder- nificant component. The Farmington-Greely combination is ately stony (< 3% surface cover) and very stony (3 to 15% sur- the most widely occurring in the survey area. face cover) were the most common surface stone conditions mapped inthe Grenville association . GeneralLand Use Greely soils consist ofwetland which has a vegetative cover consisting ofamixture ofmaple, birch, aspen, Three soilphases were applied to Grenville soils to indicate and cedar tree species. differences in materials from those normally found. A shallow phase was used to describe Grenville soils where limestone or Correlation to Ottawa Urban Fringe Organic soils which dolomite bedrock was present at a depth of 50 to 100 cm. A compose the Greely association were not mapped as such in the coarsephase was also appliedto Grenville soils which had 15 to Ottawa Urban Fringe. In the survey for that area, they were 40 cm of sandy material at the surface . Thirdly, an organic included in the Huntley association and were represented by phase was occasionally necessary when 15 to 40 cm of organic the H1 soil landscape unit. A new association to characterize material was present at the surface. these soils in this survey was developed for two reasons. First, the area of organic soils occurring in bedrock controlled Soil Moisture Characteristics Soils of the association have a depressions outside the Urban Fringe area was great enough to wide range of drainage conditions. The majority, however, are warrant a new association . Secondly, by limiting the Huntley well-drained and occur on mid to upper slope positions. association in the survey to include only organic soils deeper Imperfectly drained soils occur on lower slope positions or on than 160 cm, a more taxonomically exclusive association con- landscapes with low local relief. Poorly and very poorly cept was achieved for that soil association . drained soils occur on nearly level to depressional areas betweentill ridges or in areas oflow local relief. GRENVILLE (G) Grenville soils are moderately permeable and have moder- Location and Extent Soils of the Grenville association are ate moisture holding capacities. Surface water runoff is mod- widely distributed across the survey area. They occur exten- erate on the well and imperfectly drained soils which most sively throughout Goulbourn and Osgoode Townships as well often have very gently to gently sloping topography. Runoff is as the central and eastern portions of Rideau Township. A less slow, however, on the nearly level poorly drained soils of the extensive but significant areaalso occurs in the central portion association. Slow surface runoff combined with groundwater of Cumberland Township in the ancestral river channel of the discharge from surrounding areas result in high water tables in Ottawa River. Approximately 21,900 ha ofGrenville soils were the poorly and very poorly drained soils for much of the grow- mapped. ing season. Landform and Topography Soils of this association have Soil Landscape Units Six units were identified in the Gren- developed in stony glacial till which occurs in the form of iso- ville association . Theyare described as follows: lated drumlinoid ridges or larger areas of nearly level to hummocky till plains. Across landscapes the deposits are often Recognized Recognized surrounded by lower lying nearly level marine and fluvial Subgroups Series deposits. Slopes most often range from 2 to 9%, but occasion- GI : ally steeper slopes of up to 15% also occur. Dominantly well- Eluviated Melanic Grenville drained soils found Brunisols Soil Materials Grenville soil materials are medium to moder- onverygently to (most common) ately coarse textured and have a considerable coarse fragment gently sloping Orthic Melanic content which generally increases with depth. Angular and topography. Slopes Brunisols slightly rounded stones and boulders dominate the coarse frag- commonlyrange from Orthic Humic ment fraction. They occur throughout most materials and 2to9% . Regosols have primarily been derived from Paleozoic limestone and dolomite bedrock. Lesser amounts of Precambrian igneous

Recognized Recognized TheAp horizons arevery dark grayish brown in color and have Subgroups Series granular structure. On occasion, A horizons are also calcare- G2: Dominantly imper- Gleyed Eluviated Matilda ous (Apk). The underlying C horizon or parent material con- fectly drained soils Melanic sists of relatively compact till which has a higher calcium found on nearly Brunisols carbonate content than that normally encountered in other level to very gently Grenville soils within 1 m of the surface . Calcium carbonate sloping topography. usually exceeds40% and structure is subangular blocky. Slopes commonly The imperfectly drained Matilda series (Gleyed Eluviated range from 1 to 3%. Melanic Brunisol subgroup) is similar to the Grenville series in G3: Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic Lyons most profile characteristics. It differs by having distinct dark drained soils found Gleysols yellowish brown mottles in the weathered subsurface, and dis- on nearly leveltopogra- tinct to prominent yellowish brown to olive brown mottles in phy. Slopes are 2% or the parent material. The imperfectly drained Gleyed Melanic less. Brunisols occur less extensively than the Matilda series. In comparison to that series, they have similar mottles but lack G4: Dominantly well- Eluviated Melanic Grenville eluvial and illuvialhorizons. drained soils in Brunisols (well) combination with Orthic Melanic The poorly drained Lyons series (Orthic Humic Gleysol significant areas Brunisols (well) subgroup) is subject to water saturation for much of the grow- ofimperfectly Gleyed Eluviated Matilda ing season. Theirlower slope and depressional landscape posi drained soils found Melanic Brunisols tion is mainly responsible for this saturated condition by on very gently to (imperfect) making them subject to surface runoff and groundwater dis- gently sloping Gleyed Melanic charge from surrounding areas. These soils have prominent topography. Slopes Brunisols light olive brown to yellowish brown mottles and grayish commonly range from (imperfect) brown to gray matrix colors within 50 cm ofthe surface. 2to9% . Occasionally very poorly drained Rego Gleysols occurbut G5: Dominantly imper- Gleyed Eluviated Matilda their extent is very limited . Saturated conditions evidenced by fectly drained soils Melanic Brunisols water tables at or near the surface for much of the year cause in combination with (imperfect) reducing conditions, gray colors, and massive structures significant areas Gleyed Melanic throughout most ofthe profile. of poorly drained Brunisols Mapped Soil Combinations Approximately 4,700 ha or 21% soils found on (imperfect) of all Grenville soils were mapped in combination with soils of nearly level to Orthic Humic Lyons other associations . Of this total, 2,700 ha were mapped in verygently sloping Gleysols (poor) combinations in which theywere the dominant soils, and 2,000 topography. Slopes ha were mapped incombinations in which they were the signif- commonly range from icant soils. When mapped as thedominantcomponent, almost Ito3% . half were mapped with soils of the Chateauguay association G6: Dominantly very Rego Gleysols primarily in Rideau and Osgoode Townships. Grenville- poorly drained soils Ironside and Grenville-Farmington combinations were the found on depressional next most extensive. When mapped as the significant component, soils of the topography. Slopes are approximately 1,200 ha were mapped with I% or less. Farmington association . The majority of Grenville soils included in this combination were mapped with a shallow Taxonomic Components The well-drained Grenville series phase. (Eluviated Melanic Brunisol subgroup) is the most commonly Occasionally combinations of deep and shallow Grenville occurring soil found when drainage conditions are good. soils were mapped. In these cases the deep soils could not be These soils have dark brown Ap horizons with granular struc- delineated from the shallow materials on a consistent basis, tures. Profiles usually have a slightly eluviated Aej horizon therefore necessitating the use of map combinations . which extends deep enough not to have been incorporated into the plough layer where cultivation has taken place. These hori- General Land Use Soils of the Grenville association have a zons have granular structure and are commonly dark yellowish wide range ofagricultural capabilities which result in varying brown in color. Under the Aej horizon either Bin or Btj hori- land uses on a site to site basis. Grenville soils which are very zons occur which usually have a small amount of illuviated gentlyto gently sloping, well or imperfectly drained, and rela- clay and may be brown to dark brown with granular structure. tively free of surface stones have good agricultural capability. Parent material or C horizons are moderately to strongly Corn, cereal grains, and hay production are frequent uses on calcareous, with calcium carbonate content most often in the 6 these soils. High surface stoniness and/or moderate to strong to40% range. They aregrayish brown to olivegray in color and slopes, however, make intensive agricultural use impractical . have subangular blocky structure. Often these limitations are severe enough to restrict agricultural use to that ofhay production and permanent pasture. Under good drainage conditions, two other less extensive components occur. The Orthic Melanic Brunisols are similar A large proportion of Grenville soils remain forested. The to the Grenville series but lack evidence of illuvial clay (Btj) in soils in these instances usually have severe surface stoniness, the weathered subsurface. The Orthic Humic Regosols do not steep slopes, poor to very poor drainage, or a combination of possess a significantly weathered subsurface. In these soils the these limitations. surface Ahorizon directly overlies calcareous parent material.

often in soil Correlation to Ottawa Urban Fringe Landscapes and soil Subgroups). The Mersea series is found most materials comprising the association in each survey area are materials consisting entirelyor almost entirely ofwoody forest similar. Minor differences, however, are present with respect to peat. The Corkery series is found most often in soil materials in . the number of recognized taxonomic components as well as which combinations of forest and fen peat are present soil landscape units. Insome Grenville soils ofthis survey area, Mapped Soil Combinations Only a small proportion of eluvial and/or illuvial horizons were not found. Others do not Huntley soils were mapped in combination with soils of other have B horizons of any type. Additional taxonomic compo- associations . Approximately 100 ha were mapped as the domi- nents for these soils were therefore necessary in this survey. nant component in combination with poorly drained soils of Also, a small proportion ofGrenville soils identified inthis sur- the Mille Isle association with a peaty phase 15 to 40 cm thick. vey are very poorly drained. The G6 soil landscape unit was Huntley soils were also mapped as the dominant component in therefore incorporated in this survey in order to map these combination with other organic soils. Those soils included soils. shallower organic soils of the Greely and Goulbourn associa- approximately 200 ha and 100 ha respectively of HUNTLEY (H) tions; with Huntley soils beingmapped with soils ofthese associations . Location and Extent Soils included in the Huntley associa- forested wetland in Regional Municipality. General Land Use Huntleysoils comprise tion are broadly distributed across the species include cedar, tamarack, alder, occur in each township except which the common tree Significant areas of these soils and willow. An understory of ferns, grasses, mosses, and . Approximately 8,600 ha of Huntley soils were ash, Cumberland tall shrubs is also commonin these wetlands. mapped. Correlation to Ottawa Urban Fringe The Huntley associa- Landform and Topography The Huntley association is com- association horizon- tion defined in this survey differs from the Huntley posed of deep organic soils which are found in either the depth of materials. In the topography is level or nearly of the Ottawa Urban Fringe in tal basin or stream swamps. The survey, the Huntley association includes both slopes usually being 1016 or less. Urban Fringe level, with shallow and deep organic soils in which the organic material Soil Material Huntley soil materials consist of greater than may overlay mineral material or a bedrock contact. Inthis sur- 160 cm of either woody forest peat or a combination ofwoody vey, the depth of organic material for the association was forest peat and sedge fen peat . Each may be underlain by restricted to greater than 160 cm. Shallower organic materials loamy or sandy mineral material. When both peat materials ofsimilar origin overlying mineral material were characterized are present, the profile may consist of either woody forest peat as separate soils in the Goulbourn association . Where such with a subdominant sedge fen peat layer, or it may consist of organic materials were underlain by Paleozoic bedrock within woody forest peat underlain by sedge fen peat. Although of 160 cm ofthe surface, the Greely association was incorporated different origin, the peat materials do not differ greatly in in the survey to characterize those soils. chemical and physical analysis or color. They are moderately to well decomposed and medium to strongly acid in reaction. IRONSIDE (I) Color ranges from black to dark reddish brown. The woody Location and Extent Soils of the Ironside association do not forest peat mainly consists of stem, branch, root, and leaf occur extensively in the area. Those which do occur are fairly materials derived from coniferous and deciduous tree species. evenly distributed within each of the three map sheets of the The sedge fen peat primarily consists of sedge leaves and cot- survey area. Approximately 2,200 ha of Ironside soils were ton grass remains. Layers of relatively undecomposed wood in mapped, of which approximately 1,300 ha were mapped in the form of large tree branches and trunks may occur in some combination with soils ofother associations . materials. Landform and Topography Ironside soils consist of a 40 to Soil Moisture Characteristics Huntley soils are poorly to very 100 cm thick veneer of coarse textured marine or fluvial mate- poorly drained with water tables at or near the surface year rial which is underlain by stony or shaly glacial till. The veneer round. Groundwater is nutrient rich due to the mineral sub- may bepresent on the flanks ofverygentlyto gently slopingtill strata and/or from being discharged either directly or indi- ridges or isolated knolls, or it may overlay them completely. It rectly from adiacent mineral soils having highbase saturation. may also occur on level to gently sloping or undulating till Soil Landscape Units One unit was identified in the Huntley plains. Slopes generally range from 0 to 5016, but steeper slopes association . It is described as follows: rangingto 15 016 also occur occasionally. Recognized Recognized Soil Material Ironside soils generally consist of well sorted, Subgroups Series fine sand, loamy fine sand, or sand underlain by glacial till at a Reaction of the sandy overburden Hl : Dominantly very Typic Mesisols Glendale depth of 40 to 100 cm. Humisols Mersea ranges from neutral to medium acid. Most commonly, the poorly drained soils Mesic material of the found on level Humic Mesisols Corkery underlying till corresponds with the parent Grenville association, which is stony with textures consisting or nearly level content often topography; slopes of sandy loam or loam and coarse fragment exceeding 20016 by volume. Reaction is usually mildly alkaline. are 1010 or less. Less frequently, the underlying till may be strongly to very Taxonomic Components The very poorly drained Glendale strongly acid inreaction and have ahigh shalecontent. This till series (Typic Mesisol subgroup) consists mainly of moderately material corresponds with parent material ofthe Leitrim asso- decomposed woody forest peat, with a subdominant portion ciation. A few Ironside soils also are underlain by slightly to of moderately decomposed sedge fen peat. The sedge fen peat medium acid, stony sandy loam till which corresponds to the may occur as a layer within the profile, or it may constitute the parent material of the Queensway association . Both overbur- entire lower portion. den soils underlain by Leitrim and Queensway parent materi- Other very poorlydrained soilsidentified include the Mer- als have been included in the Ironside association due to their sea and Corkery series (Mesic Humisol and Humic Mesisol limited extent.

The sandy veneer of typical Ironside soils averages 65 cm Recognized Recognized in depth. It is usually entirely weathered if soil drainage is well Subgroups Series to imperfect, with noncalcareous unweathered parent material present most often when drainage is poor. Colors range from 14: Dominantly well- Orthic Melanic dark yellowish brown to yellowish brown in the B and BChori- drained soils found Brunisols zons, to light olive brown to light brownish gray in the C and on very gentlyto mod- Cg horizons . Surface A horizons are usually dark brown to eratelysloping topog- black, with textures dominantly sandy loam, fine sandy loam, raphy. Slopes range or loamy fine sand. from 2 to 9% . The sandy veneer is under- The underlying Grenvilletill parent material is dark gray- lainby Leitrim till. ish brown to olive gray or grayin color. The upper portionor all of the till occurring within 1 m the been 15 : Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic of surface has often drained soils found reworked by marine or fluvial water, making it less stony and Gleysols not as compact as the more representative Grenville till which on level to nearlylevel occurs at further depth . Even ifreworked, the underlying till is or depressionaltopog- usually strongly calcareous. raphy. Slopes range form 0 to 207o . The Surface stones originating from the underlying till or till sandy veneer is under- materials nearby may be present on Ironside soils. Generally, lain by Leitrim till . nonstony or slightly stony conditions prevail when the topog raphyis level or nearly level. Slightly stonyto very stony surface 16: Dominantlyimper- Gleyed Melanic conditions are most common on steeper topography, although fectly drained soils Brunisols nonstony conditions may also occur. found on undulating topography. Slopes Soil Moisture Characteristics Ironside soils may be well, range from 2 to 5 % . imperfect, or poorly drained . Upper slopes tend to be well- The sandyveneer is drained, while mid to lower slopes tend to be imperfectly underlain by drained mainly due to downslope lateral seepage. Poor drain- Queensway till. age conditions are usually found in low lying or depressional areas adjacent to or between till ridges and knolls. Lateral Taxonomic Components The Ironside series (Orthic Melanic seepage and surface runoff from adjacent soils contributes to Brunisol subgroup) is well-drained and is the most commonly poor drainage conditions. mapped soil in the association . Surface horizons are usually very dark grayish brown to dark brown with structure ranging The sandy overburden is rapidly permeable, with the from single grain to granular. Weathered subsoil horizons of underlying till moderately to rapidly permeable depending on the sandy overburden are dark yellowish brown to yellowish its degree ofcompaction . Moistureholding capacity is low and brown and have single grain structure. Parent material is droughtiness during periods of low rainfall is a potential prob- lighter in color than the overlying horizons and is light olive lem. Surface runoffis slow. brown to light brownish gray in color. Single grain structure Soil Landscape Units Six units were identified in the Ironside again is most common. The underlying material for this series association . They are described as follows: is confined to the stony, calcareous glacial till parent material of the Grenville association . Colors range from dark grayish Recognized Recognized brown to olive gray, and structure is usually subangular blocky. Subgroups Series The upper portion is usually less compact than that which 11 : Dominantly well- Orthic Melanic Ironside occurs at greater depths. drained soils found Brunisols The imperfectly drained Gleyed Melanic Brunisols which on very gently to mod- material underlying theveneer have not been erately have Grenvilletill sloping topog- named due to their limited occurrence. Profile characteristics raphy. Slopes are similar to those of the Ironside series except 2 9% of these soils are dominantly to . for duller colors in the subsoil and the presence of mottles indi- Thesandy veneer is cating periodic saturation. Distinct to prominent yellowish red underlain by Grenville mottles are common in the sandy subsoil, and the underlying till. calcareous till has distinct to prominent yellowish brown mot- 12: Dominantlyimper- Gleyed Melanic tles. fectly drained soils Brunisols The Dwyer Hill series (Orthic Humic Gleysol subgroup) is nearlylevel found on to poorly drained and is the next most commonly mapped soil very gently sloping after the Ironside series. The underlying material again is con topography. Slopes fined to calcareous till of the Grenville association . Surface range from 1 to 5% . horizons are darker and have a higher organic matter content The sandy veneer is than the better drained soils of the association . Color ranges underlain by Grenville from very dark grayish brown to black. Weathered subsoil till. horizons range from dark yellowish brown to dark grayish 13: Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic Dwyer Hill brown, with underlying unweathered sandy parent material drained soils found Gleysols grayish brown to light brownish gray. Prominent yellowish red on level to nearly level mottles occur in both the weathered and unweathered sandy or depressional topog-' subsoil. The underlying calcareous till is olive gray to gray in raphy. Slopes range color with prominent brownish yellow mottles . Structure in from 0 to 207o . The these poorly drained soils is similar to the better drained mem- sandy veneer is under- bers of the association. lainby Grenville till.

The well-drained Orthic Melanic Brunisols and poorly areas of Jockvale soils occur adjacent to or in close proximity drained Orthic Humic Gleysols which consist of sandy over- to the Rideau River. In the western townships, the most exten- burdens over shaly, noncalcareous Leitrim till have been sive areas occur in West Carleton Township and are located included in the Ironside association and left unnamed because south and southwest ofthe village ofCarp in close proximity to of their very limited extent. Only 250 ha of the well-drained Highway 17. Approximately 8,100 ha of Jockvale soils were member, and 100 ha of the poorly drained member have been mapped, of which approximately 4,100 ha were mapped in mapped, mostly in Cumberland Township. Profile character- combination with other soils. istics of the upper sandy material are similar to those of the Landform and Topography Jockvale soils have developed on Ironside and Dwyer Hill series. Ifwell-drained, the underlying a blanket of coarse textured marine or fluvial material which is till is dark reddish brown to black in color and has a very high usually deeper than 2 m . Jockvale soils most commonly have proportion of gravel sizesoft shale fragments which have simi- level ornearlylevel topography. Verygentlyto gently sloping or lar colors. If poorly drained, shale content is similar but the undulating topography also occurs but less extensively. Slopes matrix color is slightly grayer and faint mottles are also range from 0 to 9%, with the most frequently occurring slopes present. being 2% or less. The imperfectly drained Gleyed Melanic Brunisols which Soil Material Jockvale soils are generally deeper than 2 m in consist of sandy overburdens over stony, noncalcareous depth and maybe underlain by various types ofmineral mate- Queensway till have also been included in the association and rials which were not differentiated . Parent materials are light left unnamed due to their very limited extent. Only 40 ha were yellowish brown to grayish brown with fine sand or loamy fine mapped in West Carleton Township. Most profile characteris- sand textures. Soil reaction most often ranges from neutral to tics are similar to the Gleyed Melanic Brunisols underlain by medium acid, with the majority of soils being slightly to Grenville till. The underlying Queensway till, however, is non- medium acid. The weathered B horizons of Jockvale soils have calcareous and has a lower pH as well as a more brownish similar soil textures, but soil reaction tends to be slightly more matrix color thanGrenvilletill material . acidic than that of the underlying parent material. If well or Mapped Soil Combinations Ironside soils underlain by Gren- imperfectly drained, B horizons are generally yellowish brown, ville till were most commonly mapped in combination with strong brown, or yellowish red. If poorly drained, very pale soils of the Grenville and Jockvale soil associations . Approxi- brown to grayish brown colors prevail. Surface A horizons are mately 500 ha of Ironside soils occur in combination with most commonly very dark grayish brown to black, with fine Grenville soils, with over half of these soils occurring in sand, loamy fine sand, and occasionally fine sandy loam tex- Osgoode and Rideau Townships . Approximately 400 ha of tures. Peaty surfaces less than 40 cm thick are present on Ironside soils occur in combination with Jockvale soils, with approximately 9% of all Jockvale soils mapped. the majority again occurring in Osgoode and Rideau Town- Jockvale materials are well sorted and noncalcareous . ships. Mean sand content of the parent material is 94%, with the Ironside soils underlain by Leitrim till are most commonly mean fine sand proportion being 53 01o . mapped as significantly occurring soils along with dominantly Soil MoistureCharacteristics Poorly and very poorly drained occurring soils of the Leitrim soil association . Approximately soil conditions prevail in the majority of Jockvale soils. 100 ha of Ironside soils were mapped in this way, with their Approximately 45% ofthe Jockvale soils mapped were poorly location confined mainly to Cumberland Township. drained, and 15% were very poorly drained. These drainage General Land Use Hay and improved pasture are common conditions are due mainly to higher water tables occurring pri- agricultural uses of Ironside soils. Some sites remain forested marily on flat or depressional topography. Imperfectly and and others are abandoned farmland. well-drained soil conditions also occur, usually on fluvial sand- Correlation to OttawaUrbanFringe Ironside soils in the area bars or windblown sand knolls, both of which have slightly which are underlain by stony Grenvilleand Queensway tills are greater slopes facilitating more rapid surface runoff and lower similar to those characterized in the Ottawa Urban Fringe. water tables. Those underlain by shaly Leitrim till, however, are additional Jockvale soils are moderately permeable and have a low soils included in the association which were not found in the moisture holding capacity. High water tables are responsible Urban Fringe area. Due to their very limited extent, it was felt for poorly and very poorly drained soil conditions, and result that anew association was not warranted even though there is a from impermeable substratum and lateral seepage from sur- considerable difference in the underlying till. rounding soils with higher elevations. Surface runoff is slow in In the Urban Fringe survey, Ironside soils are character- these situations. ized as having a sandy veneer which is 25 to 100 cm thick. In Soil Landscape Units Eights units were identified in the this survey, thethickness of the veneer was changed to 40 to 100 Jockvale association. They are described as follows : cm to conform to recent classification guidelines. The differ- Recognized Recognized ence in thickness is minor since the majority ofIronside soils in Subgroups Series each area have a veneer which is thicker than 50 cm. In this survey the difference in minimum thickness means that soils with JI : Dominantly well- Orthic Melanic Jockvale sandy veneers of less than 40 cm overlying glacial till were not drained soils in Brunisols mapped as Ironside soils. Rather, they were mapped as coarse combination with (well) phases of the Grenville, Leitrim, or Queensway associations . significantareas of Gleyed Melanic Stapledon imperfectly drained Brunisols JOCKVALE (J) soils found on (imperfect) Location and Extent Soils of the Jockvale association occur nearlylevel to verygen- only inthe southern and western townships of the survey area. tly sloping or undulat- They were not mapped in Cumberland Township. In the south- ing topography. Slopes ern townships of Osgoode and Rideau, the most extensive range from 1 to 5% . (Continued on Page 46)

Recognized Recognized The imperfectlydrained Stapledon series (Gleyed Melanic Subgroups Series Brunisol subgroup) is subject to water saturation for short peri- J2: Dominantlyimper- Gleyed Melanic Stapledon ods. Profile characteristics are similar to those of the Jockvale fectly drained soils Brunisols series except for slightly darker surface horizons and the pres- generally found on ence ofdistinct to prominent, yellowish brown to strong brown nearlylevel topogra- mottles inthe B and C horizons. phy. Slopes are 2% or The poorly drained Vaudreuil series (Orthic Humic Gley- less. sol subgroup) is subject to water saturation for much of the J3: Dominantly imper- Gleyed Melanic Stapledon growing season due to its level topography or depressional fectlydrained soils Brunisols position. It has a very dark grayish brown to dark gray surface in combination with (imperfect) horizon with granular structure. Underlying B and C horizons significant areas of Orthic Humic Vaudreuil are grayish brown to gray in color, and structure is single grain. poorly drained soils Gleysols Prominent yellowish brown to strong brown mottles are com- found on nearly (poor) mon below the surface horizon. Textures are similar to those level to verygently comprising the better drained series. sloping or undulating The very poorly drained Rego Gleysols have a year round topography. Slopes are water table which is at or near the surface. They have been left 2% or less. unnamed due to their limited extent. These soils may have well J4: Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic Vaudreuil to moderately well decomposed black peaty surface horizons drained soils in Gleysols which are less than 40 cm thick. If peat material has not accu- combination with (poor) mulated at the surface, mineral surface horizons are very dark significant areas of Gleyed Melanic Stapledon grayish brown to black. Structure throughout the profile is sin- imperfectly drained Brunisols gle grain, andtextures again aresimilar to previously described soils found on (imperfect) components. nearly level topogra- Mapped Soil Combinations Jockvale soils were most often phy. Slopes are 2% or mapped in combination with soils of the Manotick, Ironside, less. and Osgoode associations . Approximately 1,400 ha were J5: Dominantlypoorly Orthic Humic Vaudreuil mapped with these associations in almost equal proportions. drained soils found Gleysols Some other soil associations which were mapped in combina- on level or nearlylevel tion with the Jockvale association include the Grenville, Oka, topography. Slopes and Kars associations . range from 0 to 2%. General Land Use Jockvale soils have low inherent fertility. J6: Dominantlyvery Rego Gleysols Also, well-drained soils tend to be droughty during periods of poorly drained soils, low rainfall, while poorly drained soils are limited by excessive often having peatysur- wetness. For these reasons, Jockvale soils require careful man- faces, and found on agement for growing annually cultivated field crops. level or depressional Present land use comprises a mix of agricultural and non- topography. Slopes are agricultural uses. Jockvale soils not overly restricted by exces- less than 2% . sive wetness are commonly utilized in hay and cereal grain J7: Dominantlywell- Orthic Melanic Jockvale production. Other sites, especially thosethat are poorand very drained soils found Brunisols poorlydrained, remain forested or exist as scrub or abandoned on very gently to gently farmland. sloping topography Correlationto Ottawa UrbanFringe In the survey area, Jock- usually inthe form of vale soils have the same modes of deposition as in the Ottawa sand knolls. Slopes Urban Fringe but they mayoverlie a number of different mate- range from 2to 9% . rials such as marine clay, consolidated bedrock, glacial till, or J8: Dominantly well- Orthic Melanic Jockvale glaciofluvial gravel. The underlying material was not differen- drained soils in Brunisols tiated. In the Urban Fringe area, Jockvale parent materials combination with (well) have mainly been deposited on marine clay by water which was significant areas Orthic Humic Vaudreuil becoming progressively shallower. ofpoorlydrained Gleysols A wider range in soil reaction consisting of neutral to soils found onvery (poor) medium acid occurs in Jockvale soils in the survey area. This gently undulating difference is not significant for soil taxonomy orinterpretation topography. Slopes purposes. range from 1 to 5 % . KARS (K) Taxonomic Components The well-drained Jockvale series (Orthic Melanic Brunisol subgroup) has dark brown to very Location and Extent Soils included in the Kars association dark grayish brown surface horizons which have granular are not broadly distributed across the survey area. The most structure. Weathered subsoils are dark yellowish brown to yel- extensive area is foundin Osgoode Township alongthe ridge of lowish red, and have single grain structure. Parent material is glaciofluvial material which begins at South Gloucester in the yellowish brownto light yellowish brown in color, and also has north and extends southward through the hamlet of West single grain structure. Fine sand and loamy fine sand textures Osgoode. The next most extensive area occurs in West Carle- dominate most profiles includingthe surface. ton and Goulbourn Townships along a ridge of similar mate-

rial which extends in a northwest-southeast direction through Recognized Recognized the village of Stittsville. Less extensive areas also occur in Subgroups Series Cumberland Township near the village of Sarsfield, and in K1 : Dominantlyrapidly Eluviated Kars West Carleton Township near the village of Galetta. Approxi- to well-drained Melanic mately 2,900 ha of Kars soilswere mapped. soils found on very gen- Brunisols Landform and Topography Most of the soils of the associa- tly to gentlysloping tion havedeveloped on ridges ofmarine modified glaciofluvial topography. Slopes material which are fairly low in relief. The original ridges of range from 2 to 9% . glaciofluvial material deposited during glaciation were subse- K2: Dominantly imper- GleyedEluviated quently reworked to varying degrees by marine wave action fectlyto poorly Melanic Brunisols duringthe ChamplainSeainundation. The result in most cases drained soils found (Imperfect) was a smoothing of the landscape. Shore formations such as onlevel to nearly Orthic Humic strandlines, gently sloping beaches, and occasional stone and level topography. Gleysols (Poor) boulder pavements indicate that marine modificationhas been Slopes range from extensive in some areas. Materials of these formations have Oto2%. derived mostly from the original ice contact glaciofluvial been rapidly Eluviated Melanic deposits. Slopes rangefrom 2 to 901o in most landscapes. K3: Dominantly to well-drained Brunisols SoilMaterials Kars soil materials are quite thick and they are soils found on very gen- commonly mined for aggregate to depths exceeding 5 m. At tly to gently sloping the surface they are moderately coarse to coarse textured, and topography. Slopes in the underlying weathered subsoil and parent material they range from 2 to 9% . are coarse textured. A considerable coarse fragment content Parent materials are occurs throughout, with the volume often exceeding 50% in predominantly mildly the parent material at depth. Although primarily of Paleozoic alkaline coarsesands. sedimentary bedrock origin, asignificant portion ofthe coarse fragments have also originated from Precambrian igneous and K4: Dominantly imper- Gleyed Eluviated metamorphic bedrock. fectlyto poorly Melanic Brunisols drained soils found (Imperfect) The parent materials of the association consist of coarse on nearly level to Orthic Humic sand and loamy coarse sand matrix material with rounded cob- verygently sloping Gleysols (Poor) ble and gravel sized coarse fragments. Coarse fragment con topography. Slopes tent usually exceeds 20% by volume. Some soils included in the range from 1 to 3 % . association, however, have parent materials which have a low Parent materials are coarse fragment content and are predominantly coarse sand or predominantly mildly loamy coarse sand. Coarse fragment content in these soils is alkaline coarse sands. less than 20% by volume. The K3, K4, and K5 soil landscape units represent soils with this material variation. In all soils K5 : Dominantly rapidly Eluviated Melanic comprising the association, the parent material has a coarse to well-drained Brunisols sand or loamycoarse sand matrix which is moderately calcare- soils found on verygen- ous, dark brown to dark yellowish brown in color, and neutral tly to gently sloping to mildly alkaline in reaction. Materials at the surface com- topography. Slopes monly have a coarse sandy loam or loamy coarse sand matrix range from 2 to 9%. and similar sized coarse fragments. Parent materials are mildly alkalinecoarse Surface stoniness is usually present to some extent on the sand interbedded with majority of Kars association soils. Surfaces are most often layers ofgravel having slightly to moderately stony, with less than 3 % surface cover variable thickness. age by stones having a diameter of 15 cm or more. Less frequently, very stonysurface conditions occur in which stones of Taxonomic Components The rapidly to well-drained Kars similar size cover 3 to 15 % ofthe surface. series (Eluviated Melanic Brunisol subgroup) has a high gravel content and constitutes the K1 soil landscape unit. These soils Soil Moisture Characteristics Approximately 80% of all have avery dark grayish brown Ap horizon, 15 to 25 cm thick, Kars soils are rapidly to well-drained . These soils are rapidly withweak granular structure. The underlying Bm and Btj hori- permeable and as a result there is virtually no surface water zons are strong brown to dark brown in color and have weak runoff. Water holding capacity is low contributing to draughti- granular structure. The illuvial Btj horizons have a slightly ness. Imperfectly or poorlydrained soils constitute theremain- higher clay content but are not easily recognizable. Well ing portion of the soils in the association . Although highly defined lighter colored Ae horizons are seldom present inthese permeable, these soils remain saturated for significant periods soils. Texture ofthe upper A and B horizons is commonlygrav- during the growing season due to high water tables influenced elly coarse sandyloam. Reaction in these horizons is neutral to by surface runoff and groundwater discharge from surround- mildly alkaline and they are also weakly calcareous. The ing soils. underlying parent material or Ck horizons range from yellow- Soil Landscape Units Five units were identified in the Kars ish brown to gray in color and they are also neutral to mildly association . They are described as follows: alkaline in reaction. Coarser textures and higher gravel contents are evident, with the most common texture being very and K5 soil landscape units were added to the association in gravelly coarse sand . Structure is single grain. Due to the high this survey. In addition, imperfectly and poorly drained soils percentage of limestone and dolomite coarse fragments, the were identified along the lower flanks of the glaciofluvial parent material is also moderately to very strongly calcareous. ridges in this survey. In the Urban Fringe survey, only very drained Gleyed Eluviated MelanicBruni- poorly drained peaty Rego Gleysols were mapped in this land- The imperfectly the K2 landscape unit. The K2 unit sols constituting part of the K2 soil landscape unit occur very scape position as part of was therefore redefined in this survey to better represent the infrequently. They are similar to the Kars series in most profile in the soils which characteristics except for the presence of distinct to prominent broader range ofdrainages which are present mottles within 50 cm ofthe surface. Their lower slope position occur in lower landscape positions. at the base of ridges contributes to periodic water saturation during thegrowing season. LEITRIM (L) The poorly drained Orthic Humic Gleysols composing the Location and Extent Leitrim soils occur in each of the three remainderofthe K2 soil landscape unit also occur infrequently map areas of the survey, but their extent is quite limited. and are differentiated fromthe better drained soils on thebasis Approximately 1,900 ha of Leitrim soils were mapped, with of lightgray to light olive graycolors occurring within 50 cm of nearly 75% of this total occurring in Cumberland Township. the surface. These soils remain saturated for significant peri- Landform and Topography Leitrim soils have developed on ods during the growing season. shaly morainalmaterial overlying shale bedrock. The topogra- The rapidly to poorly drained soils of the K3, K4, and K5 phy is most often ridged or undulating, with slopes ranging soil landscape units have similar colors, horizonation, and tax- from 1 to 9% . Due to the inundation of the Champlain Sea onomyto those previouslydescribed, but differ significantly in after glaciation, many Leitrim soils have been modified by material composition . They are predominantly coarse sand wave action resulting in the removal to varying degrees of finer and have a much lower coarse fragment content than those material. Wave action also formed some beach ridges and ter- comprising the Kl and K2 soil landscape units. Except for the races. Leitrim soils are relatively shallow and their surface K5 unit which may have interbedded layers of gravelly mate- expression generally conforms to that of the underlying rial, coarse fragment content in the parent material of these bedrock. soils usually ranges from 10to 20% . Soil Material Leitrim soil materials are medium to moder- Approximately 75% of the soils of the association have a ately coarse textured and have a considerable coarse fragment high coarse fragment content which mainly consists of content consisting of gravel sized shale. Paleozoic shale rounded cobble and gravel size fragments . These soils are con bedrock of a similar type underlies the material, usually at a sideredto be representative ofthe association . Theless gravelly depth of 1 to 2 metres. Occasionally some gravel and stone soils of the remaining 25% of the association are variants sized coarse fragments ofgranite, gneiss, limestone, sandstone, which were included in the association due to their limited or dolomiteare also present in the material. extent . The parent material of Leitrim soils is variable in color and Mapped Soil Combinations Approximately 800 ha or 27% slightly to strongly acid in reaction. Texture is most often grav- of the soils of the association were mapped in combination elly to very gravelly loam, sandy loam, or coarse sandy loam, with soils of other associations . Of this total, 500 ha were with the very gravelly modifier the most predominant. Leitrim mapped as the dominant component and 300 ha were mapped soils included in the association have been derived from and as the significant component. A single map unit consisting of generally overlie a number of shale bedrock formations. Soil Kars-Uplands in Osgoode Township accounted for most of the color and coarse fragment type are therefore directly related to soils mapped as the dominant component. The U15 soil land- the shale composing these formations. In Cumberland Town- scape unit in that combination had a highproportion ofcoarse ship, Leitrim soils were mapped on the black and brown shale sand and 10 to 20% gravel in the upper part of the profile. of the Billings Formation, the gray shale of the Carlsbad For- When mapped as the significant component, half of the soils mation, and the red shale of the Queenston Formation. In the occur in Grenville-Kars combinations. This combination City of Kanata and West Carleton Township, they were pri- reflects the generally close proximity of the glaciofluvial mate- marily mapped on the Rockcliffe Formation consisting of rials tounsorted till deposits. gray-green shale with lenses of sandstone . In these latter townships they were also mapped to a lesser extent on the Ottawa General Land Use Kars parent materials have good aggregate of limestone with gray shale part- considerable mining of these deposits has Formation which consists potential and ings. occurred and is likely to continue for some time. Open gravel pits are common in areas in which Kars soils have been Leitrim materials at the surface usually have textures simi- mapped . lar to the underlying parent material. Coarse fragment con- be lower and at times is not sufficient to agricultural use of Kars soils is generally not tent, however, tends to Intensive warrant agravelly or very gravelly modifier. practical due to : (1) surface stoniness and low fertility in most soils; and (2) droughtiness when the soils are rapidly to imper Surface stones greater than 15 cm in diameter are present fectly drained. Some cereal grains and corn are grown, but on some Leitrim soils but seldom occupy more than 3% of the agricultural use is mainly confined to that of hay production surface area. When present, surface stones are usually rounded and permanent pasture. or angular fragments of limestone, sandstone, or dolomite. Due to the soft and easily weathered nature of the shale consti- Correlation toOttawa Urban Fringe Kars soils mapped inthe of that rock type are usually those which occur in the tuting Leitrim soils, surface stones survey area are more variable than not present . Ottawa Urban Fringe. Some soils lack the high gravel content which is normally found in highly representative Kars soils. In Soil Moisture Characteristics The majority of Leitrim soils order to incorporate this variation in materials, the K3, K4, are well-drained, with approximately 1,270 hectares or 68% of

all Leitrim soils classified as such. About 530 hectares or 28% Recognized Recognized were classified as imperfectly drained, while only 77 hectares Subgroups Series or 4% ofall Leitrim soils mapped were poorlydrained. L7: Dominantly imper- Gleyed Melanic On well and imperfectly drained sites, surface water run- fectlydrained soils Brunisols offisslow to moderate. On level to depressional poorly drained in combination (imperfect) sites, runoff is slow. Leitrim soils are highly permeable and with significant Orthic Humic have moderate to low moisture holding capacities due mainly areas of poorly Gleysols to their high gravel content. drained soils, both (poor) Soil Landscape Units Eights units were identified in the Lei- being derived from trim association . They are described as follows: gray shale. Topography is nearly level, with Recognized Recognized slopes ranging from 1 Subgroups Series to 2% . L I : Dominantly well- Orthic Melanie French Hill L8: Dominantly well- Orthic Melanic drained soils Brunisols drained soils in Brunisols derived from black combination with (well) shale and found on very significant areas of Gleyed Melanic gentlyto gently sloping imperfectlydrained Brunisols topography. Slopes soils, both being (imperfect) range from 2 to 9% . derived from gray L2: Dominantly imper- Gleyed Melanie shale. Topography is fectly drained soils Brunisols very gently sloping, derived from black with slopes ranging shale and found on from 2 to 5% . nearly level topogra- L9: Dominantly well- Orthic Melanic phy. Slopes range from drained soils Brunisols 1 to 2% . derived from gray- L3 : Dominantly well- Orthic Melanie French Hill green shale and found drained soils in Brunisols (well) (well) onvery gently to gently combinationwith Gleyed Melanie sloping topography. significant areas of Brunisols Slopes range from imperfectly drained (imperfect) 2to9% . soils, both being Taxonomic Components All Leitrim soils were classified at derived from black the subgroup level as either Orthic Melanie Brunisols, Gleyed shale. Topography is Melanie Brunisols, orOrthic Humic Gleysols. Soils ofthe asso- very gently to gently ciation having these classifications, however, can be further sloping with slopes differentiated on the basis of the type ofshale from which they ranging from2 to 9% . are derived. Since each shale type has a recognizable color and L4: Dominantly imper- Gleyed Melanic specific mineralogy, a number of taxonomic soil series are fectly drained Brunisols therefore possible. However, due to the limited extent ofmany soils in combination (imperfect) ofthe soils ofthe association, series names were given for only with significant areas Orthic Humic the most commonly occurring soils. of poorly drained Gleysols The well-drained French Hill series (Orthic Melanie soils, bothbeing (poor) Brunisol subgroup) is derived from black shale of the Billings derived from black Formation. These soils have a black surface horizon, dark shale. Found on very brown weathered subsoils, and dark reddish brown parent gently sloping topogra- materials. Subsoil and parent material structures are granular phy, with slopes rang- to structureless, reflecting the high amount of gravel ing from2 to 56% . sized shale fragments which usually exceeds 500Jo by volume. L5: Dominantly well- Orthic Melanie Vars The imperfectly drained drained Gleyed Melanic Brunisols soils in Brunisols derived from black shale were not given a series name due to combination with (well) their limited extent. These soils are subject to short periods of significant areas of Gleyed Melanie saturation during the growing season, and possess similar imperfectly drained Brunisols gravel contents and duller grayish colors inthe subsoil soils, both being (imperfect) and parent material than the French Hill series. Distinct to prominent derived from red shale. mottles are present within Topography is very 50 cm ofthe surface. gently to gently slop- The poorly drained Orthic Humic Gleysols derived from ing, with slopes rang- black shale occupy low landscape positions and remain satu- ing from2 to 9% . rated for extended periods during the growing season. Gravel

Mapped Soil Combinations Approximately 200 ha of Mala- A transition zone is 1lettucuuy koff soils weremapped in combination with soils of other asso- veneer and the underlying marine material. Most often it is a ciations. Two combinations were mapped, with Malakoffsoils thin layer which is a mixture of the upper sandy material and as the dominant component with soils of the the underlying heavier textured material. Textures are com- being mapped layers having Goulbourn and Rideau soil associations . monly fine sandyloam or sandy loam. Transition content is similar to the well and imperfectly drained soils pre- red, gray, and gray-green shale. Also, since shaly soils derived viously described. Gley colors are not well expressed in these frombrown shalewere not encountered in the survey area, only soils, with color of the subsoil and parent material being simi- the general parent material concept of the Leitrim association lar to those found in the imperfectly drained soils. Prominent was retained . The Leitrim series and other association compo- mottles, however, are present within 50 cm of the surface. nents identified in the Ottawa Urban Fringe are therefore only Thewell-drained Vars series (Orthic Melanic Brunisol sub- applicabletothat area.

silt loam and loam textures may also occur which arethe result Recognized Recognized of deposition which has taken place in progressively shallower Subgroups Series waters. M5 : Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic Allendale The underlying heavier textured parent material corres- drained soils in Gleysols ponds to parent materials of either the North Gower, combination with (poor) Dalhousie, Rideau, or Bearbrook soil associations. It ranges in significant areas of Imperfectly color from reddish brown (Bearbrook) to light olive gray imperfectly drained drained (North Gower, Dalhousie, Rideau) and is predominantly non- soils found on pre- subgroups and calcareous. dominantlylevel or series same Soil Moisture Characteristics Manotick soils are dominantly nearly level topography as M4. poorly drained. Moderately well, imperfect, and very poorly but having some very drained members also occur but less extensively. Approxi- slightly inclined areas. mately 70% of all Manotick soils mapped were poorly Slopes are 2% or less. drained. Moderately well to imperfectly drained soils are M6: Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic Allendale found on the crests and upper slopes of sand dunes and fluvial drained soils found Gleysols sandbars. The higher elevations of these sand knolls are onlevel ornearly level responsible for the better drained soil conditions. Poorly and topography. Slopes are verypoorly drained soils are found on level to very gently slop- 2% or less. ing or undulating terrain with persistent high watertables. M7: Dominantly very Rego Gleysols The upper sandyveneer of Manotick soils is moderately to poorly drained soils rapidly permeable . Downward water movement can be found on level, nearly impeded somewhat by the clayey subsoil which is slowly to level, or depressional moderately permeable. Moisture holding capacity is moderate topography. Slopes are to low due to the variable depth of the clayey subsoil. During less than2To . times oflow rainfall, droughtiness may be a problem due to the Taxonomic Components The well to moderately well- low moisture holding capacity of the sandy veneer. Surface drainedManotick series (OrthicSombric Brunisol subgroup) is runoffis slow. verylimited in extent. These soils have very dark grayishbrown Soil Landscape Units Six units were identified in the to dark brown surface horizons with granular structure. Manotick association . They are described as follows : Weathered B horizons are strong brown to yellowish brown Recognized Recognized and structure is single grain. A thin light olive brown BC hori- Subgroups Series zon also with single grain structure frequently overlies the clayey substratum. Fine sand, loamy fine sand, and sand tex- M1 : Dominantly well to Orthic Sombric Manotick tures prevail in the B and BC horizons. Surface horizons tend moderately well Brunisols to have a slightly higher silt and clay content, with textures drained soils in (well, mod. well) commonly fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loamy fine sand. combination with Color, texture, and structure ofthe underlying marinematerial significant areas of Gleyed Sombric Mountain are consistent with those which describe the parent materials imperfectly drained Brunisols of the North Gower, Dalhousie, Rideau, or Bearbrook soil soils found onvery (imperfect) associations. gentlyto gently sloping undulating topogra- Three different taxonomic components are possible and phy. Slopes range from were recognized for Manotick soils which are imperfectly 2to6% . drained. Ofthe three components, however, some occur more frequently than others. The imperfectly drained Becketts M3 : Dominantly imper- Gleyed Melanic Becketts Creek series (Gleyed Melanic Brunisol subgroup) occurs most fectly drained Brunisols Creek frequently. It is found on mid to lower slopes and is subject to soils in combination (imperfect) water saturation for short periods during the growing season. with significant Gleyed Sombric Mountain These soils have very dark grayish brown to dark brown sur- areas of poorly Brunisols face horizons which may have either granular or weak suban- drained soils found (imperfect) gular blocky structure. Weathered B horizons of the sandy on nearly level Gleyed Humo- St . Damase veneer are dark yellowish brown, and the parent material is to very gently Ferric usually slightly lighter in color. Structure in the subsoil of the undulating topo- Podzols veneer is single grain. The underlying marine material is simi- graphy. Slopes range (imperfect) lar to the parent material of the North Gower, Dalhousie, from 1 to 5 % . Orthic Humic Allendale Rideau, or Bearbrook soil associations. Distinct to prominent Gleysols (poor) dark brown to strong brown mottles are present in the subsoil M4: Dominantly imper- Gleyed Melanic Becketts of the sandy veneer. Prominent dark yellowish brown to fectlydrained Brunisols Creek brownish yellow mottles are common in the heavier textured soils found on Gleyed Sombric Mountain marine subsoil. nearlylevel to Brunisols Theimperfectly drained Mountain series (Gleyed Sombric verygently sloping Gleyed Humo- St. Damase Brunisol subgroup) is quite common but does not occur as fre- or undulating Ferric quently as the Becketts Creek series. Mountain series profile topography. Slopes Podzols characteristics, with the exception of lower pH in the upper range from I to 507o . profile, are similar to the Becketts Creek series. The imperfectly drained St. Damase series (Gleyed tion guidelines. As a result, some Manotick soils in the Urban Humo-ferric Podzol subgroup) occurs only occasionally and Fringe area would notbe mapped as Manotick soils in this sur- its extent is quite limited. These soils differ from the Becketts vey. Rather, they would be mapped as heavier textured marine Creek series by having weathered Bf horizons in the sandy soils with coarse textured surface phases (15 to 40cm ofsignifi- veneer which are yellowish red to reddish brown in color and cantly coarser material at the surface). have been enriched with iron and aluminum in combination MER BLEUE (MB) with organic matter. Usually, strongly cemented yellowish red iron concretions are present in the enriched Bfhorizons. Thin, Location and Extent Soils included in the Mer Bleue associa- light gray Ae horizons may overlay the Bf horizons ifthey have tion occur only in Cumberland Township and occupy the most not beendestroyed through plowing. easterly portion of the Mer Bleue Bog. Approximately 200 ha Bleue soils were mapped. The poorly drained Allendale series (Orthic Humic Gley- of Mer sol subgroup) is subject to water saturation for much of the Landform and Topography The Mer Bleue association is growing season. Surface horizons arevery dark brown to black comprised of organic soils which are found in either flat, and have granular structure. They are usually thicker and have basin, or domed bogs. The topography is level or very slightly ahigher organic matter contentthan the better drained soils of inclined, with slopes generally 1 016 or less. the association . Subsoil colors of the sandy veneer grade from Soil Material Mer Bleue soil materials consist of greater than pale brown or grayish brown near the surface to olive gray and 160 cm of sphagnum moss and fen peat overlying clayey min- gray at depth. Prominent reddish brown to dark yellowish eral material . The upper 30 to 100 cm of organic material is brown mottles are common and structure is single grain. The sphagnum moss, whilethe remainder is fen peat . underlying heavier textured marine material may have suban- poorly The upper layer of sphagnum moss is undecomposed or gular blocky to massive structure, and colors similar to color. previously mentioned soil asso- fibric, and is dark reddish brown to dark brown in drained parent materials ofthe 80% . Soil reaction is ciations. Rubbed fibre content ranges from 42 to extremely acid. Althoughly mainly comprised of sphagnum The Rego Gleysols usually have peaty surfaces and have moss, a small proportion also consists of woody material water tables at or near the surface throughout the year. When derived from ericaceous shrubs and tree species such as black present, the peaty surface is 15 to 40 cm thick and is well spruce andtamarack. decomposed. The underlying sandy subsoil is commonly olive grayto light gray in color, and has single grain structure. Struc- The secondary or underlying layer of fen peat may be ture of the underlying heavier textured subsoil is massive. either woody fen peat or sedge fen peat. Occasionally, a combination of the two may comprise this peat material. Regard Mapped Soil Combinations Manotick soils were most com- less oforigin, it is most often moderatelydecomposed or mesic monly mapped in combination with soils of the North Gower, with rubbed fibre content ranging from 10to 34% . However, at Dalhousie, Rideau, and Bearbrook soil associations. Approxi- times well decomposed or humic peat with a rubbed fibre con- in combina- mately 2,000 ha of Manotick soils were mapped tent less than IOQIo may comprise a significant portion of the tion with those soils. The Manotick soils found in these soil fen material . Soil reaction of the fen peat is strongly to combinations consist of: (1) sand knolls separated by the extremely acid. The woody fen peat when present is mainly clayey soils in level to depressional areas, or (2) uniform areas comprised of stem, branch, and root fragments derived from occurring adjacent to clay plains and requiring map combina- woody tree species such as tamarack. A significant portion tions due to scale limitations. also consists ofsedgematerial comprisingtheremains ofsedge Less common but significant areas of Manotick soils were leaves and roots along with some cotton grass remains. mapped in combination with soils of the Jockvale, St. The mineral substratumhas clayeytextures and is greenish Thomas, and Uplands soil associations . Approximately 800 ha gray to grayin color. Soil reaction is neutral to slightly acid. were mapped in combination with those soils. The Manotick soils found in these soil combinations usually occupy transi- Soil Moisture Characteristics Mer Bleue soils are poorly to tional areas between deep sand deposits inthe formof dunes or verypoorly drained, withthewatertables at or near the surface ridges, and level marine clay plains which occur in close prox- for most of the year. Groundwater accretion is mainly due to imity. precipitation. The groundwater is generally acidic and nutrient poor. General Land Use Manotick soils are most often used for improved pasture and hay production. Hay crops usually con- Soil Landscape Units One unit was identified in the Mer sist of a mixture of legumes and grass and are part of a crop- Bleue association . It is described as follows : ping system in which cereal grains are also grown. When used Recognized Recognized for improved pasture a mixture of grasses (timothy, brome, Subgroups Series orchard) is usually grown. MB1 :Dominantly poorly Typic Mesisols Mer Bleue Some grazing is also carried out on Manotick soils. In this to very poorly (sphagnic phase) instance, uncultivated native grasses often occur. Only occa- drained soils found Fibric Mesisols Blackburne sionally are more intensive cropping systems found on on level ornearly (sphagnic phase) Manotick soils. level topography. Correlation to Ottawa Urban Fringe Manotick soils in the Slopes are 1% or less. area correlate quite well to those found in the Ottawa Urban Taxonomic Components The poorly to very poorly drained Fringe map area. There is, however, a difference in the thick- Mer Bleue series (Typic Mesisol subgroup) is the most com- ness of the sandy veneer. In the Urban Fringe area the veneer monly occurring soil withinthe association . The upper layer of ranges from 25 to 100 cm thick, while in this survey the veneer fibric peat material is usually less than 65 cm in thickness, and ranges from 40 to 100 cm thick. A narrower range in veneer is dominantly comprised of sphagnum moss. thickness was applied in order to conform to recent classifica-

The poorly to very poorly drained Blackburne series tion is quite variable. Coarse sand content of the parent mate- (Fibric Mesisol subgroup) occurs less often than the Mer Bleue rial ranges from 18 to 50% . Significant amounts ofverycoarse series. It differs from the Mer Bleue series by having a deeper sand ranging from 3 to 26% are also generally present. Com- layer of fibric peat material at thesurface of 65 to 100 cm thick- bined, coarse and very coarse sand content ranges from 26 to ness. 68% . Medium sand content oftheparent material ranges from Mapped Soil Combinations Mer Bleue soils were only 21 to 55%. mapped in combination with soils ofthe Lemieux association . Soil Moisture Characteristics Excessively to well-drained In that combination, they were mapped as the dominant com- soils are found on the crests and mid slopes of inclined and ponent in a total map areacovering approximately 90 ha. undulating topography. Imperfectly drained soils are found in General Land Use Mer Bleue soils consist ofwetlandin which lower slope positions, or depressional sites in areas with undu- the surface vegetation is predominantly sphagnum moss and lating topography. Poorly drained soils are found in either Ericaceous shrubs, with patches ofblack spruce and tamarack depressional sites or low lying landscape positions. Both also present . poorly drained conditions are due to high water tables, which most often arethe result ofimpermeable substrata . Correlation to Ottawa Urban Fringe Soils included in the Mer Bleue association for the survey area are similar to soils Mille Isle soils are rapidly permeable and have a very low mapped in the Ottawa Urban Fringe survey with two excep- moisture holding capacity. Well to excessively drained soils are tions. First, soils having less than 160 cm of organic material generally droughty, while imperfect and poorly drained soils over the mineral substratum were not included or described, are notmainly due to the presence of high water tables. Surface although minor occurrences of such soils may occur. And sec- runoff is slow. ondly, an additional taxonomic component (Fibric Mesisol) Soil Landscape Units Six units were identified in the Mille occurs which was not described in the Ottawa UrbanFringe. Isle association . They are described as follows: Recognized Recognized MILLE ISLE (MI) Subgroups Series Location and Extent Soils of the Mille Isle association occur MI1 : Dominantly exces- Orthic Dystric Constance mainly in Carleton Township. West A significant but less sive to well-drained Brunisols Bay extensive amount also occurs in Osgoode Township. In West soils found on Carleton Township, the two areas with the greatest concentra- nearly level to very tion ofMille Isle soils are: (1) south ofthe village of Carp along gently sloping or Orthic Sombric Mille Isle Highway 17 ; and (2) north and northeast of the hamlet of undulatingtopogra- Brunisols Dunrobin bordering Constance Creek. In Osgoode Township, phy. Slopes range from areas of Mille Isle soils occur west of the ridge of sand and 1 to 5% . gravel which extends from the villages of Greely in the northto West Osgoode in the south. Approximately 2,300 ha of Mille MI2: Dominantly well- Orthic Sombric Mille Isle Isle soils were mapped, of which approximately 500 ha were drained soils in Brunisols mapped in combination with other soils. combination with (well) significant areas Orthic Dystric Constance Landform andTopography Mille Isle soils have developed on ofimperfectly drained Brunisols (well) Bay ablanket of coarse textured marine or fluvial material which is soils found on Gleyed Sombric Herbert usually deeper than 2 m. Materials which underlay the coarse undulating topo- Brunisols Corners textured were differentiated . Most commonly, material not graphy. Slopes (imperfect) Mille Isle soils occur on nearshore marine deposits consisting range from 1 to 5%. Gleyed Dystric of coarse sands which have been washed from adjacent gla- Brunisols ciofluvial deposits. For this reason, they are usually found (imperfect) adjacent to or on the flanks of glaciofluvial ridges. Less frequently, Mille Isle soils also occur on the floors, terraces, and MI3 : Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic Dunrobin flood plains ofabandoned river channels. drained soils found Gleysols on level, nearly level, The topography ofMille Isle soils ranges from level to gen- or depressional topog- tly sloping or undulating. Immediately adjacent to the gla- raphy. Slopes are less ciofluvial ridges they may be slightly inclined. Windblown than 2% . sand or sandbars usually account for soils with higher elevations, especially in areas with undulating topography. Slopes MI4: Dominantly imper- Gleyed Sombric Herbert range from 0 to 9%, with the majority being 2% or less. fectlydrained soils Brunisols Corners found on nearlylevel Gleyed Dystric Soil Material Soils of the association have parent materials topography. Slopes Brunisols which consist of brownish yellow to grayish brown, noncalcar- are 2% or less. eous coarse sands. Reaction is most commonly slightly to very strongly acidic, although occasionally some were found to be MI5 : Dominantly exces- Orthic Sombric Mille Isle neutral. Weathered B horizons overlying the parent material sive to well-drained Brunisols (well) are strong browntodark grayish brown in color and stronglyto soils in combination Orthic Dystric Constance very strongly acid in reaction. Texturally they are also coarse with significant areas Brunisols (well) Bay sands. Surface A horizons are dark yellowish brown to black in ofpoorlydrained Orthic Humic Dunrobin color, with dominantly loamy coarse sandand coarse sand tex- soils found on undu- Gleysols tures. lating to hummocky (poor) topographyin which Mille Isle materials most often are well sorted but occa- sand knolls dominate. sionally may contain small amounts of gravel generally less Slopes range from than 2 cm in diameter. Grain size distribution of the sand frac- 2to9%. Recognized Recognized NEPEAN (N) Subgroups Series Location and Extent Soils of the Nepean association occur M16: Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic Dunrobin only in the City of Kanata and some adjacent areas of West drained soils in Gleysols (poor) Carleton Township. Approximately 1,500 ha of Nepean soils combination with OrthicSombric Mille Isle were mapped . significant areas of Brunisols (well) Landform and Topography Nepean soils consist of a 10 to 50 well-drained soils Orthic Dystric Constance cmthickveneer ofstony undifferentiated driftmaterialoverly- found on undulating Brunisols (well) Bay ing sandstone and quartzite bedrock. The topography is con- topography domi- trolled by the underlying bedrock, and is generally nearly level natedby broad depres- to very gently sloping with slopes ranging from I to 5016. Occa- sional areas. Slopes are sionallygently sloping topography is present, with slopes rang- 2% or less. ing from 6 to 9% . The underlying bedrock may belong to Taxonomic Components Excessive to well-drained soils of either theNepean, March, orRockcliffe formations since each the association have surface A horizons which are variable in is either entirely or partially composed of sandstone. thickness. The Mille Isle series (Orthic Sombric Brunisol sub- Landform characteristics of the Nepean association are group) has a surface A horizon at least 10 cm thick, with very similar to those of the Farmington association except that Far- dark grayish brown to black colors. The underlying subsoil mington soils overly limestone and dolomite bedrock. brown to dark yellowish brown inthe upper grades from strong coarse to B horizons, to brownish yellow in the parent material. Struc- Soil Material Nepean soil materials are moderately ture at the surface is weak subangular blocky, and weak suban- coarsetextured and contain a considerable amount of angular or single grain in the subsoil. The Constance Bay sandstone fragments . In places, some angular or rounded lime- gular blocky from series (Orthic Dystric Brunisol subgroup) has a surfaceA hori- stone or dolomite fragments have been incorporated zon which is less than 10 cm thick . Occasionally it has a thin adjacent Farmington or Grenville soils, and there is also a eluviated Aej horizon which is light reddish brown in color. small percentage of rounded stones of Precambrian origin. Across the landscape the Aej horizon is discontinuous . Colors Although the thickness of Nepean materials ranges from 10 to and structure ofthe surface and subsoil horizons are similar to 50cm, the majorityofmaterials are quite shallow andoften are the Mille Isle series. less than 30 cm thick. For this reason bedrock exposures are common in most Nepean landscapes and may occupy as much The imperfectly drained Herbert Corners series (Gleyed as25% ofthe areaof some map units. Sombric Brunisol subgroup) has a surface A horizon atleast 10 cm thick, and is the most common component associated with The parent material ofNepean soils is noncalcareous and imperfect drainage conditions. Occasionally the surface is less acidic in reaction. These factors combined with the overall than 10 cm thick, in which case the soils are classified at the shallowness ofthe material makes the differentiation of parent subgroup level as Gleyed Dystric Brunisols . Surface A hori- material from weathered subsoil difficult . In many soils all of zons of the Herbert Corners series are dark yellowish brown, the material overlying bedrock has been weathered and origi- and subsoil B horizons are slightly lighter. Parent material nal parent material is not present. Subsoil materials, therefore, color is pale brown. Structure ofthe profile grades from single are commonly strong brown to yellowish brown in color and grain or weak subangular blocky at the surface to single grain slightly to very strongly acid in reaction. Loamy sand textures in the parent material. Distinct to prominent strong brown are most prevalent, with sandy loam and sand textures also mottles are present inthe subsoil . occurring but less extensively. Surface textures are slightly finer with sandy loam being the most common. Occasionally The poorly drained Dunrobin series (Orthic Humic Gley- silt loam and loam textures also are present at the surface. sol subgroup) has a high water table for a major part of the Coarse fragments primarily consisting of flat angular pieces growing season. Surface A horizons are dark reddish brown to of sandstone are present throughout the material, but usually black in color, while underlying B horizons are dark brown to constitute less than 20% of the total volume. Some soils, how- dark grayish brown. Parent material is most commonly gray- ever, have a significantly higher proportion of coarse frag- ish brown in color, but may occasionally be grayer. Structure ments. throughout the profile is single grain. Stones greater than 15 cm in diameter are present on the Mapped Soil Combinations Mille Isle soils were usually surface of most Nepean soils. The amount ofstones at the sur- mapped individually. Therefore, repetitive or commonly face, however, are quite variable. The majority of soils are occurring map combinations with other soils do not occur. The slightly to moderately stony, with less than 3% surface cover- few combinations which do occur were necessary because of age of stones. More severe surface stoniness, however, is com- scale limitations, or because the separation of individual soils mon on some soils with as much as 50% of the surface covered was not feasible. by stones. General Land Use Woodland is the most common land use Materials of the Nepean association can be differentiated associated with Mille Isle soils. Significant but less extensive from those of the Farmington association on the basis of a areas consist of abandoned farmland and scrubland . Agricul- number of physical and chemical characteristics. Nepean ture in general is not asignificant land use, and if present it usu- materials generally have a larger proportion of sand and ally consists of grazing land. In Osgoode Township, however, coarser textures. They contain very few limestone or dolomite some specialty agriculture in the form of sod farms and coarse fragments, with the predominant type of coarse frag- orchards is found on Mille Isle soils. ment being sandstone . Subsoil materials tend to be lighter in Correlation to Ottawa Urban Fringe Mille Isle soils mapped color, and they are acidic rather than neutral to mildly alkaline in the survey area are similar in most aspects to those in the in reaction. Nepean soils in general also have a thinner veneer Ottawa Urban Fringe area. Some additional taxonomic com- ofdrift material thanthat normally found in Farmington soils. ponents, however, were identified in the survey area. Also, a Bedrock exposures are therefore more common in Nepean wider range in soil reaction occurs which is not significant for landscapes. interpretation purposes. Soil Moisture Characteristics More than 90% of the soils of The poorly drained Barrhaven series (Orthic Humic Gley- the association are well-drained. Due to the sandy nature and sol subgroup) occupies low lying or depressional sites and is shallowness ofthe soil material, Nepean soils have a relatively saturated for long periodsduring the growing season. The sub high permeability and low moisture holding capacity. These soils have grayish brown matrix colors and prominent mottles. factors combined with moderate surface runoff rates on Mapped Soil Combinations Approximately 1,300 ha or 85% steeper slopes make most well-drained soils in those landscape of all Nepean soils were mapped in combination with soils of positions subject to periodic droughtyconditions. other associations . Of this total, 1,000 ha were mapped in Soil Landscape Units Four units were identified in the combinations in which theywere the dominant soil, and 300ha Nepean association . They are described as follows: were mapped in combinations in which they occurred only in Recognized Recognized significant proportions. The Nepean-Farmington combina- Subgroups Series tion is the most extensive, with approximately 650 ha of Nepean soils being included . This combination reflects N1 : Dominantly well- Orthic Sombric Marchhurst bedrock variations from sandstone (Nepean) to limestone and drained soils found Brunisols dolomite (Farmington) which could not be consistently sepa- onverygently rated given the density of field checking employed. Combina- sloping topography. Orthic Melanie Nepean tions of Nepean-Queensway were also mapped, with Slopes range from Brunisols approximately 270 ha of Nepean soils mapped in this way. Soil 2to5% . materials of these associations are quite similar, and this com- N3 : Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic Barrhaven bination reflects variability in depth to bedrock with bothdeep drained soils found Gleysols and shallow soils present in the landscape. Each could not be on level to nearly level delineated separately at a map scale of 1 :50,000. topography. Slopes Combinations of Farmington-Nepean and Leitrim (shal- range from 0to 2% . low phase)-Nepean are the most extensive in which Nepean N4: Dominantly well- Orthic Sombric Marchhurst soils occur in significant proportions inthe landscape . drained soils in Brunisols (well) General Land Use The majority of Nepean soils remain for- combination with Orthic Melanie Nepean ested. Agricultural use consists mainly of permanent pasture significant areas Brunisols (well) although some soils are used for hay production. Shallowness ofimperfectly Gleyed Melanie Fallowfield to bedrock and low inherent fertility make annual cultivation drained soils found Brunisols ofthese soils for common field crops impractical . on very gently (imperfect) Correlation to Ottawa Urban Fringe Nepean soils in the sur- sloping topography. GleyedSombric Fringe areaexcept for Brunisols vey area are similar to those inthe Urban Slopes range from difference in soil reaction. Some Nepean soils mapped were 2to 5% . (imperfect) a more acidic than those characterized for the Ottawa Urban N5 : Dominantly imper- Gleyed Melanie Fallowfield Fringe area. The association description, therefore, had to be fectly drained soils Brunisols broadened to include soils which are very strongly to strongly in combination with (imperfect) acidic. Additional taxonomic designations for those soils also significant areas of Gleyed Sombric were necessary for the association . poorly drained soils Brunisols found on level to (imperfect) nearly leveltopogra- Orthic Humic Barrhaven phy. Slopes range Gleysols (poor) NORTH GOWER (NG) from 0to 2% . Location and Extent North Gower soils occur extensively in Taxonomic Components The well drained Marchhurst series the southern and western portions ofthe survey area. The most (Orthic Sombric Brunisol subgroup) has a dark brown Ah or extensive occurrences are mainly found in four areas: (1) along Ap surface horizon with granular structure. Weathered sub- the Carp River valley in West Carleton township; (2) on the soils are strong brown to yellowish brown with weak subangu- Richmond Plain in Goulbourn township; (3) west of the lar blocky structure. The weathered subsoil depth tends to Rideau River in Rideau township; and (4) the central and south extend to the bedrock contact. Soil reaction is very strongly to portion of Osgoode township. Approximately 15,600 ha of stronglyacid. The Nepean series (Orthic MelanieBrunisol sub- North Gower soils were mapped, with two-thirds of that total group) is also well drained. It differs from the Marchhurst having been mapped incombination with soils of other associ- series in soil reaction which is slightly to medium acid. This ations. series has a very dark grayish brown surface horizon with gran- Landform and Topography North Gower soils have devel- ular structure, and completely weathered subsoils which are oped on level to very gently sloping marine clay plains which brown to yellowish brown in color with granular structure. The were deposited in deep water during the Champlain Sea inun- Fallowfield series (Gleyed Melanie Brunisol subgroup) is dation. The upper 1 to 2 m have frequently been modified imperfectly drained and is subject to water saturation for short reflecting the reworking and redeposition of sediments in periods during the growing season. This series is distinguished increasingly shallower water conditions as the Champlain Sea from thewell drained Nepean series by the presence ofdistinct receded . Consequently there is frequent interbedding ofmate- to prominentmottles in the subsoil. rials in the upper strata, with textures varying from clays and The imperfectly drained Gleyed Sombric Brunisols are heavy clays to clay loams and silt loams. As a result, the domi- also subject to water saturation for short periods of the grow- nantly clay loam and silty clay loam textured soils of the North ing season. Distinct toprominent mottles and somewhat duller Gower association were oftenmapped incombination with the matrix colors distinguish these soils from the well drained clayey textured soils of the Dalhousie association, and the silt Marchhurst series. These soils were not assigned a series name loam and loam textured soils ofthe Osgoode association . due to their verylimited extent. Soil Materials North Gower soils consist of moderately fine Recognized Recognized textured marine materials which overly fine textured marine Subgroups Series material at a depth greater than 1 m. Coarse fragments of any NG5: Dominantlypoorly Orthic Humic North size are not presentin these materials. drained soils found Gleysols Gower The parent material is olive gray to grayish brown incolor, on levelto nearly (variant) and is texturally either silty clay loam or clay loam. Soil reac- level topography and tion is most often neutral, but attimes may be mildly alklaline. containing 20to 60 cm Soils having the latter reaction also are weakly to moderately thick layers ofcoarser calcareous. Surface textures are commonly silt loam, loam, textured materials, silty clayloam, or clay loam. primarily silt, silt Occasionally interbedded layers of coarser or finer tex- loam, loam, or fine tured marine material are present in some North Gower soils. sandyloam. Slopes These layers are variable in thickness and most often range range from 0 to 2% . between 20 and 60 cm. Finer textured layers are usually silty Taxonomic Components The Carp series (Gleyed Melanic clay, while coarser textured layers may be silt, silt loam, loam, Brunisol subgroup) is imperfectly drained and occurs on mid or fine sandy loam. Soils having coarse textured layers were to upper slope positions in the landscape. Surface horizons are mapped as the NG5 soil landscape unit. generally dark grayish brown with granular to subangular North Gower soils are similar in many respects to the soils blocky structure. The underlying B horizons are grayishbrown ofthe Dalhousie association . The major difference is claycon- to olive gray with distinct olive colored mottles . Structures are tent, withNorth Gowersoils having a clay content which varies subangular blocky to platy. TheC horizons are similar in color between 28 and 39% . The clay content of Dalhousie soils var- to the weathered B horizons but structure tends to be some- ies between41 and 59%. what coarser. Platy structure also occurs occasionally. Soil Moisture Characteristics Approximately 85% of the The poorly drained North Gower series (Orthic Humic soils of the association are poorly drained and are situated on Gleysol subgroup) has surface horizons which are generally level to very gently sloping topography. Most of the remainder very dark gray to very dark brown in color with subangular of the soils are imperfectly drained and are found on very gen- blocky to granular structure. The underlying B horizons are tly sloping to undulatingtopography. A few small areas ofvery generally dark gray to olive gray with dark yellowish brown poorly drained North Gower soils were also mapped. Soils of prominentmottles. Structure varies from subangular blocky to the association are slowly to moderately permeable, with the platy with subangular blocky structure occurring most often. latter case most often associated with well developed subangu- The C horizons are gray to olive gray in color and generally lar blocky structures. Moisture holding capacity is generally have subangular blocky to platy structure. Generally the C quite high, while surface runoffis slow. horizons have fewer mottles than the upper B horizons. Soil Landscape Units Five units were recognized for the The very poorly drained Belmeade series (Rego Gleysol North Gower association . They aredescribed as follows: subgroup) has water tables which remain at or near the surface Recognized Recognized year round. Structure is massive throughout the profile and Subgroups Series colors of gray to greenish grayreflect the highly reduced condition of these soils. NG1 : Dominantlyimper- Gleyed Melanic Carp fectly drained Brunisols Soils mapped as a variant ofthe North Gower series were soils identified in the NG5 soil landscape found on very gently unit . The occurrence of these soils was not extensive enough for them to be named as a sloping topography. new soil series Slopes generally range . The distinguishing characteristic which sepa- from2 to 5% . rates thevariant from the North Gower series is the presence of layers ofsilt, silt loam, or fine sandy loam within 1 m ofthe sur- NG2: Dominantlypoorly Orthic Humic North face. The layers range from 20 to 60 cm in thickness, and have drained soils found Gleysols Gower structures which range from weak granular to single grain . on level to nearly level Withthe exception ofthese layers, the variant closely resembles topography. Slopes theNorth Gower series in other profile characteristics. range from 0to 2% . Mapped Soil Combinations Approximately 5,800 ha of NG3:Dominantly imper- Gleyed Melanic Carp North Gower soils were mapped as dominant soils and 4,800 fectly drained soils Brunisols ha as significant soils in combinations with soils of other asso- in combination with (Imperfect) ciations. When mapped as the dominantly occurring soil, significant areas of Orthic Humic North North Gower-Osgoode and North Gower-Dalhousie combi- poorlydrained soils Gleysols (Poor) Gower nations are the most frequent and extensive, accounting for found on very gently 2,600 ha and 1,900 ha respectively of all North Gower soils. sloping topography. Combinations of North Gower-Chateauguay, North Gower- Slopes generally range Castor, and North Gower-Grenville encompass the majority of from 2to 5% . the remaining North Gower soils mapped as the dominant NG4: Dominantly very Rego Gleysols Belmeade component. When mapped as the significantly occurring soil, poorly drained soils Dalhousie-North Gower and Osgoode-North Gower combi- found on level to nations arethe most extensive, accounting for2,900 haand 700 depressionaltopogra- ha respectively of all North Gower soils. North Gower soils phy. Slopes range from mapped in combinations with soils of the Dalhousie and 0 to 1% . Osgoode associations are indicative of the close interrelationship ofthe depositional environments inwhichthe materials of these associations were laid down.

General Land Use Except for the very poorly drained soils of marine beach materials which overly either Paleozoic the association, North Gower soils have a high agricultural bedrock, glacial till, or glaciofluvial ice contact deposits . The capability for common field crops. They are used for corn, parent material is commonly grayish to dark grayish brown in cerealgrain, and hay production on a broad scale. color, and has coarse sandy loam, loamy coarse sand, or coarse Correlation to Ottawa Urban Fringe In the survey of the sand textures . Highly representative Oka soils are mildly alka- Ottawa Urban Fringe, theNorth Gower variant was mapped as line in reaction and moderately to strongly calcareous. Occa- a phase and denoted with a "V" attached to the respective soil sionally some may be extremely calcareous. The alkalinity and landscape unit to which it applied. In this survey, the variant calcareousness of the materials results from the high propor- was identified and mapped as a separate soil landscape unit, tion of limestone and dolomtic rock fragments which are namely the NG5 unit. present . Some Oka soils were also mapped on small beach formations which have resulted from wave action on glacial till North Gower soils in the survey area are similar to those of deposits derived from gray-green and red shale bedrock. These the Urban Fringearea in chemical and physical characteristics materials occur infrequently and were included in the associa- with one exception . In the imperfectly drained soils mapped, tion due to their limited extent. They possess similar textures eluvial and illuvial horizons seldom occurred. The absence of and have a high gravel content which primarily consists of these horizons, therefore, necessitated an additional taxo- channery sized shale fragments. Soil reaction of the parent nomic classification for those soils. material ofthese shaly beach materials ranges from neutral to OKA (O) slightly acidic. The more representative calcareous Oka soil materials in which limestone and dolomite rock fragments are Location and Extent Soils of the Oka association occur in the dominant coarse fragments were designated by either the each of the three map areas ofthe survey area. Theyoccur most 01 or 02 soil landscape units. The noncalcareous shaley mate- extensively, however, in Rideau, Goulbourn, and West Carle- rials were designated by either the 03 or 05 soil landscape ton townships primarily on the Paleozoic bedrock plains of units. those areas. Approximately 5,600 ha of Oka soils were mapped, of which 3,000 ha were mapped in combination with Coarse fragment (gravel) content of Okamaterials usually soils of other associations . exceeds 40% by weight and may range as high as 80% in some materials. The amount of coarse fragments increases with Landform and Topography Oka association soils have devel- depth and is greatest in the parent material or Ck horizons. oped on very gently to moderately sloping marine beach mate- Coarse fragment type, size, and shape are quite variable and rials. Slopes most commonly range between 2 and 9% . Most are dependent onthe type ofbeach formation. Those resulting often the beach materials occur on bedrock controlled land- from wave deflated glacial till are primarily composed of lime- scapes, primarily those in which Farmington association soils stone or dolomite fragments consisting of very angular gravel, underlain by dolomite or limestone bedrock are found. In this angular and subrounded stones, and occasional boulders. Oka case, wave action during thetime ofthe Champlain Seaformed materials resulting from subsequent wave action on shallow raised beaches which range fromless than 1 m to several metres glacial drift material overlying Paleozoic bedrock are predom- in thickness over bedrock. These landscapes are usually ridged inantly composed of flat, angular fragments of limestone and and have very gently to gently sloping topography. Oka soils dolomite. The materials may be either channery, flaggy, or also have developed on marine beach materials which overly both . The third type of Oka material resulting from wave glacial till, mainly in the form of drumlinoid ridges. Wave action on glaciofluvial deposits is mainly composed of action in this case has formed beaches on the side of many rounded and subrounded cobbles and stones. Although pri- ridges on the mid to upper slope positions and crests. Oka soils marily of limestone and dolomite origin, some fragments of of this type were identified in the North Gower, Richmond, granite and gneiss of Precambrian origin are also present. and Manotick areas of Rideau Township. The resultant land- Oka soil materials tend to be somewhat finer textured at scapes aresteeper than in bedrock controlled landscapes, often the surface. Surface textures of loamy sand, sandy loam, or being moderately sloping with slopes ranging from 9 to 15% . loam occur most often. In addition, some materials may have A third landscape situation in which Oka soils occur is marine free carbonates inthe surface and B horizons. beaches formed on glaciofluvial deposits. In this instance, meltwater from glacial retreat produced esker and other ice Soil Moisture Characteristics Oka association soils aredomi- contact deposits which were subsequently reworked to varying nantly rapidly to well-drained, with imperfectly drained soils degrees into beaches during the Champlain Sea inundation also occurring but to a considerably lesser extent . Due to their which followed glaciation. Soils occurring on the reworked ice coarsetextures and high coarse fragment content, Oka materi- contact deposits were mapped as the Kars association where als are rapidly permeable and have a low water holding capac- marine reworking was minimal and not easily recognized. ity. Where beach formation was substantial and easily recogniz- Clay illuviation, designated by Btj and Bt horizons, when able on these landscapes, the soils were mapped as the Oka present in these soils reduces permeability somewhat and association . increases the water holding capacity slightly. Surface runoff is Soil Material Oka association soil materials consist of grav- slow. elly to very gravelly, coarse to moderately coarse textured (Continued onPage 63) Figure 19. Dalhousie landscapes are generally level. Agricultural capability for common field crops is relatively high (2W) .

Figure 17. A poorly drained Orthic Humic Gleysol profile (North Gower series) of the North Gower soil association . Soil materials are of deep marine depositional origin and consist of nonstony clay loam and silty clay loam . These soils were mostly mapped as the NG2 soil landscape unit.

Figure 20. A poorly drained Orthic HumicGleysol (Brandon series) ofthe Figure 18. Dalhousie soil association . These soils consist ofnonstony clay North Gower association landscapes are nearly level to very and silty clay of marine origin and were mostly mapped as the gently sloping and have relatively high agricultural capability. D3 soil landscape unit . r figure Lo . A gently undulating Grenville landscape featuring dominantly well-drained soils with a significant proportion of imperfectly drained soils. This type of Grenville landscape was mapped as the G4 soil landscape unit.

Figure 21. A poorly drained Orthic Humic Gleysol profile (Bearbrook series)of the Bearbrook soil association . Such soils feature reddish, nonstony heavy clay of deep marine origin. Most Bearbrook association soils are poorly drained and were mapped as the B2 soil landscape unit .

Figure 24. A well-drained Eluviated Melanic Brunisol profile (Grenville Figure 22. series) of the Grenville soil association . These soils have devel- Bearbrook landscapes are mostly level, characteristic of deep oped on strongly calcareous loam and sandy loam till and fea- water marine deposits. ture B horizons with some accumulation of illuviated clay. Figure 27. Jockvale landscapes are generally level to very gently undulating .

Figure 25. Manotick association soils feature 40 to 100 cm of sandy material overlying clays. Soils ranging from well to very poorly drained were included in this soil association . This example is a poorly drained Orthic Humic Gleysol (Allendale series) featuring an A horizon rich in organic matter and subsurface horizons which are heavily mottled .

Figure 28. An imperfectly drained Gleyed Melanic Brunisol (Stapledon Figure 26. series) of the Jockvale soil association . The neutral to medium Manotick landscapes dominated by poor natural drainage are acid fine sands and loamy fine sands of this association are nearly level with persistent high water tables. mostly imperfectly to poorly drained . Figure 29. An imperfectly drained Gleyed Dystric Brunisol (Vinette series) of the St. Thomas soil association . Soil materials are dominated by fine sand textures. This example features some accumulation of iron and aluminum in the B horizon but not sufficient to meet the criteria for a podzolic Bf.

Figure 31. A well-drained Orthic Melanic Brunisol (Oka series) of the Oka soil association . Of note is the large volume of limestone and dolomitic gravel and stones, especially in the lower unwea- Figure30. thered portion ofthe profile. Imperfectly drained St. Thomas landscapes have nearly level topography.

Figure 32. Figure 33 . Oka parent materials, in this case grey-green shale material of Farmington landscapes reflect the level to very gently sloping the 03 soil landscape unit, are frequently mined for aggregate. limestone and dolomite bedrock less than 50 cm below the sur- Materials at this site have been extracted down to bedrock at face. about 2 m depth. Soil Landscape Units Four units were identified for the Oka The Oka series (Orthic Melanie Brunisol subgroup) is sim- association. They are described as follows: ilar to the Munster series in material origin. Profile character- Recognized Recognized istics are also similar except for the absence of eluvial and Subgroups Series illuvial horizons. In their place a relatively thick brownto dark brown Bm horizon is most often found. 01 : Dominantly rapidly Eluviated Munster to well-drained soils Melanie The Gleyed Eluviated Melanic Brunisols and Gleyed foundon very gently Brunisols Melanic Brunisols composing the 02 soil landscape unit are to gently sloping Orthic Melanie Oka imperfectly drained and arethe gleyed equivalents ofthebetter topography. Slopes Brunisols drained series previously described . They are composed of range from 2 to 9% . materials which have also been derived primarily from lime- Parentmaterials have stone anddolomite bedrock. Profile characteristics of each are been derived primarily similar totheir better drained counterparts except for the pres- from limestone and ence of distinct yellowish brown mottles within the upper 50 dolomite bedrock. cm, and distinct to prominent mottles in the lower 50 cm of the control section . Mottling within either profile is indicative of 02: Dominantly imper- Gleyed Eluviated periodic water saturation, including saturationperiods during fectly drained soils Melanie Brunisols the growing season. found on levelto Gleyed Melanie nearly level topo- Brunisols The well-drained OrthicMelanie Brunisols composing the graphy. Slopes range 03 soil landscape unit consist of materials which have primar- from 0 to 2% . Parent ily been derived from gray-green shale bedrock. Flat angular materials have been pieces of noncalcareous gray shale make up a significant pro- derived primarily from portion of the material, and in some deposits account for limestone and dolomite nearly all of the coarse fragments within the profile. Varying bedrock. amounts of calcareous material also occur within the profile. Due to the shale dominance, these soils are less calcareous than 03: Dominantly well- Orthic Melanic the Oka series and at times are noncalcareous. Soil reaction, drained soils found Brunisols although highly variable, also tends to be lower than the Oka on very gently to gently series. sloping topography. Slopes range from 2 to The well-drained Orthic Melanic Brunisols of the 05 soil 9%. Parent materials landscape unit comprise materials which have been derived have been derived pri- primarily from red shale bedrock. The dominance of noncal marily from gray-green careous soft red shale fragments in the profile distinguishes shale bedrock. these soils fromothers in the association . 05 : Dominantly well Orthic Melanie Mapped Soil Combinations More than 50% of all Oka soils drained soils found Brunisols were mapped in combination with soils of other associations. onvery gentlyto gently Approximately 1,400 ha were mapped in combinations in sloping topography. which they were the dominant component, and 1,600 ha were Slopes range from 2 to mapped in combinations in which they were the significant 9% . Parentmaterials component. Oka-Farmington and Farmington-Oka combina- have been derived pri- tions were by far the most frequent and extensive. Approxi- marily from red shale mately 1,800 ha of Oka soils occur in those combinations in bedrock . almost equal proportions. Much less extensive but significant amounts of Oka soils were also mapped with soils of the Jock- Taxonomic Components The Munster series (Eluviated vale andKars associations. Melanie Brunisol subgroup) is well-drained and is composed of materials mainly derived from limestone and dolomite General Land Use Oka soils at best are of marginal agricul- bedrock. The Ap horizon is dark brown with granular struc- tural capability for common field crops. Hay production ture. Ayellowish brown Ae or Aej horizon with granular struc- occurs where surface stoniness is not too severe, but the main ture is present if it has not been incorporated into the surface agricultural use found on Oka soils is that of permanent pas- Ap horizon. A Btj or Bin horizon, or both, underly the eluvi- ture. Some Oka beach deposits are being economically mined ated A horizon. Some illuviated clay is present on the granular for aggregate in areas wherethe materials arethick enough and structured peds. The unweathered Ckhorizon generally occurs well sorted. Significant areas of Oka soils also occur as aban- within 50 cm depth and clay content is significantly lower than doned farmland or remain under forest vegetation. inany ofthe weathered horizons occurring above it. Texture of Correlation to Ottawa Urban Fringe Calcareous Oka soils in the fine earth fraction in the parent material or Ck horizon is the survey area constituted primarily of limestone or dolomite commonly loamy coarse sand or coarse sand, with loamy sand coarse fragments are similar to those found in the Ottawa and sand textures also occurring but less often. Texture of the Urban Fringe. In both surveys these soils represent the vast fine earth fraction in the upper horizons is slightly finer, hav- majority of soils included in the association . Due to the fre- ing larger proportions of medium sand. Surface textures are quent occurrence of shaley beach materials in the survey area, most often sandy loam. The Ck horizon has single grain struc- however, additional landscape units for those soils were devel- ture, and color ranges from dark yellowishbrown to dark gray- oped which do not occur in the Urban Fringe survey. It was ish brown. decidedthat the limited occurrence and similar mode ofdepo- Some Munster profiles exhibit free carbonates in the sition of those soils justified a broadening of the association upper weatheredhorizons as well as theparent material. When concept. encountered, those horizons were designated with a k suffix eg. Apk, Btjk etc. OSGOODE (OS) North Gower, Dalhousie, or Rideau soil associations . When Location and Extent Soils of the Osgoode association occur the underlying material occurred at a depth of I m or less, mainly in Rideau, Goulbourn, and West Carleton townships. those soils were mapped as part of the Castor association . In Rideau township, the most extensive occurrences are found Sincedeposition ofmaterials overthe clayey substratum is une- adjacent to and south and east of the village of North Gower. ven, a considerable variation in depth will be found within any Inthis area, they occur on the level marine plains which are sit- particular mapped area. uated between and adjacent to glacial till knolls which occur Due mainly to changes in the depositional environment regularly across the landscape. In Goulbourn township, they soil texturemayvary considerably within theprofiles of soils of are found east of the village of Stittsville and extend as a nar- the association . In some soils, texture may be uniform row band southward to the Jock River. Thisband occurs on the throughoutthe profile. Thesesoils have developed onmaterials outer flank of the large marine clay plain which is centred which have been deposited in a marine or fluvial environment northeast of the town of Richmond. In West Carleton town- which remained fairly constant. In other soils, texture may ship, Osgoode soils occur to the west and south of the village of grade from underlying fine textured clayey material at depths Carp, and constitute a significant part of the marine plains of of greater than 1 m upwards through medium textured materi- the Carp Valley. als high in silt and very fine sand. This sequence has resulted Approximately 7,100 ha of Osgoode soils were mapped, from deposition in progressively shallower water. Finally, alternating of which 5,000 ha or 70% were mapped in combination with Osgoode materials are often stratified indicative of soils ofother associations . deep and shallow water deposition. In this instance, layers of finer or coarser textured material which are variable in thick- Landform and Topography Osgoode soils have developed in ness occur within the soil profile. Coarser textured layers are a blanket of moderately coarse to medium textured marine or dominantly loamyvery fine sand or loamy fine sand, and occa- fluvial material. It is usually 1 to 2 m thick and overlies heavier sionally fine sand. Finer textured layers are dominantly clay textured marine material. A considerablevariation in depth of loam or siltyclayloam, and occasionally siltyclayor clay. theunderlyingclayey materialoccurs due to uneven deposition oftheupper material. Most Osgoode soils occur on deep water Soil Moisture Characteristics Poorly drained soil conditions affect approximately 90% of all Osgoode soils mapped. The marine deposits which occasionally have been reworked. Less frequently, they also occur on fluvial sediments found along remainder are imperfectly drained. Poorly drained soils are the ancient flood plains of the Rideau, Carp, and Mississippi found on either level or nearly level topography, or in depres- rivers. sional areas. Imperfectly drained soils are found on nearly level or very gently sloping topography. The topography of Osgoode soils is dominantly level or nearly level, especially when they have developed on materials Osgoode soils are slowly to moderately permeable, with of marine origin. Very gently sloping or undulating topogra water movement downward somewhat impeded by the under- phy also occurs but less frequently. Slopes are most often 2% lying finer textured material. Moisture holding capacity is or less, but steeper slopes may occur which are usually associ- moderate to high, and surface runoff is slow on level topogra- ated with floodplain areas. phy and moderate on very gently sloping topography. Soil Material Osgoode soils are quite variable, especially in Soil Landscape Units Four units were identified in the soil reaction and calcium carbonate content. Most often the Osgoode association . They are described as follows: parent material is gray to olive gray in color, and has either very fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam textures. Soil reaction Recognized Recognized ranges from slightly acid to mildly alkaline. Occasionally, Subgroups Series however, the parent material may be more acidic or more alka- OS1 : Dominantly imper- Gleyed Melanic Piperville line. Calcium carbonate is not always present within the con- fectly drained soils Brunisols trol section, therefore, the parent material may be either found on nearlylevel calcareous or noncalcareous. When calcium carbonate is to gently sloping present, the parent material is most often weakly to moder- topography. Slopes ately calcareous. Osgoode soils occurring on large level marine range from 1 to 9% . whereas smaller plains were usually found to be noncalcareous, OS2: Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic Osgoode* areas occurring near or around other soils with significant car- drained soilsin Gleysols Carsonby* bonate content, such as soils ofthe Grenville association, were combination with (poor) often found to be calcareous. significant areas of Gleyed Melanic Piperville Weathered subsoil or B horizons overlying the parent imperfectly drained Brunisols material range from dark yellowishbrown to gray in color, and soils found onnearly (imperfect) also have very fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam textures. Soil level or very gently reactionis most often slightly acid to mildly alkaline, but occa- undulatingtopogra- sionally is more acidic. phy. Slopes are usually Surface A horizons are very dark grayish brown to very 2% orless. dark gray in color, with textures consisting of very fine sandy OS3 : Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic Osgoode* loam, loam, or silt loam. Soil reaction is usually slightly acid to drained soils found Gleysols Carsonby* neutral . on level, nearly level, Osgoode soils are usually underlain by heavier textured, or very gently undulat- clayey marine material which most often occurs at a depth of 1 ing topography. Slopes to 2 m. This material is similar to the parent material of the are 2% or less. Recognized Recognized and often have layers of materials which are also found in the Subgroups Series Osgoode association . Osgoode soils were also mapped occasionally with soils of the Jockvale, Grenville, and Castor soil OS4: Dominantly imper- Gleyed Melanic Piperville fectlydrained soils Brunisols associations . in combination with Orthic Humic Osgoode* General Land Use Agriculture is the predominant land use significant areas Gleysols Carsonby* found on most Osgoode soils. Many Osgoode soils are used for of poorly drained (poor) intensive cropping purposes, with corn making up a signifi- soils foundon nearly cant proportion of the land area. Osgoode soils are also used level to very gently for cereal grain and hay production as well as permanent pas- sloping or undulating ture. The latter use may be associated with part-time or hobby topography. Slopes farm type operations, or the soils may have a severe wetness range from 1 to 5% . problem which restricts more intensive use. Woodland is also * Osgoode series has calcareousparent material; the Carsonby found occasionally on Osgoode soils. series does not. Correlation to Ottawa Urban Fringe The Osgoode soil association was not characterized for the Ottawa Urban Fringe area. Instead, the Piperville association was described which Taxonomic Components The imperfectly drained Piperville consisted of noncalcareous soils having similar textures and series (Gleyed Melanic Brunisol subgroup) is subject to water profile characteristics. In this survey, noncalcareous soils as saturationfor short periods during thegrowing season. It has a well as a considerable amount of calcareous soils having simi- very dark grayish brown surface horizon with granular struc- lar textures, profile characteristics, and mode of deposition ture. The underlying weathered subsoil grades from dark yel- were encountered . The noncalcareous soils encountered were lowish brown near the surface to light brownish gray at depth. usually calcareous below the control section. Therefore, the Color of the parent material is olive gray to gray. Structure in Osgoode association was developed to accommodate both both the weathered subsoil and parent material varies, most calcareous and noncalcareous conditions in the parent mate- often being subangular blocky. Platy and massive structures rial. As a result, soils mapped as Piperville in the Urban Fringe may occuroccasionally. Sandy layers, when present in thepro- area also occur in the survey area, but are now mapped as part file, have structures ranging from single grain to subangular ofthe Osgoode association . blocky. Clayey layers, when present, have structures ranging from massive to subangular blocky. Distinct strong brown to OTTAWA (OT) yellowish brown mottles are present in the upper part of the weathered subsoil (Bmgj horizons) . Prominent dark yellowish Location and Extent Soils of the Ottawa association occur brownto brownish yellow mottles are present in thelower part only in the north portion of West Carleton township on the ofthe weathered subsoil and inthe parent material. small peninsula ofland protruding into the Ottawa River and flanked by Buckham Bay and Constance Bay. Their extent is Poorly drained soils of the association were found to have verylimited, with approximately 500 ha being mapped. both calcareous and noncalcareous parent materials. In the case of the latter condition, calcium carbonate is not present Landform and Topography Ottawa soils have developed in a within the classification depth or control section, but is usually blanket ofcoarse textured fluvial or eolian material which is at present at greater depths . The poorly drained Osgoode series least 2 m deep. Materials which underlay the coarse sediments (Orthic Humic Gleysol subgroup) has calcareous parent mate- were not identified . The topography ranges from very gently rial and is subject to water saturation for much of the growing undulating to hummocky, with slopes ranging from2 to 15% . season. It has a very dark grayish brown to very dark gray sur- Soil Material Ottawa soils have parent materials which con- face horizon which has granular or subangular blocky struc- sist of noncalcareous, light yellowish brown medium sand. ture. The underlyingweathered subsoilis grayish brown to gray Weathered B horizons which overlay the parent material are in color, and the parent material is olive gray to gray. Structure darkbrown to brownin color, and also medium sand in texture. of the weathered subsoil and parent material is similar to the At the surface, a very dark brown layer ofaccumulated organic Piperville series. Prominent dark yellowish brown to brownish material (LFH horizon), less than 10 cm thick, occurs under yellow mottles occur throughout the subsoil and parent mate- forest conditions. This layer is mainly composed of leaves, rial. twigs, and evergreen needles which are in various stages of The poorly drained Carsonby series (Orthic Humic Gley- decomposition. Directly underlying the organic surface layer sol subgroup) has been identified as a separate series due tothe there is a very dark grayish brown mineral A horizon, which is noncalcareous nature of the parent material. All other profile less than 10 cm thick and also medium sand intexture. Organic characteristics, however, are similar to those of the Osgoode matter has accumulated in this layer. Under non-forested con- series. ditions, only the mineralA horizon is present at the surface. Mapped Soil Combinations Osgoode soils were most com- Soil reaction oftheparentmaterial is strongly to extremely monly mapped in combination with soils of the North Gower acid. Ottawa soils are very well sorted, with medium sandcon- association . Approximately 2,900 ha of Osgoode soils were tent ofthe parent material ranging from 63 to 8401o . mappedinOsgoode-North Gower and North Gower-Osgoode Soil Moisture Characteristics Ottawa soils are excessive to combinations . These combinations usually occur on the more well-drained on the crests and upper to mid slopes of the sand extensive areas of level marine clay plains, and the soils within knolls occurring in the very gently undulating to hummocky each are often stratified. Approximately 900 ha of Osgoode topography. Imperfectly drained soils are found in lower slope soils were also mapped as the dominant component in combi- and depressionalareas between the sand knolls. These soils are nation with soils ofthe Reevecraig association . These mapped rapidly permeable, and have a very low moisture holding combinations occur in Rideau Township southofthevillage of capacity. Droughty conditions prevail in the excessive to well- North Gower. Reevecraig soils are slightly coarser textured, drained soils. Surface runoffis slow. Soil Landscape Units Two units were identifiedin the Ottawa QUEENSWAY (Q) association . They aredescribed as follows: Location and Extent Queensway soils occur only in the City Recognized Recognized of Kanata and the northern part of West Carleton Township. Subgroups Series Their extent is quite limited with approximately 1,500 ha hav- OTI : Dominantly exces- Orthic Dystric Buckham ing been mapped. Of that total, more than 50% were mapped sive to well-drained Brunisols Bay in combination with either soils of other associations or mis- soils found on undu- cellaneous land units. In general, the distribution of lating to hummocky Queensway soils is closely associated with those ofthe Nepean topographywith gen- andAnstruther soil associations. tle tomoderate slopes. Landform and Topography Queensway soils have developed Slopes range from on stony glacial till (morainal) material which occurs in the 6 to 15% . form of subdued till ridges, or as nearly level to gently sloping OT2: Dominantly exces- Orthic Dystric Buckham or undulating till plains. Although easily recognizable in the sive to well-drained Brunisols Bay landscape, the landforms associated with Queensway soils are soils found in combi- (Ex. to well) not as pronounced asthose on which soils ofthe Grenville asso- nation with significant Gleyed Dystric ciation are found. Slopes range from 1 to 9%, withthe major- areas ofimperfectly Brunisols ity ofsoils havingslopes of2 to 501o . drained soils found (Imperfect) Soil Materials Queensway soil materials are moderately on very gentlyundu- coarse to coarse textured and have a considerable coarse frag- lating topography. ment content. Angular and slightly rounded stones and boul- Slopes range from ders occur throughout the profile which have primarily been 2to5% . derived from sandstone and quartzite bedrock. A small pro- Taxonomic Components Theexcessive to well-drained Buck- portion of Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rock frag- ham Bay series (Orthic Dystric Brunisol subgroup) under for- ments also occur in most materials. est conditions has a very dark brown LFH surface horizon of The parent material of Queensway soils is an olive gray to accumulated organic material comprising leaves, twigs, and dark brown colored unsorted till which closely resembles that evergreen needles which are in various stages of decomposi- of the Grenville association . Queensway materials, however, tion. Generally, it is not that well decomposed. Under non- are distinguished by having ahigher sand content, a more acid forested conditions, only a very dark grayish brown mineral soil reaction, no free carbonates, and theabsence ofsubstantial Ah horizon occurs at the surface. It is usually less than 10 cm amounts of limestone or dolomite coarse fragments. The tex- thick . Weathered B horizons underlying the Ah horizon are ture of the parent material is usually sandy loam or loamy darkbrown to brown incolor and usuallydo not extend beyond sand, with sandyloam being the most common. Soil reaction is 60cm in depth. Parent materials are most often light yellowish medium to slightly acid. The chemical and physical composi- brown in color. Soil structure throughout the profile is single tion of the upper weathered material does not vary signifi- grain. cantly from that of the parent material . Surface textures are The imperfectly drained Gleyed Dystric Brunisols have also predominantly sandy loam. slightly duller matrix colors and strong brown to yellowish Surface stoniness varies on Queensway soils, with condi- brown mottles in the subsoil. Other profile characteristics are tions ranging from nonstony to very stony. In the case of the similar to the Buckham Bayseries. latter condition, approximately 3 to 15% of the total surface area is covered with stones at least 15 cmin diameter. General Land Use Alargeproportion of Ottawa soils are cur- rently under pine reforestation, possibly for stabilization pur- SomeQueenswaysoils were mapped with a shallow phase. poses since these soils are highly susceptible to wind erosion. These soils consist of 50 to 100 cm of Queensway materials Woodland and scrubland exist on the remaining portion of which overlysandstoneand quartzite bedrock. thesesoils. Soil Moisture Characteristics More than 85% of all Correlation to OttawaUrban Fringe TheOttawa soil associa- Queensway soils are well-drained. Of the remaining soils, the tion was not mapped in theOttawa Urban Fringe. It was identi- majority are imperfectly drained with the remainder being fiedas a separate soilassociation in this surveydue to its unique poorly drained. The well-drained soils are situated on the mid- landform and close similarity to soils mapped as the Ottawa dle to upper slope positions of till ridges orplains. Imperfectly series along theOttawa River in PontiacCounty, Quebec. Soils drained soils are situated on the middle to lower slope posi- of the Ottawa association are similar to the Ottawa series in tions, while the poorly drained soils are found on the lowest Quebec in that both are derived from medium sand alluvial positions in the landscape which are level to nearlylevel. material deposited very recently by the Ottawa River. Queensway soils are quite permeable and have a relatively Ottawa soils werenot included in the Uplands soil associa- low moisture holding capacity. Surface slopes associated with tion for two reasons. The first reason is the difference in mode the well and imperfectly drained soils are primarily responsible of deposition . Uplands soils have developed on marine or flu for moderate surface runoff on those soils. Due to their lower vial(deltaic) sands deposited duringthe time ofthe Champlain landscape position the imperfectly drained soils are subject to Sea. Ottawa soils have developed on recent fluvial sands periodicsaturation during the growing season primarily dueto deposited bythe Ottawa River. The second reason for differen- high watertables. tiating Ottawa soils is a marked difference in topography. The infrequently occurring poorly drained soils have slow Ottawa soils have undulating to hummocky topography, surface runoffdue mainly to their level or nearly level topogra- whereas the topography of Uplands soils is generally much phy. Slow surface runoff, subsurface seepage from adjacent more subdued.

sloping areas, groundwater flow, and precipitation all contrib- binations with either miscellaneous land units or soils of other ute to high water tables which persist forextended periods dur- associations . Queensway soils were not mapped extensively ing the growing season. with any oneparticular land unit orsoil association . Soil Landscape Units Three units were identified for the General Land Use Queensway soils support corn and cereal Queensway association . They are described as follows: grain production on sites which are not hindered by surface Recognized Recognized stoniness and/or shallowness to bedrock. However, hay pro- Subgroups Series duction and pasture are the more predominant uses found on Queensway soils. Some sites remain forested, while others are Ql : Dominantly well Orthic Melanic Galesburg limited for agricultural use due to their interrelationship in the drained soils found Brunisols landscape with shallow soils of the Nepean or Farmington on very gently to Eluviated Queensway associations. gently sloping Melanic topography. Slopes Brunisols Correlation to Ottawa Urban Fringe In the Urban Fringe sur- generallyrange from 2 vey the Queensway series (Eluviated Melanic Brunisol sub- to 5 %, but occasion- group) was recognized as the dominantly occurring taxonomic allymay approach 9%. component for the well-drained soils of the association . In this survey, the Galesburg series (Orthic Melanic Brunisol sub- Q3: Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic group) was found to be the dominantly occurring taxonomic drained soils found Gleysols component for most well-drained soils. Except for this minor onlevel to nearly level difference in taxonomic components, the Queensway associa- topography. Slopes tion in both survey areas is similar in regards to soil materials range from 0 to 2% . and landscape characteristics. Q4: Dominantly well Orthic Melanic Galesburg drained soils in Brunisols (well) REEVECRAIG (RE) combination with Eluviated Melanic Queensway significant areas Brunisols (well) Location and Extent Soils of the Reevecraig association are of imperfectlydrained Gleyed Melanic not widely distributed in the survey area. The most extensive soils found on very Brunisols (imperfect) areas of Reevecraig soils are located near the Rideau River in gently sloping topo- Gleyed Eluviated southeastern Rideau township, and southwestern Osgoode graphy. Slopes Melanic Brunisols township. Other small areas occur near the villages of Rich- generally range (imperfect) mond and Stanley Corners in Goulbourn township. Approxi- from 2 to 5% . mately 2,500 ha of Reevecraig soils were mapped, of which 80% were mapped in combination with soils of other associa- Taxonomic Components The well drained Galesburg series tions. (Orthic Melanic Brunisol subgroup) is the most commonly occurring series, and most often has averydark grayish brown Landform and Topography Reevecraig soils have developed to dark brown surface Ap horizon with granular structure. on a blanket of calcareous, moderately coarse to coarse tex- Common colors encountered in the weathered subsurface Bm tured marine or fluvial material. They are usually underlain by horizons are dark yellowish brown, dark brown, and strong finer textured materials which occur at adepth of 1 to2 m. The brown. Structure may range from granular to subangular underlying materials were not differentiated. During the blocky. The parent materials or C horizons can vary in color retreat of the Champlain Sea, the depth of the sea water from olive gray to dark brown, and they may have granular to became progressively shallower resulting in localized near subangular blocky structures. shore calcareous sand deposits. Total retreat ofthe Champlain Seawas then succeeded by the early stages ofthe Rideau River, The less frequently occurring Queensway series (Eluvi- which resulted in fluvial bed and terrace deposits ofcalcareous ated Melanic Brunisol subgroup) differs from the Galesburg sands. Regardless oforigin, the topography of Reevecraig soils series by having a gray to light olive gray eluviated Ae or Aej is levelto very gently sloping with slopes usually 3% or less. horizon beneath the Ap horizon, and a slightly illuviated Btj horizonbelow the Ae or Aej horizon. Soil Material Reevecraig soil materials consist of fine sand, loamy fine sand, very fine sand, or loamy very fine sand overly- The imperfectly drained Gleyed Melanie Brunisols of the ing finer textured loamy or clayey material at depths of 1 to 2 association were not given a soil series name due to their very m. No coarse fragments are present . Reevecraig association limited extent. These soils possess distinct mottles within 50 parent materials are grayish brown to olive in color and mildly cm of the soil surface resulting from saturated conditions alkaline in reaction. They are also weakly to moderately which persist for short periods during the growing season. calcareous. Reevecraig soils are often bedded and contain finer Otherwise, these soils resemble the well drained Galesburg and/or coarser textured layers. These layers are generally less series. Similar mottling characteristics exist for the imperfectly than 10 cm thick and mayhave a high silt content, or consist of drained Gleyed Eluviated Melanie Brunisols, also unnamed, fine or medium sand. Surface textures are most often finer which distinguish them from the well drained Queensway than the parent material and consist of very fine sandy loam, series. fine sandy loam, or occasionally loam. The poorly drained Orthic Humic Gleysols are very lim- Soil Moisture Characteristics More than 9001o of all Reeve- ited in extent. They possess dull grayish matrix colors and craig association soils are poorly drained, with the remainder prominent mottles both in the weathered Bg horizons and in being imperfectly drained. When poorly drained, the soils are the Cg horizons or parentmaterials. subject to higher water tables and saturation for extended peri- Mapped Soils Combinations Approximately 300 ha of ods during the growing season. Artificial drainage is required Queensway soils were mapped as the dominant component for these soils to produce field crops to their full potential. Sur- and 450 ha were mapped as the significant component in com- face water runoffis slow to very slow.

Imperfectly drained Reevecraig soils are nearly level to Mapped Soil Combinations Approximately 2,000 ha of very gently sloping and have slow to moderate surface water Reevecraig soils were mapped in combination with soils of runoff. They are also subject to high water tables, but their other associations. Half of this amount was mapped as the occurrence is mainly confined to a depth of 50 to 100 cm. dominant component in combinations, and half was mapped Reevecraig soils have slow to moderate permeability, and a as the significant component. The Reevecraig-North Gower moderatemoisture holding capacity. combination, specifically comprising the soil landscape units Soil Landscape Units Three units were identified for the RE3 and NG5, accounts for approximately 500 ha ofall Reeve- craig soils. The NG5 landscape unit comprises soils in which Reevecraig association . Theyare described as follows: the materials vary from the usual North Gower materials. The Recognized Recognized soils contain interbedded layers of coarser textured Reevecraig Subgroups Series type material along with the normal clay loam and silty clay RE 1 : Dominantlyimper- Gleyed Melanic loam materials ofthe North Gowerassociation . fectly drained soils Brunisols Combinations of Osgoode-Reevecraig and Reevecraig- incombination with (imperfect) Osgoode account for 600 ha and 300 ha respectively of all significant areas of Orthic Humic Reevecraig Reevecraig soils mapped . The depositional environment poorly drained soils Gleysols responsible for these combinations parallels that of the found on nearly level (poor) Reevecraig-North Gower combinations . toverygently sloping topography. Slopes Less extensive but significant proportions of Reevecraig range from 1 to 3% . soils occur in combination with soils of the Jockvale association. In these combinations, the parent materials are very simi RE2: Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic Reevecraig lar texturally, but they differ in soil reaction and calcium drained soilsin Gleysols (poor) carbonate content. The Jockvale soils are noncalcareous and combination with Gleyed Melanic slightly to medium acid, while the Reevecraig soils are weakly significant areas Brunisols (imperfect) to moderatelycalcareous and mildly alkaline in reaction. of imperfectly drained soils found on nearly General Land Use Reevecraig soils are used for corn, cereal level topography. grain, and hay production aswell as permanent pasture. These Slopes range from soils require substantial fertilizer inputs and artificial drainage 1 to 2% . in most cases in order to realize full crop production potential. A significant proportion of Reevecraig soils remain forested. RE3 : Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic Reevecraig drained soils found Gleysols Correlation to Ottawa Urban Fringe The Reevecraig associa- on level to nearly Rego Humic Gleysols tion was not mapped in the Ottawa Urban Fringe area. level topography. Although they bear a strong resemblance to soils of the Jock- from Slopes range from vale association, they were recognized separately that 0to2% . association in this survey due to their tendency to be finer textured, and because of the presence of free carbonates within Taxonomic Components The poorly drained Reevecraig the control section . series (Orthic Humic Gleysol subgroup) has a very dark gray to very dark brown surface A horizon with weak granular structure. Texture is fine sandy loam or very fine sandy loam. The RIDEAU (R) underlying B horizons tend to be olive to grayish brown in Location and Extent Soils of the Rideau association occur color and have prominent brown mottles. These colors are fairly extensively in certain areas but are not broadly distrib- indicative of prolonged periods of saturation associated with uted across the surveyarea. The most extensiveareas of Rideau poordrainage. The weathered B horizons range from finesand soils are located in central and northern Cumberland town- to loamy very fine sand in texture and possess weak subangular ship. Significant areas also occurin the City ofKanata near the blocky structure. The parent material or C horizons are hamlet of Dunrobin, and in northern West Carleton Township calcareous and possess the same dull grayish brown and olive near the hamlet of Woodlawn and the village of Fitzroy. Other colors as the B horizons. Structure ranges from weak subangu- areas ofimportance are located adjacent to theRideauRiver in lar blocky to single grain, and texture is commonly loamy fine the southern portion of Rideau Township. Approximately sand to loamy very fine sand . 7,100 ha of Rideau soils were mapped. Of this total, approxi- combination with The poorly drained Rego Humic Gleysols were not given a mately 4,900 ha or 6907o were mapped in series name due to their very limited extent. These soils were soils of other associations. recognized as a separate taxonomic component because ofthe Landform and Topography Rideau association soils are presence of free carbonates to the surface and no B horizon found on two different but related types of landscapes. They development, therefore, necessitating a different subgroup occur on the level marine clay plains deposited by the ancient classification from that of the Reevecraig series. Champlain Sea, and they occur on the sloping banks and marine clay The imperfectly drained Gleyed Melanic Brunisols were floors ofabandoned channels which were cut into Ottawa River. Most levelmarine land- also not assigned a series name because of very limited extent. depositsby theancestral distinct mottles and higher chroma matrix scapes have slopes which are less than 2%, while slopes may These soils possess abandoned channellandscapes. colors inthe weathered B horizons in comparison to the B hori- approach 9% on the zons in the Reevecraig series. Matrix colors range from olive Soil Material Rideau association soils are predominantly brown to light olive brown. The mottles and matrix colors are composed of gray to olive gray, heavy clay textured material indicative of greater oxygen availability than that found under which generally exceeds 2 m depth. Surface materials usually poor drainage conditions. have a lower clay content, with textures most often ranging

from clay to silty clay loam. In some Rideau soils, subsurface Recognized Recognized beds of clay and silty clay are present, especially when these Subgroups Series soils were mapped in combination with soils of the Dalhousie R4: Dominantly very Rego Gleysols Laplaine association . Subsurface layers of reddish brown to brown poorly drained soils heavy clay material may also be present in some Rideau soils, found on level to especially those mapped in combination with soils of the depressionaltopogra- Bearbrook association . Clay content of the heavy clay parent phy. Slopes range from material of Rideau soils ranges from 61 to 80%, with average 0to 1% . clay content being 69% . R5 : Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic Ste. Rosalie The parent material ofmost Rideau soils is noncalcareous drained soils in Gleysols (poor) and neutral in soil reaction. Occasionally, however, some were combination with Gleyed Melanic Rideau found to be mildly alkaline and contain small amounts of cal- significant areas Brunisols (imperfect) cium carbonates. ofimperfectly drained Soil reaction in the upper A and B horizons tends to be soils found on very gen- slightly lowerthan in the parent material, and generally ranges tlyundulating topogra- from slightly acid to neutral. phy. Slopes range from Soil Moisture Characteristics More than 9001o of all Rideau 2to5% . soils are poorly drained and remain saturated or nearly satu- Taxonomic Components The imperfectly drained Rideau rated for extended periods during the growing season. These series (Gleyed Melanic Brunisol subgroup) is subject to satura- soils occur on level to nearly level topography which results in tion for short periods during the growing season. It possesses a slow to very slow surface water runoffrates. clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, clay or occasionally a Approximately half of the remaining soils were classified heavy clay surface horizon which usually is an Ap. The Ap is as imperfectly drained. These soils may be saturated for short often dark grayish brown in color, has granular structure, and periods during the growing season. Imperfectly drained contains 3 to 4% organic matter. Rideau soils are primarily found on very gently sloping topog- The underlying B horizon is commonly a Bmgj and has raphy with slopes ranging from 2 to 5 076 . Slopes of this magni- olive gray matrix colors with faint to distinct yellowish brown tude permit moderate rates of surface water runoff. mottles . Texture isdominantlyheavy clayand occasionally lay The remaining portion of Rideau soils were classified as ers of silty clay or clay may also occur. Structure is usually very poorly drained. These soils remain saturated throughout angular to subangular blocky but occasionally may be pris- most of the year and are found on level to depressional topog matic . The parent material or Cg horizon is commonly olive raphy. Most often these soils serve as catchment areas for both gray in color and sometimes exhibits yellowish brown mottles. surface and groundwater, and have water tables which remain Texture is dominantly heavy clay and structure is usually angu- at or near the surface for most oftheyear. lar blocky. Due mainly to their heavy texture, Rideau soils possess The poorly drained Ste. Rosalie series (Orthic Humic high moisture holding capacity. Soil permeability is generally Gleysol subgroup) is found on level or nearly level landscapes moderate. which result in little or no surface water runoff. This factor in combination with high moisture holding capacity of the soil Soil Landscape Units Five units were identified for the materials results in Ste. Rosalie soils being saturated for Rideau association . They are described as follows: extended periods during the growing season. The surface hori- Recognized Recognized zons are dark olive gray to black in color and have subangular Subgroups Series blocky to granular structure . Organic matter content is 4 to R1: Dominantly imper- Gleyed Melanic Rideau 5 % . Surface textures tend to have a lower clay content than in fectly drained soils Brunisols the subsoil and most often are clay or silty clay. Occasionally found on very gently to clay loam, silty clay loam, or heavy clay textures also occur. gently sloping topogra- The underlying Bg horizons are dominated by heavy clay, with phy. Slopes generally occasional layers of silty clay or clay also present at times. range from 2to 9% . Matrix colors are commonly dark grayish brown and prominent dark yellowish brown mottles also are present. Structure R2: Dominantlyimper- Gleyed Melanic Rideau of the B horizons ranges from subangular and angular blocky fectly drained soils Brunisols (imperfect) to columnar. The parent material or Cg horizons have heavy incombination with Orthic Humic Ste. Rosalie clay textures andusually angular blocky soil structures. Matrix significant areas of Gleysols (poor) colors are commonly olive gray, and yellowish brown promi- poorly drained soils nent mottles may also be present . found on nearly levelto The very verygently sloping or poorly drained Laplaine series (Rego Gleysol undulating topogra- subgroup) is subjectto saturation or near saturation conditions phy. Slopes generally for most ofthe year. These soils frequently have a surface hori range from 1 to 5% . zon of humic peat which is 15 to 40 cm thick. They also have parent materials which consist of massive olive gray to bluish R3 : Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic Ste. Rosalie gray colored heavy clay. The subsoil above the parent material drained soils found Gleysols at times may have yellowish brown mottles . on level to nearlylevel topography. Slopes range from 0 to 2%. Mapped Soil Combinations Sixty percent of all Rideau asso- Soil Material St. Thomas soils have parent materials consist- ciation soils were mapped in combination with either soils of ing of noncalcareous fine sand which ranges from light yellow- other associations or with miscellaneous land units. Approxi- ish brown to olive gray in color. Soil reaction of the parent mately, 1,800 ha were mapped as the dominant component in material is medium to strongly acid. Weathered subsoil overly- complex map units, and 2,500 ha were mapped as the signifi- ing the parent material also has fine sand textures, and grades cant component . When mapped as the dominant component, from dark brown to strong brown in color nearest the surface, theRideau-Bearbrook combination is by farthe mostextensive to dark yellowish brown to light olive brown in color at depth. accounting for approximately 1,200 ha of all Rideau soils. Soil reaction tends to be more acidic than the parent material, When mapped as the significant component, Bearbrook- ranging from strongly to very strongly acidic. Horizons Rideau and Dalhousie-Rideau combinations are the most enriched with iron and aluminum combined with organic mat- extensive and account for 1,300 ha and 1,000 ha respectively of ter (Bfand Bfj horizons) commonly occur in the upper portion all Rideau soils mapped . of the weathered subsoil. A thin eluvial horizon (Ae or Aej Large areas of Rideau-Bearbrook and Bearbrook-Rideau horizon), less than 5 cm thick, quite often overlies the weath- combinations were mapped in the northern part of Cum- ered B horizons. These horizons have fine sand or loamy fine berland Township, and these areas account for the majority of sand textures, and arebrown to light gray incolor. Iron, alumi- Rideau soils mapped with soils of the Bearbrook association . num, and organic matter have been removed from these hori- Several smaller but significant areas of these combinations zons and transported downward in the profile. Eluvial were also mapped in March and West Carleton townships. horizons are not always present, and when they occur are usu- Combinations of Dalhousie-Rideau occur on level to nearly ally not continuous acrossthe landscape. level landscapes in which individual separation was extremely Under non-forested conditions, a dark yellowish brown to difficult at the scale of mapping . The similarity of each associ- black surface Ahorizon occurs which isusuallyless than 10cm ation in physical characteristics, especially clay content, also thick. Texturallyit may be either fine sand, loamy fine sand, or warranted this combination at the scale ofmapping. fine sandy loam. Soil reaction is quite variable, ranging from General Land Use Rideau association soils support a wide slightly to extremely acid . Under forested conditions, a layer of range of agricultural land uses including corn, cereal grain, accumulated organic matter (LFH horizon) overlies the A and hayproduction. These crops are often grown on a rotation horizon at the surface. It is usually less than 5 cm thick, and is basis, the frequency of which depends upon the type of farm- very dark brown to black in color. Slightly decomposed leaves ing operation . Rideau soils are also utilized for permanent pas- and twigs mainly constitute this surface layer. ture, and a significant proportion remain forested. Soil materials of the association are well sorted, with the Correlation to Ottawa Urban Fringe Rideau soils in the sur- sand content of the parent material ranging from 84 to 99% . vey area for the most part are similar to those mapped in the Mean sand content is 94% . Of the total sand content, the fine Ottawa Urban Fringe. Both have developed on grayish colored sand fraction ranges from 37 to 93 %, with the mean fine sand heavy clay parent material of similar origin. Rideau soils of content being 70% . Gravel size particles greater than 2 mm in this area, however, are somewhat more variable with some size are almost non-existentin St . Thomas soils. deposits possessing considerable layers ofclay and silty clay. Soil Moisture Characteristics St . Thomas soils are excessive to well-drained onthe crests and upper slopes of sand ridges or ST. THOMAS (ST) knolls which are common in many landscapes. Imperfectly Location and Extent Soils of the St. Thomas association drained soils are found on the lower slopes of sand ridges or occur mainly in Cumberland and West Carleton townships, knolls, in depressional areas between well-drained soils, or on with a small area also occurring in Rideau Township. In Cum- the slightly elevated areas in very gently undulating topogra- berland Township, they are found on therelatively recent flood phy. Poorly drainedsoils occur on level to nearly level topogra- plains ofthe Ottawa River, and inthe channel floors andonthe phy, or depressional areas between better drained soils. ancient flood plains of the ancestral Ottawa River. In West Due to the coarse nature ofthe materials, St. Thomas soils Carleton Township, they are mainly found on what was once are rapidly permeable and have a low moisture holding capac- the channel floor of the present Ottawa River, or on recent ity. Periodic droughty conditions are common in the excessive floodplains associated with it. In Rideau Township, they are towell-drained soils. Surfacerunoff is slow. found on the recent flood plain of the Rideau River in the southern part of the township. Approximately 8,000 ha of St. Soil Landscape Units Eight units were identified in the St. Thomas soils were mapped, of which 900 ha were mapped in Thomas association . They are described as follows : combination with either soils of other associations or the Rockland miscellaneous land unit. Approximately 76% of all Recognized Recognized St. Thomas soils mapped occur in Cumberland Township. A Subgroups Series further 1801o occurin West Carleton Township.- STl : Dominantly exces- Orthic Humo- St. Thomas Landform and Topography St . Thomas soils have developed sive to well-drained ferric in a blanket of coarsetextured fluvial or eolian material which soils found on very Podzols is generally 2 m deep or more. Although most often underlain gentlyto gently Orthic Dystric Limoges by clayey marinematerial, the underlying material was not dif- sloping or undulating Brunisols ferentiated and may be quite variable. The topography of St . topography. Slopes Thomas soils ranges from levelto gently sloping or undulating. range from 2 to 9% . Slopes range from 0to 9% .

Recognized Recognized Recognized Recognized Subgroups Series Subgroups Series ST2: Dominantly well- OrthicHumo- St. Thomas ST8: Dominantly well- Highly variable drained soils in ferric drained soils in combi- combination with Podzols (well) nation with significant significant areas Orthic Dystric Limoges areas of imperfectly of imperfectly drained Brunisols (well) drained soils found on soils found on nearly Gleyed Humo- Achigan very gentlyto gently level to very gently ferric undulating topogra- sloping or undulating Podzols phy. Layers of clay or topography. Slopes (imperfect) heavy clay occur range from 1 to 5010 . Gleyed Dystric Vinette within 1 m ofthe sur- Brunisols face. Slopes range (imperfect) from 1 to 5 010 . ST3: Dominantly well- Orthic Humo- St. Thomas Taxonomic Components Excessive to well-drained soils as drained soils in ferric well as imperfectly drained soils of the association often have combination with Podzols (well) diagnostic Bf horizons which place them in the Podzolic soil significant areas Orthic Dystric Limoges order. These horizons, however, do not occur continuously ofpoorly drained Brunisols (well) across all landscapes. In some soils, they are not thick enough soils found on OrthicHumic Cheney to be diagnostic for podzolic soils. In others, the accumulation undulating topog- Gleysols (poor) of iron, aluminum and organic matter is not enough to meet raphy. Slopes range the requirements for a podzolic B horizon. In both of these from 1 to 9% . instances, the B horizons (Bm, Bfj horizons) which occur place ST4: Dominantly imper- Gleyed Humo- Achigan those soils in the Brunisolic soil order. fectly drained soils ferric The excessive to well-drained St. Thomas series (Orthic in combination with Podzols Humo-ferric Podzolsubgroup) under forestedconditions has a significant areas (imperfect) verydark brown to black LFH surface horizon of accumulated of poorly drained Gleyed Dystric Vinette organic matter. It is composed mainly ofslightly decomposed soils found on very Brunisols leaves and twigs. Under non-forested conditions, a dark yel- gently to gently (imperfect) lowish brown to black Ap horizon occurs at the surface which undulating topog- Orthic Humic Cheney is usually less than 10 cm thick. A brown to light gray Ae hori- raphy. Slopes range Gleysols zon, less than 5 cm thick, occurs directly below the A horizon. from 1 to 5% . (poor) Immediately below the Ae horizon a dark brown to strong ST5 : Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic Cheney brown Bf horizon occurs which averages 18 cm in thickness. drained soilsin Gleysols (poor) The accumulation of iron, aluminum, and organic matter in combinationwith Orthic Humo- St. Thomas this horizon exceeds the limits required for a podzolic B hori- significant areas ferric zon. Lower B and BC horizons are dark yellowish brown to ofwell-drained Podzols (well) light olive brown in color. Color of the parent material is light soils found on Orthic Dystric Limoges yellowish brown to olive. Structure is usually single grain very gentlyto Brunisols throughout the profile. gently undulating (well) The excessive to well-drained Limoges series (Orthic Dys- topography. Slopes tric Brunisol subgroup) is similar to the St. Thomas series in 10 . range from 1 to 50 most soil profile characteristics. The major difference is the ST6: Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic Cheney absence of a podzolic B horizon, which then places these soils drained soils found Gleysols inthe Brunisolic soil order. Ayellowish brown to strong brown on level or nearlylevel Bfj or Bra horizon usually occurs in place of a Bf horizon as topography. Slopes found in the St. Thomas series. The accumulation of iron and range from 0to 201o , aluminum combined with organic matter in these horizons is ST7: Dominantlypoorly Orthic Humic Cheney not great enoughto meetthe requirements of a podzolic B hori- drained soils in Gleysols (poor) zon. The absence of a well developed Ae horizon also differen- combination with Gleyed Humo- Achigan tiates the Limoges series from the St. Thomas series in cases significant areas ferric where the surface has not been disturbed . ofimperfectly Podzols The imperfectly drained Achigan series (Gleyed Humo- drained soils (imperfect) ferric Podzol subgroup) is subject to water saturation for short found on very Gleyed Dystric Vinette periods during the growing season. Profile characteristics are gentlyundulating Brunisols similar to the St. Thomas series except for duller yellowish topography. Slopes (imperfect) brown to olive gray matrix colors and faint to prominent yel- range from 1 to 2% . lowish red to dark yellowish brown mottles in the lower B horizons and parent material. Like the St . Thomas series, a podzolic Bfhorizon is present in these soils. The imperfectly drained Vinette series (Gleyed Dystric Landform and Topography Uplands soils have developed in a Brunisol subgroup) is also subject to water saturation for short blanket of coarse textured marine or eolian material which is periods during the growing season. Profile characteristics are usually deeper than 2 m. The majority of Uplands soils in the similar to the Achigan series with the exception of the upper B regional municipality including the Urban Fringe area are of horizons, which are Bm or Bfj horizons rather than Bf hori- deltaic origin, and are found in Gloucester township centred zons. around the Ottawa Airport. In Osgoode township, however, The poorly drained Cheney series (Orthic Humic Gleysol Uplands soils have developed in nearshore, shallow water subgroup) is found on level to depressional sites which are sub- marine deposits found on or adjacent tothe fluvioglacial ridge ject to water saturation for much of the growing season. The which extends from South Gloucester southward through the very dark brown to black LFH and Ah horizons at the surface township. Duringthe recession ofthe Champlain Sea, the orig- are usually thicker and have a higher organic matter content inal more steeply sloping glaciofluvial ridge was extensively than those occurring in the better drained members ofthe asso- modifiedby marine wave action and longshore drift. The result ciation. The underlying subsoil is light olive brown to dark was long, elevated sand plains along or near the ridge which grayish brown in color which grades to olive gray or grayish have nearly level to very gently sloping or undulating topogra- brown in the parent material. In the B horizons and parent phy. Modification of the original marine deposits by wind material, low chromas of the matrix colors and prominent resulting in dune formation is quite common in some areas. strong brown mottles are both indicative of the poor drainage Slopes range from0 to 5% . conditions . Structure throughout the profile is single grain. Soil Material Uplands soils have parent materials consisting Mapped Soil Combinations St. Thomas soils were most of noncalcareous medium sand, which in well or imperfectly often mapped as the dominant soil in combination with either drained conditions ranges in color from light olive brown to soils of other associations or miscellaneous land units. pale yellow. Under poorly drained conditions, the color of the Approximately 700 ha were mapped in this way. The combina- parent material tends to be grayer. Soil reaction of the parent tion of St. Thomas-Rockland land unit is the most extensive material is usually medium to very strongly acid . Weathered but is limited in occurrence. Only two combinations of this subsoil overlying the parent material also has medium sand type were mapped, with the largest occurring north of the vil- textures and tends to be slightly more acidic in reaction than lage of Galetta in West Carleton Township. Smaller combina- the parent material. Horizons enriched with iron and alumi- tions ofSt. Thomas-Manotick and Manotick-St. Thomas were num combined with organic matter(Bf and Bfj horizons) com- mapped in areas where level marine clay plains occur adjacent monly occur in the upper portion of the weathered subsoil . to deeper marine or fluvial sand deposits. The St. Thomas- These enriched horizons are usually easily recognized by their Rockland, St. Thomas-Manotick, and Manotick-St . Thomas reddish brownto strong brown colors. combinations account for approximately 55% of all St. A thin eluvial horizon (Ae or Aej horizon) quite often Thomas soils mapped in combinations . overlies the weathered B horizons. It is variable in thickness, but is usually less than 15 cm thick . Texture ofthese horizons is General Land Use Woodland is the dominant land use found lighter hori- on St. Thomas soils. Occasionally, small areas may be used for loamy sand or sand. The color exhibited by these growing rotation. often, zons is the result ofthe removal ofiron, aluminum, andorganic cereal grains and hay in More how- which have transported downward in the profile. ever, agricultural use is limited to small areas used for matter been improvedpasture or grazingpurposes. Although often present, many Uplands soils do not have eluvial horizons . Correlation to Ottawa Urban Fringe The St . Thomas soil Under non-forested conditions, adark yellowish brown to association was not mapped in the Ottawa Urban Fringe. Soils black surface A horizon occurs which is usually 10 to 20 cm of the association were included in the Uplands soil association thick. Most commonly the texture is loamy sand, with sand in the Ottawa Urban Fringe for two main reasons. First, exten- and sandy loam textures less frequent. Soil reaction tends to be sive areas ofSt . Thomas soils do not occur inthe Ottawa Urban slightly than the parent material. Under forested Fringe. Secondly, St. Thomas soils are similar to Uplands soils more acidic conditions, a layer ofaccumulated organic matter (LFH hori- in many soil characteristics. The high proportion of fine sand 5 in St. Thomas soils is the main differentiating soil characteris- zon) is usually present at the surface. It is generally less than tic. cm thick, and isverydark brown to blackin color. This surface organic layer is composed of leaves and twigs, most of which Due to extensive occurrences of St. Thomas soil materials has undergone little decomposition. in the survey area as well as a difference in mode of deposition The sand content of the parent material in Uplands soils fromUplands soils mapped inthe OttawaUrban Fringe survey, and it was decided that a new association was warranted to charac- ranges from 91 to 98%, and the combined silt clay content terize these soils. Interpretations for either St . Thomas seldom exceeds 5%. Uplands soil materials are differentiated made from soil materials ofthe Jockvale and St. Thomas soil associ- or Uplands soils, however, generally are not significantly dif- of and mode of deposition. The ferent. ations on the basis texture medium sand fraction, although variable, generally is higher in UPLANDS (U) Uplands soils resulting in sand rather than fine sand textures. Of the total sand content, the medium sand fraction ranges Location and Extent Soils ofthe Uplands association are not from 21 to 83%, with the mean medium sand content being widely distributed across the survey area, and most occur in 51% . Significant amounts of coarse and very coarse sand as Osgoode Township. A few small areas also occur in West well as some gravel size particles are present in some Uplands Carleton Township. In Osgoode township, most Uplands soils soil materials. Coarse and very coarse sand content in the par- are found on or in close proximity to the fluvioglacial ridge ent material is generally less than 25%, and gravel content that begins at South Gloucester in the north, and extends when present is usually less than 5 O/o. southward through the township. Approximately 2,000 ha of Uplands soils were mapped, with approximately 50% of that Soil Moisture Characteristics Uplands soils are excessive to total mapped incombination with soils ofother associations. well-drained on the very gently sloping or undulating land-

scapes occurring inclose proximity to the fluvioglacial ridge in Recognized Recognized Osgoode township. These drainage conditions also prevail on Subgroups Series the crest and upper slopes ofsand ridges or knolls which occur U13: Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic St. Samuel in other landscapes. Imperfectly drained soils are found on the drained soils found Gleysols lower slopes of sand ridges or knolls, or on nearly level to very on level to nearly level gently undulating terrain. Poorlydrained soils usually occur in topography. Slopes most flat to depressional topographic positions, with poor range from 0 to 207o . drainage conditions mainly the result ofhigh watertables. U15: Dominantly exces- Orthic Humo- Uplands soils have avery high porosity and are, therefore, sive to well- ferric rapidly permeable. They also have a low moisture holding drained soils associ- Podzols capacity. The combination of these conditions results in peri- ated withglacio- Orthic Melanic odic droughty conditionsinthe better drained soils. fluvial deposits. Brunisols Soil Landscape Units Seven units were identified in the The materialsare vari- Uplands association . Theyare described as follows: able, but generally con- Recognized Recognized sist of40to 100 cm of Subgroups Series coarse sand (having less than 10% gravel) Ul : Dominantly exces- Orthic Humo- Uplands over sand. They are sive to well-drained ferric found on very gently soils found on Podzols sloping or undulating very gently sloping Orthic Sombric Carlsbad topography, and have topography. Slopes Brunisols slopes ranging from range from 2 to 5% . 2to5% . U3: Dominantly well- Orthic Humo- Uplands Taxonomic Components Excessive to well drained soils as drained soils in ferric well as imperfectly drained soils of the association often have combination with Podzols (well) diagnostic Bf horizons which place them in the Podzolic soil significant areas Orthic Sombric Carlsbad order. These horizons, however, do not occur in all Uplands ofimperfectly Brunisols (well) soils having these drainage conditions. In areas where they are drained soils found Gleyed Humo- Rubicon present, they also do not occur continuously across the land- onvery gently ferric scape. In some Uplands soils, Bf horizons are present but they sloping or undu- Podzols are notthick enough to be diagnostic for podzolic soils. In oth- lating topography. (imperfect) ers, the accumulation of iron, aluminum and organic matter is Slopes ranged from Gleyed Sombric Ramsayville not enough to meet the requirements for a Bf horizon. In both 2to5%. Brunisols cases, Bm and Bfj horizons as well as thin Bf horizons occur (imperfect) which place these soils in the Brunisolic soil order. U5: Dominantly well- Orthic Humo- Uplands The excessive to well drained Uplands series (Orthic drained soils in ferric Humo-ferric Podzol subgroup) where under forest conditions combination with Podzols (well) has a very dark brown to black LFH surface horizon of accu significant areas Orthic Sombric Carlsbad mulated organic matter. It is composed mainly of leaves and ofpoorly drained Brunisols (well) twigs which are generally not well decomposed. Under non- soils, found onvery Orthic Humic St. Samuel forested conditions, the LFH surface layer is absent and a very gently to gently Gleysols (poor) dark gray or brown Ap horizon occurs at the surface which sloping or undulating ranges from to 10 to 20 cm in thickness. A light yellowish or topography. Slopes yellowish brown Ae horizon less than 15 cm thick occurs range from 2 to 9%. directly below the A horizon. Immediately below the Ae hori- U8: Dominantly imper- Gleyed Humo- Rubicon zon areddish brown to strong brown Bf horizon occurs which fectly drained soils ferric has an average thickness of 13 cm. The accumulation of iron, incombination with Podzols aluminum, and organic matter in this horizon exceeds the lim- significant areas (imperfect) its required for a podzolic Bf horizon. Lower B and BC hori- ofpoorly drained Gleyed Sombric Ramsayville zons are dark yellowish brown to yellowish brown in color. soils found on Brunisols Color of the parent material is fight olive brown to paleyellow. nearly level to (imperfect) Structure is most often single grain throughout the profile, but very gently undu- Orthic Humic St. Samuel granular structure may occur in the A horizons of some soils. lating topography. Gleysols The excessiveto welldrained Carlsbad series (OrthicSom- Slopes range from (poor) bric Brunisol subgroup) is similar to the Uplands series in most 0to5% . profile characteristics. There are, however, two major differ Ull : Dominantly poorly Orthic Humic St. Samuel ences. First, the Carlsbad series does not have a podzolic Bf drained soils in Gleysols (poor) horizon. Rather, a reddish brown or strong brown Bfj or Bm combination with Gleyed Humo- Rubicon horizon is present which places these soils inthe Brunisolic soil significant areas ferric order. The accumulation ofiron, aluminum, and organic mat- ofimperfectly Podzols ter in these horizons is not great enough to meet the require- drained soils (imperfect) ments of a Bf horizon . In some soils, however, the found on nearly Gleyed Sombric Ramsayville accumulation may be great enough but the horizons do not level to gently Brunisols meet the minimum thickness of 10 cm. The second major dif- undulating topogra- (imperfect) ference from the Uplands series is the absence of a well devel- phy. Slopes range from oped Aehorizon. Oto2% .

73 The imperfectly drained Rubicon series (Gleyed Humo- Due to this variability, alluvialdeposits and representativeland ferric Podzol subgroup) is found on lower slopes and is subject units were identified on the basis of their dominant materials to water saturation for short periods during the growing sea only. Drainage of most land units ranges from poor to very son. Profile characteristics are similar to the Uplands series poor. except for duller matrix colors and the presence of mottles in Areas of alluvium were mapped as one of two units based the B horizons and parent material. Colors of the B horizons on the dominantly occurring material. They are described as tend to be less reddish, and colors ofthe parent materials more follows : grayish then those found in the excessive to well-drained soils. Distinct to prominent, strong brown to yellowish brown mot- AR1 :Dominantly moderately fine to fine textured material tles also are present in these horizons. A podzolic Bf horizon is most often found on floodplains and subject to periodic present in these soils. inundation. Topography is nearly level with slopesgener- than 2% . The imperfectly drained Ramsayville series (Gleyed Som- ally less bric Brunisol subgroup) is also found on lower slopes and is AR2: Dominantly moderately coarse to medium textured subject to water saturation for short periods during the grow material found on floodplains or river bars and subject ing season. Profile characteristics are similar to the Rubicon to periodic inundation. Topography is nearly level to series with two exceptions. First, these soils have Bm or Bfj very gently sloping or undulating. Slopes are generally horizons rather than podzolic Bf horizons, which place them 2% or less. in the Brunisolic soil order. And secondly, these soils usually do not have an eluvial Ae horizon. Eroded Channels (ER) The poorly drained St. Samuel series (Orthic Humic Gley- Eroded channel landscapes were shown on the soil maps sol subgroup) is found on level to nearly level topography or in as the symbol "ER". These landscapes arethe result of erosion depressions, and is subject to water saturation for much of the which may have occurred either recently or during past geo growing season. The surface LFH and/or Ah horizons are logic times. They primarily consist of steeply to very steeply usually slightly thicker, and have a higher organic matter con- sloping, narrow, continuous landforms which occur as gullies, tent than those occurring in the better drained members of the valley walls, or creekbeds with embankments . association . The underlying subsoil is olive brown to brown in The most prominent eroded channels occur as valleywalls color grading to a dark grayish brown to olive gray parent which parallel rivers and stream courses. Slopes associated material. Occasionally, a discontinuous olive colored eluvial with these landforms are usually steep and short, most often horizon (Aejg, Aegj) is present which varies in thickness but is ranging from 20 to 45% . Less prominent eroded channels usually quite thin. Prominent yellowish red to strong brown occur as gullies or creekbed embankments which are usually mottles are common throughout the profile. Structure is single associated with smaller tributaries. In most cases these smaller grain. channels occur in areas of level marine plains, and have been Mapped Soil Combinations Approximately 1,000 ha of cut into the surface often to a depth of2 to 5 m. Embankments channels are short and have slopes which are Uplands soils were mapped in combination with soils of other comprising these associations . Equal proportions were mapped as both domi- generally not as steep as those found along valley walls. Slopes 76 . nant and significant components, with Uplands-Jockvale and commonly range from 15 to 450 Kars-Uplands combinations the most extensive. In the latter The downslope movement and slumping of soil materials combination, the U15 landscape unit comprised the signifi- is a common occurrence in and along many eroded channels, cantcomponent. especially those cut into thick deposits of marine clay or sand tomap individu- General Land Use Uplands soils are mainly used for hay pro- over clay. When these areas were large enough duction, improved pasture, or grazing. At times, cereal grains ally, they were denoted as aLandslide (LD) unit. may be grown in rotation with hay or pasture, but the latter Some areas mapped as eroded channels may have small remain the more dominant land uses. Perennial forage crops areas oflocalized flood plains or recent alluvium within them. are grown for hay or improved pasture, but often uncultivated These areas were too small to delineate separately at the map native grasses are relied on for grazing purposes. More inten- scale. sive agricultural uses, such as continuous corn production, do occur but their extent is quite limited. Rockland (RK) Correlation to Ottawa Urban Fringe Uplands soils mapped Rockland areas consist of landscapes in which more than in this survey correlate closely to those found in the Ottawa 25% of the surface consists of either exposed bedrock or areas Urban Fringe. The majority ofUplands soils mapped occur on having less than 10 cm ofmineralmaterial over bedrock. Rock the same landscape, on or adjacent to the glaciofluvial ridge landland units which were developed to portray these areas on which extends southward from Gloucester township in Urban the soil maps may occur on Paleozoic sedimentary bedrock Fringe area into Osgoodetownship. plains, or they may occur in areas where Precambrian igneous and metamorphic bedrock outcrops at or near the surface. When found on sedimentary bedrock plains, the most exten- Land Type Descriptions sive areas of Rockland land units are associated with limestone and dolomite bedrock. Less extensive areas are associated with Recent Alluvium (AR) sandstone bedrock. Both of these occurrences, however, Land areas of this type are composed of soils which have account for only a small percentage of the total area of all developed on recent alluvial deposits. They occur primarily as Rockland units mapped . The largest areas of Rockland land flood plains or river bars and are subject to periodic inunda- units are associated with Precambrian igneous and metamor- tion. phic bedrock outcrops. The most extensive areas ofland units Thealluvial deposits occurring in the area vary considera- occur on or adjacent to the ridge of granite and gneiss bedrock bly in material and profile characteristics which made separa- which outcrops in a northwest to southeast direction in West tion into well defined map units difficult. Layers of sand, silt, Carleton Township. and clay as well as organic matter constitute many deposits.

Within Rockland units, significant areas of mineral soils Clay or sand over clay scarps generally are found along or may also occur. Most often these soils consist of moderately near the Rideau and Ottawa Rivers as well as abandoned Pre- coarse to coarse textured undifferentiated drift materials Ottawa River channels and terraces. They generally consist of which are less than 50 cm thick over bedrock. Topography in long, narrow, continuous landforms which are usually less sedimentary bedrock landscapes is most often nearly level to than 12 m in elevation. Clay scarps are composed entirely of very gently sloping or undulating. In Precambrian bedrock clayey material, while sand over clay scarps are comprised of landscapes, the topography is more pronounced, ranging from similar materialswhich are overlain by 1 to 3 m of sandy estua- very gently sloping or undulating to strongly sloping or hum- rine or fluvial material. mocky. When less than 25% of the surface consisted of Three land typeunits were established to identify the types exposed bedrock or 10 cm or less of soil materials over of escarpments which occur. They are described as follows: bedrock, soil landscape units of the Anstruther, Farmington, or Nepean associations were mapped along with an applicable XI: Clay escarpments consisting of moderately fine to very rockiness phase. fine textured marine material having similar surface textures. Topography consists of moderate to very strong Fourunits were established to distinguish Rockland areas. slopes, with slopes ranging from 15 to 45% . They are described as follows: X2: Clay escarpments consisting of moderately fine to very RKl : Limestone or dolomite bedrock is exposed or occurs very finetextured marine material overlain by a 1 to 3 m thick near the surface, constituting 25% or more of the area. veneer ofmoderately coarse to coarse textured estuarine Soils of the remainder of the land unit are usually those or fluvial material. Topography consists of moderate to of the Farmington association, and most often are very strong slopes, with slopes commonly ranging from imperfectly to well-drained. Topography is commonly 15to45% . nearly level to very gently sloping or undulating, with slopes ranging from 1 to 5% . X3 : Sedimentary bedrock scarps found on moderate to very strongly sloping topography, with slopes most often RK2 : Igneous and metamorphic bedrock, primarily granite ranging from 15 to 45% . Limestone and dolomite scarps and gneiss, is exposed or occurs very near the surface and occur more oftenthan sandstone scarps. constitutes 25% or more ofthe area. Soils of the remain der of the land unit are usually those of the Anstruther association and are well-drained. Topography ranges from very gently sloping or undulating to strongly slop- Miscellaneous Land Unit Descriptions ing or hummocky. Slopes range from 2 to 15%. Landslide (LD) RK3 : Igneous and metamorphic bedrock, primarily granite Landslide areas consist soil materials which have and gneiss, is exposed or occurs very nearthe surface and of moved downslope from higher positions in the landscape. constitutes 25% or more ofthe area. Significant areas of type may marshland Areas of this include a resulting head scarp as well as occur in depressional areas of these land zones ofmaterial removal and deposition. units. Soils of the remainder of the unit are those of the Anstruther association and are generally well-drained. Landslide units which were mapped were generally found Topography ranges from very gently sloping or undulat- either along active stream banksor along the banks andterrace ingto strongly sloping or hummocky. Slopes range from bluffs of abandoned river or stream channels. Usually these 2 to 15% . land features were composed of fine textured marine material which attimes wasoverlain by moderately coarse to coarsetex- RK4: Sandstone bedrock is exposed at or occurs very near the tured marine or fluvial material. The cause of downslope surface and comprises 2556 or more of the area. Soils movement ofmaterial frombanks or terracesin mostinstances comprising the remainder of the land unit are usually can beattributed to unstable, highly sensitive Leda marineclay those of the Nepean association, and are imperfectly to which constitutes them. Clay this type is commonly well-drained . Topography is commonly nearly level to of associated with soil materials comprising the Rideau and Bearbrook verygently sloping or undulating, and slopes range from associations Ito5% . soil . Soil materials, topography, and drainage in landslide Escarpment (X) areas may vary considerably. Most often the materials consist The escarpment land unit consists of either bedrock, clay, oftiltedor slumped blocks ofclay which may or may not have or sand over clay scarps having short steep slopes which interbedded vertical and horizontal layers of sand. Either or impede or negate land use practices. Some escarpment land both types of material may be present at the surface . The landunits are used for agricultural purposes, but management of form primarily consists of head scarps and downslope aprons these areas is more difficult than that applied to similar soils and fans. Topography associated with the head scarps is usu- found in landscapes with less steep slopes. allygently to moderately sloping, with slopes ranging from 5 to 15% . Topography of the downslope aprons and Bedrock are fans may be scarps found in areas where bedrock occurs nearly level to undulating or irregular, with slopes ranging closeto the surface. They result fromlocalblock faulting which from 2 to 9% . Drainage ranges from moderately well-drained left steep, vertical bedrock faces exposed at the surface. Com on the steeper crests and scarps, to poorly drained on the level mon occurrences arethose associated with limestone and dolo- to depressional lower slopes. The majority ofthe soils of most mite bedrock plains in Cumberland and West Carleton landslide areas are poorly drained. townships as well as the City of Kanata, and those associated with sandstone bedrock plains also in the City of Kanata. The Most landslide areas mapped occur in close proximity to most pronounced bedrock scarps tend to facenorth and gener- the Ottawa River. ally parallel the Ottawa River. Surface materials when present Marshland (ML) in theseareas generally consist ofthin, flaggy till-likematerials or undifferentiated drift which cover less than 5001o of the The marshland land unit consists of wetland whichisperi- bedrock face. In most cases these scarps border Farmington or odically or continuously flooded. Much of the area consists of Nepean soil landscapes. standing water, with the remainder consisting of organic soils with wetland vegetation. The organic soils of these units were The latter woody species usually can be found in perimeter not characterized and may vary widely in material composi- areas which border better drained mineral soils. Some recent tion, depth, and degree of decomposition. Sedges, reeds, leaf marshland areas, which once had fluctuating water tables, and needle fragments, grasses, woody fragments and stumps may have a significant number of dead or dying tree species may all constitutemarshland organic materials. occurring within them. Marshland units primarily occur in low lying depressional Land Altered by Man - Disturbed Land (DL), Landfill Site areas and may overlay various types of mineral materials (LF), Sewage Lagoon (SL), Topsoil which were not differentiated . Occasionally thin layers ofmin- Removed (TR), Urban Land (U). eral material underlain by bedrock may occur. Land areas which were altered by man and, therefore, did Standing water at the surface and very poor drainage con- not occur naturally in the landscape were delineated and ditions are due to both precipitation and groundwater dis- shown separatelyon the soil maps. Thetypes of land occurring charge from adjacent areas, and the lack of adequate natural in these areas can be inferred from the designation given in drainageoutletsto remove such additions. each delineation . Undisturbed soils may occur within each Vegetation found in marshland areas varies, but most type of unit which could not be shown separately at the map oftenconsists ofrushes, reeds, grasses or sedges which occur in scale. combination with lesser amounts of birch, alders, or maples.

SOIL INTERPRETATIONS A. AGRICULTURAL CAPABILITY (a) Soil Capability Classes The capability class indicates the general suitability of the CLASSIFICATION soil for agricultural use and is indicated by the numeral at the Explanation of Capability Classifications front of each capability rating. An explanation of each fol- (a) lows: (1) Capability Classification for Mineral Soils Class 1 : Soils in this class have no significant limitations to The classification system used to determine soil capability use for common fieldcrops. for agriculture is a modified version of the Central St. LawrenceLowlands Soil CapabilityClassification for Agricul Class 2: Soils inthis class have amoderatelimitationor com- ture (1) . That systemwas first applied to the soils of the Ottawa bination of minor limitations which restrict the Urban Fringe area and differed from the national Canada range of crops or require moderate conservation Land Inventory (CLI) system (23) due to more refinement in practices . the definition and application of the subclasses. In the system Class 3: Soils in this class have a major limitation or combi- outlined herein, further refinements of the subclasses and their nation of lesser limitations which restrict the range application have been made. All subclasses or limitations of crops or require special conservation practices . which occur are shown in a soil capability rating along with an indicationof Class 4: Soils in this class have a severe limitation or combi- individual severityofthe subclasses. In thisway, a nation of moresystematic and precisemeans ofdetermining capabilityis lesser limitations which restrict the range possible. of crops or require special conservation practices, or both. The system arrives at capability classes which are similar to those determined in Class 5: Soils in this class have a very severe limitation or the national CLI system. Both systems combination of group mineral soils into seven capability classes according to lesser limitations which restricttheir their potential for the sustained production of common field capability to producing perennial forage crops. Improvement practices are feasible. crops. Common field crops include corn, oats, wheat, barley, soybeans*, and perennial forage crops such as alfalfa, grasses, Class 6: Soils in this class are capable of producing only per- and bird's-foot trefoil. The best soils, with no significant limi- ennial forage crops. Improvement practices are not tations for growth of these crops, are designated class 1. Soils feasible. designated classes 2 to 6 have decreasing capability for agricul- Class 7: Soils in this class have no capability for arable culture and class 7 soils have no agricultural potential. Organic ture or permanent pasture. soils and specialty crops such as tobacco, fruits, andvegetables are not considered in this classification system. (b) Soil CapabilitySubclasses Beforeusingthe soil capability tables or maps provided, it Thesubclass defines the kind oflimitation or conservation is important thatthe user havean understanding of the follow- problem which is present . A soil may, therefore, have one or ing assumptions upon which the classification is based: more subclasses reflecting one or more limitations or prob lems. Each subclass or limitation may vary in severity. In con- Good soil management practicesthat are feasible and prac- trast to the national CLI system, the modified system which tical under a largely mechanized system of agriculture are has been applied in this survey allows all subclasses or limita- assumed. tions present to be shown in a rating along with an indication Land improvements such as drainage works, stone of their individual severities. An assessment of overall severity removal, and clearing are assumed to have been made and then allows the determination of the appropriate class. The that soil, landscape, and regional conditions have allowed kinds ofsubclasses are as follows: or would allow these improvements. Therefore, capability Subclass D: Undesirable soil structure and/or permeability. ratings applicable to some mapped areas are higher than The soils are difficultto till, absorb water slowly, would be warranted by the present conditions of those or the depth of rooting zone is restricted. areas. Hence, capability ratings always reflect capabilities under improved conditions except those of classes 6 and 7, Subclass F: Low natural fertility due to a lack of available in which improvements of any kind are not considered fea- nutrients, high acidity or alkalinity, low sible. exchange capacity, high levels of calcium carbonate or presence oftoxic compounds. Distance to markets, accessibility to transport, location, size of farm, types of ownership, cultural patterns, skill or Subclass I: Flooding (inundation) by rivers, streams or resources of individual operators, or risk of crop damage lakes. by storms are not considered in the classification system. Subclass M: Low moisture holding capacity caused by The capability classification comprises two components: adverse inherent soil characteristics. (1) the capability class, and (2) the capability subclass(es). A Subclass P: Stoniness interfering with tillage, planting and combinationofthese two components provide the userwith an harvesting. indication of the degree and kind of limitation or limitations Subclass R: Shallowness to solid bedrock . Solidbedrock is 1 which arepresent. m or less from the surface . *Soybeans may be included in this group of crops with the Subclass T: Adverse topography. Steepness and pattern of exception ofratingsfor stonysoils. Fewersurface stonesare tol- slopes limits agricultural use. erable for the harvesting ofsoybeans than for the rest of the Subclass V: Variations in drainage within soil landscape cropsin this group. units resulting in significant variability in soil moisture across the landscape.

Subclass W Excess water, other than from flooding, due to major degrees of severity, and definitions of these are given in poor drainage, high water table, seepage, or run- Table 7 . Respectively, they are represented by a small case let- off from surrounding areas. ter, an uppercase letter, and an uppercase letter with a raised (c) SubclassRefnentents apostrophe e.g. w, W W'. A minor limitation downgrades by one-half a class, a moderate limitation by one class, and a Each subclass or kind of limitation has been further major limitation by two classes. Thus, two minor limitations defined with respect to the different degrees of severity in are necessary to downgrade by one class, and a soil with one which the limitation may exist. By refining the subclass in this minor limitation would remain in Class 1. The degree of sever- way, and then applying an appropriate downgrading value to ity of some types of subclasses or limitations, however, is such each type and degree of subclass or limitation, classes can be that downgrading by three or more classes is necessary. To determined more systematically and a better indication of soil account for this additional downgrading, these limitations quality is presented . have been further divided into severe, very severe, and Six degrees of intensity or severity have been established, extremely severe degrees ofintensity or severity. They are rep- which consist of minor, moderate, major, severe, very severe, resented, respectively, by an uppercase letter with a double and extremely severe. Minor, moderate and major degrees of apostrophe, an uppercase letter with an asterisk, and an upper- severity were previously applied in the classification system case letter which is underlined e.g. W", W*, _W. A severe limi- developed for the Ottawa UrbanFringe (1). Severe, very severe, tation downgrades three classes, a very severe limitation four and extremely severe degrees ofintensity or severity, however, classes, and an extremely severe limitation five classes. Only have their origin in the classification system described herein. limitations P, R, T and W have been divided further into these All of the previously identified subclasses or limitations degrees ofseverity and definitions of each aregiven in Table 8. except Subclass I have been divided into minor, moderate and

Table 7. Major, moderate, and minorsubclass definitions MAJOR MODERATE MINOR D' : Massiveness, poor structure and/or D: Massiveness, poor structure and/or d: Undesirable structure causing firm to very firm consistencyin firm consistency causing poor aera- minor air and water permeability entire soil profile causing insuffi- tion and rootpenetration mainly in problems. cient aeration and slow moisture the subsoil. absorption and distribution. F': Verylow nutrient status and base F: Low nutrient status and/or moder- f: Minor nutrient deficiency or exchange capacity dueto very low ate nutrient imbalance dueto low imbalance which may affect some organic matter and/or clay content organic matter and/or clay content crops. throughout the rootingzone. High in part of or all of the rooting zone. acidity(pH < 5 .5) may also occur. I' : Frequent land flooding ofextended duration. M' : Soil droughtiness in well to exces- M: Soil droughtiness in well to exces- m : Soil droughtiness in well-drained sively drained deep sands andgrav- sively drained soils subject to mois- fine sandy loams or sandy loams. els requiring irrigation for normal ture deficiencies during dry years. Used as an indicator ofpotential crop production under average Soilcharacteristics such asthe pres- droughtiness (not affecting rating) weather conditions. Textures ence of Bt horizons, underlying in some instances. include all sands or gravellysands, finer material, or coarse soil tex- and Bt horizons are absent. tures having some clay and silt, i.e., loamy sands, all provide some moisture retention.

P': Soils sufficiently stony(3 to 15% of P: Moderately stony soils (0.1 to 3% p: Slightly stony soils (less than 0.1% surface) to significantly increase ofsurface) causing some interfer- ofsurface) . The stones offer slight the difficulty oftillage, planting ence with tillage, planting and har- to no hindrance to cultivation. Also and harvesting. When more than vesting. Also applied to stony soils applied to stonysoils requiring 15% ofthe surfaceis composed of requiring regular stone removal. occasional stone removal. stones, cultivation is further restricted or becomes impractical and additional downgrading is required.

(Continued on Page 79)

Table 7. (cont'd) MAJOR MODERATE MINOR R' : Soils with a restrictedrooting zone R: Soils with a restricted rootingzone r: Solid, hard rock at more than 1 m (hard rock at 50-100cm depth) and (hard rock at 50-100 cm depth) or depth or shattered soft rock (shale) havinglocalized rock outcrops cov- deep soils with localized rock out between 50 and 100 cm depth ering 2-10% ofthe surface, OR, crops covering 2-10% of the sur- affecting moisturedistribution, deep soils (unrestricted rooting face. stoniness, etc. zone) with localized rock outcrops covering 10-25°lo ofthe surface. Increases in rock outcrops OR more restricted rooting zones (hard rock at less than 50 cm depth) require additional downgrading. T' : Slopes of 10 to 15 % affecting T. Slopes of 6 to 9% interfering t: Slopes of 3 to 5% not interfering machine workability and requiring slightly with the useof farm with theuse of farm machinery, but protection measures against water machinery and requiring some spe- causing some slight water erosion erosion. Soils with these slopes can- cial conservation practices topre- and/or lack of uniformityin mois- not berated higher thanClass 4. vent water erosion. ture distribution, seed germina- Steeper slopes require more severe tion, and plant growth. downgrading. V': Repetitive variations in drainage V: Repetitive variations in drainage v: Any minor variation indrainage across the landscape oftwo or more across the landscape of one drain- across the landscape which may drainage classes resulting in major age class and representing a moder- affect crop growth or farm opera soil moisture deficiencies and ate soil moisture deficiency in some tions. Generally applied along with excesses inthe soils which occur. soils which occur. Generally applies wetness or moisture subclasses to Generally appliedto landscapes in to landscapes in which drainage landscapes having variations in soil which drainage varies from goodor varies from good to imperfect, and moisture. excessiveon undulations to poor in wherethe soils with good drainage depressions . (Never used with W', are affected by moderate soil mois- W M', or M.) ture deficiencies . (Never used with W', W M', or M.) W' : Excessive wetness associated with W: Wetness generally associated with w: Occasional wetness generallyasso- poorly orvery poorly drained soils, poorly drainedsoils orimperfectly ciatedwith imperfectly drained generally due to ponding, seepage, drained soils with high moisture soils. impermeable subsoil, or some com- contentin thelower profile. Most bination of these factors. Excessive often associated withclayey soils or moisturemay persist long enough porous soils resting on impervious to adversely affect choice of crops, substrata. plant growth, or timeliness of farm- ing operations.

Table 8. Extremely severe, very severe, and severe subclass definitions EXTREMELY SEVERE VERY SEVERE SEVERE P: Excessively stony soils (more than P* : Soils with enough stones (15 to 50% ofthe surface). The soils are 50% ofsurface) to prevent annual too stonyto permitcultivation, and cultivation; considerable clearing improvement is not practical . must be done.

R: Soils with a veryrestricted rooting Soilswith a restricted rooting zone R" : Soils with a very restrictedrooting zone (hard rock at 20-50 cm depth) (hard rock at 50-100cm depth) and zone (hard rock at 20-50 cm depth). and rock outcrops covering 10-25 % rock outcrops covering 10-25% of ofthe surface. Ifmore than 25% of the surface, OR, soils with a very the surface is covered byoutcrops, restrictedrooting zone (hard rock downgrading ofsix classes may be at20-50 cm depth) and rock out- applied . crops covering 2-10010 ofthe surface.

T: Slopes greaterthan 30% which pre- Slopes of 16-30% severely restrict- vent the use offarm machinery. ing machine workability and pre- Associated with escarpments and venting annual cultivation. Require eroded channels. special protection measures against erosion. W: Excessive wetness associated with poor or very poor drainage. Exces- sive moisture occurs at or near the surface for extended periods during the growing season, and improvement byartificial drainage is not feasible.

(d) SoilCapability Ratings Class 6. In these instances, the cumulative severity ofthe limi- A capability rating has been determined for individual tations would limit capability to that of permanent pasture, land areas, each ofwhich is portrayed as a map unit on the soil and improvement practices would not be feasible. maps. Each rating consists of acapabilityclass and all capabil The presence of an extremely severe limitation in a map ity subclasses pertinent to the map unit. Within a map delinea- unit is very restrictive because improvement of that limitation tion there may be one or two map units identified depending is not practical, and soil capability can be no better than Class on whether one or two distinct types of land areas are present . 6. Additional limitations ofequalor lesser magnitude may also The amalgamation of symbols within a delineation on the soil be present, some of which have been allowed to downgrade maps is referred to as a map unit symbol. A simple map unit some map units further to Class 7. In these instances, the symbol represents one map unit. A compound map unit sym- cumulative severity of the limitations makes any type of agri- bol represents two map units each of which must be evaluated cultural use impractical . separately for its soil capability. (e) Guidelines UsedinRating Soils Thecapability class assigned to each capability rating has (1) Wetness(W) andDrainage Variability (V) been arrived at by assessing the degree of severity of the subclasses or limitations which are attributed to each map unit. If Natural drainage may be uniform or variable in map the limitations are minor, moderate, major, or severe, an addi- units. The defined degrees of severity for wetness given in tive process is used in which the downgrading values ofall limi- Tables 7 and 8 areapplied when drainage is uniform. However, tations are added together to arrive at the number of classes the when variations in drainage occur within map units, limita- map unit should be downgraded from Class 1. Additively, tions v, V, or V' may be applied, depending on the contrast in these limitations can not downgrade the map unit lower than soil moisture conditions. The minor limitation v is usually Class 5, even if a more severe downgrading is indicated. The applied along with w or W to indicate minor variations in reason for this class restriction is that the individual severity of drainage which are not severe enough towarrant downgrading these limitations is such that each may contribute to reduced by more than one class. In most instances, it is used when the capability down to Class 5, but individually or combined they less extensive or significant drainage component in a map unit are not severe enough to warrant placing a soil in Class 6 is not as well drained as the most extensive or dominant com- because improvement practices may be feasible. ponent. An example would be a poorly drainedcomponent in a dominantly imperfectly drained unit. If a very severe limitation has been attributed to a map unit, soil capabilitycan be no better than Class 5 . The presence Limitations V and V', however, represent landscape situa- ofa limitation withthis degree of severity automatically down tions in which the difference in soil moisture conditions is sig- grades amap unit four classes, thus restricting capability to the nificantly more pronounced, and the map unit must be production of perennial forage crops. Other limitations of downgraded accordingly. They are applied to map units in equal or lesser magnitude may also be present, some of which which the dominant component has a moisture deficiency have been allowed to downgrade some map units further to (good to rapidly drained), and the significant component has adequatemoisture or a wetness limitation(imperfect to poorly Soils with this capability include those which are restricted to drained). Uniformity of plant growth is affected in these producing crops other than vegetable crops, or those which instances. Limitations V and V are never applied along with have no capability for agriculture of any type. In these W', W M', or M because those limitations adequately down- instances reclamation or improvement practices are not feasi- grade map units having soil moisture excesses or deficiencies. ble due to either economic or physical limitations. (2) LimitationsNotAffecting the Rating In general the classification system places an organic soil the severity limi- shown in in one of seven capability classes based on of Occasionally, limitations may be present and tations which are present. Limitations consist of detrimental someratings which have not been allowedtoinfluencethe class soil characteristics which adversely affect or limit vegetable designation, although they may do so in other ratings. Brack crop production. ets are placed around these limitations which are minor in terms of severity and occur in Class 1 to 5 ratings. One of the (a) Organic Soil CapabilityClasses following reasons may applytolimitations givenin this way: The capability class consists ofa group ofsoils which have they may represent a potential limitation which may not the same capability or potential forthe production of vegetable occur consistently, i .e., moisture deficiency (m) applied crops. Class 1 soils have the greatest capability and no limita when depthto impermeable substratumis highly variable. tions for the production of vegetable crops. Class 4 soils have they may represent a benefit rather than a limitation. For severe limitationsandareonly marginal for vegetable crop pro- example, when the secondary drainage component of a duction, while Class 7 soils have no capability for agriculture. map unit is better drained than the main component, the Soils grouped in the same class may have various types of limi- potential benefit to crop growth of the better drained sec- tations. However, the degree of severity of the limitations ondary component is recognized with subclass symbol (v) present in each soil is similar. The soil capability classes are but it is ignored in the overall assessment of limitations to described as follows: arrive at the capability class. This is the case for most (v) Class 1 - Organic soils of this class have no water, topo- limitations shownin theratings. graphical, or pH limitations. They are deep and they are not severe enough to warrant downgrading some level and at an intermediate stage of decomposi- soils further than that indicated by the other limitations tion. which are present, for example, (t) in some ratings. Class 2 - Organic soils in this class have one limitation (3) AssociatedStoniness which restricts their usein a minor way. The limitation may be woodiness, reaction, or depth. in some soils, stones are present in significant amounts in the material itself and will pose a continual hindrance to Class 3 - Organic soils in this class have moderately severe annual cultivation even after normal stone removal. Stoniness limitations that restrict the range of crops, or that limitations in some ratings, therefore, mayreflect this inherent require specialmanagement practices. or residual stone content and not the surface stoniness. One Class 4 - Soils in this class have limitations that severely example of associated stoniness occurs in the Farmington soil restrict the range of crops, or require special devel- association where a moderate stoniness limitation P rather opment and management practices . Reclamation than minor limitationp is applied to soils with Stoniness Class and management costs will be high. l (SI). Class 5 - Soils of this class have such severe limitations that (4)Limitations Requiring LessSevereDowngrading they are restricted to the production of crops other When limitations F' and M' are both present, their com- than vegetables. Perennial forage or other spe bineddowngrading value is threeclasses ratherthan four, e. g. 4 cially adapted crops may be grown. Large scale F'M'. Ifeach were allowed to downgrade two classes, a down- reclamation is not feasible. grading to Class 5 would betoo severe. Class 6 - Class 6 organic soils are capable of producing only (2) Capability Classification forOrganic Soils indigenous crops consisting of plants which are native to the area. Improvement practices are not The previously described classification system applies feasible. only to the mineral soils in the survey areas and cannot be applied to the organic soils. A separate classification system Class 7 - Organic soils in this class have no capability for for organic soils is necessary due to their unique physical char- agriculture. acteristics and properties. The system applied in this survey is (b) Organic SoilCapability Subclasses based to a great extent on two previously established systems by Leeson (25) and Hoffman and Acton (26). Guidelines and A subclass is a group of soils with similar kinds of limita- soil parameters of those systems were incorporated into the tions or hazards. Four kinds of subclasses or limitations have been identified, and they are described as follows : system described herein which provides a general assessment ofa soil's agricultural capability. K - Stage of Decomposition - Mesic soils or soils of intermediate decomposition are the most desirable in order In the classification system, organic soils are mainly to assessed for their long-term capability intensively grow avoid water control problems associated with fibric or to veg- humic soils. Since the upper cm etable crops. It is assumed that substantial costs are associated 40 of material will with the decompose rapidly after only a few years of agricultural reclamation ofmost organic soils and that high return the crops such as vegetables will have to be grown. Therefore, use, material composing the 40-160 cm depth of the organic soils which do not profile is assessed because it is this material which will have long-term capability for vege- have a continuing the table crop production will have a low agricultural capability. effect on drainage, permeability,

capillary rise of water, and rate of subsidence of the pro- Capability Depth of Organic Type of file (25). Organic soils inthe surveyareas were, therefore, Class Material Substratum classified based on their stage of decomposition at the 40-160cm depth ofthe profile in the following way: Class 1 > 160 cm -alltypes Dominant Material Capability Class Class 2 130 -160 cm - fine textured Class 3 100 -130cm - Fibric - fine textured poorly decomposed Class 4 130 -160 cm - medium or coarse Humic - well decomposed Class 3 textured Mesic - moderately decomposed Class 1 Class 4 100 -130cm - Note: Humic or medium or coarse Fibric materials in combination with textured other limitations may further downgrade the capability 40 -100 cm - fine textured rating of some soils. 130 -160 cm -bedrock F - Reaction - The fertility level oforganic soils is generally Class 5 40 -100 cm - medium or coarse low and considerable fertilization will be required for the textured production ofvegetable crops. Soil reaction, however, is 100 -130 cm -bedrock an important consideration when assessing organic soils as a growth medium for such crops. Most plant roots will Class 6 40 -100 cm -bedrock not grow into a highly acid medium, while others do not tolerate alkaline conditions. Organic soils in the survey area weretherefore classified on the following criteria: (c) Organic Soil CapabilityRatings Reaction CapabilityClass Capability ratings for soil landscape units are given in pH 4 Table 10. Most soil landscape units encompass a range of soil .5 - 7.0 Class 1 characteristics, pH 4.5 - 4.0 Class 2 the most significant being depth of organic material over mineral or bedrock substrata. In such units, a pH 4.0 - 3 .5 Class 3 range of limitations are also present which often vary in type L - Wood Content - Large pieces of wood such as tree and severity. Consequently, a range of capability ratings is nec- trunks, stumps, or branches will probably interfere with essary for those units to reflect the soils which compose them. cultivation, ditching, or the installation of tile drains. Whena range ofcapability ratings is given, these represent the Wood in general also affects the moisture regime of the highest and lowest ratings and not all ratings which may apply. soil. When large pieces occur within the upper 60 cm of (3) Capability Classification for Type the profile, they will affect cultivation practices within Land and Miscellaneous Land Units the first fewyears of agricultural use. Periodic removal of wood fragments may, therefore, be necessary. Organic The classification system which was applied to determine soils have been classified on the basis of the volume of the agricultural capability of mineral soils was also applied to wood occurring in relation to the total volume of mate- these land units. All land type units and some miscellaneous rial in the control section. The following ranges in wood land units wereclassified andgiven a capabilityrating . Units of content were used for classifying the soils in the survey the latter type which were not classified include land altered by area: man. Included in this grouping are areas of Disturbed Land (DL), Landfill Sites (LF), Sewage Lagoons (SL), Wood Content Capability Class Topsoil Removal (TR), and Urban Land (U). Agricultural use of these (Percentoftotal volume) areas is either not possible or not feasible due to high reclama- None Class 1 tion costs. 1-25% Class 2 Capability classes and subclasses as defined in section (1) 26-50% Class 3 were applied to units which were classified. Many of the sub- > 50% Class 4 or lower classes or limitations definedin that section have been applied. H -Depth of organic material over type of substratum - Capabilityclasses areconfined to classes 4to 7 due to thesever- Due to subsidence associated with agricultural use, a ity oflimitations which are present. minimum depth oforganic material must be available in order to economically justify reclamation. Long-term (b) Introduction to the Agricultural agriculture use, therefore, requires a considerable depth Capability Rating Tables of organic material. When such depths are not present, When applied to the soil maps, the rating tables (Tables 9, underlying mineral material or bedrock occurring close 10 and 11) provide the means of determining the agricultural to the surface will affect the feasibility of subsurface capability or capabilities ofthe land area represented by a map drainage. In these cases, fine textured mineral substrata delineation . The landscapes which occur within delineations generally present fewer management problems than are represented by either a simple or compound map unit sym- medium or coarse textured material or bedrock sub- bol on the map. When the components of the symbol are strata. The following criteria for depth and type of sub- known the applicable agricultural capabilities can be deter- strata were used to classify the soils: mined.

In order to apply the tables, one must be aware of the fol- (d) Examples of Rating Determinations for lowing: SomeMap Symbols 1. The letter "N", when it is shown in the Stoniness or Rocki- The following examples use symbols from Figure 34: ness Class column of Table 9, represents Nonstony and # 1 . Simple Map Unit Symbol Nonrocky. When a Stoniness Class such as S1, orRockiness Class such as R2 is not shown in the symbol on the map, Map Unit Symbol = C5 Nonstony and Nonrocky (N) is implied. 2* 2. Capability ratings for mineral soils are given in Table 9. Soil Landscape Unit = C5 Ratings for organic soils are given in Table 10. Ratings for Slope Class = 2* land types and for those miscellaneous land units to which Stoniness or Rockiness Class = not shown, there- ratings areapplicable are givenin Table 11. fore nonstony and nonrocky(N) 3. Occasionally, slope classes may be given in some map sym- The C5 soil landscape unit rep- bols for Land Type Units which occur. These slopes are not resents mineral soils as deter- required when determining agricultural capabilities for mined from the map legend. those units in Table 11 . Therefore, from Table 9, the 4. When a soil phase occurs in a map unit symbol, the Soil Ag. Cap. Rating = 3WF Landscape Unit having that phase may be rated separately #2. Simple Map Unit Symbol from a similar Soil Landscape Unit not having that phase. For example a G1.S unit is rated separately from a G1 unit. Map Unit Symbol = N4 This is necessary whenthe phase affects capability. R2.3* Soil Landscape Unit = N4 (c) How to Apply the Capability Rating Tables Slope Class = 3* The followingprocedure may be followedto determine the Stoniness or Rockiness Class = R2 (Rockiness appropriate soil capability for a map unit symbol: Class 2) The N4 soil landscape unit repre- 1. Study the "Explanation of the Map Unit Symbols" shown sents mineral soils as determined on the border of each map. Determine whether the map from the map legend. Therefore, unit symbol for the delineation in question consists of one from Table 9, the Ag. Cap. Rating = 6 R P'tv map unit (a simple map unit symbol) or two map units (a compound map unit symbol). A capability rating for each #3. Simple Map Unit Symbol map unit must be determined separately. Map Unit Symbol = BE1 2. Using the map legend, determine the components of each 1 map unit. Most map units comprise a soil landscape unit Soil Landscape Unit = BE 1 and an associated slope class component. In addition, some Slope Class = 1 map units within this group also include a soil phase com- Stoniness or Rockiness Class = not shown, there- ponent and/or a stoniness class or rockines class compo- fore nonstony and nent. Other map units consist solely of a land type unit or a nonrocky(N) miscellaneous land unit . A few map units consist of a land The BE 1 soil landscape unit repre- type unit and an associated slope class component. How- sents organic soils as determined ever, the slope class component is not considered in the from the map legend. Therefore, determination of capability in these cases. from Table 10, the Ag. Cap. Rating = 3K to 5HK (arange 3. If a land type unit or miscellaneous land unit is identified, of capabilities) consult Table 11 for its capability rating. If a soil landscape For examples #1, #2, #3, one rating is determined. In unit representing an organic soil is identified, Table 10 may example #3, however, the capability rating consists ofa be consulted for the respective rating. If a soil landscape range of capabilities due to the variable nature oforganic unit representing a mineral soil is identified proceed to step soils represented by the BE 1 soil landscape unit . 4. #4. Compound MapUnit Symbol 4. Having noted the mineral soil landscape unit and its associ- Map Unit Symbol = NG2-D3 ated components, determine the respective rating by con- sulting Table 9 using the following procedure: 2* 1 . Locate the soil landscape unit listed alphabetically Soil Landscape Units = NG2 and D3 across and within the table in a number of horizontal Slope Class associated with first columns. Therating will beshown somewhere inthever- soil landscape unit = 2* tical column below the identified unit. Slope Class associated with second NOTE: Soil landscape units having soil phases are soil landscape unit = 2* shown separately. Stoniness or Rockiness Class = not shown, there- 2. Now locate the applicable slope class at the left side of fore both are non- the table, and then locate the applicable stoniness or stony and nonrocky rockiness class from the group listed for that slope class. (N) You have now found thehorizontal line in which the rating is given. (Continuedon Page84) 3 . Follow the horizontal line across the page to the prede- termined vertical column, where the capability rating willbe shown.

The NG2 and D3 units both repre- #6. Compound Map Unit Symbol sent mineral soils as determined Map Symbol = G1 .S-RK1 fromthe map legend . Therefore, From Table 9, the Ag. Cap. Rating S1.2-2 of NG2 = 2W (dominant unit- G1.S is a soil landscape unit representing mineral soils and is a shallow soil phase. RK1 is a land type unit. 2* more than 40% of the area) FromTable 9, the Ag. Cap. Rating From Table 9, the Ag. Cap. Rating ofG1 .S = 3RP of D3 = 2W (significant S I .2 (dominant unit) From Table 11, the Ag. Cap. Rating 2* unit- 20to 40% of the area) ofRK1 = 7 R (significant unit) Therefore, theAg . Cap. Rating for 2 the entire area represented bythe Therefore, the Ag. Cap. Rating for map symbol = 2W the entire area represented by the map symbol = 3RP-7 _R #5. Compound Map Unit Symbol For examples #4, #5, and #6, two ratings must be deter- Map Unit Symbol = 01-Fl mined. The first map unit shown inthe compound sym- S2.3*-S2.2* bol is the dominantly occurring unit, and occupies more 01 and Fl soil landscape units rep- than 40% ofthe area. The second map unit shown is the resent mineral soils as determined significantly occurring unit, and occupies 20to40% of from themap legend. Therefore, the area. From Table 9, the Ag. Cap. Rating of 01 = 4MFPt S2.3* (dominant unit) From Table 9, the Ag. Cap. Rating of F1 = 5R"P 52,2* (significant unit) Therefore, the Ag. Cap. Rating for entire area represented bythe map unit symbol = 4MFPt-5R"P

Figure 34. Example portion of a soil map for the Ottawa-Carleton Region. (e) The Capability RatingTables Table 9. Agricultural capability ratings for soil landscape units representing mineral soils

AGRICULTURAL CAPABILITY RATINGS Stoniness or Anstruther Bearbrook Castor Soil Assoc. Slope Rockiness Class Class A1 Bl B2 B3 B4 C2 C3 C4 C5 C5.S Land. Units 1, 1*, N 3DW 3WD 4W'D 3DW 2Fw 2Fw(v) 3W(v)F 3WF 4WRF 2,2* N 3DWt 2Fw(t) 2Fw(v)(t) 3WFt S1 5R"PFt S2 5R"PFt 3,3* S3 5R"P'Ft R1 5R*PFt R2 6 RP'Ft 4R'Ftw(v) N 4DTW 3TFw 3TFw(v) S1 5R"FTp 4,4* S3 5R"P'FT R1 5R*PFT R2 6 RP'FT 4R'TFw(v)

Stoniness or Chateauguay Dalhousie Soil Assoc. Slope Rockiness i Class Class CH3 CH4 CH4.S CH5 CH6 CH7 Dl D2 D2.C D3 - Land. Units N 2W lw 2Rw 2W 2W Iw 2wv 2wv 2W 1,1*, S1 2Wp 2,2* S2 3WP 3WP R1 3RW N 2wt 2wt Iw(t) 2wvt 3,3* si 2wtp R1 3Rtw N 2Tw 2Tw 3Twv 4,4* RI 3RTw

(Continued on Page 86) Table 9. (continued)

AGRICULTURAL CAPABILITY RATINGS Stoniness or Dalhousie Farmington Soil Assoc. Slope Rockiness Class Class D3.C D3.S D4 D4.0 D5 F1 FIX F2 F2.F F3 Land. Units N 2W 3RW 3W' 3W' 2W(v) 7 WR"p S1 5R"P 5R"Pw 7 W_ R"P 1,1*, S2 5R"P 5R"Pw 5R"Pw 7W R"P 2,2* S3 5R"P' 7 _W R"P' R1 5R*P R2 6RP' 6RP' 6RP'w 7WRP N 3RWt S1 5R"Pt 5R"Ptw S2 5R"Pt 5R"Ptw 3,3* S3 5R"P't S4 6P*R"t 6P*R"t R1 5R*Pt R2 6RP't 00 N 4RWT Si 5R"PTw S2 5R"PT 4,4* S3 5R"P'T S4 6P*R"T R2 6RP'T S2 5R"T'P S3 5,5* S4 6P*R"T' R2 7 RT'P'

Stoniness or Farmington Grenville Soil Assoc. Slope Rockiness Class Class F3.0 F4 F4.F F5 F6 G1,G1.C G1.S G2,G2.C G2.S G3,G3.C Land. Units N 7 _W R"P 5R"Pv SI 5R"Pv 6R"PV 6R"V'P lp 3RP 2pw 3RPw 3W'p 1, 1*, S2 5R"Pv 6R"PV 6R"V'P 2P 2Pw 3RPw 4W'P 2,2* S3 5R"P'v 6R"P'V' 3P' 4P'R 3P'w 5W'P' R1 5R*Pv 6R"PV 3RPw R2 6RP'v 7RP'V 7RP'V' 4R'Pw Table 9. (continued) AGRICULTURAL CAPABILITY RATINGS Stoniness Grenville Soil Assoc. or Farmington Land. Slope Rockiness G3,G3.C Units Class Class F3.0 F4 F4.F F5 F6 G1,G1.C G1.S G2,G2.C G2.S S1 5R"Ptv 6R"PVt 6R"V'Pt 2pt 3RPt 2wpt S2 5R"Ptv 6R"PVt 6R"V'Pt 2Pt 3RPt 3Pwt S3 5R"P'tv 6R"P'V't 3P't 4P'Rt 4P'wt 3,3* S4 5P*t 5P*Rt S5 6Pt R1 R2 6 RP'tv S1 6R"PVT 2Tp S2 5R"PTv 6R"PVT 6R"V'PT 3TP 4RPT 3PTw 4,4* S3 5R"P'Tv 6R"P'V'T 4P'T 5P'RT S4 5P*T 5P*RT R2 6 RP'Tv S2 4T'P S3 5R"P'T'v 5T'P' 5,5* S4 6P*T 00 R2 7 RT'P'v

Stoniness Soil Assoc. Grenville Rockiness Slope .0 G6.S Land. Units Class Class G3.0 G3 .S G4 G4.S G5 G5.S G6 G6 N 3W'p 3W'p 3W'p 7 W RP 1, 1*, S1 SW'RP 2pv 3Wvp 5W'RP 2Pv 3WPv 4RPWv 7 _W RP 2,2* S2 7 W P'R S3 3P'v 4P'Wv 5W'P' N S1 2pvt 4RPty 3twvp 3,3* S2 3Pvt 4RPty 3Ptwv S3 4P'vt 5P'Rty S4 5P*tv S1 3Tpv 4RTPv 3Twvp 4,4* S2 3TPv 4RTPv 4TPwv S3 4P'Tv 5P'RTv S4 5P*Tv S1 4T'pv 5,5* S2 4T'Pv S3 5T'P'v S4 6P*T'v (Continued on Page 88) Table9. (continued)

AGRICULTURAL CAPABILITY RATINGS Stoniness or Ironside Soil Assoc. Slope Rockiness Class Class 11 I1.S 12 12.S 13 I3.S - 14 - 15 16 Land. Units 1,1*, N 3F' 4F'R 3F'w 4F'Rw 4W'F 5W'RF 4W'F 2,2* S1 4F'wp 4W'Fp N 3F't 3F't S1 4F'tp 5F'Rtp 4F'tpw 3,3* S2 4F'Pt 5F'RPt 5F'Pwt S3 5F'P't N 4F'T 4F'T S1 4F'Tp 5F'RTp 5F'Tpw 4,4* S2 5F'RTP S3 5F'P'T N 5F'T' 5F'T' 5,5* S1 5F'T'p

Stoniness or Jockvale Soil Assoc. Slope Rockiness Class Class Jl J1.S J2 J3 J4 J4.F J4.S- - J5 J5.S J6 Land. Units 1, 1*, N 3F'v(m) 4F'Rv 3F'w 4F'Wv 4W'(v)F 3W'(v)f 5W'RF 4W'F 5W'RF 4W'F 2,2* N 4F'tv(m) 4F'tw 5F'Wvt 4W'(v)Ft 3,3* si 4F'twp N 4F'Tv(m) 4F'Tw 5W'(v)FT 4,4* si 5F'Twp

Stoniness Soil Assoc. or Jockvale Kars Slope Rockiness . Units Class Class J6.0 J7 J7.S J8 Kl K2 K3 - K4 K5 Land N 4W'F 3F(m) 4F'R 5F'V' 4FWvp 3MFp 3Fwv 1,1*, S1 3MFp 4FWvp 3Fwvp 2,2* _ _ S2 -- 4FPWv 4FPwv N 317't(m) 5F'V't 4MFtp 4MFtp S1 4MFtp 4MFtp 3,3* S2 4MFPt 4FPtwv 4MFPt S3 5P'MFt S4 5P*MFt

Table 9. (continued)

AGRICULTURAL CAPABILITY RATINGS

Stoniness Soil Assoc. or Jockvale Kars Slope Rockiness Land. Units Class Class J6.0 J7 J7.S J8 Kl K2 K3 K4 K5 N 4F'T(m) 5F'V'T 4MFT 4MFTp 4MFTp 4MFTp 4,4* S2 5MFTP 5FPTwv 5MFTP S3 5P'MFT 5,5* S2 5T'MFP

Stoniness Soil Assoc. or Leitrim Slope Rockiness Land. Units Class Class LI L2 L3 L4 L5 L7 L8 L9 L9.S 1, 1*, N 2fw 3Wvfp 2,2* S1 2fvp 3Rft N 2ft 2fty 2fty 3fvtp 2ft 2ftp 3ftvp 3fvtp 2ftp 3,3* S1 4RPtf S2 3Pft 4Pftwv 3Pfty N 2Tf 3Tfv 3Tfv 3Tfp 3Tfvp 3Tfvp 3Tfp 4,4* S1 4RTPf S2 3TPf 4PTfwv 4TPfv 5,5* N 4T'fv Stoniness or Manotick Soil Assoc. Rockiness Slope Land. Units Class Class Ml M1.S M3 M4 M5 M6 M6.C M7 M7.0 N 3FMv 4RFMv 3FWv 3FW 4W'(v)F 4W'F 4W'F 4W'F 4W'F 1,1*, S1 3FWp 2,2* S2 4FPWv S3 5P'FW 3,3* N 4FMvt 3Ftwv 3Fwt 4,4* N 4FMTv 4FTwv 3FTw (Continued on Page 90) Table 9. (continued)

AGRICULTURAL CAPABILITY RATINGS Stoniness or Mille Isle Nepean Soil Assoc. Slope Rockiness Class Class M11 M13 M13.0 M14 M15 M16 N1 N3 N4 N5 Land. Units N 4F'M' 4W'F 4W'F 4F'Mw 5F'V' 5W'(v)F' 5R"P S1 6R"PV 1,1*, S2 5R"P 2,2* RI 7WR*P R2 7WRP N 4F'M't 5F'V't 5R"Pt S 1 5R"Pt S2 5R"Pt 3,3* S3 5R"P't S4 6P*R"t R1 5R*Pt R2 6 RP't 6 RP'tv N 5F'M'T 5F'V'T S2 5R"PT 4,4* S3 5R"P'T R2 6RP'T 6RP'Tv 5,5* N 5F'V'T'

Stoniness or North Gower Soil Assoc. Slope Rockiness NG2.C, Class Class NG1 NG1.S NG2 NG2.0 NG2.S NG2.CS NG3 NG4 NG4.0 NG5 Land. Units 1,1* N 1w 2Rw 2W 2W 3RW 3RW 3W' 3W' 2W 2,2* N 2wt 2wvt 3,3* R1 3RWt 3Rwvt R2 4R'Wt N 3Twv 4,4* R1 4RWT 4RTwv R2 5R'WT

Table 9. (continued)

AGRICULTURAL CAPABILITY RATINGS

Stoniness Soil Assoc. or Oka Osgoode Slope Rockiness OS3 Land. Units Class Class 01 O1.S 02 02.S 03 05 OS1 OS1.C OS2 N 2Fw 2Fw 3W(v)F 3WF 1, 1*, S1 4MFP 4MFPw 5MFPRw 4MFPw 2,2* S2 4RWF R1 N 4MFpt 4F'Mt 3FMt 3Fwt S1 4MFPt 5MFPRt 5F'Mpt 3Fwtp S2 4MFPt 5MFPRt 5F'MPt 3,3* S3 5P'MFt S4 5P*MFt S5 6 PMFt R2 6R*P'MFt N 4FMT 3FTw S1 5MFPT 5MFPTR 5F'MTp S2 5MFPT 5F'MTP 4,4* S3 5P'MFT S4 5P*MFT S5 6 PMFT S2 5T'MFP S3 5T'P'MF 5,5* S4 5P*T'MF S5 6 PT'MF 6,6* S4 7T*P*MF

Stoniness Soil Assoc. or Osgoode (continued) Ottawa Slope Rockiness OT2 Land. Units Class Class OS3.C OS3 .F OS3.FO OS3.0 OS3.S OS3.SO OS4 OTl 1,1*, N 3WF 2Wf 3W'f 3W'f 4W'Rf 4W'Rf 3FWv 2,2* 3Fwvt 4F'Vt 3,3* N 4FTwv 5F'M'T 5F'VT 4,4* N 5F'M'T' 5, 5* N (Continued on Page 92) Table9. (concluded) AGRICULTURAL CAPABILITY RATINGS Stoniness or Queensway Reevecraig Rideau Soil Assoc. Slope Rockiness Class Class Q1 Q1.S Q3 Q4 RE1 RE2 RE3 RI R2 R3 Land. Units 1, 1*, N 3FWv 4W'(v)F 4W'F 3DW 3DWv 3DW 2,2* - S1 - - -- 2fp 3Wfp N 3Rft 3DWt 3DWv(t) S1 2fpt 3fpty 3,3* S2 3Pft 4RPft 4WPft 3Pfty S3 4P'ft 4P'ftv R2 5R'P'fty N 4TDW 4DTWv S1 3Tfp 3Tfpv 4,4* S2 3TPf S3 4P'Tf 5P'Tfv R2 5R'P'Tfv N 4T'Dw 4T'Dw 5,5* S2 4T'Pf S3 5T'P'fv Stoniness or Rideau (continued) St. Thomas Soil Assoc. Slope Rockiness Class Class R3.C R3.S R4.0 R5 ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST5 ST6 Land. Units 1, 1*, N 3DW 4RDW 4W'D 4F'V 5F'V' 4F'Wv 5W'(v)F' 5W'F' 2,2* - - 3,3* N- _ 3DWt(v) 4F'M't 4F'Vt 5F'V't 5F'Wvt 5W'(v)F't N 4DTW(v) 5F'M'T 5F'VT 5F'V'T 5F'Twv 5W'(v)F'T 4,4* RI 5F'M'TR N 5F'M'T' 5F'V'T' 5,5* RI 5F'M'T'R Stoniness or St. Thomas (continued) Uplands Soil Assoc. Slope Rockiness Class Class ST7 ST8 U1 U3 U8 U11 U13 U15 Land. Units 1, 1*, N 5W'(v)F' 4F'V 4F'Wv 5W'(v)F' 5W'F' 2,2* N 4F'Vt 4F'M't 4F'Vt 5F'Wvt 4F'M't 3,3* S2 5F'M'Pt N 5F'VT 5F'VT 5F'TWv 4,4* S2 5F'M'TP Table 10. Agricultural capability ratings for soil landscape unitsrepresenting organic soils

Soil Soil Dominant Depth Capability Landscape Unit Association Material (cm) Ratings* BEI Borromee Humic; 40-160 3K to 5HK non-woody GB1 Goulbourn Humic or mesic; 40-160 3H to 5H 1-25% wood GY 1 Greely Humic or mesic; 40-160 4H to 6HK 1-25% wood H1 Huntley Humic or mesic; > 160 21, to 3K 1-25% wood LEI Lemieux Humic or mesic; > 160 1 to 3K non-woody MBI MerBleue Mesic; > 160 2F 1-25% wood MK1 Malakoff Humic;1-25% wood 100-160 3HKto 4HK

*A range ofcapability ratingsappliesformostsoillandscape units due to ranges in depth oforganicmaterialto substratum . Slope classesassociatedwith thesoillandscapeunits in themap symbol do not influence the capability ratings.

Table 11. Agricultural capability ratings for land type and miscellaneous land units

Eroded Recent Channels Escarpments Landslide Marshland Alluvium ER X1 X2 X3 LD ML AR1 AR2 Land Units **Slope Class 7T 6T 7TF 7RT 4TDW 7WI' 51'W' 51'W'F Land altered Rockland by man RKl RK2 RK3 RK4 DL, LF, SL, TR, U Land Units **Slope Class 7R 7RT' 7RT' 7R NR

**A slope class mayor may not begivenforLand 7ype Units. Somearegiven in compoundmap unitsin order that theappropriate slope, stoninessand/orrockiness classesare associated with the correctmap unit component. They arenotrequired when determining the agriculturalcapability rating. NR: NotRated. B. SOIL INTERPRETATIONS FOR soil organic matter and soil structure, through good soil management, can greatly affect soil erodibility potentials. WATER EROSION Soil erosion by water has been found to increase, with both byG.J. Wall and I.J. Shelton, increasing slope gradients and slope lengths . Steep slopes facil- Pedologists, Agriculture Canada, Ontario Institute of Pedol- itate the runoff of water and reduce the infiltration rate. The ogy potential for erosion on long slopes is enhanced by rapid and Guelph, Ontario voluminous runoff which can generate high erosive energy at (1) Introduction downslope positions. Hence the effective slope length should be an important soil conservation consideration in farm field Soil erosion by water is a naturally occurring process that consolidation efforts. can be greatly accelerated by man's activity. Any practice that accelerates soil runoff, or reduces the natural protection The erosion reduction effects of vegetative cover or afforded by vegetative cover, will generally lead to increasing mulches are well known. Table 12 illustrates the relative effec- erosion levels. It is commonly held that soil erosion reduces tiveness of common field crops in reducing water erosion production potential, depletes nutrients, and degrades soil potential in Ontario. If unvegetated or bare soil is assigned a tilth. However, recent studies in the Canadian Great Lakes numerical value of 1 .0, then the vegetative cover afforded by basin have illustrated the need to look beyond the on-site bean, tomato, or cucumber crops has the potential to reduce effects of soil erosion and consider the role of sediments, soil loss by sheet and rill erosion to approximately 47% of that derived from cropland, on water quality. Any comprehensive lost under bare soil conditions (Table 12). Similarly, a hay- soil conservationprogram will recognize the dual nature of the pasture or permanent pasture vegetation cover has the poten- problem ofsoil erosion by water. tial of reducing water erosion to less than 10% of that from fallow or bare land . The purpose ofthis section is to provideinterpretations of the erosion potential of the Ottawa-Carleton Region soils and Table 12. The relative effectiveness ofcommon field crops in soil landscapes. Specifically, the objectives may be summa- reducing water erosion in Ontario rized as follows: Covertype C-factor value' (a) to determine the relative erodibility of surficial soil materials; Fallow land (bare soil) 1 .00 Beans .47 (b) to determine the effect of soil erodibility and slope on soil Cucumber .45 erosion potential; Tomato .43 (c) to provide information onthe effects of different crops and Continuous corn associated cropping practices on soil erosion potential; - fallplowed .45 (d) to illustrate how the soil maps, in combination with infor- - spring plowed .39 mation from the report, can be used to assess site-specific - chisel plowed .27 - zero tillage .08 soil erosion problems and alternative solutions; Corn in rotation .30 (e) to provide guidelines for estimating soil erosion potential Mixedgrains .27 at the regional scale. Winter wheat .25 (2) FactorsAffecting Soil Erosion by Water Rye .25 Tobacco .30 On-site planning for soil and water conservation requires Hay-pasture (rotation) .06 information on the relationship between factors that cause soil Permanent pasture .03 erosion, and practices that may reduce soil erosion. The most important factors affecting agricultural erosion are usually 'Cropping-managementfactor, Wischmeier and Smith (27) considered to be rainfall runoff, soil erodibility, slope gradient and length, and vegetative cover. (3) Measurement of Factors Affecting WaterErosion Both rainfall and runoff parameters must be considered in In order to make meaningful recommendations, with the assessment of a water erosion problem. Rainfall-induced respect to soil conservation practices, one must be able to rec- erosion is maximum whenthe energy ofthe rainfall is greatest. ognize the significance of a soil erosion problem, and provide In Ontario, it is the high-intensity, short-duration thunder- appropriate cost-effective erosion control alternatives when a storm activity of the summer months that produces the problem is encountered . Although qualitative approaches can highest-energy rainfall events. On the other hand, runoff from be useful in many circumstances, the temporal nature of soil agricultural land is greatest during the spring months when the erosion, as well as the difficulty in witnessing sheet erosion soils are usuallysaturated, the snow is melting, and evapotran- losses in the field, make a quantitative approach to erosion spiration is minimal . A good soil and water management pro- assessment and control recommendations more practical . gram must address itself to rainfall and runoff problems, in The quantification of the factors affecting agricultural both the spring and thesummer periods. erosion, i.e., rainfall, soil erodibility, slope vegetation and con- Soil erodibilityis defined as the inherent susceptibility of a servation measures, is based on widespread erosion research soil material to erode. Soil properties that influence erodibility compiled from nearly 10,000 plot-years of field data, and from by water are those that affect the infiltration rate, permeability rainfall records obtained from about 2,000 weather stations in and water-holding capacity of the soil. Soil properties that North America. The resulting soil erosion formula is in exten- resist the dispersion, splashing, abrasion and transporting sive use by the Soil Conservation Service of the United States forces of rainfall and runoff, also influence soil erodibility. Department of Agriculture, for applying and planning conser- Silt, silt loam and very fine sand soils often have the greatest vation measures that reduce soil erosionto acceptable amounts soil erodibility potential, whereas coarse sandy and clayey soils (27). It is onlyrecentlythat the erosion factors have been quan- usually have the least inherent soil erodibility. Maintenance of tified for use in Ontario (28, 29). The water erosion formula, A= RKLSCP, used to predict mula estimates sheet and rill erosion but does not consider soil average annual soil loss through sheet and rill erosion, is called losses caused by gully erosion or stream channel erosion. Since the Universal Soil Loss Equation (27), where the erosion formula does not contain a transport or delivery not predict sediment load of streams. A brief A - is the computed soil loss intons per acre peryear. factor it does description ofeach factor in the soil erosion formula follows. R - the rainfall factor, is thenumber oferosion-index unitsin a normalyear's rain. (a)RainfallFactor(R) unit ofero- The R-value reflects the erosivity of rains, and is generally K - the soilerodibility factor is theerosion rate, per range from 25 index for a specific soil, in cultivated, continuous fal- related to climatic factors. R-values for Ontario sion The Ottawa-Carleton Region has an approximate R low. This unit is expressed in tons per acre. to 100. value of 50. The distribution of R-values, for southern L - the slope length factor is the ratio of soil loss from a field Ontario, is shown inFigure 35 and discussed elsewhere by Wall slope length, to soil loss from a 72.6 foot plot. et. al. (30) . S - the slope gradient factor is the ratio of soil loss from the (b) SoilErodibilityFactor (K) field slope gradient, to soil loss from a 9% plot slope. The K-valuereflects the inherent erodibilityof a soil dueto C - the cropping-management factor is the ratio of soil loss the erosive activity ofwater. with specific vegetation or cover and manage- from a field illustrates the K-values and K-ranges for the soils ment, to soil loss from the standard, bare or fallow condi Table 13 effect of all the of the Ottawa-Carleton Region. The K-values were computed tion. This factor measures the combined and Smith (27) . These cover and management variables, plus the by the method outlined by Wischmeier interrelated range for a low of .05 for the Uplands Association growth stage and vegetal cover, during rainfall episodes. K-values soils, due in part to the high proportion of medium and fine P - the erosion control practice factor is the ratio of soil loss sands characteristics ofthese soils, to a meanhighof .43 for the using aparticularmanagement practice, to soil loss from a poorly drained Bainsville soils of the Castor Association, field notusing thatpractice. which contain a large proportion of easily erodible very fine When the numerical values for each variable are multi- sand and silt. In terms of relative erodibility, theBainsville soils plied together, the product is the average annual soil loss, in t/ are about 8 times moreerodible than the Upland soils (.41/.05), ac/yr (conversion to metric equivalents, t/ha/yr requires when allother soil loss factors are held constant. multiplication by 2.24). It should be emphasized that the for-

00011, 50 0 Rainfall Factor (R) - Value " Climatic Stations

0 150 Km

Figure35. Distribution ofthe rainfall factor "R" for southern Ontario. Table 13. K-values, K-ranges and erodibility classes for the Ottawa-Carleton soils soil Soil Drainage Applicable Soil Soil Erodibility' Erodibility Association Series Class Landscape Unit(s) Value Range Class Anstruther Anstruther W Al .20 - Slight (A) Kanata W Al .24 - Slight Bearbrook Wendover I 131 .26 - Slight (B) Bearbrook P B2 B4 .23 .22-.25 Slight Unnamed VP B3 - - Slight Castor Castor I C2 C3 C4 .30 .25-.35 Mod. Severe (C) Bainsville P C3 C4 C5 .43 - Severe Chateauguay Unnamed I CH4 CH5 - - Slight (CH) MacDonald P CH3 CH6 CH7 .30 .27-.32 Mod. Severe Dalhousie Dalhousie I D1 D2 D5 .26 - Slight (D) Brandon P D2 D3 D5 .19 .13-.26 Slight Unnamed VP D4 - - Negligible Farmington Farmington W F1 F4 F6 .23 .11-.35 Slight (F) Franktown I F2 F4 F5 .20 - Slight Brooke P F3 F5 F6 .30 - Mod. Severe Grenville Grenville W G1 G4 .31 .23-.38 Mod. Severe (G) Matilda I G2 G4 G5 .21 .13-.28 Slight Lyons P G3 G5 .20 - Slight Unnamed VP G6 < .20 - Slight Ironside Ironside W 1114 .13 .12-.14 Negligible (1) Unnamed I 1216 - - Slight Dwyer Hill P 1315 .08 - Negligible Jockvale Jockvale W J1 J7J8 .22 - Slight (J) Stapleton I 12,13,14 .09 - Negligible Vaudreuil P J5,13,14,18 .35 - Mod. Severe Unnamed VP J6 - - Negligible Kars Kars W K1 K3 K5 .15 .14-.16 Slight (K) Unnamed I K2 K4 < .15 - Slight Unnamed P K2 K4 < .15 - Slight Leitrim Vars W L5 L6 .23 - Slight (L) French Hill W Ll L3 L9 .16 - Slight Unnamed I L2 L3 L4 L5 L7 L8 < .20 - Slight Unnamed P L4 L7 < .20 - Slight Manotick Manotick W M1 .20 - Slight (M) Becketts Creek I M4 M3 M5 .16 .11-.22 Slight Allendale P M6 M5 .25 .15-.36 Slight Unnamed VP M7 < .25 - Slight Mille Isle Constance Bay W MI1 M12 MI5 MI6 .05 - Negligible (MI) HerbertCorners I MI2 MI4 .06 - Negligible Dunrobin P M13 M15 MI6 .07 - Negligible Nepean Nepean W N1 .24 - Slight (N) Marchhurst W N1 .25 - Slight Fallowfield I N4 N5 < .25 - Slight Barrhaven P N3 N5 < .25 - Slight North Gower Carp I NG1 NG3 .28 - Slight (NG) North Gower P NG2 NG3 NG5 .26 .22-.34 Slight Belmeade VP NG4 < .26 - Slight Oka Munster W 01 .17 .16-.17 Slight (0) Oka W 01 < .20 - Slight Unnamed W 03 < .20 - Slight Unnamed W 04 < .20 - Slight Unnamed I 02 < .20 - Slight Osgoode Piperville I OS1 OS2 OS4 .34 - Mod. Severe (OS) Osgoode P OS2 OS3 OS4 .31 .26-.38 Mod. Severe Carsonby P OS2 OS3 OS4 < .35 - Mod. Severe Ottawa Buckham Bay W OT1 OT2 < .05 - Negligible (OT) Unnamed I OT3 < .05 - Negligible Unnamed P OT3 < .05 - Negligible Queensway Queensway W 01 Q4 .13 - Negligible (Q) Galesburg W Q1 04 .14 - Negligible Unnamed 1 04 < .15 - Negligible Unnamed P Q3 < .15 - Negligible (Continued onPage 98) Table 13. continued Soil Soil Drainage Applicable Soil Soil Erodibility' Erodibility Association Series Class Landscape Unit(s) Value Range Class Rideau Rideau I R1 R2 R5 .15 - Negligible (R) Ste. Rosalie P R2 R3 R5 .15 - Negligible Laplaine VP R4 < .15 - Negligible Reevecraig Unnamed I RE1 RE2 < .35 - Mod. Severe (RE) Reevecraig P RE1 RE2 RE3 .25 - Slight St. Thomas St. Thomas W ST1 ST2 ST3 ST8 ST5 .23 .20-.28 Slight (ST) Vinette I ST2 ST4 ST7 ST8 .22 .l4.30 Slight Cheney P ST3 ST4ST5 ST6 ST7 <.05 - Negligible Uplands Uplands W Ul U3 U5 U15 .04 - Negligible (U) Rubicon I U3 U8 U11 <.05 - Negligible St. Samuel P U5 U8 U11 U13 <.05 - Negligible 'where nosoilerodibility valueisgiven theerodibility classhas been estimatedbased onfield observations andcomputed valuesfrom otherdrainageclasses oftheassociation andgeneralvaluesforsimilarsurface texturesfrom Table 15.

Table 14 also categorizes the various soils into five soil Table 15. Soil erodibility (K-factor) values forcommon erodibility classes (negligible to very severe) based upon their surfacetextures in the Ottawa-Carleton Region respective K-values. The guidelines used for establishing these K-factor soil erodibility classes are given in Table 14. The soils in the Samples Samples Ottawa-Carleton Region range from negligible to severe . with with The particle size distribution (% sand, silt and clay) and <4% >4% Range organic matter content are important factors in determining Organic Organic of soil erodibility. Table 15 provides an alternative method of Textural Class Matter Matter Values approximating K-values, if onlysoil texture and organic matter content are known. The K-values reported in Table 15 were Sand - - - computed from data gathered from almost 100 surface hori- Fine Sand .16 .12 .08-.24 zons, sampled duringthe soil mapping of the Ottawa-Carleton VeryFine Sand - - - Region . If thetextural class is known, but not the organic mat- Loamy Sand .05 .01 .01-.05 ter content, a K-value can be estimated from the range of val- Loamy Fine Sand .09 .08 - ues ofthe last column of Table 15 . Coarse Sandy Loam .15 .13 .10-.16 Sandy Loam .15 .09 .06-.24 Table 14. Guidelines forestablishing soil erodibility classes Fine Sandy Loam .23 .18 .07-.29 VeryFine SandyLoam .42 .37 .28-.50 Soil Soil characteristics Loam .32 .24 .21-.43 erodibility K- significant for Silt Loam .28 .21 .06-.38 Class potential value' watererosion Sandy Clay Loam .19 .14 - 1 Negligible less Silt and very fine sand Clay Loam .22 .17 - than <25%; >4%organic mat- SiltyClay Loam .24 .15 .11-.26 .15 ter; very fine granularstruc- SiltyClay .13 .09 .06-.16 ture ; rapid permeability Clay .06 .04 .03-.07 2 Slight .15-.30 Silt and veryfine sand, 25- 40%; <410 organicmatter; medium or coarse granular (c) SlopeGradient (S) andSlopeLength (L)Factors structure ; moderate permea- The close interaction between slope and field length has bility resulted in their combination into one variable, LS, known as 3 Moderately .30-.40 Silt and veryfine sand, 40- the topographic factor. Table 16 presents, in chart form, the severe 80%; <3% organic matter; LS-values covering a wide range of slope and field lengths. medium orcoarse granular For slope or field lengths withinthe range ofthe table, but not structure; slow to moderate presented explicitly, linear interpolation will provide a satis- permeability factory value . 4 Severe .40-.50 Silt and very fine sand, (d) Cropping andManagementFactor (C) >80%; <2% organic mat- The C factor reflects the influence of various types of ter; blocky, platy or massive crops and management practices on sheet and rill erosion. structure; slow permeability The Cfactor is a quantification of the quantity and quality of 5 Very more Silt and very fine sand, protection afforded to the soil by each specific crop and/or severe than >90%; < 1%organic mat- management practice at various crop stages throughout the .50 ter; blocky, platyor. massive year. The percent of erosive rainfall that can be expeçted to structure; very slow permea- fall during each of the crop stages is also taken into consider- bility ation when calculating C factor values. The correspondence between periods of erosive rainfall and the stages of manage- 'Adaptedfrom Wischmeier, W.H. andD.D. Smith (27) ment operations and crop development differs between geo- graphic regions . Therefore, the C values for specific crops in the same. However, as the value of C approaches 0, this repre- Ottawa-Carleton, calculated on the basis of climatic, crop sents an increasingly greater reduction inthe potential erosion andmanagementdatafrom this region, will not necessarily be due to the effects of the crop and management systems. An the same ad C values for the same crops that are developed for extreme C value of approximately 0 would indicate that the other areas in Ontario . crop and management system has virtually eliminated the The C factor represents the components of sheet and rill chance of erosion occurring . erosion which are most easily controlled or modified through C values that are between the two extremes represent the management; whereas the given attributes of a field or area, proportion by which the soil loss from a bare field would be namely the climate (or more specifically the annual erosive reduced under an alternative crop and/or management sys rainfall), soils and landscape are represented by the R, K and tem. For example, a C value of 0.50 (conventional fall tillage LS components of the USLE, respectively. of silage corn following field crops, see Table 17) indicates Information on crop and management practices specific that this type of crop and management practice reduces the to the Ottawa-Carleton region was obtained from agricul- long-term, average annual potential erosion to 50010 of that tural extension personnel . This included information on the which would have occurred on bare soil. If all other factors amount and quality of soil protection provided during and are held constant, a winter wheat crop (C = 0.27) planted on between crops; the type and timing oftillage operations; and the same field after conventional tillage in the fall would estimated seedbed preparation, planting, and harvest dates . reduce the potential erosion to 27076, compared to the loss The climatic information was obtained from previously- during bare soil conditions. Potential soil losses would be published erosion indices (30) . reduced to 2016 ifalfalfa (C = 0.02) were present onthe field. Basically, a C factor is the ratio between the amount of Generally, C values are lowest (ie. reflect good erosion- soil eroded from a field under a specific crop and manage- reducing potential) for crop and management systems that ment system to the amount of soil which would be eroded cover and protect the soil for the longest period oftime, espe from the same field kept in a bare, continuously fallow state . cially during peak annual rainfall periods. Good crop growth, C factor values range from 0 to 1 . A value of 1 represents a a high percent final canopy cover, residues of plant materials bare, continuously-fallow condition . When this value is left in the soil and practices whichleave residue on the surface applied to the rest of the equation, the soil loss calculated alsocontribute to relatively low C values. form the physical attributes alone (RKLS) essentially remains

Table 16. LS-values for different combinations of slope length and slope gradient

Slope Slope Length (m) Gradient Percent 10 15 20 25 30 40 SO 60 75 100 125 150 200 250 300 0.2 .063 .069 .073 .076 .080 .084 .088 .091 .095 .101 .105 .109 .116 .121 .125 0.5 .076 .083 .088 .092 .095 .101 .105 .109 .114 .121 .126 .131 .139 .145 .151 0.8 .090 .098 .104 .108 .112 .119 .124 .129 .135 .143 .149 .155 .164 .172 .178 2 .144 .162 .177 .189 .200 .218 .233 .246 .263 .287 .307 .324 .353 .377 .399 3 .205 .232 .253 .270 .285 .311 .333 .351 .376 .410 .438 .463 .504 .539 .570 4 .256 .301 .338 .369 .397 .446 .487 .524 .573 .643 .703 .756 .849 .928 .998 5 .306 .375 .433 .485 .531 .613 .685 .751 .839 .969 1 .08 1 .19 1 .37 1 .53 1 .68 6 .385 .472 .545 .609 .667 .770 .861 .943 1 .05 1 .22 1 .36 1.49 1.72 1 .93 2.11 8 .568 .695 .803 .898 .983 1 .14 1 .27 1 .39 1 .56 1 .80 2.01 2 .20 2 .54 2.84 3.11 10 .784 .960 1.11 1 .24 1 .36 1.57 1 .75 1 .92 2.15 2.48 2.77 3.04 3.51 3.92 4.29 12 1 .03 1.27 1 .46 1 .63 1 .79 2.07 2.31 2.53 2.83 3 .27 3 .65 4.00 4.62 5.17 5.66 14 1 .13 1.61 1.86 2.08 2.28 2.63 2.94 3.22 3.60 4.16 4.65 5.09 5.88 6.57 7.20 16 1 .63 1 .99 2.30 2.57 2.82 3 .25 3 .63 3.98 4.45 5 .14 5 .75 6.30 7 .27 8.13 8.90 18 1.97 2.41 2.78 3.11 3.41 3.93 .4.40 4.82 5.39 6.22 6.95 7.62 8.80 9.83 10.8 20 2.34 2.86 3.30 3 .69 4.05 4 .67 5 .22 5.72 6.40 7.39 8.26 9 .05 10.4 11 .7 12.8

Table 17. C-Values for Continuous and Rotational Cropsin the Ottawa-Carleton Region

Crop Previous Crop Management before Crop C Value

Corn corn, grain Fall moldboard plow 0 .37 (grain) corn, grain (first year after meadow) Fall moldboard plow 0 .20 corn, grain (second year after meadow) Fall moldboard plow 0.34 beans Fall moldboardplow 0 .43 beans (1 styr. after meadow) Fall moldboard plow 0.23 beans (2nd yr. after meadow) Fall moldboard plow 0.41 Corn field crops Fall moldboard plow 0.50 (silage) field crops (1 st yr. aftermeadow) Fall moldboard plow 0.27 field crops (2nd yr. after meadow) Fall moldboard plow 0.47 Soybeans beans, peas Fall moldboard plow 0.54 (7" row) Fall chisel/disk 0.45 corn, grain Fall moldboard plow 0.46 Fall chisel/disk 0.40 Winter Wheat field crops Fall moldboard plow 0.27 field crops Fall moldboard plow 0.22 (inter or underseeded with forage crop) fieldcrops Fall chisel/disk 0.22 field crops Fall chisel/disk 0 .17 (inter or underseeded with forage crop) Grain field crops Fall moldboard plow 0.41 field crops Fall moldboard plow 0.30 (inter or underseeded with forage crop) field crops Fall chisel/disk 0.36 field crops Fall chisel/disk 0.25 (inter or underseeded with forage crop) Forages field crops Fall moldboard plow - establishing year (Sept. 10to Oct. l) 0.25 (ifdirect seeded) (Oct. l to Nov. 15) 0.17 - established meadow - Alfalfa 0.02 - Grass and legumemix 0.004 - Red clover 0.015 Canola canola, beans Fall moldboard plow 0.43 corn, grain Fall moldboard plow 0 .39 Peas canola, beans Fall moldboard plow 0.55 corn, grain Fall moldboard plow 0.49 White Beans canola, beans Fall moldboard plow 0.62 corn, grain Fall moldboard plow 0.54 Table 17 . continued

No. of Crop Years Crop Rotation Management before Crop CValve in Rotation

1 Corn -Soybeans a) Grain corn Fallmoldboard plow (before soybeans) 0.45 2 Fall chisel/disk (before soybeans) 0 .42 2 b) Silage corn Fall moldboard plow (before soybeans) 0.48 2 2 Corn- Winter Wheat a) Graincorn Fall moldboard plow 0.32 2 Fall chisel/disk 0.30 2 b) Silage corn Fall moldboard plow 0.39 2 3 Corn -Canola a) Grain corn 0 .41 2 b) Silage corn 0.47 2 4 Corn - Peas a) Grain corn 0.41 2 b) Silage corn 0.50 2 5 Corn -Corn - Corn -Grain - Red Clover - Red Clover a) Grain corn Direct seeded Red Clover Fall moldboardplow (before grain)* 0.26 6 Fall chisel (before grain) 0.25 6 RedClover Inter or Fall moldboardplow 0.22 6 Underseeded in Grain (before grain) Fall chisel (before grain) 0.20 6 b) Silage corn Direct seeded Red Clover Fall moldboard plow (before grain) 0.32 6 Fall chisel (before grain) 0.30 6 Red Clover Underseeded Fall moldboard plow 0.27 6 in Grain (before grain) Fall chisel (before grain) 0.25 6 6 Corn-Corn-Corn-Grain -Alfalfa -Alfalfa -Alfalfa - (Alfalfa) a) Grain corn Direct seeded Alfalfa Fall moldboardplow 0.23 7 (3 year Alfalfa) (before grain) Fall chisel (before grain) 0.21 7 Inter or UnderseededAlfalfa Fall moldboardplow (before grain) 0.19 7 (3 year Alfalfa) Fall chisel (before grain) 0.17 7 Direct seeded Fall moldboard plow 0.20 8 (4 year Alfalfa) (before grain) Fall chisel (before grain) 0.19 8 Inter or Underseeded Alfalfa Fall moldboard plow (before grain) 0.17 8 (4 year Alfalfa) Fall chisel (before grain) 0.15 8 b) Silage corn Direct seeded (3 year) Fallmoldboard plow (before grain) 0.28 7 Fall chisel (before grain) 0.26 7 Inter or Underseeded (3 year) Fall moldboard plow (before grain) 0.23 7 Fall chisel (before grain) 0.22 7 Direct seeded (4 year) Fall moldboard plow (before grain) 0.25 8 Fall chisel (before grain) 0.23 8 Inter or Underseeded (4 year) Fallmoldboard plow (before grain) 0.21 8 Fall chisel (before grain) 0.20 8

* Thesame management before crop is assumedfor both corn andgrainfor this andsucceeding examples. C values were calculated for common crops and manage- crop and management systems within the Ottawa-Carleton ment practices in the Ottawa-Carleton Region, and are pre- Region. sented inTable 17. Field crops grown inthe include canola, area (4) Soil Erosion Assessment corn, forages, grain, peas, soybeans, white beans and winter wheat . The most common tillage practice is fall moldboard Regional or site-specific assessment of soil erosion poten- plowing (conventional tillage), with some chisel plowing and tial may be calculated using the quantitative relationships disking (reduced tillage) done as well. Underseeding or inter- developed in the universal soil loss equation and information seeding of the grain and wheat crops with forages are other contained in this report. A graphical solution of the universal practices being utilized . soil loss equation, in the form of a nomograph, is available for ease of computation . The soil loss nomograph provides a rapid The lowest C values calculated for crops in the Ottawa- method for assessing the effect of many land uses on soil loss Carleton area were for forages (alfalfa, C = 0.02; red clover C potentials, for various soil and slope conditions. The following = 0.015); crops which tend to provide good cover throughout discussion illustrates how information contained in this sec- runoff, promote mostofthe year, reduce infiltration ofrainwa- tion, and elsewhere in the soil report, may be used for predict- ter into the soil and the residuals of which can provide erosion ing soil loss potentials on a regional basis. resistance for up to two years after the meadowis replaced with other crops. This benefit is reflected in the lower C values for Regional SoilLossPbtential grain corn, one and two years after a meadow crop (C = 0.20 The soil maps of the Ottawa-Carleton Region provide delinea- and 0.34, respectively), as compared to a corn crop grown after tions of soil, slope, and drainage conditions, at a scale of other field crops and inexcess of twoyears after ameadowcrop 1 :50,000. Information contained in this section, with respect (C = 0.37) . to soil erosion, can be used with information contained on the Grain corn (C = 0.37), which leaves more residue on the soil maps and legends to assess the relative erosion potential of surface after harvest than silage corn (C = 0.50), also has a most map unit delineations. Figure 36 illustrates part of a soil lower C value than the latter. The C value also indicates that map and legend for the Ottawa-Carleton Region. soybeans in rotation (C = 0.46) tend to resist erosion better Using Figure 36 as an example, the following discussion than thosegrown continuously (C = 0.54) or after similar, low illustrates how interpretations of regional soil loss potential residue-producing field crops. Fall tillage tends to expose the from erosion can bemade. soil surface for a longer period of time than spring tillage. However the heavy texture of many of the Ottawa-Carleton 1 . In Figure 36, locate areas on the map for which the erosion soils does not make spring tillage practices feasible. The neces- potential is desired, and note the map unit symbol. For sity of fall tilling can be compensated for, where possible, by example, select soil map unit Gl/S1 .4, which represents 2 reducing tillage operations so that more residue is left on the areas ofwelldrained soils of theGrenville soil association in soil. For example, the soil conserving-benefits of reduced till- Figure 36. age are reflected in the C value for winter wheat after chisel 2. Go to the map legend and find the appropriate soil associa- plowing or disking as the only tillage (C = 0.22) as compared tion - Grenville (G), and the appropriate soil landscape to the same crop after moldboard plowing and disking (C = unit, ie. G 1 . Stoniness class (S1) need not be directly consid- 0.27). ered. Slope Class (4) is noted. Other practices which can help to control erosion include 3 . Determine the erodibility ofthe G1 soil landscape unit from the inclusion of winter cover crops in a rotation, or underseed- Table 13 . (Gl = 0.31) ing crops to forage crops to provide some soil cover over the 4 . Determine the topographic factors (L-S values) for Slope winter months (for example, C = 0.41 for grain crops without 4 from Table 16 . For example, use L = 100 m underseeding, 0.36 for underseeding) . Class (5-9%) and S = 6%, thus LS = 1.22. The above C values represent the potential soil loss reduc- nomograph (Figure 37), locate tion (compared bare field condition) during a particular 5 . Using the soil loss prediction to the K and LS-values for the G1/S 1 .4 map unit on the appro- crop year. Crop rotation systems tend to have lower average 1 line K annual values than continuous crops, as relatively high C val- priateaxes (K = .31, LS = .22). Draw a between the C and LS values to intersect the pivot line. Draw another line ues of some crops are offset by low values of others, when the or proposed through the point divided by form the current land use values for all crops in the rotation are summed and where the K-LS and the pivot lines intersect, to the soil loss the total number ofcrop years in the system. Forexample, con- potential axis. For example, ifcorn was the existing or pro- tinuous silage corn has a C value of 0.50, but if corn was posed crop, the soil loss for the corn land use on G1/S1.4 rotated on a one year basis with a crop of a lesser C value (eg. soil map unit would be approximately 14 t/ha, a moder- grain after fall chiselling, C = 0.30) the average C value forthe ately severe amount. Note that the G1 soil landscape unit two-year rotation would be 0.40 (0.50 + 0.30 / 2). has only one drainage component, ie. well or good. Many The introduction of a forage crop into the rotation (eg. soil landscape units have two drainage components or alfalfa, C = 0.02) has a beneficial effect duringthe duration of classes. G4 soils, for example, are dominantly well drained the meadow, and for up to two years after. A rotation of three with significant proportions of imperfectly drained soils. years corn, one year fall-plowed grain would have a C value of These two components have separate erodibility values, 0.38. Ifthree years of alfalfa (direct seeded the first year) were both of which should be considered in an erosion assess- added to this rotation, the average annual C value would ment . In addition to this, many soil map unit symbols con- decrease to 0.25, and if the alfalfa were underseeded in the tain two soil landscape units from different soil grain the amount would be reduced even more to a C value of associations . In these cases, the K-value of each drainage 0.23 . class of each soil landscape unit should be noted and The C factors presented in Table 17 provide an estimate of assessed according to its relative proportion in the soil land- the erosion-controlling effectiveness of each crop. In practice, scape. (See section on MappingSystem.) this effectiveness will vary depending on the given site condi 6. Repeat interpretations for other map unit symbols in inter- tions and the quality ofmanagement. These general values can est to gain a regional perspective of the potential soil ero- be used to estimate the effectiveness of existing, or alternative, sion loss .

102

SOIL SOIL MATERIAL DESCRIPTION MAIN SURFACE SOIL LANDSCAPE DRAINAGE ASSOCIATION TEXTURE UNIT Dominant Significant

Grenville Alkaline, stony, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, G1 Good (G) sandy loam, loam or silt loam loam, silt loam G2 Imperfect G3 Poor G4 Good Imperfect G5 Imperfect Poor G6 Very poor

STONINESS CLASSES SLOPE CLASSES

Class Percent stones on surface Class Percent

S1 0.01-0.1 4 5-9

Figure 36. Portion of a soil map and legend for the Ottawa-Carleton Region .

The potential soil loss, calculated in this way, provides a Table 18. Guidelines for assessing soil erosion potential classes general estimate ofthe potential erosion for a region. However, if the regional estimate is applied to specific fields, differences Soil erosion Soil erosion potential will exist because the regional information lacks the accuracy class t/ha/yr soil loss of asite-specific assessment . 1 Negligible (< 6) An erosion potential classification system has been devel- 2 Slight (6-11) oped to quantify potential soil erosion losses into a five-class 3 Moderately Severe (11-22) system, ranging from negligible to very severe (Table 18) . 4 Severe (22-33) Results derived form the soil loss potential can be assessed, 5 Very Severe (>33) using Table 18, to determine whether unacceptable losses occur. If so, the crops or conservation measures that would be most appropriate to reduce erosion can be determined.

SLOPE FACTOR (LS) 3.02.0 1 .0 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.25 Meadow

Winter Wheat

Grain Corn -P- O --~ m Canola -P. ôz Corn Silage Soybeans MODERATELY SEVERE ? ô

O H O C? N Q W 0 z Q 0.0 SOIL ERODIBILITY 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 (K)

Figure 37. Nomograph for the prediction of cropland erosion potential in the Ottawa-Carleton Region. when the land area, usually represented by a soil landscape C. LAND SUITABILITY unit, has two drainage conditions for which different suitabil- CLASSIFICATION FOR COMMON ity classes apply. An example is arating of FP (Fair to Poor) for TREE SPECIES White Pine on soil landscape unit C3, which is dominantly FOREST imperfectly drained with a significant area also being poorly by R.K. Keane, Senior Program Technician, Fast Growing drained. In this instance, the land area is dominantly Fair (F) Forests, Technology Development Group, Ontario Minis- forWhite Pine with a significant portion also being Poor (P). try of Natural Resources, Brockville, Ontario Suitabilityclasses which compose the ratings are based on (1) Introduction identified soil conditions within land areas as defined in the The purpose of this section of the soil survey report is to map legend and report. These, in turn, were evaluated for their provide a general assessment of the suitability of mapped land limiting effects on tree growth and survival. Various soil man- areas forcommonly planted forest tree species. It is intended to agement techniques could, however, overcome some ofthe lim- beused only as a guide for broad scale planning purposes, with iting effects of soil conditions identified for some land areas. some potential users being resource managers, urban and These were not considered when the appropriate classes and regional land use planners and specialists, and private land- ratings were determined. Thus, an area rated as Poor (P) due to owners. poor drainage could be improved byat least one class ifa drain- rating would be For individual site suitability an on-site verification of age system were installed, and the appropriate Poor (P). conditions must be carried out to insure the proper identifica- Fair (F) rather than tion of soil types and thus the most suitable species. The for In Table 19 suitability ratings applicable to each type of estry staff at your local Ontario Ministry ofNatural Resources land area mapped are given for the eight most commonly field office will assist this on-site inspection, and will outline planted forest tree species in eastern Ontario. These are: the proper management techniques for successful plantation Pu - Eastern White Pine; Pinus strobus establishmentand future tending. Pr - Red Pine; Pinus resinosa (2) Methods Sn - Norway Spruce; Picea abies glauca portrayed on the soil Sw - White Spruce; Picea Suitability assessments of land areas ; Thujaoccidentalis maps were made for eight commonly planted forest tree spe- Ce - Eastern White Cedar Tamarack ; Larixlaricina cies. These were based on the consideration ofsoil characteris Ta - growth and survival . Soil characteristics Le - European Larch; Larix decidua tics which affect tree Poplar; Populusssp. evaluated were: texture, internal drainage, pH, depth to free HPo - Hybrid carbonates, and available rooting volume. Experienced for- For information on the suitability and management of estry personnel used their knowledge of species soil require- other forest tree species, contact your localOntario Ministry of ments and responses to particular soil conditions to assess the Natural Resources field office. soil characteristics pertaining to each land area and arrive at (4) Limitations to the Rating System the growth and survival of each potential limiting factors for features tree species. Based on the combined effect ofthese limiting fac- Other landscape features, in addition to the soil species was associated with the type of land area, may be present in map tors, an appropriate suitability rating for each tree well determined . These are given in Table 19. delineations which can affect tree growth and survival as as operations associated with plantation establishment and Assessments weremade ona general basis for each type of tending. These features are shown along with the type of land land area defined in the map legends and in the report. These area in the map unit symbol and include : surface stoniness types of land areas are portrayed on the soil maps as a compo (shown as a stoniness class), surface slope (shown as a slope nent or components of the mapunit symbol in each map delin- class), and the presence of rock outcrops (shown as a rockiness eation. Types of land areas assessed included: (1) those class) . Surface stoniness and slope, when severe, may pose an represented by a soil landscape unit; (2) those represented by a operational limitation for plantation establishment and tend- soil landscape unit and applicable soil phase or phases; (3) ing. Rock outcrops, which may occur in some areas regardless those represented by a landtype unit; and (4) those represented of soil type, are unsuitable for all forest tree species. The suit- by a miscellaneous land unit. ability ratings which are given in Table 19 have been deter- (3) Explanation of SuitabilityRatings mined without taking these local, landscape-specific features into consideration. The presence of such features, however, Four suitabilityclasses were established to describespecies most ofland areamapped. These classes are will influence suitability and they must be considered. In suitabilityfor each type ratings than those given in Table 19 generalindicators of suitability since a numberof different lim instances, lower suitability in a for each type of land area mapped will apply. To illustrate this, iting factors for tree growth and survival may be present been must be evaluated collectively to arrive at consider the following example: If an area of land has land area, and these Pine (Pw) is given as G an appropriate suitability class. The classes are: mapped as G1, the rating for White (Good). However, if the area was also found to be excessively Good(G) - optimum potential for growth and survival stony in that particular map delineation (indicated by a stoni- Fair(F) - acceptable potential for growth and survival ness class of S5 in the map symbol), this would pose an addi- Poor(P) - limited potential for growth and survival tional limitation for plantation establishment and tending. Unsuitable(U) - severe limitations for growth and survival Thus, a more appropriate rating for the area in that map delin- One or a combination of these classes have been used to eation would in fact be P (Poor). determinethe suitability ratings given in Table 19. A single rat- Within map delineations, other soils or land types maybe ing consisting of one suitability class is given when either the present which are not indicated in the map unit symbol. This is land area has only one main drainage condition, or when two a limitation of the map scale (1 :50,000), which required large drainage conditions are present which affect species perform- areas of land to be delineated. An on-site verification of the ance inasimilarmanner. Thus the suitability rating for an indi- types ofland areas mappedis, therefore, important in order to vidual species may be good, fair, poor, or unsuitable. A identify potential variations and thus operational limitations. compound rating consisting of two suitability classes is given

105

This should be done before forest management or establish- ponent or components shown in a map symbol: ment activities commence. Contact your local Ontario Minis- 1. Study the "Explanation ofthe Map Unit Symbols" shown try of Natural Resources field office for assistance in forest on the border of each soil map. Also refer to the section of management decisions. the report "Definitions of Terms and Components Associ- (5) How toApply the Suitability Ratings Table ated with the Soil Maps and Legend." These provide expla- map unit symbols and their Before the suitability ratings table can be applied, one nations of the various types of respective components. must firstbe familiar withthe mapunit symbols which identify the type of land area or areas represented by map delineations. 2. Locate the symbol on the soil map for the area you are con- Recognition of the components of each symbol is necessary, cerned with. since the type of land areas upon which the ratings are based 3. Identify the land area component or components. One or account for atleast one component of each symbol . two types ofland areas may be portrayed in amapunitsym- A map unit symbol may contain one or two components bol, which may be a soil landscape, land type, or miscella- representing types ofland areas. Ifit contains one such compo- neous land unit as defined in the map legend. nent, only one set of suitability ratings for various tree species 4. Identify any soil phases which are shown and the type of apply. Ifitcontainstwo suchcomponents, however, two sets of land area or areas they are associated with. Only soil land- suitability ratings apply, one for each type of land area. When scapeunits have associated soil phases. two land area components are shown, the first one is dominant in occurrence while the second occurs in significant propor- 5. Proceed to Table 19. Suitability ratings by species are given tions. Refer to the section ofthe report, "Definitions ofTerms for all types of land areas without soil phases, and also for and Components Associated with the Soil Maps and Legend," those with soil phases. for more detailed explanations. 6. In the Land Area column, find each identified land area Once the types of land areas which are shown in a map with or without associated soil phases. Listed horizontally unit symbol have been determined, suitability ratings by spe- beside each area are suitability ratings for eight commonly cies for those areas can be found in Table 19 with one excep planted forest tree species in eastern Ontario. tion. Land areas represented by a soil landscape unit and an (6) Examples of Some Rating Determinations identified soil phase or phases constitute a separate land entity (a) For a map symbol of C3 which additional ratings by species are given. Four types of for 2 soil phases may be shown in a map unit symbol in conjunction with a soil landscape unit. These are: C3 is the land area component of the symbol for which ratings are given. S - Shallow Phase - bedrock occurs at 50 to 100 cm depth suitability Listed O - OrganicPhase -- 15 to 40 cm of organic material at the From Table 19, locate C3 in the land area column. surface horizontally beside C3 are the suitability ratings for eight forest tree species, i.e. C3 is rated PU (Poor to Unsuitable) C - Coarse Phase - 15 to 40 cm of surface material sig- for White Spruce (Sw). nificantly coarser textured than the underlying material For a map symbol of F1-Gl R2.3-S1.2 F -Fine Phase - 15 to 40 cm of surface material significantly finer textured than the F1 and GI are the land area components ofthe symbol for underlying material which separate suitability ratings aregiven. Other symbol components such as slope class or stoniness From Table 19, F1 is rated U (Unsuitable) for White Pine class are not required to determine suitability ratings in the (Pw), and G1 is rated G (Good) forthe same species. table. These components were not considered in the interpre From the "Explanations ofthe Map Unit Symbols" on the tive process, but as discussed inthe section "Limitationsto the soil map, F1 is the dominantly occurring land area, and G1 Rating System," may be severe enough to warrant modifica- occurs in significant proportions. the givenratings for each tree species. tion of Thus, the delineated area is dominantly Unsuitable for The following procedure should be followed when deter- White Pine, with a lesser but significant proportion being mining the suitability ratings by species for the land area com- Good for the same species. Table 19. Land suitability ratingsfor commonly planted forest tree species inEastern Ontario Rating byspecies Soil association, land type, ormiscellaneous land area Land area Pw Pr Sn Sw Ce Ta Le HPo Anstruther (A) Al U U U U F P U U Recent Alluvium (AR) ARI U U U U U U U U AR2 U U U U U U U U Bearbrook (B) B1 F U P U F F P F B2 P U U U P P U P B3 U U U U U U U U B4 P U U U P P U P Borromee (BE) BEI U U U U U P U U Castor (C) C2 F U F P F G P F C3 FP U FP PU FP FP PU FP C4 PF U PF U PF PF UP PF C5 P U P U P P U P C5.S P U U U P P U U Chateauguay (CH) CH3 P U U U F P U P CH4 F U F P F G U G CH4.S P U P U P F U P CH5 F U F P F F U P CH6 P U U U F F U P CH7 P U U U F F U P Dalhousie (D) DI F U F P F G P F D2 FP U FP PU FP GF PU FP D2.C FP U FP PU FP GF PU FP D3 P U U U P F U P D3 .C P U U U P G U P D3.S P U U U P F U U D4 U U U U U U U U D4.0 U U U U U U U U D5 PF U UP UP PF FG UP PF Eroded Channels (ER) ER P P P P F F U U Farmington (F) FI U U U U F P U U FIX U U U U F P U U F2 P U U U F F U P F2.F P U U U F F U P F3 U U U U P P U U F3 .0 U U U U P P U U F4 UP U U U F PF U UP F4.F UP U U U F PF U UP F5 U U U U FP FP U PU F6 U U U U FP P U U Goulbourn (GB) GB1 U U U U U P U U Greely (GY) GYI U U U U U P U U Grenville (G) GI G P F G G F G F GI .C G P F G G P G F G1 .S F U F P F F F P G2 G P P F G G F G G2.C G P P F G F F G G2.S F U P P F G P F G3 P U U U F F P F G3.C P U U U F P P F G3.0 P U U U F F P P G3.S P U U U F F U P G4 G PU FP GF G FG GF FG G4.S F U FP GP F FG FP PF G5- P PU PU FP GF GF PU GF G5.S P U PU FU GF GF U FP G6 U U U U U U U U

(Continued on Page 108) Table 19. continued

Soil association, land type, Ratingby species or miscellaneous land area Land area Pw Pr Sn Sw Ce Ta it HPo Huntley (H) H1 U U U U U P U U Ironside (1) I1 G F G F F F G P ILS F U F P F F F U 12 G P G G F G G F 12.S F U F P F G F U 13 F U P P F F P F 13 .S P U U U F F U U 14 G G G G P F G P 15 F U P P F F P F 16 G F G G F G F F Jockvale (J) J1 FG GF FG PF PF PF GF UF J1 .S PF FP PF UP PF PF F UP J2 G F G F F F F F J3 GF FU GF FU FP FP FP F J4 FG UF FG UF F PF PF F J4.F FG UF FG UF F PF PF F J4.S PF UP PF UP PF PF UF UP J5 F U F U F P P F J5 .S P U P U P P U U J6 U U U U U U U U J6.0 U U U U U U U U J7 F G F P P P G U J7 .S P F P U U U F U J8 F GU F PU PF P GP UF Kars (K) Kl U P U F P P F U K2 P U P U F F P P K3 U P U F P P F U K4 P U P U F F P P K5 U P U F P P F U Landslide (LD) LD U U U U U U U U Leitrim (L) LI F G F P P F F U L2 F F F P P F P U L3 F GF F P P F FP U L4 FP FU FP PU PU FP PU U L5 F GF F P P F FP U L6 F G F P P F F U L7 FP FU FP PU PU FP PU U L8 F GF F P P F FP U L9 F G F P P F F U L9.S P P P P P P P U Lemieux (LE) LEI U U U U U U U U Malakoff (MK) MK1 U U U U U U U U Manotick (M) M1 GF FP GF FP P PF GF PF M1 .S FP U FP U P PF GF U M3 FP PU FP PU PU F FP FP M4 F P F P P F F F M5 PF UP PF UP UP F PF PF M6 P U P U U F P P M6.C P U P U U F P P M7 U U U U U U U U M7.0 U U U U U U U U MerBleue (MB) MB1 U U U U U P U U Mille Isle (MI) Mil P G P P U U F U M12 GF GF GF FP PF PF GF UP M13 P P P U P P P P M13.0 U P P U P P P P M14 F F F P F F F P M15 GP GP GP FU P P GP UP M16 PG PG PG UF P P PG PU (ContinuedonPage 109) 108 Table 19. continued

Soil association, land type, Rating by species ormiscellaneous land area Land area Pw Pr Sn SW Ce Ta lie HPo Marshland (ML) ML U U U U U U U U Nepean (N) N1 U U U U U U U U N3 U U U U U P U U N4 UP U UP U U UP U U N5 PU U U U U P U U North Gower (NG) NG1 G P G F F G F G NGLS F U F P F G P P NG2 F U F P F G P F NG2.C F U F P F G P F NG2.0 P U P U F G P P NG2.S P U P U F G U P NG2.CS P U P U F G U P NG3 GF PU GF FP F G FP GF NG4 U U U U U U U U NG4.0 U U U U U U U U NG5 F U F P F G P F Oka (0) 01 P U P U P P P U O1 .S P U P U P P P U 02 F U F P F F F P 02.S P U P U P P P U 03 P U P U P P F U 04 F U F P F F F P 05 P U P U P P F U Osgoode (OS) OS1 G P G F G G F G OS1 .C G P G F G G F G OS2 FG UP FG PF FG G PF FG OS3 F U F P F G P F OS3 .C F U F P F G P F OS3.F F U F P F G P F OS3.FO P U P P F G P P OS3.0 P U P P F G P P OS3.S P U P U F F U U OS3.SO U U U U F F U U OS4 GF PU GF FP GF G FP GF Ottawa (OT) OT1 P G P F P P F U OT2 PF G PF F PF PF F UP OT3 F GP F FP F F FP P Queensway (Q) Q1 G F G F F F G P Q1 .S F P F P F F G U Q3 P U P U P G P F Q4 G F G FP F FG GF PF Reevecraig (RE) RE I GP U FP FU GF GF PU GF RE2 PG U PF UF FG FG UP FG RE3 P U P U F F U F Rideau (R) R1 P U P U F F U P R2 PU U PU U FP FP U PU R3 U U U U P P U U R3.C P U P U F F U P R3.S U U U U P P U U R4.0 U U U U U U U U R5 UP U UP U PF PF U UP Rockland (RK) RK1 U U U U F P U U RK2 U U U U F P U U RK3 U U U U P U U U RK4 U U U U U U U U

(Continuedon Page110) Table 19. continued Rating by species Soil association, land type, or miscellaneous land area Land area Pw Pr Sn Sw Ce Ta It HPo St. Thomas (ST) ST1 P F P P P P F U ST2 GF GF GP FP PF FG GF UP ST3 GP GP GP FP PF FG GP UP ST4 FP FP P P F G FP P ST5 PG PG PG PF FP GF PG PU ST6 P P P P F G P P ST7 PF PF P P F G PF P ST8 GF FP GP FP PF FG FP UP Uplands (U) Ul P F P P P P F U U3 GF GF GP FP PF FG GF UP U5 GP GP GP FP PF FG GP UP U8 FP FP P P F G FP P Ull PF PF P P F G PF P U13 P P P P F G P P U15 P F P P P P F U Escarpment (X) Xl P U P U F F U U X2 P P P P F F P U X3 U U U U P U U U Land Altered by Man DL, LF NR: Not Rated SL, TR U REFERENCES 1 . Marshall, I.B., J. Dumanski, E.C. Huffman, and P.G. 19. Matthews, B.C., and N.R. Richards. 1952. "Soil Survey Lajoie. 1979. "Soils, capability, and land use in the of Dundas County." Report No. 14, Ontario Soil Survey. Ottawa Urban Fringe," Report No. 47, Ontario Soil Sur- Canada Department of Agriculture and Ontario Agri- vey. Agriculture Canada. Ontario Ministry of Agricul- cultural College. tureand Food. 20. Richards, N.R., B.C. Matthews, and RE Morwick. 1949. 2. Hills, G.A., N.R. Richards, and F.F. Morwick. 1944. "Soil Survey of Grenville County." Report No. 12, "SoilSurvey ofCarleton County," Report No. 7, Ontario Ontario Soil Survey. Dominion Department of Agricul- Soil Survey. ture and Ontario Agricultural College. 3 . Wicklund, R.E. and N.R. Richards. 1962. "Soil Survey 21 . Expert Committee on Soil Survey. 1981. "A soil mapping of Russell and Prescott Counties," Report No. 33, system for Canada: Revised." Land Resource Research Ontario Soil Survey. Institute. Contribution No. 142. Research Branch, Agri- 4. Schut, L .W. and E.A. Wilson. 1983. "Final Preliminary culture Canada. Soils ofCumberland Township, Regional Municipality of 22. Canada Soil Survey Committee. 1978 . "The Canadian Ottawa-Carleton," F.P. 19, Ontario Institute of Pedol- System of Soil Classification." Publication No. 1646. ogy. Research Branch, Canada Department ofAgriculture. 5. Schut, L.W. and E.A. Wilson. 1983 . "Final Preliminary 23. Lands Directorate, Department of the Environment. Soils of Osgoode and Rideau Townships, Regional 1972. "The Canada Land Inventory. Soil Capability Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton," FP 20, Ontario Classification forAgriculture." Institute ofPedology. 24. Canada Soil Survey Committee, J. Dumanski, Ed. 1978. 6. Schut, L .W. and E.A. Wilson. 1983 . "Final Preliminary "The Canada Soil Information System (CanSIS) Man- Soils of Goulbourn, March, and West Carleton Town- ual for Describing Soils in the Field." Land Resource ships, Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton" EP. Research Institute, Agriculture Canada. 21, Ontario Institute ofPedology. 25 . Leeson, B., and Soil Science Department, University of 7. Brown, D.M., G.A. McKay, and L.J. Chapman. 1968. Guelph . 1969. "An Organic Soil Capability Classifica- "The Climate of Southern Ontario" Climatological tion for Agriculture and a Study of the Organic Soils of Studies No. 5, Meteorological Branch, Ontario Depart- Simcoe County." Federal-Provincial Rural Development ment ofTransport. Agreement. ARDA. 8. Clayton, J.S., W.A. Ehrlich, D.B. Cann, J.H . Day, and 26. Hoffman, D.W, and C.J. Acton. 1974. "The Soils of I.B. Marshall. 1977. "Soils of Canada" Soil Research Northumberland County." Report No. 42, Ontario Soil Institute, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. Survey. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada and 9. Environment Canada, Atmospheric Environment Ser- Ontario Agricultural College. vice. ClimaticNormals, Ontario: 1951-1980. 27. Wischmeier, W.H. and D.D. Smith. 1978. "Predicting 10. Wilson, A .E . 1964. "Geology of the Ottawa-St . rainfall erosion losses - a guide to conservation plan- Lawrence Lowland ." Geological Survey of Canada, ning." United States Department of Agriculture, Hand- Memoir 241 . book No. 537. 11 . Livingstone, KW., P.A. Hill, A.E. Wilson, and J.L. 28. van Vliet, L.J.P., G.J. Wall, and WT. Dickinson. 1976. Kerwan. 1972. "Geology, Arnprior, Ontario. Map "Effects of agricultural land use on potential sheet ero- 1363A" Geological Survey ofCanada. sion losses in southern Ontario." Canadian Journal of 12. Belanger, J.R. and J.E. Harrison. 1980. "Regional Geo- Soil Science. 59:211-213. science Information : Ottawa-Hull ." Paper 77-11, Geo- 29. van Vliet, L.J.P. and G.J. Wall . 1979. "Comparison of logical Survey ofCanada. predicted and measured sheet and rill erosion in southern 13. Chapman, L.J. and D.F. Putnam. 1984. "The Physiog- Ontario!' Canadian Journal of Soil Science. 59:211-213 . raphy of Southern Ontario, Third Edition" Ontario 30. Wall, G.J., WT Dickinson, and J. Greuel. 1983 . "Rain- Geological Survey, Special Volume 2, Ontario Ministry fall erosion indicies for Canada east of the Rocky Moun- of Natural Resources. tains" Canadian Journal of Soil Science. 63 :271-280. 14. Richard, S.H., N.R. Gadd, and J.S. Vincent. 1977. 31. McKeague, J.A., Ed. 1978 . "Manual on soil sampling "Surficial Materials and Terrain Features, Ottawa-Hull ." and methods of analysis." Canada Soil Survey Commit- Map 1425A. Scale 1 :125,000. Geological Survey of Can- tee, Canadian Society ofSoil Science . ada. 32. Dreimanis, A. 1962. "Quantitative gasometric determi- 15. Research Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture. nation of calcite and dolomite by using Chittick appa- 1976. "Glossary of Terms in Soil Science." Publication ratus!' Journal of Sedimentary Petrology. 30:520-529. 1459. 33 . Shafer, W.M. and M.J. Singer. 1976b. "A new method of 16. Lajoie, P.G. 1962. "Soil Survey of Gatineau and Pontiac measuring shrink-swell potential using soil pastes." Soil Counties, Quebec ." Research Branch, Canada Depart- Science Society of America. Proc. 40, 805-806. ment of Agriculture, Quebec Department of Agriculture 34. American Society for Testing and Materials. 1976. 1976 and MacDonald College. Annual Book ofASTM Standards, Part 19. 17. Gillespie, J.E., R.E. Wicklund, and B.C . Matthews. 35. McKeague, J.A., and G.C. Topp. 1986. "Pitfalls in Inter- 1964. "Soil Survey of Renfrew County." Report No. 37, pretation of Soil Drainage from Soil Survey Informa- Ontario Soil Survey. Research Branch, Canada Depart- tion" Canadian Journal ofSoil Science. 66:37-44. ment of Agriculture and Ontario Agricultural College. 18. Hoffman, D.W, M.H. Miller, and R.E. Wicklund.1967 . Footnote. Some references cited pertain to Volume 2 of the "The Soils of Lanark County." Report No. 40, Ontario report. Soil Survey. Canada Department of Agriculture and Ontario Department ofAgriculture and Food .

APPENDIX 1. Definitions of classes and phases used to describe soil and landscape features

(a) Soil Drainage Classes the growing season. Precipitation is main source if available Five drainage classes were employed in this soil survey water storage capacity is high; contribution by subsurface flow which grouped seven drainageclasses as defined in the Canada orgroundwater flow, or both, increases as available water stor- Soil Information System (CanSIS) "Manual for Describing age capacity decreases. Soils have a wide range in available Soils in the Field" (1978; 24). The drainage classes employed water supply, texture, and depth, and are gleyed phases of well and their components are as follows: drained subgroups . Excessive - very rapidly and rapidlydrained Poorlydrained - Water isremoved so slowly in relation to Good - well drained and moderately well drained supply that the soil remains wet for a comparatively large part Imperfect - imperfectly drained of the time the soil is not frozen. Excess water is evident in the Poor - poorly drained soil for a large part of the time. Subsurface flow or ground- Very Poor - very poorly drained water flow, or both, in addition to precipitation are the main water sources ; there may also Definitions for very rapidly be a perched water table, with to verypoorly drained classes, precipitation exceeding evapotranspiration . Soils have as they are given in the manual, are as follows: a wide range in available water storage capacity, texture, and depth, Very rapidly drained - Water is removed from the soil and are gleyed subgroups, Gleysols, and Organic soils. very rapidly in relation to supply. Excess water flows down- Very poorly drained ward very rapidly. if underlying material is pervious - Water is removed from the soil so . There slowly that the water table remains at may be very rapid subsurface flow during heavy rainfall pro- or on the surface for the greater part of the time the soil is not frozen. Excess vided there is a steep gradient. Soils have very low available water is water present in the soil for the greater part ofthe time. Groundwater storage capacity (usually less than 2.5 cm) within the flow control section and are usually and subsurface flow are the major water sources. Precipi- coarse textured, or shallow, or tation is less important both. Water source is precipitation. except where there is a perched water table with precipitation exceeding evapotranspiration . Soils Rapidly drained - Water is removed from the soil rapidly have a wide range in available water storage capacity, texture, in relation to supply. Excess water flows downward if underly- and depth, and are either Gleysolic or Organic. ing material is pervious. Subsurface flow may occur on steep (b) Slope Classes gradients during heavy rainfall . Soils have low available water storage capacity (2.5-4 cm) within the control section, and are Slopes associated withland areas composingmap delinea- usually coarse textured, or shallow, or both. Water source is tions were identified using the following classes: precipitation. Class Slope (%) Terminology Well-drained - Wateris removed from the soil readily but not rapidly. 1 0-0.5 Level Excess water flows downward readily into under- 2 lying pervious material or laterally 0.5-2 Nearly level as subsurface flow. Soils 3 2-5 Very have intermediate available water storage capacity (4-5 cm) gently sloping within the control section, 4 6-9 Gently sloping and are generally intermediate in 5 texture and depth . Water source is precipitation. 10-15 Moderately sloping On slopes 6 16-30 Steeply subsurface flow may occur for short durations but additions sloping are equalled by losses. Simple (regular surface) slopes were identified by showing Moderately well-drained - Water is removed from the soil the class number only in the map unit symbol for the land area. somewhat slowly in relation to supply. Excess water is removed These slopes usually consist of long, continuous land surfaces, somewhat slowly due to low perviousness, shallow water table, with one or several composing the overall land area. lack of gradient, or some combination of these. Soils have Multiple (irregular surface) slopes were identified by intermediate to high water storage capacity (5-6 cm) withinthe showing the class number followed by an asterisk (*) in the control section and are usually medium to fine textured. Pre- map unit symbol for theland area. These slopes usually consist cipitation is the dominant water source in medium to fine tex- of short, repetitive land surfaces expressed as a series of tured soils ; precipitation and significant additions by uplands and depressions . subsurface flow are necessary in coarsetextured soils. (c) Stoniness Classes Imperfectly drained - Water is removed from the soil suf- Surface stoniness classes are based primarily on the per- ficiently slowly in relation to supply to keep the soil wet for a centage of the land surface occupied by rock fragments larger significant part of the growing season. Excess water moves than 15 cm in diameter. Cobbles, slowlydownward flags, and boulders are the if precipitationis the major supply. Ifsubsur- most common types ofrock fragments. Distance betweenfrag- facewater or groundwater, or both, is the main source, the flow ments was used as a general guide rate to determine surface cover- may vary but the soil remains wet for a significant part of age. The following stoniness classes were used:

Class Description Peaty phase - A surfacemodifier applied to mineral soils which have 15 to 40 cm of organic (peat) material at the sur- Sl Slightly stony - land having 0.01-0.1010 of surface face. These soils are significantly wetter than similar mineral occupied by stones. Stones commonly 10-30 m apart. soils which do not have such accumulations at the surface. The stones offer only slight to no hindrance to cultivation. Coarse phase - A surface modifier applied to mineral soils which have 15 to 40 cm ofsurfacematerialwhich is signif- S2 Moderately stony - Land having 0.1-3% of surface icantly coarser textured than materials which normally occur. occupied by stones. Stones commonly 2-10 m apart. Sandy loam, loamy sand, and sand are the most common tex- Stones cause some interference with cultivation. tures associated with coarse phases. S3 Very stony - Land having 3-15% of surface occupied Fine phase - A surface modifier applied to mineral soils by stones. Stones commonly 1-2 mapart. There aresuf- which have 15 to 40 cm of surface material which is signifi- ficient stones to constitute a serious handicap to culti- cantly finer textured than materials which normally occur. vation. Clay loam and silty clay loam are the most common textures S4 Exceedingly stony - Land having 15-50% of surface associated with finephases. occupied by stones. Stones commonly 0.7-1 .5 m apart . (f) Calcareousness Classes There are sufficient stones to prevent cultivation until considerableclearing has been done. Class CaCO, equivalent (%) S5 Excessively stony - Land having more than 50% of Weakly calcareous < 5 surface occupied by stones. Stones commonlyless than Moderately calcareous 5-15 0.7 m apart. The land istoo stony to permit cultivation. Strongly calcareous 15-25 Very strongly calcareous 25-40 (d) Rockiness Classes Extremelycalcareous >40 Rockiness classes are based on the percentage of surface (g) Reaction Classes occupied by exposed bedrock or which has bedrock occurring within 10 cm. The following rockiness classes were used: Class pH values Class Description Extremely acid X4.5 Verystrongly acid 4.6-5.0 R1 Slightly rocky land - Sufficient bedrock exposures to Strongly acid 5 .1-5 .5 interfere with tillage but not to make intertilled crops Medium acid 5 .6-6.0 impracticable. Depending upon how the pattern Slightly acid 6.1-6.5 affects tillage, rock exposures are roughly 35-100 m Neutral 6.6-7.3 apart and cover 2-10% ofthe surface. Mildly alkaline 7.4-7.8 R2 Moderately rocky land - Sufficient bedrock expo- Moderately alkaline 7.9-8 .4 sures to make tillage of intertilled crops impracticable, Strongly alkaline Z8.5 but soil can be worked for hay crops or improved pas ture if other soil characteristics are favorable. Rock exposures are roughly 10-35 m apart and cover 10-2501o ofthe surface, depending upon the pattern. Land areas having rockiness conditions which composed 25% or more of the surface were mapped as the Rockland land type. (e) Soil Phases Four soil phases were used to describe additional features present in the landscape which arenot accounted for bythe soil landscape unit shown inthe mapunit symbolto define the land area. The following soil phases were used: Shallow phase - A depth modifier applied to mineral soil materials which are defined in the legend and association descriptions as being thicker than 1 m, but in the area deline ated have bedrock between 50and 100 cm ofthe surface. Thus, underlying bedrock occurs which is not normally present with materials of that type. This bedrock occurrence should not be confused with soil associations such as Farmington orNepean, which are defined as being 50 cm or less of mineral material over bedrock . APPENDIX 2. Correlation of recognized series and subgroups to previously published soil information Soil Name in Soil Surveyin which previous Carleton Association Series and (Subgroups) Status* Soil originated CountySurvey Comments ANSTRUTHER Kanata NEW Anstruther OLD Carleton County Anstruther sand, Chandossand BEARBROOK Wendover OLD Russell and Prescott Counties Bearbrook OLD CarletonCounty Bearbrook clay BORROMEE (Terric Mesic Humisols) NEW Peat (Terric Humic Mesisols) NEW CASTOR Castor OLD Russell and Prescott Castor siltloam Counties Bainsville OLD Russell and Prescott Castor siltloam Counties CHATEAUGUAY (Gleyed Melanic Brunisols NEW ofCH4) MacDonald OLD OttawaUrban Fringe (Gleyed Melanic Brunisols NEW These soils are and Orthic Humic Gleysols variants which ofCHS, CH6, and CH7 originatein this units) survey. DALHOUSIE Dalhousie OLD Gatineau and Pontiac Counties, Quebec Brandon OLD Gatineau and Pontiac Rideau clay, North Counties, Quebec Gower clayloam (Rego Gleysols) OLD Ottawa Urban Fringe FARMINGTON Farmington OLD Carleton County Farmington loam, Farmington sandy loam, Farmington -not differentiated Franktown OLD Lanark County Brooke OLD Lanark County GOULBOURN Goulbourn NEW Muck All Goulbourn soils Munroe OLD Organic soil maps Muck were previously of Southern Ontario included in the Huntley association in (Terric HumicMesisols) NEW Muck the survey ofthe (Terric Mesic Humisols) NEW Muck Ottawa Urban Fringe.

GREELY Greely OLD Organicsoil maps Muck ofSouthern Ontario (Typic Mesisols) NEW Muck (Terric Humisols) NEW Muck (Terric Mesisols) NEW Muck

(Continuedon Page115) Soil Name in Soil Survey in which previous Carleton Association Series and (Subgroups) Status* Soil originated County Survey Comments

GRENVILLE Grenville OLD Carleton County Grenville loam, Grenville sandy loam (Orthic Melanie Brunisols) NEW Occurless frequently than the Grenville series. (Orthic Humic Regosols) NEW Occur occassionally on eroded till knolls. Matilda OLD Grenville County Lyons loam Mapped in all surrounding county surveys . (Gleyed Melanie Brunisols) NEW Occur less frequently than the Matilda series . Lyons OLD Carleton County Lyons loam Mapped in all surrounding county surveys . (Rego Gleysols) NEW HUNTLEY Garry OLD Organic soil maps Muck of Ontario Glendale OLD Organic soil maps Muck of Ontario (Mesic Humisols) OLD Ottawa Urban Fringe (HumicMesisols) OLD Ottawa Urban Fringe IRONSIDE Ironside OLD Ottawa Urgan Fringe Grenville sandy loam (Gleyed Melanie Brunisols OLD Ottawa Urban Fringe of12 unit) Dwyer Hill NEW (Orthic Melanie Brunisols, NEW These soils are Gleyed Melanie Brunisols variants which and Orthic Humic Gleysols originate in this of I4, I5, and 16units) survey. JOCKVALE Jockvale OLD Ottawa Urban Fringe Rubicon sand Stapledon NEW Rubicon sand Mapped as Achigan series in Ottawa Urban Fringesurvey. Vaudreuil OLD Gatineau and Pontiac Granby sand Counties, Quebec (Rego Gleysols) NEW KARS Kars OLD Carleton County Kars gravellysandy loam (GleyedEluviated Melanie NEW Brunisols ofK2 unit) (Orthic Humic Gleysols NEW of K2 unit) (Eluviated Melanie NEW These soils are Brunisols, Gleyed variants which Eluviated Melanie originate in this Brunisols, and Orthic survey. Humic Gleysols ofthe K3, K4 and K5 units) (Continuedon Page 116) Soil Name in Soil Survey in which previous Carleton Association Series and (Subgroups) Status* Soil originated CountySurvey Comments

LEITRIM French Hill NEW The Leitrim series in the OttawaUrban Fringe survey is derived frombrown shale. (Gleyed Melanie Brunisols NEW derived from black shale) (OrthicHumic Gleysols NEW derived from black shale) Vars OLD Russell and Prescott Counties (Orthic Melanie Brunisols, NEW Variants which Gleyed Melanie Brunisols, originate in this and Orthic Humic Gleysols survey. of L5, L7, L8 and L9units) LEMIEUX Lemieux OLD Organic soil maps Muck of Ontario (Mesic Humisols) NEW MALAKOFF Summerstown OLD Organic soil maps Muck of Ontario Malakoff OLD Organic soil maps of Ontario MANOTICK Manotick OLD Carleton County Manotick sandy loam Mountain OLD Dundas County Manotick sandy loam Becketts Creek NEW Manotick sandy loam St. Damase OLD Gatineau and Pontiac Manotick sandy loam Counties, Quebec Allendale OLD Carleton County Manotick sandy loam (Rego Gleysols) NEW Manotick sandy loam MER BLEUE Mer Bleue OLD Ottawa Urban Fringe Peat (Fibric Mesisols) NEW MILLE ISLE Constance Bay NEW Uplands sand Mille Isle OLD Ottawa Urban Fringe Uplands sand (Gleyed Dystric Brunisols) NEW Rubicon sand Herbert Corners OLD Ottawa Urban Fringe Rubicon sand Series riot named in Ottawa Urban Fringe survey. Dunrobin OLD Ottawa Urban Fringe Grandy sand Series not named in Ottawa Urban Fringe survey. NEPEAN Marchhurst NEW Nepeansand Nepean OLD Carleton County Nepean sand (Gleyed Sombric Brunisols) NEW Nepean sand Fallowfield OLD Ottawa Urban Fringe Nepean sand Barrhaven OLD Ottawa Urban Fringe Nepean sand

(Continuedon Page 117) Soil Name in Soil Survey in which previous Carleton Association Series and (Subgroups) Status* Soil originated County Survey Comments NORTH GOWER Carp OLD Carleton County Carp clay loam Classified as Gleyed Gray Brown Luvisol inOttawa Urban Fringesurvey. North Gower OLD Carleton County North Gower clay loam Belmeade OLD Dundas County North Gower (variant) OLD Ottawa Urban Fringe OKA Munster NEW Farmington shingly loam Oka OLD Gatineau and Pontiac Farmingtonshingly Counties, Quebec loam (GleyedEluviated Melanie NEW Farmington shingly Brunisols of02 unit) loam (Gleyed Melanie Brunisols NEW Farmington shingly of02 unit) loam (Orthic Melanie Brunisols NEW These soils are of03 and 05 units) variants which originate in this survey. OSGOODE Piperville OLD OttawaUrban Fringe Osgoodeloam Osgoode (calcareous) OLD Carleton County Osgoodeloam Carsonby(noncalcareous) OLD Ottawa UrbanFringe Osgoodeloam OTTAWA Buckham Bay NEW Eastport sand (Gleyed Dystric Brunisols NEW Eastport sand ofOT2 unit) QUEENSWAY Galesburg OLD Carleton County Galesburg sandy loam Queensway OLD Ottawa Urban Fringe Galesburg sandy loam (Gleyed Melanie Brunisols NEW ofQ4 unit) (Gleyed Eluviated Melanie OLD Ottawa Urban Fringe Brunisols ofQ4 unit) (Orthic Humic Gleysols OLD OttawaUrbanFringe of Q3 unit) REEVECRAIG (Gleyed Melanie Brunisols NEW Granby sand of RE1 and RE2 units) Reevecraig NEW Granby sand (Rego Humic Gleysols NEW Granby sand of RE3 unit) RIDEAU Rideau OLD Carleton County Rideau clay Ste. Rosalie OLD Gatineau and Pontiac Rideau clay Counties, Quebec Laplaine OLD Gatineau and Pontiac Rideauclay Counties, Quebec (Continued onPage 118) Soil Name in Soil Survey in which previous Carleton Association Series and (Subgroups) Status* Soil originated County Survey Comments ST THOMAS St . Thomas OLD Gatineau and Pontiac Uplands sand or Counties, Quebec Rubicon sand Limoges NEW Uplands sand or Rubicon sand Achigan OLD Gatineau and Pontiac Uplands sand or Counties, Quebec Rubicon sand Vinette NEW Uplands sand or Rubicon sand Cheney NEW Uplands sand or Rubicon sand (Subgroups ofST8 unit) NEW Uplands sand or These soils are Rubicon sand variants which originate inthis survey. UPLANDS Uplands OLD CarletonCounty Uplands sand or Rubicon sand Carlsbad OLD OttawaUrban Fringe Uplands sand or Rubicon sand Rubicon OLD Carleton County Uplands sand or Rubicon sand Ranmsayville OLD Ottawa Urban Fringe Uplands sand or Rubicon sand St. Samuel OLD Russell and Prescott Uplands sand or Counties Rubicon sand (Subgroups ofU15 unit) NEW Uplands sand or These soils are Rubicon sand variants which originate in this survey.

*Series orsubgroupsdesignated as "OLD"originate inpreviouslypublishedsoil information, including thatfortheOttawa Urban Fringearea. Thosedesignated as "NEW"havebeen developedfor thissurvey.