DOCSLIB.ORG

Collaborative Research with Traditional African Health Practitioners

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Collaborative Research with Traditional African Health Practitioners Collaborative research with traditional African health practitioners of the Nelson Mandela Metropole; antimicrobial, anticancer and anti-diabetic activities of five medicinal plants Mea van Huyssteen i Collaborative research with traditional African health practitioners of the Nelson Mandela Metropole; antimicrobial, anticancer and anti-diabetic activites of five medicinal plants By Mea van Huyssteen Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor In the Faculty of Health Sciences At the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University December 2007 Promoters: Dr M van de Venter Prof PJ Milne Co-promoter: Prof E Campbell ii “…the Black man does not do anything unless there is a very good reason for it … Thus the Bantu will not participate enthusiastically in a … project unless they fully understand the reason for undertaking it.” (Mutwa, 1965) iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following people and / or organizations: • NRF IKS focus area for funding the project. • MRC and NMMU, for a post-graduate bursary. • Dr Maryna van de Venter; for her support when I got depressed, her encouragement when I did well and practicality in the medicinal garden. • Prof Pieter Milne, for his unique insights into the research, his friendliness and support. • Nomathongo Kosi, for her private lessons in Xhosa culture, her friendship, leadership and belief in the project and in us (the researchers). • The Kosi family, for their accepting of me as a daughter in their house, for their willingness to help (always), without expecting rewards and with a lot of friendliness, patience and smiles. • Mercy Manci, president of Nyangazezizwe, for her support in the project, attendance at special events and for her lovely and patient ways. • Mike Pansti, initiator of this project, for his explanation of the African people and advice in what to do next. • Councillor Skosana, for his support. • Ekuphumleni Old Age Home and PE Association for the Aged (Mr Jonas, Mr Tlou, Mr Peter, Portia and Phelisa) for their attendance at the garden and support in providing the piece of land for the garden. • Mama Veveza for being the best security guard for the garden! • Mama Maginxa for her dreams, positive thoughts and hard work in the garden. • Mama Thomas, for translating, working and always having something nice to say. • Mama Fuyani for her blue dress and friendship. • Notaka, for her soft heart and hard work, she always put tears in my eyes. • Mama Kalipha, for her honesty, clear voice and guidance. • The Mntwaphi’s for their hard work, dedication and expertise. • Mama Mbalo, for her silent hard work. • Mama Damane, Mnangakana for their hard work in the garden. iv • Nyangazezizwe Traditional Healers Association for their support and initiative in the project. • Eastern Cape Task Team, especially their president, Tandiwe Mazamane, for her dedication to the project, and patience with the other healers. • Traditional Health Practitioners: Port Elizabeth Branch, for their views and input into the project. • My ma en pa, vir hul ondersteuning, liefde en belangstelling in my projek. • Willem vir sy teenwoordigheid wanneer ek uitgefreak het, sy liefde en verstaan (ek waardeer dit BAIE!!). • Oupa Jan, vir sy inspirasie, wysheid en leiding. v Table of contents Collaborative research with traditional African health practitioners of the Nelson Mandela Metropole; antimicrobial, anticancer and anti-diabetic activities of five medicinal plants..................................................................i Acknowledgements ......................................................................................iv Table of contents ..........................................................................................vi List of figures ...............................................................................................xii List of tables................................................................................................xix Abbreviations.............................................................................................xxv Thesis layout...........................................................................................xxviii Summary ....................................................................................................xxx 1 Introduction..............................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction........................................................................................1 1.2 The context of traditional healing in South Africa...............................2 1.3 Problem statement ............................................................................4 1.4 Primary aim .......................................................................................5 1.5 Background to this study ...................................................................5 2 Research setting ......................................................................................7 2.1 Introduction........................................................................................7 2.2 The African paradigm ........................................................................8 2.2.1 Beliefs and theories .......................................................................9 2.2.2 Training..........................................................................................9 2.2.3 Traditional African health and illness ...........................................11 2.3 Research setting..............................................................................13 2.3.1 Development of data generating and communication tools..........14 2.3.2 Traditional African health practitioners in the NMM......................16 2.4 Collaboration development..............................................................18 2.4.1 Indigenous knowledge .................................................................18 2.4.2 The medicinal garden...................................................................20 2.4.3 Medicinal plant research ..............................................................23 2.4.4 Challenges ...................................................................................24 vi 3 The selected plants................................................................................26 3.1 Introduction......................................................................................26 3.2 Bulbine frutescens (Asphodelaceae) ...............................................27 3.2.1 Traditional uses............................................................................28 3.2.2 Chemical constituents..................................................................28 3.2.3 Previous biological activity investigations.....................................29 3.3 Ornithogalum longibracteatum (Ornithogaloideae: Hyacinthaceae) 30 3.3.1 Traditional uses............................................................................31 3.3.2 Chemical constituents..................................................................31 3.3.3 Biological activity and toxicity.......................................................32 3.4 Ruta graveolens (Rutaceae)............................................................33 3.4.1 Traditional uses............................................................................34 3.4.2 Chemical constituents..................................................................35 3.4.3 Biological activity..........................................................................36 3.4.4 Toxicity.........................................................................................38 3.5 Tarchonanthus camphoratus (Asteraceae)......................................38 3.5.1 Traditional uses............................................................................40 3.5.2 Chemical constituents..................................................................40 3.5.3 Pharmacological investigations and toxicity .................................41 3.6 Tulbaghia violacea (Alliaceae).........................................................42 3.6.1 Traditional uses............................................................................43 3.6.2 Chemical constituents..................................................................44 3.6.3 Biological activity..........................................................................44 3.7 Extraction of medicinal plants ..........................................................46 3.7.1 Extraction of selected plants ........................................................47 3.7.2 Collaborative extraction of medicinal plants.................................48 4 Antimicrobial screening ........................................................................51 4.1 Infectious diseases ..........................................................................52 4.1.1 Conventional antimicrobial agents and microbial resistance........53 4.1.2 Selection of pathogens for this study ...........................................54 4.1.2.1 Bacillus subtilis.......................................................................................... 54 4.1.2.2 Staphylococcus aureus ............................................................................. 54 4.1.2.3 Escherichia coli ......................................................................................... 54 4.1.2.4 Klebsiella pneumoniae .............................................................................. 55 4.1.2.5
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Atlas of Pollen and Plants Used by Bees
    AtlasAtlas ofof pollenpollen andand plantsplants usedused byby beesbees Cláudia Inês da Silva Jefferson Nunes Radaeski Mariana Victorino Nicolosi Arena Soraia Girardi Bauermann (organizadores) Atlas of pollen and plants used by bees Cláudia Inês da Silva Jefferson Nunes Radaeski Mariana Victorino Nicolosi Arena Soraia Girardi Bauermann (orgs.) Atlas of pollen and plants used by bees 1st Edition Rio Claro-SP 2020 'DGRV,QWHUQDFLRQDLVGH&DWDORJD©¥RQD3XEOLFD©¥R &,3 /XPRV$VVHVVRULD(GLWRULDO %LEOLRWHF£ULD3ULVFLOD3HQD0DFKDGR&5% $$WODVRISROOHQDQGSODQWVXVHGE\EHHV>UHFXUVR HOHWU¶QLFR@RUJV&O£XGLD,Q¬VGD6LOYD>HW DO@——HG——5LR&ODUR&,6(22 'DGRVHOHWU¶QLFRV SGI ,QFOXLELEOLRJUDILD ,6%12 3DOLQRORJLD&DW£ORJRV$EHOKDV3µOHQ– 0RUIRORJLD(FRORJLD,6LOYD&O£XGLD,Q¬VGD,, 5DGDHVNL-HIIHUVRQ1XQHV,,,$UHQD0DULDQD9LFWRULQR 1LFRORVL,9%DXHUPDQQ6RUDLD*LUDUGL9&RQVXOWRULD ,QWHOLJHQWHHP6HUYL©RV(FRVVLVWHPLFRV &,6( 9,7¯WXOR &'' Las comunidades vegetales son componentes principales de los ecosistemas terrestres de las cuales dependen numerosos grupos de organismos para su supervi- vencia. Entre ellos, las abejas constituyen un eslabón esencial en la polinización de angiospermas que durante millones de años desarrollaron estrategias cada vez más específicas para atraerlas. De esta forma se establece una relación muy fuerte entre am- bos, planta-polinizador, y cuanto mayor es la especialización, tal como sucede en un gran número de especies de orquídeas y cactáceas entre otros grupos, ésta se torna más vulnerable ante cambios ambientales naturales o producidos por el hombre. De esta forma, el estudio de este tipo de interacciones resulta cada vez más importante en vista del incremento de áreas perturbadas o modificadas de manera antrópica en las cuales la fauna y flora queda expuesta a adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones o desaparecer.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetics of Alooideae (Asphodelaceae)
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1-1-2003 Phylogenetics of Alooideae (Asphodelaceae) Jeffrey D. Noll Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Recommended Citation Noll, Jeffrey D., "Phylogenetics of Alooideae (Asphodelaceae)" (2003). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 19524. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/19524 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Phylogenetics of Alooideae (Asphodelaceae) by Jeffrey D. Noll A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Ecology- and Evolutionary Biology Program of Study Committee: Robert S. Wallace (Major Professor) Lynn G. Clark Gregory W. Courtney Melvin R. Duvall Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2003 Copyright ©Jeffrey D. Noll, 2003. All rights reserved. 11 Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the master's thesis of Jeffrey D. Noll has met the requirements of Iowa State University Signatures have been redacted for privacy 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction 1 Thesis Organization 2 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF ALOOIDEAE TAXONOMY AND PHYLOGENETICS 3 Circumscription of Alooideae 3 Characters of Alooideae 3 Distribution of Alooideae 5 Circumscription and Infrageneric Classification of the Alooideae Genera 6 Intergeneric Relationships of Alooideae 12 Hybridization in Alooideae 15 CHAPTER 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Bioactive Metabolites of Bulbine Natalensis (Baker): Isolation, Characterization, and Antioxidant Properties
    Bioactive metabolites of Bulbine natalensis (Baker): Isolation, characterization, and antioxidant properties Olusola Bodede1,2, Nomfundo Mahlangeni2, Roshila Moodley2, Manimbulu Nlooto1, Elizabeth Ojewole1 1Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 2School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa Abstract Background: Medicinal plants continue to play a key role in disease management and modern drug development. ORIGINAL ARTICLE ORIGINAL Bulbine natalensis is one of several South Africa’s indigenous succulent medicinal species. B. natalensis’ high medicinal profile has made it a commercially-available herb within the South African market and beyond. However, there is a limited scientific report on its bioactive metabolites. Objectives: This study’s objective was to isolate and identify bioactive compounds from B. natalensis leaves and evaluate the compounds and crude extracts for antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Fractionation and purification of B. natalensis dichloromethane extract were done using chromatographic techniques. Whole extract profiling was carried out on dichloromethane and methanol extracts using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The isolated compounds and extracts were evaluated for antioxidant activity. Results: The dichloromethane extract yielded two pentacyclic triterpenes (glutinol and taraxerol), one tetracyclic triterpene
    [Show full text]
  • Van Huyssteen Et Al., Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. (2011) 8(2):150-158 150
    Van Huyssteen et al., Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. (2011) 8(2):150-158 150 ANTIDIABETIC AND CYTOTOXICITY SCREENING OF FIVE MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY TRADITIONAL AFRICAN HEALTH PRACTITIONERS IN THE NELSON MANDELA METROPOLE, SOUTH AFRICA Mea van Huyssteen1, Pieter J Milne1, Eileen E Campbell2 and Maryna van de Venter3* 1Department of Pharmacy, 2Department of Botany, 3Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, PO Box 77000, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa E-mail: *[email protected] Abstract Diabetes mellitus is a growing problem in South Africa and of concern to traditional African health practitioners in the Nelson Mandela Metropole, because they experience a high incidence of diabetic cases in their practices. A collaborative research project with these practitioners focused on the screening of Bulbine frutescens, Ornithogalum longibracteatum, Ruta graveolens, Tarchonanthus camphoratus and Tulbaghia violacea for antidiabetic and cytotoxic potential. In vitro glucose utilisation assays with Chang liver cells and C2C12 muscle cells, and growth inhibition assays with Chang liver cells were conducted. The aqueous extracts of Bulbine frutescens (143.5%), Ornithogalum longibracteatum (131.9%) and Tarchonanthus camphoratus (131.5%) showed significant increased glucose utilisation activity in Chang liver cells. The ethanol extracts of Ruta graveolens (136.9%) and Tulbaghia violacea (140.5%) produced the highest increase in glucose utilisation in C2C12 muscle cells. The ethanol extract of Bulbine frutescens produced the most pronounced growth inhibition (33.3%) on Chang liver cells. These findings highlight the potential for the use of traditional remedies in the future for the management of diabetes and it is recommended that combinations of these plants be tested in future.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemotaxonomic Significance of Anthraquinones in the Roots of Asphodeloideae (Asphodelaceae)
    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 277-281. 1995 Pergamon Copyright8 1995 Elsevier Science Ltd Printed in Great Britain.All rights reserved 0305-1978/95 $9.50+0.00 Chemotaxonomic Significance of Anthraquinones in the Roots of Asphodeloideae (Asphodelaceae) BEN-ERIK VAN WYK,* ABIY YENESEWt and ERMIAS DAGNEt *Department of Botany, Rand Afrikaans University, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa; tDepartment of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Key Word Index-Asphodelus; Asphodeline; Bulbine; Buibinella; Kniphofia; Asphodeloideae; Aspho- delaceae; roots; anthraquinones; chemotaxonomy. Abstract-The distribution of seven anthraquinones in the roots of some 46 species belonging to the genera Asphodelus, Asphodeline, Bulbine, Bulbinella and Kniphofia was studied by TLC and HPLC. l,&Dihydroxy- anthraquinones based on a chlysophanol unit are the main constituents of the subterranean metabolism in the subfamily Asphodeloideae. The genera Bulbine, Bulbinella and Kniphofia elaborate knipholone-type compounds. These compounds appear to be characteristic constituents for the three genera Bulbine, Bulbinella and Kniphofia and support the idea that Kniphofia is not related to the Alooideae. Introduction The subfamily Asphodeloideae (Asphodelaceae) comprises nine genera with approximately 261 species (Smith and Van Wyk, 1991). There have been different views on the relationships amongst the various genera of the Asphodelaceae sensu Dahlgren et al. (1985). Both Hutchinson (1959) and Cronquist (1981) classified Kniphofia with the Alooideae genera and not with the Asphodeloideae, which includes among others Asphodelus, Asphodeline, Eremurus, Bulbinella and Bulbine. Chemotaxonomic investigations (Rheede Van Oudtshoorn, 1963, 1964) on Asphodeleae and Aloineae (Liliaceae) sensu Hutchinson (1959) have shown that the genera Bulbine, Asphodelus, Asphodeline and Eremurus are linked by the presence of l,&dihydroxyanthra- quinones.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicinal Plants Used for the Traditional Management of Diabetes in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: Pharmacology and Toxicology
    molecules Review Medicinal Plants Used for the Traditional Management of Diabetes in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: Pharmacology and Toxicology Samuel Odeyemi ID and Graeme Bradley * ID Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +27-40-602-2173 Academic Editor: Oluwafemi Oguntibeju Received: 24 July 2018; Accepted: 16 August 2018; Published: 25 October 2018 Abstract: The use of medicinal plants for the management of diabetes mellitus is on the rise in the developing countries, including South Africa. There is increasing scientific evidence that supports the claims by the traditional healers. In this review, we compare the families of previously reported anti-diabetic plants in the Eastern Cape by rating the anti-diabetic activity, mode of action and also highlight their therapeutic potentials based on the available evidence on their pharmacology and toxicity. Forty-five plants mentioned in ethnobotanical surveys were subjected to a comprehensive literature search in the available electronic databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and Elsevier, by using “plant name” and “family” as the keywords for the primary searches to determine the plants that have been scientifically investigated for anti-diabetic activity. The search returned 25 families with Asteraceae highly reported, followed by Asphodelaceae and Alliaceae. Most of the plants have been studied for their anti-diabetic potentials in vivo and/or in vitro, with most of the plants having a higher percentage of insulin release and inhibition against carbohydrate digesting enzymes as compared with insulin mimetic and peripheral glucose uptake.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulbine Natalensis Baker (Asphodelaceae): Ethnobotanical Uses, Biological and Chemical Properties
    Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 10(09), pp 150-155, September, 2020 Available online at http://www.japsonline.com DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2020.10918 ISSN 2231-3354 Review of studies on Bulbine natalensis Baker (Asphodelaceae): Ethnobotanical uses, biological and chemical properties Collen Musara, Elizabeth Bosede Aladejana* Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Received on: 11/03/2020 Bulbine natalensis Baker is a native succulent herb that belongs to the family Asphodelaceae, and is regarded as Accepted on: 21/06/2020 precious, highly valued, and extensively used throughout the continent for medicinal purposes and in treating male Available online: 05/09/2020 impotency due to the aphrodisiac and invigorating effect. This study reviews the status of B. natalensis ethnobotanical uses, biological and chemical properties. This review was conducted from April 2019 to February 2020 by applying the mixed-method review approach, and in the framework of a complete description of B. natalensis species, data Key words: on morphology, distribution, and economic importance were discussed. Pharmacological screening reported that Antimicrobial agent, B. natalensis possesses anti-inflammatory and broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. The bulbous plant vapour anti-platelet aggregation, contains substances such as tannins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, saponins, and alkaloids. Scientific evaluations botany, Bulbine, chemical from various researchers have substantiated the use of B. natalensis in the enhancement of male sexual disorders, cure compounds, male infertility. of wounds, rashes, itches, ringworm, diabetes, rheumatism, cracked lips and herpes, diarrhea, and paroxysms among other diseases. INTRODUCTION orange color whenever the lower stem is damaged and exposed to sunlight made the Afrikaans call it rooiwortel, meaning red root Derivation of name and historical aspects (Van Wyk et al., 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • Asphodelaceae) and the Inclusion of Chortolirion in Aloe
    Phylogeny of Alooideae TAXON Molecular and morphological analysis of subfamily Alooideae (Asphodelaceae) and the inclusion of Chortolirion in Aloe Barnabas H. Daru,! John C. Manning,"#$ James S. Boatwright,% Olivier Maurin,! Norman Maclean,& Hanno Schaefer,' Maria Kuzmina( & Michelle van der Bank! 1 African Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524 Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa 2 Compton Herbarium, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, Hants, SO16 7PX, U.K. 6 Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Biodiversitaet der Pflanzen, Maximus-von-Imhof Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany International Barcode of Life Project, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada Barnabas H. Daru, [email protected] Abstract matKrbcLa trnH-psbA Haworthia Astroloba Gasteria Astroloba H. RobustipeduncularesChortolirion Aloe Aloe A. aristata Haworthia Robustipedunculares Keywords matK rbcLa trnH-psbA Supplementary Material INTRODUCTION Aloe Gasteria AstrolobaHaworthia - - Aloe - Gasteria x
    [Show full text]
  • Bulbine Frutescens Folia
    BULBINE FRUTESCENS FOLIA Definition Bulbine Frutescens Folia consists of the fresh leaves of Bulbine frutescens (L.) Willd. (Asphodelaceae Synonyms Bulbine caulescens L Bulbine rostrata Willd. Vernacular names Rankkopieva (A), ibhucu, ithethe elimpofu (Z) Description Figure 2: line drawing Macroscopical Microscopical Figure 3: microscopical features Characteristic features are: the leaf in T/S shows an epidermis of colourless, thick- walled, non-suberised cells, a band of photosynthetic and vascular tissue around the leaf perimeter (2+3), a central core of large thin-walled cells with contents staining pink-orange with KOH solution; yellow-green stomata and idioblasts containing bundles of Figure1: Live plant calcium oxalate raphides (1), each up to 200µ long, in cells of the outer leaf Spreading geophytic shrublet with perimeter; the absence of tannins. rhizomatous rootstock and numerous wiry roots; leaves bright green, glabrous, Crude drug succulent, subterete, to 150mm long and 4- 8mm thick; flowers (Aug-Apr) in dense Gathered as needed and used fresh; seldom elongated racemes up to 30cm long, yellow, seen in the marketplace orange or white, with bearded stamens Geographical distribution Sandy flats and slopes of Namaqualand and the Karoo, in dry areas throughout southern Africa: Northern, Western, Eastern Cape and Free State Provinces, Lesotho, Major compounds: KwaZulu-Natal. Methanol extract: (figure 6) Figure 4: distribution map Figure 6: HPLC spectrum Quality standards Retention times (mins): 3.05 ; 5.95 ; 17.49; Identity tests 17.84 Thin layer chromatography on silica gel Total ash: 9.32% (determined according to using as solvent a mixture of toluene:diethyl the BHP 1996 using 1.0g dried ground ether:1.75M acetic acid (1:1:1).
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence for the Polyphyly of Haworthia
    Original Paper 513 Evidence for the Polyphyly of Haworthia (Asphodelaceae Subfamily Alooideae; Asparagales) Inferred from Nucleotide Sequences of rbcL, matK,ITS1 and Genomic Fingerprinting with ISSR-PCR J. Treutlein1, G. F. Smith2, B.-E. van Wyk3, and M. Wink1 1 Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany 2 Office of the Chief Director: Research and Scientific Services, National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa 3 Department ofBotany, Rand AfrikaansUniversity, Johannesburg, Republic ofSouth Africa Received: July 8, 2003; Accepted: August 21, 2003 Abstract: Four molecular markers have been studied to exam- Introduction ine the phylogenetic position of the South African plant genus Haworthia Duval within the succulent Asphodelaceae. Sequence Ever since pre-Linnean times the rosulate-leaved, succulent data of the chloroplast genes matK and rbcLwere compared to plant genus Haworthia Duval has had a complex taxonomic the nuclear markers ITS1 and ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Re- and nomenclatural history (Wijnands, 1983). In 1753, three of peat) analysis. Both lines of molecular data, chloroplast and nu- the species today classified as Haworthia were described by clear DNA, indicate that Haworthia is polyphyletic, forming two Linnaeus as aloes, namely Aloe retusa L., Aloe viscosa L. and Aloe distinct clades. Most taxa previously combined as Haworthia pumila L. (Scott, 1985). Some 50 years later, Haworth (1804) subgenus Haworthia branch off early in the alooid chloroplast split the genus Aloe into three distinct subunits, of which the trees forming a strongly monophyletic group, whereas subge- Parviflorae represented the current generic concept of Hawor- nus Hexangulares forms a polyphyletic assemblage comprising thia and Astroloba.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Phylogenetics of Alooideae (Asphodelaceae)
    Molecular phylogenetics of Alooideae (Asphodelaceae) by Barnabas Haruna Daru Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MAGISTER SCIENTIAE in BOTANY in the FACULTY OF SCIENCE at the UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA Supervisor: Prof. M. van der Bank Co-supervisor: Dr. O. Maurin January 2012 ! ! DECLARATION I declare that this dissertation has been composed by myself and the work contained within, unless otherwise stated, is my own. Barnabas Haruna Daru (January 05, 2012) ii ! ! ! TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration .......................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iii Index to tables .................................................................................................................... vi Index to Figures ............................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... xii Foreword .......................................................................................................................... xiii List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... xivv Abstract ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]