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Millican Bench (41TV163) Chapter 6: Research Issues Chapter 6: Research Issues Raymond P. Mauldin, Steve A. Tomka, and Russell D. Greaves Introduction investigation of the “veneer” hypotheses for burned rock midden formation (see Collins 1994). That investigation In the previous chapters we summarized various data sets hinged on having two data sets from specific contexts. We collected from 41TV163. The site was excavated over thirty had proposed to use fluoride dating of animal bones (see years ago using a variety of field techniques that were Ezzo 1992; Gregory and Schurr 2000) and radiocarbon designed to collect information primarily for the investi- dating from several areas of the site in order to more finely gation of cultural chronology. As such, data sets commonly date the deposits in several of the burned rock midden collected today in order to address current research questions features. Unfortunately, we were unable to isolate sufficient were only of incidental interest. In addition, some records charcoal for the radiocarbon dating. In addition, the (e.g., field journal and original profiles) have been lost over condition of the faunal material was such that we could not the last three decades. Nevertheless, the data from 41TV163 isolate faunal samples representing the same species and can make a significant contribution to understanding selected same element (see Gregory and Schurr 2000; Schurr 1989) aspects of Texas prehistory. This chapter outlines several from the appropriate contexts. We were, then, unable to current research domains that can be addressed with extant pursue this fourth research domain. data from the site of Millican Bench. The first two research issues are explicitly concerned with Diachronic Research Issues: diachronic change. Specifically, we proposed to investigate Changes in Subsistence Patterns changes in subsistence patterns and changes in lithic and Lithic Technology technology. For this component of the investigation, it was necessary to identify deposits that can be assigned to a given As outlined in the previous chapters, 41TV163 contains an temporal period. The temporal analytical units defined at abundant material record generated over a significant time 41TV163 are broad relative to traditional “component- span. Diagnostic projectile points span several thousand based” analysis. They frequently consist of selected levels years and suggest occupation of the site, at some level, from from clusters of excavated units identified on the basis of the Early Archaic through the Late Prehistoric. Sites diagnostic projectile points that reflect a single period. The generated by repeated occupations over long periods of time, individual analytical units span a temporal range from the such as 41TV163, dominate the record in Texas. While such Early Archaic through the Late Prehistoric. The material sites contain an extremely complex archeological assem- associated with these analytical units, which primarily blage that makes it difficult to isolate clear temporal consists of chipped stone and faunal material, was analytical units, they also provide the opportunity to study specifically used to investigate changes in subsistence specific research questions, many of which are focused on patterns from the Late Archaic through the Late Prehistoric documenting and understanding diachronic changes in periods, and changes in lithic technology from the Early adaptation while holding site location constant. That is, in Archaic through the Late Prehistoric. these situations it can be assumed that whatever differences are seen in subsistence or technological aspects of distinct analytical units is likely due to different adaptive strategies The third research area considered focuses more on a rather than simply changes in site location. specific feature type represented at the site. This research domain is more synchronic in focus. Specifically, it centers on the investigation of the possible structure (Feature 3) at Definition of Analytical Unit this site. Few houses have been reported for the prehistoric record in central Texas. If Feature 3 at the Millican Bench One of the initial problems that must be considered when site does represent a structure, a number of implications, investigating diachronic issues at sites generated over long both for the use of the site as well as the nature of the overall periods of time is how to isolate distinct analytical units for Late Prehistoric adaptation, follow. Note that in our original comparison. In part because of the limitations of the available assessment of this site (Mahoney et al. 2003a) we had records, and in part because the site was excavated in proposed a fourth research domain which involved the arbitrary, six-inch levels, the analytical units we propose 55 Chapter 6: Research Issues Millican Bench (41TV163) for 41TV163 are not at the phase or interval scale, but rather Prehistoric material. Area E contains units that can be at the broader, period temporal scale (e.g., Early Archaic, assigned to the Late Archaic, while Area F appears to be Late Prehistoric). The boundaries between periods tradi- primarily Early Archaic in age. We discuss our investigation tionally used in Texas archeology are assumed by most of each of these five spatial areas below. researchers to represent points in time at which significant changes occurred in subsistence and technological practices. Area A The periods themselves (e.g., Late Archaic) are assumed to As outlined in the previous chapter, 38 temporally diagnostic reflect relatively consistent adaptations internally relative projectile points were collected and identified from this area to other periods. Therefore, assuming that period-level of the site. There are 19 Late Archaic point types, which designations can be made, certain analytical comparisons span the entire period. Seventeen points date to the Middle (e.g., technological organization) between periods can yield Archaic period. In addition, two Early Archaic points are significant research results, especially when, as is the present present. Table 6-1 presents the distribution of each point case, only a single site is being compared. type by unit and level, with the types grouped chrono- logically. The Middle Archaic section of the table is shaded. As discussed in the previous chapter, over 400 projectile Examination of the table clearly demonstrates that there is points were recovered from 41TV163. The projectile point considerable overlap within the deposit. Each of the five styles were identified based primarily on Turner and Hester levels with points has both Late Archaic and Middle Archaic (1999) and supplemented by H. J. Shafer’s typological specimens present. None of the components appear to be assessments. In order to divide the 41TV163 temporal record separated vertically. The percentage of Late Archaic into period-level analytical units, we initially searched for diagnostics by level fluctuates substantially, with the two vertical clusters of like projectile points in the various lowest percentages occurring in Level 5 (25%) and Level 1 excavation areas identified at the site. The vertical (44%). In addition, note that the Early Archaic Wells points provenience unit in which material was collected during the appear in the two highest levels. No spatial clustering of excavation at the site consisted of six-inch levels. While the levels with point types reflecting a consistent period original excavators tried to place these arbitrary levels into assignment is apparent. Based on the distribution of point larger zone designations that were potentially indicative of types in Table 5-1, our assessment is that the deposits in natural stratigraphic units, our review of these data suggest Area A lack integrity. We cannot define an artifact sample that this attempt is not useful for our purposes. Using these that would even broadly represent a temporal period. thicker “zonal” assignments, which were often several levels thick and occasionally assigned a given level to more than Area B one zone (e.g., Zone II/III), grouping material failed to The sample of diagnostic points from Area B consists of 59 produce results that reflected consistent temporal periods. specimens that primarily reflect Late (n=34) and Middle Consequently, we used the smallest available vertical (n=22) Archaic production, although three Early Archaic designation, the six-inch level, as a starting point to search points are also present. Three of the 59 points were collected for period-level analytical units. Relying on these six-inch from the backhoe trench at the south end of this area, and levels for vertical control, we investigated each of the five the precise provenience of two other points is not known. spatial areas designated at the site. The point distributions Table 6-2 presents the vertical distribution of the remaining were compared, where appropriate, to the radiocarbon dates 54 points by type and level. As with Table 6-1, the Middle available from the site (see Table 5-4). Archaic point types are shaded. Within this area, excavation was only conducted along the E200 line. Figure 6-1 is a Our investigation suggests that Area A and Area D contain schematic of the distribution of diagnostics along E200 from deposits with little or no temporal integrity based on the S145 through S175 that reflects all 54 diagnostics recovered. distribution of temporally diagnostic projectile points. Comparison of the percentages of Late Archaic point types However, making the assumption that the material associated by level, presented to the right of the schematic in Figure with temporally diagnostic points reflects a similar age as 6-1, clearly suggests that good vertical separation is present those points, we can isolate assemblages for comparison in between the Late and Middle Archaic in Area B. All of the each of the remaining areas. We can isolate two different 15 diagnostic points from the upper four levels reflect a analytical units in Area B, one of which represents primarily Late Archaic age. Conversely, Late Archaic points make Late Archaic material and a second that represents Middle up only 27.3% of the 33 points found below Level 5, and Archaic material.

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