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Social Satire on Higher Education: a Comparative Structural Semiotic Study of the Movies Alangkah Lucunya (Negeri Ini) and Parasite

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Social Satire on Higher Education: a Comparative Structural Semiotic Study of the Movies Alangkah Lucunya (Negeri Ini) and Parasite INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS Vol. 11 No. 1, May 2021, pp. 245-253 Available online at: https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/IJAL/article/view/34613 https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v11i1.34613 Social satire on higher education: A comparative structural semiotic study of the movies Alangkah Lucunya (Negeri Ini) and Parasite Yulianeta1 and Rosmah Tami2 1Department of Indonesian Language and Literature Education, Faculty of Language and Literature Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jl. Dr. Setiabudhi No. 229, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia 2Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Adab and Humaniora, UIN Alauddin Makassar Jl. H.M. Hasim Limpo No. 36 Samata Gowa, Indonesia ABSTRACT It is commonly believed that obtaining a higher education is one way to elevate people's social class. Two movies, the Indonesian film Alangkah Lucunya (Negeri Ini) ALNI (2010) and the Korean Parasite (PR) (2019), challenge this common belief. The two movies criticize higher education by conveying the message in satire. To unveil the meaning of the two movies' social satires, this study used Roland Barthes's structural semiotic analysis on five primary codes to explore the codes that regulate the structure of the narrative of the text (film) to find similarities and differences of their focus of criticism regarding higher education. The use of satiric form to contrast and juxtapose the rich and the poor, and the educated and uneducated shows that both Alangkah Lucunya (Negeri Ini) and Parasite uncover the influence of neoliberalism in the formal educational system that gives an impact to both lower and higher class, either in developed countries or developing countries. The satire content is intended to attract attention and to inspire people to move to change the situation. Keywords: Humor; Indonesia; Korea; movie; satire; neoliberalism First Received: Revised: Accepted: 30 December 2020 24 January 2021 28 February 2021 Final Proof Received: Published: 24 May 2021 31 May 2021 How to cite (in APA style): Yulianeta & Tami, R. (2021). Social satire on higher education: A comparative structural semiotic study of the movies Alangkah Lucunya (Negeri Ini) and Parasite. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 11(1), 245-253. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v11i1.34613 INTRODUCTION become the object of humor in popular culture, Amidst the belief of higher education as a key to some provoking issues regarding morality—which victory, several films appear to mock the product of has been prolonged as the essence and aim of people higher education humorously. Since the 2010s, pursuing education—should be examined. several films around the world have notably Similar to the movie’s illustration, the morality captured the problem faced by the world of of educated people is also massively reported and education such as Alangkah Lucunya Negeri Ini discussed globally either in popular newspapers or (ALNI) (2010), Ivory Tower (2014), Bad Genius in scholarly work. Many newspapers pay attention (2017), and Parasite (2019). The issues such as the to the educational degree held by corruptors amid skyrocketing tuition fee, cheating, bribery, and corruption cases in Indonesia and directly questions corruption are depicted satirically and consumed the function of higher education as a place to harvest comically by a large global popular culture’s knowledge and wisdom (Kompas, 2019; Media audience. In humor, people take amusement in the Indonesia, 2019; Okezone, 2019; Republika Online, ignorance of other people as moral criticism. Thus, 2020; Wartakota, 2019). In academic research, when educated people and the educational system Giroux (2004) relates the decadence of morality in *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] 245 Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 11(1), May 2021 education to neoliberalism as public education This article argues that the two films satirically becomes the target of neoliberalism. Neoliberalism criticize similar fundamental problems regarding in higher education is also found by Byean (2015), higher education. However, satire does not usually who tracks the ideology of neoliberalism in English express its idea directly, instead of its opposites. teaching in South Korea. In Indonesia, neoliberalism Therefore, to find the fundamental meaning of their impacts the increase in tuition fees and the low intention and aspiration, the movies' structures are quality of education in higher education (Rachman, examined using a semiotic structural narrative. To 2017). This condition leads to the commercialization find the implicit meaning of the two movies’ of higher education (Wahyudi, 2015) and affects intention and inspiration, this article employs two students' psychology in both countries (Abelmann et critical questions; (1) what is the meaning of al., 2009; Sutanto, 2016). education narrated in the two movies based on As a fundamental critical entertainment with Barthes’ five codes (2) why does satiric code their intention and aspiration, two satiric films from regulate these film narratives? The structural two countries, Parasite (2019), which depicts the semiotic employed here is developed by Roland struggle of a lower-class Korean family living in a Barthes. This theory examines five principal codes semi-basement apartment, and Alangkah Lucunya that rule the structure of films’ narratives (Allen, (Negeri Ini) (ALNI) (2010), which portrays the 2003). struggle of university alumnae, are the focus of this article. As satiric movies, they are considered to be part of comedy, and comedy is viewed as lower art METHOD compared to tragedy. Comedy is not commonly The comparative structural narrative is used to considered to be as potent a form of critical compare the structure of the two films' intention and intervention. Nevertheless, according to McClennen inspiration. The comparative study does not intend (2011, p. 3), satire is not meant to merely entertain to show the similarities, but this study departs from and amuse its audience but it aims to attract similarities of the films to find their differences attention to think critically. Furthermore, (Faruk, 2018, p. 90). The formal object is the McClennen and Maisel (2014) show that the goal of structural narrative of education, while the material satire is to expose human folly and to inspire critical object is two satiric movies, Alangkah Lucunya thinking and reason in social engagement. Satire Negeri Ini (ALNI), directed by Deddy Miswar, and does not make people laugh at something, but make Parasite, directed by Bong Joon Ho. Parasite people laugh at their own stupidity. Even though criticizes the exceedingly high cost of education fee, almost all satire use irony, satire itself is not an which is unaffordable for the poor and leaves them irony. The irony is all about the opposites; in the lowest social location. ALNI tells about a meanwhile, satire is just a form of derision in the jobless university alumna named Muluk who meets face of foolishness. It also differs from mockery, a pickpocket named Comet that unexpectedly opens cynicism, and sarcasm, though these may be seen in up job opportunities for Muluk. Together with the satire. Satire always has a clear goal to promote pickpockets, Muluk got a place to apply his critical thinking; meanwhile, mockery only conveys knowledge. its messages. It is fundamentally different in their Movie is one of the signs which consist of intention and inspiration. signifiers and the signified. The signifiers in movies Many researchers have studied ALNI, such as are structurally combined syntagmatically and Anwar (2019) who found the social inequalities in selected paradigmatically in order to form meaning. the film, Susanti and Asyari (2017) on moral In the movie, the paradigms consist of ways of teaching, and Hasanah et al. (2017) on character changing shots such as cut, fade, dissolve, and wipe. building. However, these studies do not give The choice of satire as a genre or medium is also a specific attention to the form of satire contained in paradigm. Semiotician believes this structure is the film. Another study using semiotic analysis on constructed and not neutral because the choice the movie conducted by Sudarso et al. (2015) tries involves inclusion and seclusion. A syntagm is an to unveil the mythological meaning using Barthes’ orderly combination of interacting signifiers which theory. Nevertheless, this study still does not give forms a meaningful whole within a text (Chandler, much attention to the satire in the movie and only 2007, p. 147) focuses on the mythological meaning. Likewise, Code governs the rule in combining and film reviewers such as Peter Bradshaw (2020), from selecting the structure to affect the texture of the The Guardian and David Sims (2019), from The structure (Johansen & Larsen, 2004, p. 7). Signs in a Atlantic, unveil that Parasite represents social movie manifest in pictures, sounds, and dialogues to inequalities. They neglected the tone of education, signify its reference so that its audience can receive even though the dialogue and symbols regarding its messages. The combination or selection of education significantly moves the two movies' signifiers to structure and represent a more structures. prominent structure, namely narrative, appeared in the texture or genre of a story (McQuillan, 2002, p. Copyright © 2021, authors, e-ISSN: 2502-6747, p-ISSN: 2301-9468 246 Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 11(1), May 2021 109). Barthes (1977, p. 79) points out that a countries in the way they structure their criticism structural narrative analysis explores the story or satirically through the films. This part is discussed narrative of a bigger structure such as a movie. For in the last part of this article. Barthes, narrative is a collection of events, and this event produces a particular type of genre; here, the genre is identified as satire. FINDINGS Besides, it is impossible to combine and The Narrative Structure of Satire in Alangkah produce a narrative without a reference to an Lucunya (Negeri Ini) implicit system of units and rules. The unite here is The hermeneutic code the structure, and the rule is the code.
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