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THE INCIDENCE and DISTRIBUTION of the BASS TAPEWORM (PROTEOCEPHALUS AMBLOPLITIS) in SOUTHERN NEW HAMPSHIRE WATERS by George R

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THE INCIDENCE and DISTRIBUTION of the BASS TAPEWORM (PROTEOCEPHALUS AMBLOPLITIS) in SOUTHERN NEW HAMPSHIRE WATERS by George R THE INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION of the BASS TAPEWORM (PROTEOCEPHALUS AMBLOPLITIS) in SOUTHERN NEW HAMPSHIRE WATERS by George R. Morrison Fisheries Biologist maildal Management and Research Division of the New Hampshire Fish and Game Department Technical Circular No. 13 Dingell-Johnson Project F-8-R 1957 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express his sincere ap- preciation to the project parasitologist, Paul L. Krupa, of New York University, for his assistance and active participation in the field work and in preparation of the manuscript. Special thanks are also extended to R. Wade Covill, Berton B. Hiller, George E. Hanson, Mason S. Butterfield, and William C. Jerome, Jr., for assisting in the field work. This study could not have been accomplished without the help and cooperation of many indivi- duals not directly participating in the project. The writer wishes to express his appreciation to the many landowners for their permission to carry on the field work on their various properties. Sincere thanks are also extended to the many con- servation officers who gave invaluable information and assistance in many phases of the project. The writer also extends his appreciation to Hilbert R. Siegler, Chief of the Management and Research Division, and to Arthur E. Newell, Jr., Senior Fisheries Biologist, for their help in editing the manuscript, and to David L. White for his assistance in the statistical phases of the project. Special thanks are due Ralph G. Carpenter, 2nd, Director of the New Hampshire Fish and Game Department and members of the Fish and Game Com- mission, without whose approval the project could not have been undertaken. Funds for the project were provided through Federal Aid to Fisheries Project F-8-R, under the Dingell-Johnson Act. INTRODUCTION The decline of populations of smallmouth black bass (gicropterus dolomieu) in many lakes and ponds of New Hampshire has presented a serious problem to both sportsmen and fishery biologists. Although there may be several reasons for this decline, there is the possibility that these fish are prevented from reproducing due to heavy infections of the plerocer- coid larvae of the bass tapeworm, Proteocephalus amblo- plitis (Leidy). The life cycle of this parasite has been tho- roughly investigated by Bangham (1925 and 1928), Hunter (1928), and Hunter and Hunter (1929 and 1930). The following species of fish have been reported to be definitive hosts of P. ambloplitis: smallmouth bass, largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), Eastern burbot (Lota iota) and the bowfiii-(laa-calva). Bangham (1945) has also shown the yellow perch (Perca flavescens) to be a final host. The adult tapeworms are located in the digestive tracts of these fishes and pass out the characteristic dumbbell-shaped eggs in tremendous quantities. Some of these eggs are eaten by the first intermediate host, a copepod, which may be any one of several crustaceans belonging to this group. These include Hyalella knick- erbockeri (Bangham, 1927), Cyclops prasinus, C. al- bidus, and C. leuckarti (Hunter, 190)7-Trie first lar- val stage (oncosphere) is liberated from its enclosing membranes, penetrates the intestinal wall of the cope- pod and encysts in the body cavity of the crustacean as the second larval stage (procercoid). When an in- fected copepod is eaten by a suitable second inter- mediate host, which may be any of several species of fish, the procercoid bores through the intestinal wall of the fish and becomes the next larval stage (plero- cercoid). The larva then migrates to the liver, spleen, kidneys, walls of the gut, or gonads. If one of the po- tential definitive hosts eats a fish infected with the plerocercoid larva, the larva becomes an adult tapeworm in the intestine and the cycle begins anew. See Figure I for a diagram of the life cycle. Objectives The primary objectives of this survey were: (1) to determine the degree to which the smallmouth bass and other economically important species of fish were infected with the plerocercoid larvae of the bass tapeworm; (2) to record which bodies of water were completely or relatively free from the parasite in order to determine future stocking or reclaiming policies. Techniques Used The 124 lakes and ponds surveyed included most fresh water ponds in Merrimack, Belknap, Hillsboro and Cheshire counties, and one lake in each of Car- roll and Sullivan counties. These lakes and ponds were suspected of having had a population of small mouth bass at one time or another. A total number of 1,960 fishes, representing 12 species, was examined. Of the total number 192 were smallmouth black bass. Although this fish was sought primarily, other species were examined which were known to be definitive or intermediate hosts of the parasite. These other species in- cluded: 47 largemouth bass, 303 sunfish (this includes both the common sunfish(Lepomis gibbosus) and the redbreasted sunfish (Lepomis auritus), 472 yellow perch, 154 Eastern chain pra7TJT (Esox niger), 173 brown bullheads (horned pout) (Ameiurus nebulosus) and 118 white perch (Morone amerTC3T7)-7- The remaining 501 fishes of the 1,960 examined com- prised four species which do not harbor the larval stage of the bass tapeworm. Three hundred forty- six (346) common suckers (Catostomus commersonni), 69 Eastern creek chubsuckerg-(EFI Ton oblongus), FIGURE 1. LIFE CYCLE OF THE BASS TAPEWORM PROTEOCEPHALUS AMBLOPLITIS Life cycle of the bass tapeworm (Proteocephalus aMbloplitia): A- Dumbbell-ahaped egg containing larva, after escaping from adult worm and before being eaten by copepod (No. 1); B . Larva, after escaping from the outer hyaline, dumbbell-shaped membrane, within digestive tract of copepod; • Procercoid larva within body cavity of copepod; D Encysted plerocervoid larva within body cavity of fish (No.2); E Later stage of same; F Adult worm within intestine of smallmauth bass (No. 3). Numbers 1, 2, and 3 indicate first, second and third or final hosts respectively. Enlarged. From Marvin C. Meyer, 1954. -3- 66 golden shiners (Notemigonus crycoleucas) and 20 fallfish (Semotilus corporalis) comprised this group. The fishes were usually captured in three nylon gill nets which were 100 feet long. Since a staple food of the smallmouth bass is the crayfish, which is found beneath rocks, the nets were usually placed, whenever possible, above shoal areas. They were then pulled on the following day. The smaller fishes and the desirable species of fish were not always caught in the nets; therefore angling with rod and reel, seining and spot reclama- tion with emulsifiable rotenone were used as supple- mentary methods of capture. The treated area usually encompassed from one-half to one surface acre, and ranged from a maximum depth of six feet to the shore- line. Whenever possible, a small cove WAS chosen so that the inshore breeze would prevent the toxic wa- ters from being dispersed to adjacent areas. Appro- ximately one pint of rotenone was mixed with five gallons of water and sprayed more or less uniformly on the surface with portable fire pumps. A few mi- nutes after the application of the rotenone the fish began to die. The dying fish were easily captured with the aid of a dip net. Within several hours the rotenone diffused sufficiently to allow fishes to re- enter the area without suffering adverse effects. Examinations for parasites were performed in the field as soon as the fishes were brought in from the nets or captured by the use of the supplementary methods. In searching a fish for plerocercoid lar- vae of P. ambloplitis, the viscera were exposed with the use of a large pair of scissors and a blunt probe. The parasites were then counted individually. When fifty or more larvae were present the specimen was recorded as heavily infected and no further counts were made. (For this reason, Hunter's (1942) method for determining the parasite concentration index is not applicable in this report.) Moderately infected fish harbored from 10 to 49 larvae, and a count of 1 -4- to 9 larvae was considered a light infection. Both compound and dissecting microscopes were used to determine the identity of doubtful cysts in which the larvae are usually found. Specimens were fixed in Dubosq-Brasil solution and later identified in the laboratory. Identification of bass tapeworm larvae was based on the presence of the characteristic vestigial fifth sucker. This structure is especially evident in the plerocercoid stage and may even persist in the adult for a time (Hunter, 1928). Since emphasis WAS placed on the determination of the presence of these larvae, examinations for adult tapeworms in the digestive tract were made only when time allowed. In order to obtain information regarding the decrease in the numbers of smallmouth bass in a particular body of water due to heavy infec- tions by plerocercoid larvae, the degree to which fishes in that pond or lake are infected must be considered. If the number of infected fish of a parti- cular species is compared to the total number examined from a lake, a percentage value is ob- tained which is called the parasite frequency index. This index does not consider the number of larvae found in each fish. The frequency index value for any lake can also be compared with the percentage of infection for the entire survey area. The extent of parasitism is desig- nated as follows: abundant if 70 to 100 percdnt of the particular species offish were infected with the parasite; common if 30 to 69 percent; occasional if 10 to 29 percent; rare if .01 to 9.9 percent, or completely absenT-(Mderman,1953). Findings Of the 192 smallmouth bass examined, 80.2 per- cent were found to be infected with plerocercoid larvae. The 192 fish were caught from 54 of the -5- 124 lakes and ponds surveyed and measured from 2.0 to 19.7 inches in length.
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