Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, {Bi-Monthly}, ISSN2249-9598, Volume-II, Issue-II, Mar-Apr 2012

Spatial Information Database Formation for Tahsil in Ahemadnagar District using Geoinformatics Approaches

Miss. Pragati P. Deshmukh

Department of Geography, R.N.C. Arts, J.D.B. Commerce and N.S.C. Science College, Nasik Road, Nasik, (M.S.), .

Abstract

Our earth is undulating where the surface cover occur by the natural and cultural features in verity of vertical and horizontal dimension. This exterior features determine the human life mode throughout its direct and indirect influences. The human lifestyle consists with space, where the rapid and gradually changes occur owing to the dynamic nature of earth. So the topographical or physiographical identification at precise level is the key part previous to any spatial planning. The spatial information can be represent on the plain paper for any distinctive purpose, generally we called to it sketch or map.

Now a day, the presentation mode of spatial information has been changing, which is converted in Digital technology. The Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing technologies opened the new gate way for the spatial planning. By using RS and GIS techniques we can create the spatial digital database information in verity of GIS software‟s. This spatial information is useful for the administration, military, irrigation, engineering, communication, agriculture, and development department‟s decision making.

KEYWORD: Spatial, Geographical Information System, Remote Sensing.

Introduction:

The spatial source of information has changing according to growing technologies and development in various fields. The surface identification and representation of location of geographic features also become easier due to advancement in Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing field. Spatial representation of where features are, explicitly and relative to one another which is composed of different geographic features represented as points, lines, and areas. This physical and cultural landscape is defined both by its location in space, and by its characteristics. In shortly, throughout the application of GIS and RS database we can create a map is a model of the real world. An attempt has been made in this paper to generate the various spatial database of Sangamner tahsil for decision making and information sources.

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Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, {Bi-Monthly}, ISSN2249-9598, Volume-II, Issue-II, Mar-Apr 2012

Study Area:

Present study area is the part of Ahemadnagar district which is located in state of India (Fig 1). The geographical extent of study area is 19° 12' 36.00" to 19° 46' 12.00" Northing and 74° 01' 48.00" to 74° 27' 00.00" Easting. The study area divided into two parts due to Pravara River called has northern and southern part. The southern part covered by hilly region as far as northern part known as plateau region. The central parts of region drained by river Pravara, and its tributaries. Study area preferred for the study purpose is the undulated topography where has physical and cultural variation due to diverse situation of tahsil. Here, the various types of prepared database map by Geoinformatics approach is largely useful for spatial information of tahsil for multiple types of decision making.

Fig 1: Study Area Map

Objectives:

For the present works completion further few objectives is considerate here. To present the spatial information of Sangamner tahsil by preparing the various database maps of present study area. To utilize the Topographical and Remote Sensing data, like as ASTER (Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer data for generate the precise information. Lastly, to examine the capacity of GIS and RS techniques in the database building using GIS software‟s for Decision Support System (DSS).

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Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, {Bi-Monthly}, ISSN2249-9598, Volume-II, Issue-II, Mar-Apr 2012

Methodology:

For completion of this research work, following methodology is adopted, where the database, computer use, and software‟s are mostly use. The field work attachment helps for the ground- truthing of real world.

Flow Chart: 1 Methodology

Physiographic and Contour Map:

Any Physiographical map gives the representation of hilly, plateaus and plain regions with fluctuated nature of surface. The topography of Sangamner tahsil is the undulating, especially in the southern part of tahsil. Sangamner divided into two parts by the Pravara River. The maximum height finds (Surfer-8 GIS software used) in the southern part which is known as Baleshwar Donger (1150 M.). Likewise, the minimum height is recorded from the ASTER data which is 550 m. The middle part of tahsil is plain topographical region due to Pravara river impact, flowing from western to eastern.

A contour map has lines that show elevation where the any point on any line is at the same elevation. From the contours observation we can see hills (the lines form circles), whether a slope is gradual or steep (where it's steep the lines are close together), and other features. In this task, contours are also generated from the ASTER data in Global Mapper 11 GIS software at the 20 M. interval. From the contours map (Fig 3) nature also reveal that the southern part is hilly,

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Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, {Bi-Monthly}, ISSN2249-9598, Volume-II, Issue-II, Mar-Apr 2012

where the spacing between two contours is so close. The maximum spacing in contour at middle part is indicating the plain nature of surface.

Fig 2: General Physiographic Map. Fig 3: Contour Map (20 m CI)

Topographical and Village Spatial information:

Topographical maps are 2 dimensional spatial information sources. In toposheet physical (contour line, spot height, triangulation height drainage network, rivers, natural lake, coastal line, natural vegetation, forest, and other natural landscapes) and cultural information (settlement, roads, communication facility, cannel, villages information, market situation ) are located which can be analyzed only from toposheet expert. It is old and base sources of information for most of ground working department. For generation of topographical map of Sangamner tahsil 1:50,000 scales map has been used. Nearby four adjusted toposheets are used 47/I/2, 47/I/3, 47/I/6, and 47/I/7. Tahsil boundary‟s shape file is superimposed over the four Georefrenced toposheets and cropped the region (Fig 4).

At sample level some villages of Sangamner tahsil is digitized by point vector data and shows its position within the boundary (Fig 5). The attribute information of village is also attached to this particular point entity. This geographical entity shows the spatial and non spatial (attribute) information of each villages of tahsil. This uploaded attribute information can be easily manipulated. It is very useful for administration, Governmental and NGO‟s, surveyor for micro level village planning. Village information can be also observed by clicking on particular entity and quarry analysis in GIS software.

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Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, {Bi-Monthly}, ISSN2249-9598, Volume-II, Issue-II, Mar-Apr 2012

Fig. 4: Topomap of Sangamner Tahsil Fig. 5: Some Villages in Sangamner Tahsil.

Digital Elevation Model and Drainage Network Map of Sangamner:

From the analysis and interpretation of the DEM data and its derivatives, the following results were obtained:

i) DEM data: A digital elevation model is a digital model or 3-D representation of a terrain's surface. From the DEM data of the area (Fig. 6) it could be inferred that the general elevation of the Sangamner tahsil, which is decreases from northern and southern direction to the central part. The highest elevation is 1125 m above sea level at a point whose location coordinates are 19.45º N and 74.15º E. This point located in southwest part of tahsil, known as Baleshwar range. The lowest point, as expected, is along the Pravara River. This is seen where the Pravara exit into tahsil at Middle Eastern part. About 40% of the area in the Plain region has elevation less than 750 m whereas 60% of the area is between the heights 750 to 1125 m. Digital Elevation Models are a type of raster GIS layer. One of the most powerful applications of DEMs is adding synthetic hill shading. Now a day ASTER (Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) DEM is also used as a database, which is Japanese sensor which is one of five remote sensory devices on board the Terra satellite launched into Earth orbit by NASA in 1999. The instrument has been collecting superficial data since February 2000. ASTER provides high-resolution images of the Earth in 15 different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, ranging from visible to thermal infrared light. The resolution of images ranges between 15 to 90 meters. ASTER data are used to create detailed maps of surface temperature of land, emissivity, reflectance, and elevation.

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ii) Drainage Network Map: A drainage map shows the watersheds of an area, the direction and elevation that water flows from into a stream, river, or lake. The drainage network map (Fig. 7) of the Sangamner Tahsil shows that the overall trend of the drainage basin is from northern to southern middle part as well as southern to northern middle part. Middle part covered by Pravara and its sub tributaries while the southern part covered by Mula and its drainage system. Drainage density is high in the southern part owing to hilly range of Baleshwar. In the northern part few tributaries flowing toward the northern direction also. This is in accordance with the elevation of the land surface which has the same trend as inferred from the DEM data.

From the generated database and field visits some characteristic found of drainage network. In the central part of tahsil flows the main river Pravara from west to east direction. The sub river like as Mhalungi, Adhala etc, is flux in the main Pravara River. From the Baleshwar hilly range (located at southwest part of tahsil) most of streams flow towards the north direction and meet to Prvara River from right bank. The southern part indicate drainage network pattern in the trellises shape while in the middle part it is in herringbone pattern.

Fig. 6: Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Fig. 7: Drainage Network Superimposed over DEM

Slope Map and Gradient Shaded map Information: i) Slopes: The slope or gradient of a line describes its steepness, incline, or grade. A higher slope value indicates a steeper incline. (Slope, as a practical term, is not defined for theoretically perfectly horizontal or vertical lines). From the slope map of the Sangamner tahsil it can be concluded that the southwest part of the tahsil has the highest slope angles. The slope angles in this region are above 350 deg. In the middle stream areas it is 70 -100 deg. Some isolated pockets of steep slopes are seen in northern part also. The downstream areas at Middle Eastern

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part show very low values of slopes. About 40% of the Tahsil area has slopes greater less than 40o. Accordance to slope representation in southern part mostly observed hilly region while in the northern part only one hills range identified at east to west direction. Other most of the region is plain topography.

ii) Aspect: Aspect is the direction of the slope. An aspect-slope map simultaneously shows the aspect (direction) and degree (steepness) of slope for a terrain (or other continuous surface). From the aspect map of the Sangamner Tahsil it can be clearly seen that aspect or the general direction of the slopes in the tahsil is towards the northern direction. This fact serves as an evidence for the general direction of the streams.

Fig. 8: Slope map ( in deg) of Sangamner and Fig. 9: Gradient Shader Map

Shaded Relief map and Curvature Maps Information:

Shaded relief maps show features on the surface, such as mountains, valleys, plateaus, and canyons. Areas that are flat or have few features are smooth on the map, whereas areas with steep slopes and mountains appear rougher. The maps here are generated using GIS‟s Surfer 8 software and a database of elevations for the ASTER (fig.10). The software determines an average elevation for each of a number of small rectangular areas, and uses this grid of elevations to construct a virtual 3-dimensional landscape. The computer then simulates what the landscape would look like if the sun position will change. This type of relief can be also demonstrated by using colors to show variations in elevation (height above sea level). Another map (Fig. 11) has been generated in MICRODEM software which is show the curvature of surface and its quantification.

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Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, {Bi-Monthly}, ISSN2249-9598, Volume-II, Issue-II, Mar-Apr 2012

Fig 10: Shaded Relief Map and Fig.11: Curvature Map

Gradient Situation Identification from Profiles:

A profile map is a map that shows the cross section of a land surface. The surface rise and fall level can be performing by graphical representation. Profile of surface helps for the surface fluctuation identification. Here, the two profiles has demarcated from the north to south direction and east to west direction, which show the vertical height in meter and horizontal distance in k.m. From the demarcated profiles the slope gradient is observed in visual form. In profile A the middle part is show the depression of Pravara river, while in profile B there is fluctuation in topography in the form of rise and falls. The Slope is decreasing from western to eastern side, which is also identified in previous map of Pravara river flow.

Fig.12: Profiles Created from DEM of tahsil

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Digital Mapping of Sangamner Tahsil’s Village- Khandgaon:

Digital mapping is done with computer, software and surface database with high superiority, which we can manipulate easily. Here at sample level work we had chosen the Khandgaon village. The geographical extent of selected village area is 74o 10‟ 12.00” E to 74o 12‟00.00” E and 19 o 31‟ 12.00” to 19 o 33‟ 18.00” N. For the digital mapping various types of topographical, DEM, Google maps are superimposed and modeled in Globel mapper software. The field work attachment also given throughout GPS (Global positing System) survey at 10 points sample survey. The present information shows the hilly region, drainage network, village location, roads network etc spatial information.

Fig. 13: Digital Mapping of Khandgaon Village with GPS Survey.

Samples Location Geographical Co-Ordinate Height (ASL) 1 Temple 19 o 32‟ 40.83” N to 74o 11‟ 14.75” E 564 M. 2 Khandgaon Phata 19 o 32‟ 40.32” N to 74o 11‟ 14.65” E 566 M 3 Kapaleshwar Temple 19 o 32‟ 27.00” N to 74o 10‟ 17.65” E 633M 4 Kapaleshwar Water Tank 19 o 32‟ 30.32” N to 74o 10‟44.65” E 619 M 5 Kapaleshwar Temple 19 o 32‟ 14.32” N to 74o 10‟30.65” E 619 M 6 Hill Top 19 o 32‟ 10.32” N to 74o 10‟24.65” E 665 M 7 Hill Bottom 19 o 32‟ 40.32” N to 74o 10‟13.65” E 558M 8 Primary School 19 o 32‟ 10.32” N to 74o 11‟26.65” E 570 M 9 Central Stream 19 o 32‟ 27.32” N to 74o 11‟32.65” E 560 M 10 Samaj Mandir 19 o 32‟ 30.32” N to 74o 10‟44.65” E 570 M

Visualization and Spatial Modeling:

Visualization is the information graphics which give visual representation of information, data or knowledge about selected entity. Here the Google map of northeast part is superimposed over the DEM (Fig. 14). By this visualization we can observed the hilly, plateau and plain region easily. The overlay operation is useful for the spatial modeling of present study region.

Fig 14: Visualization and Spatial Modeling of Sangamner Tahsil northern part by Superimposing Google map over DEM.

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Land Use and Land Cover Information of Sangamner City:

According to land use and land cover occurrence study, one can note that in Sangamner city, there are growing settlements trends toward the agriculture region. Nearby, 41% of land use covers under the settlements. The surrounded region of Sangamner is plain region which is suitable for agriculture activity. But, there is large encroachment of fertile soil for construction; this is noticed from field survey. The land use and cover map prepared in the Diva GIS software with analysis of each land uses.

Fig. 15: Land Use Land Cover of Sangamner City

Landsat Satellite Imagery’s Spatial Information:

The Landsat Program is a series of Earth-observing satellite missions jointly managed by NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey from the time 1972. Landsat satellites have collected information about Earth surface from the space. This science, known as remote sensing, has matured with the Landsat Program. Landsat satellites have taken specialized digital photographs of Earth‟s surface for over three decades, which is enabling people to study many aspects of our earth and to evaluate the dynamic changes caused by both natural processes and human practices. The present satellite image is only the southern part because of UTM zone boundary zone (Fig. 16). But the excluding rather northern part, there is large surface features clearly define like as hilly region, rivers, water body, city, agricultural land, roads etc. The agricultural

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activity is much developed according to Pravara rivers adjutant region due to plain region in central part. In the southeast part, the cannel irrigation is mostly developed, which is observed by Blake shading of water. The Sangamner city shows by the blue colure, where the high density of settlement. Present Landsat image band is R4, G5, B2, which exercise done in Eridas 9.2 software.

Fig. 16: Landsat Satellite Image of southern part of Sangamner. (Band, 4,5,2)

Results and Conclusion:

Database generation at micro level is become the essential task in this era. A database is an organized collection of data for one or more purposes, usually in digital form. The term database is correctly applied to the data and their supporting data structures, and not to the database management system (DBMS). A spatial data infrastructure (SDI) is a data infrastructure implementing a framework of geographic data, metadata, users and tools that are interactively connected in order to use spatial data in an efficient and flexible way. This generated Sangamner tahsil database will strongly support for decision making, as information basis, which will useful for researcher, administration, education, management and for making the other regions role model. The development in the GIS and RS fields opened a new way of knowledge, which has the fast access and multidimensional applications.

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