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Habitats Assessment for Radioactive Substances

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Habitats Assessment for Radioactive Substances Habitats assessment for radioactive substances Better regulation science programme Science report: SC060083/SR1 The Environment Agency is the leading public body protecting and improving the environment in England and Wales. It’s our job to make sure that air, land and water are looked after by everyone in today’s society, so that tomorrow’s generations inherit a cleaner, healthier world. Our work includes tackling flooding and pollution incidents, reducing industry’s impacts on the environment, cleaning up rivers, coastal waters and contaminated land, and improving wildlife habitats. This report is the result of research commissioned and funded by the Environment Agency’s Science Programme. Published by: Author(s): Environment Agency, Rio House, Waterside Drive, R. Allott, D. Copplestone, P. Merrill & S. Oliver Aztec West, Almondsbury, Bristol, BS32 4UD Tel: 01454 624400 Fax: 01454 624409 Dissemination Status: www.environment-agency.gov.uk Publicly available / Released to all regions ISBN: 978-1-84911-001-3 Keywords: habitat assessment|wildlife|ionising radiation © Environment Agency May 2009 Environment Agency’s Project Manager: All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced Claire Cailes with prior permission of the Environment Agency. Science Project Number: SC060083 The views and statements expressed in this report are those of the author alone. The views or statements Product Code: expressed in this publication do not necessarily SCHO0309BPML-E-P represent the views of the Environment Agency and the Environment Agency cannot accept any responsibility for such views or statements. This report is printed on Cyclus Print, a 100% recycled stock, which is 100% post consumer waste and is totally chlorine free. Water used is treated and in most cases returned to source in better condition than removed. Further copies of this report are available from: The Environment Agency’s National Customer Contact Centre by emailing: [email protected] or by telephoning 08708 506506. Science report: Habitat assessments for radioactive substances ii Science at the Environment Agency Science underpins the work of the Environment Agency. It provides an up-to-date understanding of the world about us and helps us to develop monitoring tools and techniques to manage our environment as efficiently and effectively as possible. The work of the Environment Agency’s Science Department is a key ingredient in the partnership between research, policy and operations that enables the Environment Agency to protect and restore our environment. The science programme focuses on five main areas of activity: • Setting the agenda, by identifying where strategic science can inform our evidence-based policies, advisory and regulatory roles; • Funding science, by supporting programmes, projects and people in response to long-term strategic needs, medium-term policy priorities and shorter-term operational requirements; • Managing science, by ensuring that our programmes and projects are fit for purpose and executed according to international scientific standards; • Carrying out science, by undertaking research – either by contracting it out to research organisations and consultancies or by doing it ourselves; • Delivering information, advice, tools and techniques, by making appropriate products available to our policy and operations staff. Steve Killeen Head of Science Science report: Habitat assessments for radioactive substances iii Executive summary The UK has a duty to comply with the EU Birds and Habitats Directives (Council Directives 79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds and 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and wild flora and fauna) when planning and undertaking all of its regulatory and operational activities. These European Directives were introduced into UK legislation by the Conservation (Natural Habitats & c.) Regulations 1994. These Directives established and protect a network of conservation areas across the EU called ‘Natura 2000’. Natura 2000 is made up of sites designated as Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) and Special Protection Areas (SPAs). Under the Habitats Regulations, the Environment Agency has obligations to review relevant existing authorisations, permits, consents, licences and permissions (collectively referred to as permits) to ensure that no Environment Agency authorised activity or permission results in an adverse effect, either directly or indirectly, on the integrity of Natura 2000 sites. The Environment Agency is also required to ensure that any new or varied permits do not have an adverse effect on the integrity of the Natura 2000 sites. The Environment Agency has adopted a staged approach to reviewing existing permits: • Stage 1 – identify the relevant permits. • Stage 2 – determine which permits have a potential significant effect. • Stage 3 – undertake appropriate assessment for permits with significant effects. • Stage 4 – revise permits to ensure no adverse effects (e.g. by changing the type, amount and location of discharges). The Environment Agency authorises discharges of radioactive waste to the environment (including discharges to air and water), under the Radioactive Substances Act 1993, from a variety of premises. The Environment Agency has assessed the impact of these discharges on Natura 2000 sites (Stage 3 assessment). These assessments have involved the calculation of dose rates to organisms in coastal, freshwater and terrestrial environments, taking account of the combined impact of discharges from multiple authorised releases and cautiously assuming that discharges occur at the authorisation limits. All discharges authorised under the Radioactive Substances Act 1993 that could have an impact on the Natura 2000 sites were included in the assessment. The total dose rates, calculated in the Stage 3 assessments, were compared to a threshold of 40 microgray/h, below which the Environment Agency, Natural England and the Countryside Council for Wales agreed there would be no adverse affect to the integrity of a Natura 2000 site The total dose rates to the worst affected organism are less than 40 microgray/h for all but two Natura 2000 sites (Ribble and Alt Estuaries SPA and Drigg Coast SAC). The calculated total dose rate to the worst affected organism for the Ribble and Alt Estuaries SAC was 520 microgray/h. This was significantly in excess of the agreed threshold and so this Natura 2000 site was included in Stage 4 of the Habitats Regulations implementation process. A separate report is available for the Ribble and Alt Estuaries which concluded that previously agreed new authorisation limits for the Springfields Fuels Ltd site (in effect from January 2008) would ensure that the dose rates to reference organisms and feature species will be less than 40 microgray/h. The total dose rate for the Drigg Coast SAC is just greater than the 40 microgray/h threshold. The assessment methodology is generally cautious, in particular compared to a new assessment methodology resulting from an EC funded project (ERICA assessment tool). The dose rate to the worst affected organism (phytoplankton) is 20 microgray/h using the dose rate per unit concentration data from the ERICA assessment tool. The Science report: Habitat assessments for radioactive substances iv Drigg Coast SAC was also considered in an ERICA project case study which concluded that there was no indication of significant impact from ionising radiation on the sand dune biota. This Natura 2000 site will be kept under review. It is recommended that the current assessment methodology is revised to include data from the ERICA assessment tool. The results using this new data should be reviewed. Refining assessment data for phytoplankton should also be considered, in light of the Ribble and Alt Estuaries report. The assessments for Natura 2000 sites should be kept under review where the assessed dose rates approach the agreed threshold. Science report: Habitat assessments for radioactive substances v Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Assessment method 2 2.1 Overview 2 2.2 RSA 93 authorisation limits 3 2.3 Natura 2000 sites 3 2.4 Dose rate per unit release factors 4 2.5 Selection of RSA 93 authorisations 4 2.6 Calculation of coastal, freshwater and terrestrial dose rates 4 2.7 Calculation of total dose rates 5 2.8 Summary of key assumptions 5 3 Results 8 3.1 Ribble and Alt Estuaries SPA 8 3.2 Drigg Coast SAC 9 3.3 Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast SPA 9 4 Conclusions 11 5 Recommendations 12 6 References 13 Appendix 1 – Surrogate and realistic radionuclides 40 Appendix 2 – Natura 2000 sites 50 Appendix 3 – Derivation of dose rate per unit release factors 66 Overview 66 Dose rate per unit concentration factors 66 Concentration per unit release factors 67 Dose rate per unit release factors 67 Modifying dose rate per unit release factors 68 Appendix 4 – Assessing dose rates for releases to coastal waters 100 Selecting RSA 93 authorisations 100 Calculating dose rates 101 Appendix 5 – Assessing dose rates for releases to freshwaters 122 Selecting RSA 93 authorisations 122 Calculating dose rates 122 Science report: Habitat assessments for radioactive substances vi Appendix 6 – Assessing dose rates for releases to air 130 Selecting RSA 93 authorisations 130 Calculating dose rates 130 Appendix 7 – Assessing floodwater 152 Calculation of dose rate per unit release data for flooding 152 Comparison of flooding and freshwater dose rate per unit release data 152 Appendix 8 – Comparison of Stage 3 habitats methodology with ERICA 155 Introduction
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