STUDIES IN ORIENTAL RELIGIONS Edited by Wassilios Klein and Karénina Kollmar-Paulenz Volume 68 2014 Harrassowitz Verlag · Wiesbaden Religious Minorities in Kurdistan: Beyond the Mainstream Edited by Khanna Omarkhali 2014 Harrassowitz Verlag · Wiesbaden Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. For further information about our publishing program consult our website http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de © Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden 2014 This work, including all of its parts, is protected by copyright. Any use beyond the limits of copyright law without the permission of the publisher is forbidden and subject to penalty. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. Printed on permanent/durable paper. Printing and binding: Hubert & Co., Göttingen Printed in Germany ISSN 0340-6792 ISBN 978-3-447-10125-7 Contents List of Illustrations ....................................................................................... VII List of Tables ............................................................................................... VIII Abbreviations ............................................................................................... IX Preface and Acknowledgements .................................................................. XIII Transcription ................................................................................................ XV Introduction – Religious Minorities in Kurdistan: Beyond the Mainstream .......................................................................................... XVII KHANNA OMARKHALI Ahl-e Ḥaqq (Yāresān / Kākāʾī) The Yāresān of Kurdistan ............................................................................ 3 PHILIP G. KREYENBROEK (Göttingen) Ḥājj Neʿmatollāh Jayḥūnābādī (1871–1920) and His Mystical Path within the Ahl-e Ḥaqq Order .......................................................................... 13 MOJAN MEMBRADO (Paris) Life as Ritual: Devotional Practices of the Kurdish Ahl-e Ḥaqq of Guran .. 47 PARTOW HOOSHMANDRAD (Fresno, California) Yezidis Current Changes in the Yezidi System of Transmission of Religious Knowledge and the Status of Spiritual Authority ............................... 67 KHANNA OMARKHALI (Göttingen) One Community, Two Identities: Syria’s Yezidis and the Struggle of a Minority Group to Fit in ...................................................................... 79 SEBASTIAN MAISEL (Allendale, Michigan) Yezidis in Censuses in the USSR and Post-Soviet Countries ..................... 97 NODAR MOSSAKI (Moscow) Alevis “Our Alevi and Kurdish Brothers” – Some Remarks on Nationalism and Minority Politics in Turkey ................................................................. 139 MARKUS DRESSLER (Bayreuth) An Inside View of the Kurdish Alevis: Dîwana Heq of Pir Ali Bali .......... 159 LOKMAN TURGUT (Erfurt) VI Contents The Politics of Religious and Ethnic Identity among Kurdish Alevis in the Homeland and in Diaspora .................................................................. 173 JANROJ KELES (London) Sufi Orders and Shabak The Ḥaqqa Community: A Heterodox Movement with Sufi Origins ......... 227 THOMAS SCHMIDINGER (Vienna) Khāksār Order in Kurdistan ......................................................................... 235 SHAHROKH RAEI (Göttingen) The End of Heterodoxy? The Shabak in Post-Saddam Iraq ........................ 247 MICHIEL LEEZENBERG (Amsterdam) Jews The Kurdish Jewish Communities – Lost Forever ...................................... 271 BIRGIT AMMANN (Potsdam) Kurdish and Neo-Aramaic Literature of Kurdistani Jews ........................... 301 YONA SABAR (Los Angeles) Christians Coping in Kurdistan: The Christian Diaspora ............................................. 321 ERICA C.D. HUNTER (London) “The Thieving Kurds”: A Stereotype among Syrian Christians Concerning their Coexistence with the Kurds ........................................................ 339 MARTIN TAMCKE (Göttingen) Text, Religion, Society. The Modern Kurdish Bible Translations in the Context of the Socio-political Changes in Kurdistan .......................... 353 MARCIN RZEPKA (Kraków) Illustrations .................................................................................................. 371 Contributors ................................................................................................. 385 Glossary of Terms ....................................................................................... 391 Index I. Personal Names .............................................................................. 397 II. Place Names ................................................................................... 401 III. General Index ................................................................................. 406 Introduction Religious Minorities in Kurdistan: Beyond the Mainstream KHANNA OMARKHALI This anthology represents an account of the religious milieus flourishing beyond the Islamic mainstream in all parts of Kurdistan. Although nowadays Kurdistan is mostly identified with Islam, practiced by the majority of Kurds, it can be called a reservoir of religions because various religious groups of minority faiths coexist there. During this period of profound and rapid change, especially in the last few decades, various economic, political, and social transformations have taken place throughout the Middle East. The Kurds are now living under very different political conditions and the profound changes in the political landscape of each of the involved regions during the past few decades have affected the religious minorities in the Kurdish regions in various ways. Religious minorities have always remained beyond the mainstream both in Kurdistan itself and elsewhere. Most of the literature on religious minorities in the Middle East that has appeared in recent years is dedicated to the Judeo- Christian-Islamic religious tradition, while many other religious minority groups are frequently overlooked in this research. Until now very little has been pub- lished in the field of study of the non-Christian and non-Jewish minorities in the Middle East.1 Moreover, the focus of the scholarship, as well as that of interna- tional human rights institutions, has primarily been on the rights of religious and ethnic minorities. The idea to publish this volume was partly inspired by the courses on reli- gious traditions in Kurdistan which I have taught at the Georg-August Univer- sity Göttingen in previous years. Except for the collection of articles by Prof. Martin van BRUINESSEN Mullas, Sufis and Heretics: The Role of Religion in Kurdish Society,2 it was difficult to recommend any other single volume that 1 There is a great amount of literature studying the Aramaic dialects of Christian and Jewish groups in the Kurdish regions. This level of attention is unmatched by any of the other language groups. 2 BRUINESSEN, Martin van, Mullas, sufis and heretics: The role of religion in Kurdish society, collected articles, Istanbul, The Isis Press, 2000. XVIII Khanna Omarkhali would cover many (or at least some) religious groups in the Kurdish areas in one book. The majority of works on the religious minorities in Kurdistan can be found in the form of separate book chapters, journal articles, or monographs usually dedicated to individual religious communities. The Alevis are a good example; over the last few years a number of collections of articles and mono- graphs studying this religious group have appeared.3 Moreover, it bears men- tioning that the Kurdish Sunni majority has received rather less attention than the different minorities of Kurdistan. The varieties of ‘orthodox’ Sunni and Shiʿa Islam, however, are worth a volume of their own. Some of the works study religious minorities in different countries,4 while others are dedicated to the investigation of religious minorities all over the Mid- dle East.5 3 Cf. e.g. KEHL-BODROGI, Krisztina, KELLNER-HEINKELE, Barbara, OTTER-BEAUJEAN, Anke (eds.), Syncretistic religious communities in the Near East, collected papers of the International Symposium “Alevism in Turkey and comparable sycretistic religious com- munities in the Near East in the past and present”, Leiden, Brill, 1997; OLSSON, Tord, ÖZDALGA, Elisabeth, RAUDVERE, Catharina (eds.), Alevi identity: Cultural, religious and social perspectives, Istanbul, Swedish Research Institute, 1998; WHITE, Paul Joseph, JONGERDEN, Joost (eds.), Turkey’s Alevi enigma: A comprehensive overview, Brill, 2003; SÖKEFELD, Martin (ed.), Aleviten in Deutschland. Identitätsprozesse einer Religionsge- meinschaft in der Diaspora, Bielefeld, Transcript Verlag, 2008; LANGER, Robert, AĞU- IÇENOĞLU, Hüseyin, KAROLEWSKI, Janina, MOTIKA, Raoul (eds.), Ocak und Dedelik. Institutionen religiösen Spezialistentums bei den Aleviten, Frankfurt, Peter Lang, 2013; DRESSLER, Markus, Writing religion: The making of Turkish Alevi Islam, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013. 4 Eliz SANASARIAN’s monograph Religious minorities in Iran (Cambridge University