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A Companion to Cognitive Science Blackwell Companions to Philosophy A Companion to Cognitive Science Edited by WILLIAM BECHTEL and GEORGE GRAHAM Advisory editors David A. Balota Paul G. Chapin Michael J. Friedlander Janet L. Kolodner I BLACl<WELL Publish e r s Copyright l Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1998 First published 1998 24681097531 Blackwell Publishers Inc. 3 50 Main Street Malden, Massachusetts 02148 USA Blackwell Publishers Ltd 108 Cowley Road Oxford OX4 lJF UK All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system. or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical. photocopying, recording or otherwise. without the prior permission of the publisher. Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not. by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out. or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent In any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion lo cognitive science I edited by William Bechtel and George Graham: advisory editors. David A. Balota ... [el al.]. p. cm. - (Blackwell companions lo philosophy: 13) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 1-55786-542-6 (hardcover: alk. paper) 1. Cognitive science. I. Bechtel, William. Il. Graham, George, 1945-. UI. Balota. D. A. IV. Series. BF3 l l.C5 78 1998 l 53-dc21 97-38757 CIP British LibranJ Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Typeset in 10 on 12 pt Photina by. Grap?icrafi. Typesetters Limited, Hong Kong Pnnted m Great Britain by T.J. International, Padstow. Cornwall This book is printed on acid-free paper Contents List of contributors and website notice ix Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvii PART I: THE LIFE OF COGNITIVE SCIENCE 1 WILLIAM BECHTEL, ADELE ABRAHAMSEN, AND GEORGE GRAHAM PART II: AREAS OF STUDY IN COGNITIVE SCIENCE 105 I Analogy 107 DEDRE GENTNER 2 Animal cognition 114 HERBERT L. ROITBLAT 3 Attention 121 A. H. C. VAN DER HEIJDEN 4 Brain mapping 129 JENNIFER MUNDALE 5 Cognitive anthropology 140 CHARLES W. NUCKOLLS 6 Cognitive and linguistic development 146 ADELE ABRAHAMSEN 7 Conceptual change 157 NANCY J. NERSESSIAN 8 Conceptual organization 167 DOUGLAS MEDIN AND SANDRA R . WAXMAN 9 Consciousness 176 OWEN FLANAGAN 10 Decision making 186 J. PRANK YATES AND PAUL A. ESTIN II Emotions 197 PAUL E. GRIFFITHS v CONTE NTS 12 Imagery and spatial representation 204 RITA E. ANDERSON 13 Language evolution and neuromechanisms 212 TERRENCE W. DEACON 14 Language processing 226 KATHRYN BOCK AND SUSAN M. GARNSEY 15 Linguistic theory 235 D. TERENCE LANGENDOEN 16 Machine learning 245 PAUL THAGARD 17 Memory 250 HENRY L. ROEDIGER 111 AND LYN M. GOFF 18 Perception 265 CEES VAN LEEUWEN 19 Perception: color 282 AUSTEN CLARK 20 Problem solving 289 KEVIN DUNBAR 21 Reasoning 299 LANCE J. RIPS 22 Social cognition 306 ALAN J. LAMBERT ANO ALISON L. CHASTEEN 23 Unconscious intelligence 314 RHIANON ALLEN AND ARTHUR S. REBER 24 Understanding texts 324 ART GRAESSER AND PAM T I PPING 25 Word meaning 331 BARBARA C. MALT PART ID: METHODOLOGIES OF COGNITIVE SCIENCE 339 26 Artificial intelligence 341 RON SUN 27 Behavioral experimentation 352 ALEXANDER POLLATSEK AND KEITH RAYNER 28 Cognitive ethology 371 MARC BEKOFF 29 Deficits and pathologies 380 CHRISTOPHER D. FRITH vi CONTENTS 30 Ethnomethodology 391 BARRY SA FERSTEIN 31 Functional analysis 402 BRIAN MACWHINNEY 32 Neuroimaging 413 RANDY L. BUCKNER AND STEVEN E. PETERSEN 33 Protocol analysis 425 K. ANDERS ERICSSON 34 Single neuron electrophysiology 433 B. E. STEIN, M. T. WALLACE, AND T. R. STANFORD 3 5 Structural analysis 450 ROBERT FRANK PART IV: STANCES IN COGNITIVE SCIENCE 463 36 Case-based reasoning 465 DAVID B. LEAKE 3 7 Cognitive linguistics 477 MICHAEL TOMASELLO 3 8 Connectionism, artificial life, and dynamical systems 488 JEFFREY L. ELMAN 39 Embodied, situated, and distributed cognition 506 ANDY CLARK 40 Mediated action 518 JAMES V. WERTSCH 41 Neurobiological modeling 526 P. READ MONTAGUE AND PETER DAYAN 42 Production systems 542 CHRISTIAN D. SCHUNN AND DAVID KLAHR PART V: CONTROVERSIES IN COGNITIVE SCIENCE 553 43 The binding problem 555 VALERIE GRAY HARDCASTLE 44 Heuristics and satisficing 566 ROBERT C. RICHARDSON 45 Innate knowledge 576 BARBARA LANDAU 46 Innateness and emergentism 590 ELIZABETH BATES, JEFFREY L. ELMAN, MARK H. JOHNSON, ANNETTE KARMILOFF-SMITH, DOMENICO PARISI, AND KIM PLUNKETT vii CONTENTS 602 47 Intentionality GILBERT HARMA N 611 48 Levels of explanation and cognitive architectures ROBERT N. MCCAULEY 625 49 Modularity IRENE APPELBAUM 636 50 Representation and computation ROBERT S. STUFPLEBEAM 649 51 Representations DORRIT BILLMAN 660 52 Rules TERENCE HORGAN AND JOHN TIENSON 671 53 Stage theories refuted DONALD G. MACKAY PART VI: COGNITIVE SCffiNCE IN THE REAL WORLD 679 681 54 Education JOHN T. BRUER 691 55 Ethics MARK L. JOHNSON 56 Everyday life environments 702 ALEX KIRLIK 57 Institutions and economics 713 DOUGLASS C. NORTH 58 Legal reasoning 722 EDWI NA L. RISSLAND 59 Mental retardation 734 NORMAN W. BRAY, KEVIN D. REILLY, LISA F. H UFFMAN, LISA A. GR UPE, MARK F. VILLA, KATHRYN L. FLETCHER, AND VIVEK ANUMOLU 60 Science 744 WILLIAM F. BREWER AND PUNYASH LOKE MISHRA Selective biographies of major contributors to cognitive science 750 WILLIAM BECHTEL AND TADEUSZ ZAWIDZKI Author index 7 7 7 Subject index 787 viii Contributors Adele Abrahamsen, Linguistic Studies Program and Department of Psychology, Washington University in St Louis Rhianon Allen, Department of Psychology, Long Island University Rita E. Anderson, Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland Vivek Anumolu, CompuWare, Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin Irene Appelbaum, Department of Philosophy, University of Montana Elizabeth Bates, Center for Research in Language, University of California at San Diego William Bechtel. Philosophy-Neuroscience-Psychology Program and Department of Philosophy, Washington University in St Louis Marc Bekoff, Department of Environmental. Population. and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado Dorrit Billman, School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology Kathryn Bock, Department of Psychology, University ofllllnois at Urbana-Champaign Norman W. Bray, Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham William F. Brewer, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana­ Champaign John T. Bruer, James S. McDonnell Foundation, St Louis Randy L. Buckner, Department of Psychology, Washington University in St Louis Alison L. Chasteen, Department of Psychology, Washington University in St Louis Andy Clark. Philosophy-Neuroscience-Psychology Program and Department of Philosophy, Washington University in St Louis Austen Clark. Department of Philosophy, University of Connecticut Peter Dayan, Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Terrence W. Deacon, Department of Anthropology, Boston University Kevin Dunbar, Department of Psychology, McGill University Jeffrey L. Elman, Department of Cognitive Science, University of California at San Diego ix CONTRIBUTORS K. Anders Ericsson, Department of Psychology. Florida State University Paul A. Estin, Department of Psychology. University of Michigan Owen Flanagan, Department of Philosophy, Duke University Kathryn L. Fletcher, Department of Psychology. University of Miami Robert Frank. Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University Christopher D. Frith, Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology. Institute of Neurology, London Susan M. Garnsey. Department of Psychology, University of Illinois al Urbana­ Champaign Dedre Gentner, Department of Psychology, Northwestern University Lyn M. Goff, Department of Psychology, Washington University in St Louis Art Graesser. Department of Psychology, University of Memphis George Graham, Department of Philosophy, University of Alabama at Birmingham Paul E. Grlffiths, Department of Philosophy, Otago University Lisa A. Grupe, Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Valerie Gray Hardcastle, Department of Philosophy, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Slate University Gilbert Harman, Department of Philosophy, Princeton University Terence Horgan, Department of Philosophy, University of Memphis Lisa F. HofJman, Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Mark H. Johnson, MRC Cognitive Development Unit, London Mark L. Johnson. Department of Philosophy, University of Oregon Annette KarmilofT-Smith, MRC Cognitive Development Unit, London Alex Kirllk, Center for Human-Machine Systems Research, Georgia Institute of Technology David Klahr, Department of Psychology, Carnegie-Mellon University Alan J. Lambert, Department of Psychology, Washington University in St Louis Barbara Landau, Department of Psychology. University of Delaware D. Terence Langendoen, Department of Linguistics, University of Arizona David B. Leake, Computer Science Department, lndiana University Donald G. MacKay, Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles Brian MacWhinney, Department of Psychology, Carnegie-Mellon University Robert N. McCauley, Department of Philosophy, Emory University x CONTRIBUTORS Barbara C. Malt, Department of Psychology, Lehigh University Douglas Medin, Department of Psychology, Northwestern
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