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Congo: Final Report Personal Authors * BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET PN-AAd2-30 PRE-PROJECT ASSESSMENT OF THE AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT SECTOR IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: FINAL REPORT PERSONAL AUTHORS * CORPORATE AUTHORS - DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATES. INC. 1980, 255P. ARC NUMBER - CF630.9672.0489 CONTRACT NUMBER - AID/SOO/PDC-C-O15S PROJECT NUMBERS - SUBJECT CLASS - AE3000000000 DESCRIPTORS GABON SECTOR ANALYSIS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS PROJECT PLANNING COOPERATIVES CONGO SMALL FARMERS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURE CONSTRAINTS J.Lt 1 FINAL REPORT ON THE PRE-PROJECT ASSESSMENT OF THE AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT SECTOR IN THE People's Republic of the Con 4 Gabon PREPARED BY: DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATES. INc. 2924 COLUMBIA PIKE ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA 22204 UNDER IQC No. AID/SOD/PDC-C-0158 SEPTEMBER 1980 Submitted to: U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. FINAL REPORT on the PRE-PROJECT ASSESSMENT OF THE AGRICULTURE AND- RURAL DEVELOPMENT SECTOR in the PEOPLE' S REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO September 1980 Prepared for the U.S. Agency for International Development Washington, D.C. under I.Q.C. No. AID/SOD/PDC-C-0158 Work Order No. 3 Agency for International Developrnont Library Rccn, 105 CA.18 V;a3W:,n,':CK, D.C. 20523 Prepared by DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATES, INC. 2924 Columbia Pike Arlington, Virginia 2-2204 (703) 979-0100 DEVELOPME.,,T ASROCIATEU, INC. PREFACE In response to a request from the Government of the People's Republic of the Congo for assistance to provide a framework for its development activities and foreign assistance in Agriculture and Rural Development, Development Associates, under contract to the Agency for International Development (AID), organized a five-member I team which spent the month of July 1980 in the country to conduct a study on the agricultural sector. The specific purpose of the study, as outlined in AID's contract scope of work, was "to conduct a­ Pre-Project Agriculture and Rural Development Assessment in the People's Republic of the Congo (GPRC) that will provide a rationale for a medium-term (3-5 years) and long-term development assistance strategy in the agriculture area to help the GPRC in its socio­ economic development efforts." In addition to extensive discussions with the Congolese Government officials in Brazzaville, especially in the Ministry of Rural Economy and in the provinces, the team had the benefit of interviewing a large number of representatives of international organizations such as UNDP, IFAD, FAO, IBRD, FAC, and FED. The team made short trips to Pointe Noire, Loubomo, Kinkala, and the surrounding area of Brazzaville in order to observe agriculture practices and to interview local farmers and managers of coopera­ tives. The team leader spent three days in Paris, obtaining information on the balance of payments as well as French and the Common Market assistance to the Congo. This report, although an agriculture sector assessment, puts some emphasis, under AID mandate, on the target population: the small farmers who until now have been neglected by the central government in terms of both resources and research. DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATES. INC. There are five parts to the report. The Overview (Part One) summarizes the historical, sociological, economic and financial conditions which impact on agriculture. The agricultural sector itself is assessed in Part Two, and within agriculture, the targeted population, or the small farms subsector, is discussed in Part Three. Constraints to small farmers' development and U.S. assistance strategy are discussed in Parts Four and Five. Since it is not the prerogative of the team to analyze the health issue, the report only touches on the subject (Part Three, Section B.3). Throughout the Congo, government officials, international organizations' representatives and private enterprises were extremely helpful and cooperative and their assistance is gratefully acknowledged. The team was generously and cordially assisted by the U.S. Embassy in Brazzaville, especially by Ambassador William B. Swing and the Economic Counselor, Mr. Michael Fleitcher; the director of CARE/Congo, Mr. Tom ZopfD and his deputy, Mr. Paul McVeywere also very helpful in oroviding information, documents and logistical ­ support to the team. To all of them, the team expresses itt profound expression of gratitude and appreciation. Under the direction of Development Associates, Inc., this report was prepared by the following persons: Gregory N.T. Hung, Team Leader Professor of Economics Howard University Washington, D.C. 20059 Richard E. Downs, Chairman Department of Sociology and Anthropology University of New Hampshire DEVELOPME'T ASROCIrTES, INC. ii Jose F. Alfaro, Associate Professor College of Engineering Utah State University Winfried Kwami Biddier Free-Lance Consultant Washington, D.C. Russell Barbour, Lecturer University of Maryland Institute of Applied Agriculture DE'ELOPMENT ASSOCIATES. INC. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface........... ............................. i Map of The Congo .... ........................ xvi Basic Data ............... ............ xvii Abbreviations ....... .......................... .... xix Exchange Rates ........ ......................... xx PART I - AN OVERVIEW I, THE COUNTRY AND THE PEOPLE...... ................. 1-1 A. Historical Settinn......... ...................... 1-1 B. Geographical Environment..... ................... .I... 1-7 1. Major Geographical Regions .... ................ 1-8 2. Climate ........ .......................... 1-9 C. General Characteristics of the Population ..... .......... 1-9 1. Size and Distribution by Age and Sex ..... ........... 1-9 2. Geographical Distribution. ................. 1-11 3. Ethnic Groups ..... ........................... 1-16 I, ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL CONDITIONS BEARING ON AGRICULTURE............. ............. 1-18 A. Post Independence Economic Development............ 1-18 1.Background ..... ............... ... 1-18 2. The Sixties .......................... 1-18 3. The Seventies ...... ....................... 1-19 B. Structural Disequilibrium .................... 1-21 1. Causes of Disequilibrium ........................ 1-21 2. Implication: Behind the $500 Per Capita Incom.. .... 1-22 C. Fluctuations in National Products . .... .... ... 1-24 1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ............ .... 1-24 2. Sectorial Growth . ........ 1-25 a. Transport .. ........ .. 1-25 b. Mining . ........ .... 1-30 c. Manufacturing . .. .. 1-31 d. Agriculture . ... 1-32 D.Employment. 1-32 E. Fiscal Performance. 1-36 INC. iv DErEOPME'T ASSOCIATES, Page F. International Trade and Finance ....... ............... 1-39 1. International Trade ................. 1-39 a. Exports ........................ ......... 1-39 b.b Importsmo................................ .. ... ..1-42 I-42 2. International Finance. ... 1-42 a. The Balance of Payments .... .................... 1-42 b. The Debt Burden ...................... 1-45 G. The Other Side of Oil ............ ........... 1-46 1. The Limited Prospect of Production 1-46 2. Some Indicators on the Effect of Oil ............... 1-47 H. Planning for Future Development: Toward Agriculture. .. 1-50 PART II - THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR I, AGRICULTURE IN THE CONGOLESE ECONOMY.... ......... II-1 A. A Shrinking Sector....... ...................... II-I 1. Population ....... .. ........................ II-1 2. Production ....... ... ........................ 11-3 3. Source of Employment ..... .................... I.11-3 4. Source of Exports..... ...................... ... 11-4 B. The Socialist Option ...... .................... 11-4 1. Agricultural Transformation................ 11-4 2. Government Institutions Affecting Agriculture.......... 11-6 C. Land Utilization...... ...................... 11-8 D. Agriculture Research................... .. II-11 [, AGRONOMIC AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS...... I-16 A. Climatic Resources . .. 11-16 1. Seasons .... ...................... 11-16 2. Rainfall ....... .. ......................... 11-19 3. Evapotranspiration .. ............. 11-24 4. Temperature and Solar Radiation. ............. 1-32 5. Management of Climatic Resources . .. .. .. 11-33 B. Water and Land Resources.... .. .. .. 11-37 1.Surface Water Resources. .. .. .. .. .. 11-38 2. Geology and Ground Water Resources .. o .. .. 11-41 a. Geology .... ................ .. .. 11-41 b. Groundwater...... .. .. ... ... .. 11-43 c. Land Resources . ... .. .. .. 11-45 DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATES, IN'C. V Page C. Natural Vegetation...... ...................... ... 11-47 1. The Forest .............. ............ .. 11-48 2. The Savannas . ....... 11-49 3. Other Formations . ........... .......... .. 11-49 D. The Road Problem ................. .. ...... 11-50 1. The R.N.T.P........... 11-50 2. Road Classification .1............... 1-51 3. The Farm-to-Market Roads. 11-52 a. The 1978 Plan ......... ............. .11-52 b. The 1979 Plan .... ..................... 11-54 c. A Case Study ......................... 11-54 III. AGRICULTURAL PERFORMANCE . .......... ... .... 11-60 A.The Three Sectors ....... ............... 11-60 1.The Small Farmer Sector. ............. 11-60 2. The Co-operative and Pre-Co-operative Sector ............. 11-60 3.The State Sector . ............. .. 11-62 B. Agricultural Production ..... ................... .... 11-62 1. Structure......... ... .I...... ... 11-62 2. Production of Food Crops ... ................. 11-65 3. The Food Balance .I.... .. .. .... ... .. 11-68 4. Production of Cash Crops . ............... 11-69 C.Livestock.......... ... .I.... ... 11-74 D. Fishing. ... ...............
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