Cranfield University Naila Salihu Transforming Defence in Ghana's Fourth Republic Centre for International Security and Resili
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CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY NAILA SALIHU TRANSFORMING DEFENCE IN GHANA’S FOURTH REPUBLIC CENTRE FOR INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND RESILIENCE PhD THESIS ACADEMIC YEAR: 2017/2018 SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR LAURA CLEARY MARCH 2018 CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY CENTRE FOR INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND RESILIENCE PhD THESIS ACADEMIC YEAR: 2017/2018 NAILA SALIHU TRANSFORMING DEFENCE IN GHANA’S FOURTH REPUBLIC SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR LAURA CLEARY This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Security and Defence © Cranfield University 2018. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the written permission of the copyright owner Abstract Armed forces play an instrumental role in maintaining stability in West Africa, yet they have also been a major destabilizing actor due to their role in frequent coup d’états and human rights abuses. Ghana’s armed forces in particular, has a colonial and authoritarian history. It therefore requires change to align with the political transition of the country. The thesis seeks to answers to the question; has Ghana’s processes of defence transformation contributed to healthier civil-military relations and consolidation of democracy in the Fourth Republic? David Chuter’s Guide to Defence Transformation and Rebecca Schiff’s Concordance Theory of civil-military relations provide a dual framework of analyses of developments in Ghana’s defence sector since 1992. A qualitative approach to research design, data gathering and analysis was used to establish that Ghana’s defence sector has undergone transformational change which has been organically driven by the political, socio-economic and security conditions of the country. Ghana Armed Forces in particular, has gradually undergone cultural, human, organizational and political transformation. These relative changes have contributed to a politico-military concordance that has helped sustain the Fourth Republic. Successes or otherwise of the reforms are very much dependent on commitment to change by both political authorities and the military hierarchy. There is agreement between military and political elites on key variables: social composition of the officer corps, recruitment, political decision- making process and military style. There have been some changes where the state and its security and defence institutions are no longer seen as agents of fear and repression. Nonetheless, the citizenry are not factored into the defence decision making process. The opening up of the political space has provided opportunities for civil society actors and media to begin to show interest in engaging the military. Ghana has made satisfactory progress in bringing the defence sector in time with the current democratic dispensation. Yet, there is the need for the Ghana to do more by initiating a more holistic defence transformation process to effectively transform the armed forces and other defence management and oversight institutions. ii Acknowledgements My deepest gratitude goes to Allah for his mercy, guidance and blessings throughout my life. I wish to express my profound appreciation to my supervisor, Professor Laura Cleary, for the kindness and patience with which she guided me to complete this work. Laura, I am sorry for the long and winding draft chapters. Your comments and advice actually helped put them in focus. I am most grateful for the constructive comments from members of the Thesis Committee (TC) which helped me shape my thoughts. Since the start of my study in October 2012, membership of the TC changed as faculty members moved on. I have been privileged to work with Dr Matt Quatrop, Dr Sukanya Podder and Dr Teri McConville. I am also very grateful to Faculty and Staff of the Centre for International Security and Resilience, especially Anne Harbour, and staff of the Barrington Library for their enormous assistance. My deepest gratitude goes to Executive Management of Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, KAPTIC, especially, former Commandant, Air Vice Marshal, CEK Dovlo, (Retired), the Director of Faculty of Academic Affairs and Research, (FAAR), Dr Kwesi Aning, who saw the potential in me and recommended me for further studies. I really appreciate the comments from Dr Aning and Dr Thomas Jaye, during the writing stages. They have been supportive and always pressed me to work hard to complete my studies on schedule. Special thanks goes to Brigadier-General (Dr), Emmanuel Kotia, who took keen interest in my research and helped in diverse ways including scheduling appointments for my interviews with key informants from the Ghana Armed Forces, both serving and retired. I am highly indebted to my other colleagues at FAAR, especially Dr Emma Birikorang, who introduced me to this area of research when I was asked to submit a research proposal for consideration for sponsorship. Emma, your suggestion has been worthwhile and I actually enjoyed the research. I am also grateful to my husband, Awudu and daughter, Hajara Khadeeja, for their support and understanding during the long years of my studies. Awudu has always encouraged me to pursue higher studies, and provided enormous moral support and practical help throughout the study. He was always ready to read and comment on drafts and help with drawing of diagrams, despite his busy personal schedule. Thanks go to my family members, especially my dad, Alhaji Salihu Rasheed and my sisters: Fatima Batul, Fulera, and Mina, for their immense support and encouragements. I wish to state that even though I have received support in various ways from the above mentioned persons, I am solely responsible for the content of this thesis iii Table of Contents Abstract...................................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements ...............................................................................................................iii Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................iv Glossary of Acronyms.........................................................................................................viii List of Figures.......................................................................................................................xii List of Tables.......................................................................................................................xii CHAPTER ONE.....................................................................................................................1 1. 1 Background to the study.......................................................................................................1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ......................................................................................................6 1.3 Research Question .................................................................................................................8 1.4 Goal and Objectives of the study...........................................................................................8 1.5 Methodology........................................................................................................................8 1.6 Scope of the study .............................................................................................................10 1.7 Limitations of the study.......................................................................................................11 1.8 Rationale and Originality of the study...............................................................................11 1.9 Organization of the study ....................................................................................................12 1.10 Summary..........................................................................................................................14 Endnotes ....................................................................................................................................15 CHAPTER TWO..................................................................................................................19 A Review of the Civil-Military Relations Problem and Defence Transformation in Africa19 2.0 Introduction .........................................................................................................................19 2.1.1 Clarification of Key Concepts ..........................................................................................20 2.1.2 Exploring the Civil-Military Relations Problem ..............................................................21 2.1.3 Critics of Huntington........................................................................................................26 2.1.4 Military Influence...........................................................................................................29 2.1.5 From Control to Partnership and Shared Responsibility..................................................30 2.2 The African Military and the Coup Interregnum ................................................................33 2.2.1 The Colonial Legacy ........................................................................................................36 2.2.2 Causes of Military Intervention in African Politics..........................................................39 iv 2.2.3 Beyond Coups d’états: A New Conceptualization of Civil-Military