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Introduction to Command, Control and Communications (C3) Through Comparative Case Analysis

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Introduction to Command, Control and Communications (C3) Through Comparative Case Analysis Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1990-03 Introduction to Command, Control and Communications (C3) through comparative case analysis Berg, Scott A. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/37538 DTI8 FILE COPY NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California 0 SD STA~TS SELECTEDTIC JAN 0 31991- D D THESIS INTRODUCTION TO COMMAND, CONTROL AND COMMUNICATIONS (c3) THROUGH COMPARATIVE CASE ANALYSIS by Scott Alan Berg March 1990 Thesis Advisor: Dr. Carl R. Jones Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 91 1 1 UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICALTION OF THIS PAGE REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMIN.OOIU la. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION lb. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS UNCLASSIFIED 2a. SCURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF REPORT DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Approved for public release; 2b. distribution is unlimited. 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) S. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 6a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 1b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School (akab) Naval Postgraduate School I cc 6c. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIPC*de) 7b. ADDRESS (C/tv, State andZIP od ) - Monterey, CA 93943-5000 Monterey, CA 994 3-50 Ba. NAME OF FUNDING/SPONSORING 8b. OFFICE SYMBOL 9. PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER ORGANIZATION (If applicable) 8c. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) 10. SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS PROGRAM PROJECT TASK WORK UNIT ELEMENT NO. NO. NO. rCCESSION NO. 11. TITLE (include Security Classfication) INTRODUCTION TO COMMAND, CONTROL AND COMMUNICATIONS (C) THROUGH COMPARATIVE CASE ANALYSIS (UNCLASSIFIED) 12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) Berg, Scott A. 13a. TYPE OF REPORT 113b. TIME COVERED 14. DATE OF REPORT (Year, Month, Day) 15. PAGE COUNT Master's Thesis FROM - TOI March 1990 PAG 128 16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. 17. COSATI CODES 18. SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necenary and identiy by block number) FIELD GROUP SUB-GROUP - Command, Control and Communications, Interoperability, Command Structure, Crisis Action, Decision Making, Contingency Operations. 19. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse-if necenary and identify by-block number) This thesis contains material for the course, Introduction to Comman., 3ontrol and Communi- cations ('3). The first part of the thesis describes selected principles and concepts of 33 related to cormruication management, interoperability, command structure and standardizaton. The 3risis Action 3ystem is described emnhasizing the roles and functions of the Joint Chiefs of 3taff and the Office of the 3ecretary of Defense. A discussion of decision making in com- mand and control examines the principles- of unit5 of commands echelon skipping and span of control. Finally, the joint Task 1?orce (JTF) apparatus is reviewed from the perspective of interoperability. The second part of the thesis contains four case studies designed to pro- vide an understanding of command- and control by developing a com-etence to diagnose and solve command and control situations. The solutions to the cases require applying the principles and concepts presented in the first rart. The four cases are: (1) the Iran hostage rescue attempt; (2) the invasion of Grenada; (3) the raid on Libya; and (4) the rescue of the S.S. Mayaguez. 20. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY QF ABSTRACT - 21. ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION O'UNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMITED ]SAME AS RPT. 0 DTIC USERS U1WCLAS. IFEID 22a. NAME QF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL 22b. TELEPHONE (Include Area Code) 22c, OFFICE SYMBOL Dr. Cary R. jones (408) 646-772 39 DD Form 1473, JUN 86 Previous editipnsare obsolete. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE 1 Approved for public release; distribution Is unlimited. Introduction to Command, Control and Communications (C3) Through Comparative Case Analysis by Scott A. Berg Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy B.A., University of Washington Submitted-in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MARCH 1990 Author: Sot?Berg Approved by: arl Jones, Thesis Advisor Allan W. Tulloch, CDR, USN, Second Reader man Joint Command, Contr and- Communications Academic Group If ABSTRACT This thesis contains material for the course, Introduction to Command, Control and Communications (C3). The first part of the thesis describes selected principles and concepts of C3 related to communication management, interoperability, command structure and standardization. The Crisis Action System is described emphasizing the roles and functions of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and-the Office of the Secrftary of Defense. A discussion of decision making in command and control exatn ines the principles of unity of command, echelon skipping and span of control. Finally, the Joint Task Force (JTF) apparatus is reviewed from the perspective of interoperability. The second part of the thesis contains four case studies designed to provide an understanding of command and control by developing a competence to diagnose and solve command and control situations. The solutions to the cases require applying the principles and concepts presented in the first part. The four cases are: (1) the Iran hostage rescue attempt; (2) the invasion of Grenada; (3) the raid on Libya; and (4) the rescue of the S.S. Mayaguez. // Accesion For NTIS CRA&I D"IC TAB 0] U U :,.O-L1Ced El tifcatio................. By .................................................. Di t ib,'tio,'I Avaiiability Codes Avail a.-dior Dist Special 1A - Illd4/) TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ...................................... 1 A. PURPOSE ........................................ 2 B. BACKGROUND ..................... ........... 3 C. CASE ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY .................... 5 D. ORGANIZATION AND SCOPE ........................ 8 II. COMMAND AND CONTROL IN CONFLICT OVERVIEW AND DEFINITION .......................................... 10 A. COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT - ITS ROLE IN C2 .... 11 B. INTEROPERABILITY - JOINT C3...................... 15 C. COMMAND STRUCTURE: THE CHAIN OF COMMAND .... 19 D. STANDARDIZATION IN C3 - RULES OF ENGAGEMENT .. 22 III. CRISIS ACTION SYSTEM ................................ 24 A. CRISIS MANAGEMENT-CHARACTERISTICS ............ 24 B. ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE JCS IN CRISIS MANAGEMENT ................................... 25 C. CENTRALIZATION OF DECISION MAKING IN CRISIS .... 28 D. THE CRISIS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND THE OSD ..... 30 IV. COMMAND AND CONTROL AND DECISION MAKING ....... 32 A. UNITY OF COMMAND AND DELEGATION ............. 33 B. ECHELON SKIPPING ............................... 35 C. DECISION MAKING THRESHOLDS - SPAN OF CONTROL . 36 D. ROLE OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN DECISION M AKING ......................................... 38 . iv E. ORGANIZATIONAL AND INFORMATIONAL DECISIONS .. 41 V. COMMAND AND CONTROL POLICIES -- THE UNIFIED AND JOINT ARENAS ....................................... 43 A. COMPARISON OF U.S. SERVICE DOCTRINES ........... 44 B. THE JOINT TASK FORCE APPARATUS ................. 47 C. DEVELOPING C3 DOCTRINE ........................ 49 VI. CASE STUDY NUMBER ONE ............................ 51 A. IRANIAN HOSTAGE RESCUE ATrEMPT - OPERATION EAGLE CLAW ..................................... 51 1. Introduction .................................. 51 2. Background ................................... 52 3. The Mission .................................. 53 4. Command Relationships .......................... 56 5. Command, Control, and Communications ............... 59 6. Mission Abort and Tragedy ........................ 61 B. QUESTIONS FOR THE STUDENTS .................... 65 VII. CASE STUDY NUMBER TWO ............................ 66 A. THE GRENADA INVASION - OPERATION URGENT FURY 66 1. Introduction .......................... 66 2. Background ........................... 67 3. The Mission .................................... 68 4. Command Relationships ........................... 71 5. Command, Control and Communications ............... 73 6. Operation Urgent Fury - A Political Success;, A Military Lesson ........................................ 77 B. QUESTIONS FOR THE STUDENTS .................... 82 'F VIII. CASE STUDY NUMBER THREE .......................... 83 A. THE RAID ON LIBYA - OPERATION EL DORADO CANYON .......................................... 83 1. Introduction ................................... 83 2. Background ................................... 84 3. The M ission .................................... 85 4. Command Relationships ........................... 88 5. Command, Control and Communications ............... 90 6. Strike Operations .......... ....... ............ 93 B. QUESTIONS FOR THE STUDENTS .................... 96 IX. CASE STUDY NUMBER FOUR . ....................... 97 A. THE RESCUE OF THE-S.S. MAYAGUEZ ................ 97 1. Introduction .................................... 97 2. Background .................................... 98 3. The Mission ................................... 100 4. Command Relationships ..................... 103 5. Command, Control and Communications .............. 105 6. The Rescue and-the-Assault ....................... 106 B. QUESTIONS FOR THE STUDENTS ................... 113 X. SUMMARY AND CONCLUJSIONS ......................... 114 LIST OF REFERENCES ..................................... 117 INITIAL-DISTRIBUTION
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