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The Older History of the White-Tailed Eagle in Britain Derek W

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The Older History of the White-Tailed Eagle in Britain Derek W The older history of the White-tailed Eagle in Britain Derek W. Yalden Richard Johnson www.stitchbird.co.uk ABSTRACT This short article reviews evidence for the former status of White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla in Britain, on the basis of place-names and archaeological findings. It concludes that there is no doubt that White-tailed Eagles frequented lowland southern Britain during Roman and Anglo-Saxon times. he ornithological literature on the river valleys, lakes and reservoirs in wooded former status of the White-tailed Eagle areas, nesting sometimes on river cliffs but THaliaeetus albicilla in Britain has been often in large trees. admirably summarised by Love (1983), as part Its ecology elsewhere is well covered in of the background to the reintroduction pro- Cramp & Simmons (1980) and by local sources. gramme for the species in Scotland. The bird’s I wish to concentrate here on other evidence of alternative name (the Sea Eagle), as well as its its former status in Britain, especially England, recent (c. 1700–1900) history here, has tended which comes from archaeological and place- to reinforce the notion that it is a maritime name evidence. This evidence makes clear just species, associated especially with sea cliffs and how widespread it once was in lowland Britain. islands. This has led some to question the sug- gestion, currently under consideration, that it Place-names should also be reintroduced to England, and The Old English (OE, otherwise Anglo-Saxon) moreover not to an especially maritime county, name ‘earn’, which became ‘erne’, probably such as Cornwall, but to Suffolk. Such ques- applied to any large eagle. While the White- tioning ignores both its history as a British tailed Eagle was certainly recognised as a scav- species and its ecology in, for instance, enger, along with the Wolf Canis lupus and Germany and Poland, where it frequents large Common Raven Corvus corax, of the battlefield © British Birds 100 • August 2007 • 471–480 471 The older history of the White-tailed Eagle in Britain Table 1. Places named after White-tailed Eagles Haliaeetus albicilla in England. Note that it seems likely that the Old English (OE) ‘earn’ referred to eagles in general, and that it did not always differentiate Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos from White-tailed Eagle.The distribution of these names, and their frequent association with woodland and river valleys, strongly hints at White-tailed rather than Golden Eagle. A few Middle English (ME), Old Norse (ON) and Cornish (C) names are included. County names are the pre-1974 ones traditionally used in place-name literature. Compiled from Gelling (1987), Whittaker (1998) and Gelling & Cole (2000). Place County Grid Ref. Old English Meaning Arbury Banks Hertfordshire TL2638 OE earn, byrig eagle fort banks Areley Worcestershire SO8070 OE earn, leah eagle clearing Arlecdon Cumbria NY0419 OE earn, lacu, denu eagle-stream valley Arley Warwickshire SP2890 OE earn, leah eagle clearing Arley Worcestershire SO7680 OE earn, leah eagle clearing Arley Cheshire SJ6780 OE earn, leah eagle clearing Arley Lancashire SD5327 OE earn, leah eagle clearing Arley Lancashire SD6707 OE earn, leah eagle clearing Arley Staffordshire SO7680 OE earn, leah eagle clearing Arnberg Scar West Yorkshire SD9769 OE earna-beorg, sker eagles’ hill scar Arncliffe North Yorkshire SD9371 OE earn, clif eagle cliff Arnecliff North Yorkshire NZ7804 OE earn, clif eagle cliff Arnecliffe North Yorkshire SD9356 OE earn, clif eagle cliff Arnewas Huntingdon TL0997 OE earn, waesse eagle wetlands Arnewood Hampshire SZ2895 OE earn, wudu eagle wood Arngrove Buckinghamshire SP6013 OE earna, graf eagles’ grove Arnold Nottinghamshire SK5945 OE earn, halh eagle nook Arnold East Yorkshire TA1241 OE earn, halh eagle nook Ayleford Gloucestershire SO6608 OE earnleah, ford eagle-clearing ford Burniere Cornwall SW9873 C bren, er eagle hill Eagle Crag Cumbria NY2712 ME eagle crag Earley Berkshire SU7571 OE earn, leah eagle clearing Earlye farm? Sussex TQ5932 OE earn, leah? eagle clearing farm Earn Crag Westmorland NY3608 ME earn, cragge eagle crag Earnley Sussex SZ8196 OE earn, leah eagle clearing Earnshaw West Yorkshire SK2297 OE earna, sceaga eagles’ wood Earnshaw Cheshire SJ7270 OE earna, sceaga eagles’ wood Earnshaw Bridge Lancashire SD5222 OE earna, sceaga eagles’ wood bridge Earnslow Cheshire SJ6270 OE earnes, leah eagle’s clearing Earnstrey Shropshire SO5788 OE earnes, treow eagle’s tree Earnwood Shropshire SO7478 OE earn, wudu eagle wood Easdon Devon SX7382 OE earnes, dun eagle’s hill Eglemont Bedfordshire SP9821 ME eagle hill Eridge Sussex TQ5535 OE earn, hrycg eagle ridge Erne Crag Westmorland NY3608 ME erne, cragge eagle crag Ernesborough Devon SS6230 OE earnes, beorgh eagle’s mound Ernesdon Wood Buckinghamshire SP8745 OE earna, denu eagles’ valley wood Great Early Grove Bedfordshire TL0953 OE earna, leah eagles’ clearing Hern Clough Derbyshire SK0994 OE earn ON clough eagle valley Herneshaw Cumbria NY7270 OE earna, sceaga eagles’ wood Hernside Derbyshire SK1692 OE earn, side eagle slope Hern Stones Derbyshire SK0995 OE earn, stan eagle stones Ingleby Arncliffe North Yorkshire NZ4400 OE earn, clif eagle cliff Little Ernesettle Devon SX4559 OE earnes, setl eagle’s seat Yarnacombe Cross Devon SX7243 OE earn, cumb eagle valley cross Yarnacombe Devon SX6952 OE earn, cumb eagle valley Yarnbury Castle Wiltshire SU0340 OE earn, burh eagle fort castle Yarncliffe West Yorkshire SK3184? OE earn, clif eagle cliff Yarneford Devon SX8366 OE earn, ford eagle ford Yarnfield Wiltshire ST7637 OE earna, feld eagles’ field Yarninknowle Wood Devon SX6150 OE earna, cnoll eagle knoll wood 472 British Birds 100 • August 2007 • 471–480 The older history of the White-tailed Eagle in Britain Table 1. Places named after White-tailed Eagles Haliaeetus albicilla in England (continued). Yarnscombe Devon SS5523 OE earn, cumb eagle valley Yarnshaw Hill Cheshire SJ9870 OE earna, sceaga eagles’ wood hill Yarns Hill? West Yorkshire SD9905 OE earn, hyll? eagle hill Yarner Devon SX7778 OE earn, ofer eagle ridge Yarner Devon SX7762 OE earn, ora eagle ridge Yarnfield Staffordshire SJ8632 OE earn, feld eagle field Yarnold Farm Worcestershire SO9473 OE earn, hyll eagle hill farm Yarnspath Law Co. Durham NT8813 OE earnes, paeth eagles’ path Yarwoodheath Cheshire SJ7485 OE earn, wudu eagle wood heath Yes Tor Devon SX5890 OE earna, tor eagles’ tor dead (‘earn aeftan hwit’, the eagle white behind; carrion, the former does so more regularly, but Kitson 1997, 1998), it cannot be certain that the more important dietary distinction is that every incorporation of ‘earn’ in a place-name Golden Eagles hunt mammals and birds, while relates to this species. However, there is an White-tailed Eagles, like other Haliaeetus, feed abundance of such place-names, and they are extensively on fish, both freshwater and marine. widely scattered across lowland Britain. The Thus Golden Eagles are more likely to be found ecological distinction between Golden Eagles in mountainous areas, with abundant hares Aquila chrysaetos frequenting upland areas and Lepus, marmots Marmota and grouse White-tailed Eagles frequenting lowlands, as (Tetraonidae), while White-tailed Eagles are well as coastal areas, is widespread across usually found near water. Gelling (1987), Europe, while in North America, Bald Eagles H. reviewing a sample of 34 place-names involving leucocephalus play the equivalent lowland role. ‘earn’, noted two categories of associated words Both White-tailed and Golden Eagles feed on making up the place-names, one indicating open country and the other woodland. She suggested that perhaps places in open country, incorporating elements like field, ridge, combe, cliff and bank, referred to Golden Eagles; several locations in Devon and Yorkshire are of this type. Places along, for instance, the Severn, Mersey and Thames valleys that included wood or ‘leah’, a clearing in woodland (e.g. Arley, Earnley), were more likely to relate to White-tailed Eagles. Further searching in the volumes of the English Place-name Society (see Boisseau & Yalden 1999 for a full bibliography of these sources), in part as a student project by James Whittaker, has increased the sample of relevant place-names to 68. About a third (21) of the place-names imply woodland or woodland clearings (table 1). While it is not possible to insist that any specific name relates to Fig. 1. Map of place-names including the element ‘earn’ (red circles, the former presence of White- data in table 1). A few ‘eagle’ names (yellow circles) and one tailed rather than Golden Eagles Cornish ‘er’ (yellow diamond) are also shown. at these places, the spread of British Birds 100 • August 2007 • 471–480 473 The older history of the White-tailed Eagle in Britain names across lowland England surely relates to Aelfric’s glossary; Wright 1884). Place-names White-tailed Eagles. Gelling’s argument that incorporate one or two other bird names whose two species are indicated by the names is modern identity is less certain, notably ‘wrocc’ doubted by Kitson (1998), who considered in Wroxall, Wraxall, etc. (12 place-names), them to refer mostly or entirely to White-tailed which Ekwall (1936) suggested to be also a name Eagles. A cursory examination of the names in for a raptor, perhaps a buzzard. In view of its Devon, for example, finds most of them in scarcity as a place-name, its southern distribu- wooded valleys and around, rather than on, the tion, and absence from the glossaries, a rarer highest ground, and therefore less likely to be raptor, perhaps Honey-buzzard Pernis apivorus Golden Eagle sites. Later (Middle English) (my own preference) or Marsh Harrier Circus names and those in northern England related to aeruginosus (suggested by Kitson 1998), is indi- cliffs and crags might more plausibly be related cated. Either way, it is clear that the Anglo- to Golden Eagles, but even that is not certain. Saxons had and used a variety of names for Both Golden and White-tailed Eagles were smaller raptors, and it is surely inconceivable recorded in historical times from the Lake Dis- that they misused ‘earn’ to refer to them.
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