DOCSLIB.ORG

Ploidy Level, Karyotype, and DNA Content in the Genus Lonicera

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

HORTSCIENCE 52(12):1680–1686. 2017. doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI12489-17 Despite their economic importance, chro- mosome numbers have only been docu- mented in less than 30% of the described Ploidy Level, Karyotype, and DNA species based on the index to plant chromo- some number databases (IPCN, 2017). The Content in the Genus Lonicera basic chromosome number of x = 9 was 1 reported by Ammal and Saunders (1952). Juan Chen and Nianhe Xia However, Benko-Iseppon and Morawetz Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization/ (2000) suggested that the basic chromosome Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden, South number of the family Caprifoliaceae was x = China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, 8 or 9. In addition, karyotypes have only been Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, People’s Republic of China described in 36 entities (Table 1), of which some controversies remain in L. japonica.As Xiaoming Wang listed in Table 1 (Denda et al., 2007; Guo Hunan Academy of Forestry and Hunan Key Laboratory for Breeding of et al., 1993; Li et al., 2009; Wang and Wang, 2005; Yan et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2011; Clonally Propagated Forest Trees, 658 South Shaoshan Road, Changsha, Zhang et al., 2017), there are 17 different Hunan 410004, China karyotypes for L. japonica based on the 1 Stebbins’ karyotypes (Stebbins, 1971). Richard C. Beeson Jr. and Jianjun Chen Polyploidy occurs in the genus Lonicera Environmental Horticulture Department and Mid-Florida Research and (Ammal and Saunders, 1952; Solov’eva and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, 2725 South Binion Road, Plekhanova, 2003). Ploidy levels and genome Apopka, FL 32703 sizes play important roles in plant evolution (Soltis et al., 2003). The 2C nuclear DNA Additional index words. chromosome numbers, honeysuckle, medicinal plants, ornamental amount of Lonicera varies 6-fold based on plants the Plant DNA C-values Database (2012) and reports of Bennett et al. (2000) and Bennett Abstract. Ploidy levels and genome sizes have significant implications in plant evolution Lonicera and Leitch (2012). The DNA amount of the and crop improvement. Species of L. have long been cultivated as medicinal, unreplicated haploid genome (1C-value) is ornamental crops, or both. However, chromosome numbers, karyotypes, and DNA highly characteristic for different taxa. Spe- contents have only been documented in a few species, of which some controversies cies’ DNA amounts (1Cx-value) are key regarding basic chromosome numbers and karyotypes remain. This study analyzed the diversity characters of fundamental signifi- chromosome numbers and karyomorphology of 11 cultivars across four species and also Lonicera cance with many important uses (Bennett and the DNA content of 10 cultivars representing six species of . Among them, the Leitch, 2005). However, there are only six chromosome numbers of nine cultivars are reported for the first time. Results showed x 1C-values for Lonicera so far (Bennett and that the basic chromosome number of = 9 was constant, and chromosome numbers of Leitch, 2012; Olszewska and Osiecka, 1984; 2n = 18, 27, 36, or 54 were observed, suggesting that polyploidy exists in the genus. Five n Zonneveld et al., 2005). Moreover, ploidy cultivars are diploid with 2 = 18; one cultivar is triploid, four are tetraploid, and one is levels and genome sizes are important in crop hexaploid. The karyotypes of all studied cultivars are 3B or 3A, except Lonicera sempervirens improvement (Bennett, 1998). Because of the ‘Crimson Cascade’ that is 2B based on the Stebbins’ asymmetry classifi- lack of reliable chromosome and genomic cation of karyotypes. The asymmetry index (A1) values vary from 0.47 to 0.60. The information, current breeding on Lonicera chromosome lengths range from 0.77 to 4.09 mm. Total karyotype lengths differ from m has been primarily focused on the selection of 33.55 to 78.71 m. The 1C-value of 10 cultivars varies 3-fold, ranging from 1.158 to 3.664 naturally occurring mutations (Chen et al., pg. Information gathered from this study could be valuable for improving breeding Lonicera 2013; Wang et al., 2013; Zeng et al., 2017). efficiency in the development of new cultivars of with enhanced medicinal, The objectives of this study were to de- ornamental value, or both. termine the chromosomal numbers, ploidy levels, and karyotypes of some important The genus Lonicera L., commonly known Lonicera confusa (Sweet) DC., Lonicera ful- cultivars of selected Lonicera species as well as honeysuckle, is a member of the family votomentosa Hsu et S.C. Cheng, Lonicera as their DNA contents. It is anticipated that Caprifoliaceae and comprises more than 200 japonica Thunb., Lonicera hypoglauca Miq., information gathered from this study could species (Naugzemys et al., 2007). This genus is and Lonicera macranthoides Hands.-Mazz., help improve medicinal and ornamental mainly distributed in temperate and subtropi- are medicinal plants (Zeng et al., 2017). Dried value of Lonicera species and cultivars cal areas, with several species extending their flowers and buds of honeysuckles are known through plant breeding. range into tropical areas of India, Malaysia, as flos loniceras and have been a recognized and the Philippines (Rehder, 1903; van Steenis, herb of traditional Chinese medicine for more Materials and Methods 1946). The region of greatest species diver- than 1500 years (Li et al., 2015). Flos loniceras sity is the Himalayas and China (Ammal and have been used to treat arthritis, diabetes Lonicera cultivars listed in Tables 2 and 3 Saunders, 1952). Some species, including mellitus, fever, and viral infections (Li et al., were grown in a container substrate compris- 2015; Shang et al., 2011). Some species have ing 60% peat, 20% perlite, and 20% vermic- been used as ornamentals worldwide includ- ulite in a greenhouse. Root tips were ing L. japonica, Lonicera sempervirens L., collected and pretreated with 0.1% colchi- Received for publication 8 Sept. 2017. Accepted Lonicera periclymenum L., and Lonicera flava cine (Phytotechnology laboratories, Shawnee for publication 18 Oct. 2017. Sims (Georges et al., 1992). Because of their Mission, KS) for about 5 h before being fixed This study was supported in part by the research different growth habitats and great adapt- in Carnoy I (glacial acetic acid:absolute and demonstration project on the regulation of ability, a few species, such as L. japonica ethanol = 1:3). The samples were then mac- vegetative and reproductive growth of honeysuckle (Schierenbeck, 2004) and Lonicera maackii erated in a 1:1 mixture of 45% acetic acid plants funded by the Hunan Province Science and (Rupr.) Herder. (Gorchov and Trisel, 2003), (Fisher Scientific Inc., Pittsburgh, PA) and Technology Innovation Programs for Renewal and ° Development of the Chinese Herbal Medicine are considered as invasive plants in some 1 M HCl (Fisher Scientific Inc.) at 60 C for Industry. regions. One species, Lonicera caerulea L., 4 min and stained and squashed in carbol 1Corresponding authors. E-mail: jjchen@ufl.edu or also known as blue honeysuckle, is a shrub fuchsin (Sigma-Aldrich Inc., St. Louis, MO). [email protected]. producing edible fruits (Miyashita et al., 2011). The root tips were squashed with forceps in 1680 HORTSCIENCE VOL. 52(12) DECEMBER 2017 Table 1. A summary of somatic chromosome numbers of Lonicera species that have been reported in the literature. Taxa Karyotype formulaz Stebbins’ type No. (2n) Origin Reference Lonicera affinis Hook. & Arn. —y — 18 Japan Lin and Sasaki (2011) Lonicera caerulea L. 34m + 2sm — 36 Romania Truta et al. (2013) L. caerulea — 18 Russia Solov’eva and Plekhanova (2003) Lonicera gracilipes Miq. — — 36 Japan Lin and Sasaki (2011) var. glabra Lonicera hypoglanca Miq. 4m + 14sm 2A 18 China Zhang et al. (2017) Lonicera japonica Thunb. — — 18 China Chen et al. (1990) 6m + 10sm + 2st 2A 18 China Wang and Wang (2005) 2m + 14sm (3SAT) + 2st (2SAT) 3A 18 China Guo et al. (1993) 8m + 8sm + 2st 2B 18 China Li et al. (2009) 4m + 14sm 2B 18 China Yan et al. (2014) 12m (2SAT) + 4sm (2SAT) + 2st (2SAT) 2B 18 China Yang et al. (2011) 10m + 6sm + 2st (2 SAT) 24m + 10sm + 2st 2B 36 China Zhang et al. (2002) — — 18 Japan Lin and Sasaki (2011) — — 27 Japan Lin and Sasaki (2011) L. japonica var. chinensis 8m + 8sm + 2st 2B 18 China Yan et al. (2014) 2m + 12sm (2SAT) + 4st (4SAT) 3B 18 China Wu et al. (2011b) 2m + 12sm + 4st 3B 18 China Zheng et al. (2007) L. japonica var. miyagusukiana 2m + 14sm (2SAT) + 2st — 18 Japan Denda et al. (2007) 4m + 28sm (2SAT) + 4st — 36 Japan Denda et al. (2007) L. japonica ‘Damaohua’ 2m + 14sm + 2st 3A 18 China Zhang et al. (2017) L. japonica ‘Jiufeng 1’ 4m + 24sm + 8st (3SAT) 3A 36 China Zhang et al. (2017) L. japonica ‘Jizhuahua’ 2m + 8sm + 8st (4SAT) 3B 18 China Zhang et al. (2017) L. japonica ‘Sijijinyinhua’ 2m + 10sm + 6st (4SAT) 3A 18 China Zhang et al. (2017) L. japonica ‘Xiaojizhua’ 4m + 8sm + 6st 3A 18 China Zhang et al. (2017) Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim. 8m + 10sm 2A 18 China Wang and Wang (2005) Lonicera macranthoides 2m + 8sm + 8st 3B 18 China Mei et al. (2006) Hand.-Mazz. Lonicera periclymenum L. — — 18, 36 Europe Ammal and Saunders (1952) L. periclymenum var. Belgica — — 36 Cultivated Ammal and Saunders (1952) L. periclymenum var. Wisleyensis — — 36 Surrey Ammal and Saunders (1952) Lonicera similis Hemsl. 10m + 8sm 2A 18 China Yan et al. (2014) Lonicera semperivens L. — — 36 E. and C. USA Ammal and Saunders (1952) Lonicera syringantha Maxim. 2m + 12m (2SAT) + 2sm + 2st 2B 18 China Wang (2014) Four diploid cultivars 4m + 12sm + 2st Eight tetraploid cultivars 8m + 22sm + 6st — 36 Russia Solov’eva and Plekhanova (2003) zm = median centromeric chromosome; sm = submedian centromeric chromosome; st = subterminal centromeric chromosome; SAT = satellite chromosome. yDashes indicate no data available.
Recommended publications
  • Climbers & Wall Shrubs

    Climbers & Wall Shrubs

    Climbers & Wall Shrubs Information Leaflet No. 3 North Orbital Road (A414) St. Albans Hertfordshire AL2 1DH Tel: 01727 822255 Fax: 01727 823024 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.aylettnurseries.co.uk 1 Climbing plants may be used to great advantage in every garden; for covering walls of houses or out-buildings, to cover poles and pergolas, low walls, fences and dead tree stumps. These will add colour to trees by growing through them, or as ground cover for dry banks. Two climbing plants will happily grow through each other to extend the flowering period, or one to provide foliage for the winter. On sunny sheltered walls, plants needing some protection may be grown. Our list includes plants for all these purposes. Most will need some help through the use of trellis or a network of wires which are available in our Garden Shop. Self clinging plants will adhere to a wall once established and will do no damage to sound brickwork. Most of these plants are best pruned as follows unless otherwise stated: - After flowering or in late winter/early spring, cut back flowered shoots to within 2-4 buds of permanent framework. Any dead, misplaced, old or unwanted shots should be removed at the same time. = The Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (AGM) 2 ABELIA - Summer flowering shrub, needing a sunny sheltered site. Best results are obtained from planting against a wall. Well drained soil. GRANDIFLORA - Pinkish white slightly fragrant flowers July - October. Height 3m Spread 4m. Glossy green foliage. Semi-evergreen. GRANDIFLORA CONFETTI – Variegated semi evergreen.
  • Human Chromosome‐Specific Aneuploidy Is Influenced by DNA

    Human Chromosome‐Specific Aneuploidy Is Influenced by DNA

    Article Human chromosome-specific aneuploidy is influenced by DNA-dependent centromeric features Marie Dumont1,†, Riccardo Gamba1,†, Pierre Gestraud1,2,3, Sjoerd Klaasen4, Joseph T Worrall5, Sippe G De Vries6, Vincent Boudreau7, Catalina Salinas-Luypaert1, Paul S Maddox7, Susanne MA Lens6, Geert JPL Kops4 , Sarah E McClelland5, Karen H Miga8 & Daniele Fachinetti1,* Abstract Introduction Intrinsic genomic features of individual chromosomes can contri- Defects during cell division can lead to loss or gain of chromosomes bute to chromosome-specific aneuploidy. Centromeres are key in the daughter cells, a phenomenon called aneuploidy. This alters elements for the maintenance of chromosome segregation fidelity gene copy number and cell homeostasis, leading to genomic instabil- via a specialized chromatin marked by CENP-A wrapped by repeti- ity and pathological conditions including genetic diseases and various tive DNA. These long stretches of repetitive DNA vary in length types of cancers (Gordon et al, 2012; Santaguida & Amon, 2015). among human chromosomes. Using CENP-A genetic inactivation in While it is known that selection is a key process in maintaining aneu- human cells, we directly interrogate if differences in the centro- ploidy in cancer, a preceding mis-segregation event is required. It was mere length reflect the heterogeneity of centromeric DNA-depen- shown that chromosome-specific aneuploidy occurs under conditions dent features and whether this, in turn, affects the genesis of that compromise genome stability, such as treatments with micro- chromosome-specific aneuploidy. Using three distinct approaches, tubule poisons (Caria et al, 1996; Worrall et al, 2018), heterochro- we show that mis-segregation rates vary among different chromo- matin hypomethylation (Fauth & Scherthan, 1998), or following somes under conditions that compromise centromere function.
  • Pedigrees and Karyotypes Pedigree

    Pedigrees and Karyotypes Pedigree

    Pedigrees and Karyotypes Pedigree A pedigree shows the relationships within a family and it helps to chart how one gene can be passed on from generation to generation. Pedigrees are tools used by genetic researchers or counselors to identify a genetic condition running through a family, they aid in making a diagnosis, and aid in determining who in the family is at risk for genetic conditions. On a pedigree: A circle represents a female A square represents a male A horizontal line connecting a male and female represents a marriage A vertical line and a bracket connect the parents to their children A circle/square that is shaded means the person HAS the trait. A circle/square that is not shaded means the person does not have the trait. Children are placed from oldest to youngest. A key is given to explain what the trait is. Marriage Male-DAD Female-MOM Has the trait Male-Son Female-daughter Female-daughter Male- Son Oldest to youngest Steps: ff Ff •Identify all people who have the trait. •For the purpose of this class all traits will be given to you. In other instances, you would have to determine whether or not the trait is autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or sex- linked. •In this example, all those who have the trait are homozygous recessive. •Can you correctly identify all genotypes of this family? ff ff Ff Ff •F- Normal •f- cystic fibrosis Key: affected male affected female unaffected male unaffected female Pp Pp PKU P- Unaffected p- phenylketonuria PP or Pp pp Pp pp pp Pp Pp Key: affected male affected female unaffected male unaffected female H-huntington’s hh Hh disease h-Unaffected Hh hh Hh hh Hh hh hh Key: affected male affected female unaffected male unaffected female Sex-Linked Inheritance Colorblindness Cy cc cy Cc Cc cy cy Key: affected male affected female unaffected male unaffected female Karyotypes To analyze chromosomes, cell biologists photograph cells in mitosis, when the chromosomes are fully condensed and easy to see (usually in metaphase).
  • The Diversity of Plant Sex Chromosomes Highlighted Through Advances in Genome Sequencing

    The Diversity of Plant Sex Chromosomes Highlighted Through Advances in Genome Sequencing

    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Review The Diversity of Plant Sex Chromosomes Highlighted through Advances in Genome Sequencing Sarah Carey 1,2 , Qingyi Yu 3,* and Alex Harkess 1,2,* 1 Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; [email protected] 2 HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA 3 Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University System, Dallas, TX 75252, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] (Q.Y.); [email protected] (A.H.) Abstract: For centuries, scientists have been intrigued by the origin of dioecy in plants, characterizing sex-specific development, uncovering cytological differences between the sexes, and developing theoretical models. Through the invention and continued improvements in genomic technologies, we have truly begun to unlock the genetic basis of dioecy in many species. Here we broadly review the advances in research on dioecy and sex chromosomes. We start by first discussing the early works that built the foundation for current studies and the advances in genome sequencing that have facilitated more-recent findings. We next discuss the analyses of sex chromosomes and sex-determination genes uncovered by genome sequencing. We synthesize these results to find some patterns are emerging, such as the role of duplications, the involvement of hormones in sex-determination, and support for the two-locus model for the origin of dioecy. Though across systems, there are also many novel insights into how sex chromosomes evolve, including different sex-determining genes and routes to suppressed recombination. We propose the future of research in plant sex chromosomes should involve interdisciplinary approaches, combining cutting-edge technologies with the classics Citation: Carey, S.; Yu, Q.; to unravel the patterns that can be found across the hundreds of independent origins.
  • Native Or Suitable Plants City of Mccall

    Native Or Suitable Plants City of Mccall

    Native or Suitable Plants City of McCall The following list of plants is presented to assist the developer, business owner, or homeowner in selecting plants for landscaping. The list is by no means complete, but is a recommended selection of plants which are either native or have been successfully introduced to our area. Successful landscaping, however, requires much more than just the selection of plants. Unless you have some experience, it is suggested than you employ the services of a trained or otherwise experienced landscaper, arborist, or forester. For best results it is recommended that careful consideration be made in purchasing the plants from the local nurseries (i.e. Cascade, McCall, and New Meadows). Plants brought in from the Treasure Valley may not survive our local weather conditions, microsites, and higher elevations. Timing can also be a serious consideration as the plants may have already broken dormancy and can be damaged by our late frosts. Appendix B SELECTED IDAHO NATIVE PLANTS SUITABLE FOR VALLEY COUNTY GROWING CONDITIONS Trees & Shrubs Acer circinatum (Vine Maple). Shrub or small tree 15-20' tall, Pacific Northwest native. Bright scarlet-orange fall foliage. Excellent ornamental. Alnus incana (Mountain Alder). A large shrub, useful for mid to high elevation riparian plantings. Good plant for stream bank shelter and stabilization. Nitrogen fixing root system. Alnus sinuata (Sitka Alder). A shrub, 6-1 5' tall. Grows well on moist slopes or stream banks. Excellent shrub for erosion control and riparian restoration. Nitrogen fixing root system. Amelanchier alnifolia (Serviceberry). One of the earlier shrubs to blossom out in the spring.
  • Cytogenetics of Fraxinus Mandshurica and F. Quadrangulata: Ploidy Determination and Rdna Analysis

    Cytogenetics of Fraxinus Mandshurica and F. Quadrangulata: Ploidy Determination and Rdna Analysis

    Tree Genetics & Genomes (2020) 16:26 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-020-1418-6 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Cytogenetics of Fraxinus mandshurica and F. quadrangulata: ploidy determination and rDNA analysis Nurul Islam-Faridi1,2 & Mary E. Mason3 & Jennifer L. Koch4 & C. Dana Nelson5,6 Received: 22 July 2019 /Revised: 1 January 2020 /Accepted: 16 January 2020 # The Author(s) 2020 Abstract Ashes (Fraxinus spp.) are important hardwood tree species in rural, suburban, and urban forests of the eastern USA. Unfortunately, emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis) an invasive insect pest that was accidentally imported from Asia in the late 1980s–early 1990s is destroying them at an alarming rate. All North American ashes are highly susceptible to EAB, although blue ash (F. quadrangulata) may have some inherent attributes that provide it some protection. In contrast Manchurian ash (F. mandshurica) is relatively resistant to EAB having coevolved with the insect pest in its native range in Asia. Given its level of resistance, Manchurian ash has been considered for use in interspecies breeding programs designed to transfer resistance to susceptible North American ash species. One prerequisite for successful interspecies breeding is consistency in chromosome ploidy level and number between the candidate species. In the current study, we cytologically determined that both Manchurian ash and blue ash are diploids (2n) and have the same number of chromosomes (2n =2x = 46). We also characterized these species’ ribosomal gene families (45S and 5S rDNA) using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Both Manchurian and blue ash showed two 45S rDNA and one 5S rDNA sites, but blue ash appears to have an additional site of 45S rDNA.
  • The Longest Telomeres: a General Signature of Adult Stem Cell Compartments

    The Longest Telomeres: a General Signature of Adult Stem Cell Compartments

    Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on September 25, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press The longest telomeres: a general signature of adult stem cell compartments Ignacio Flores,1 Andres Canela,1 Elsa Vera,1 Agueda Tejera,1 George Cotsarelis,2 and María A. Blasco1,3 1Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Madrid E-28029, Spain; 2University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, M8 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA Identification of adult stem cells and their location (niches) is of great relevance for regenerative medicine. However, stem cell niches are still poorly defined in most adult tissues. Here, we show that the longest telomeres are a general feature of adult stem cell compartments. Using confocal telomere quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization (telomapping), we find gradients of telomere length within tissues, with the longest telomeres mapping to the known stem cell compartments. In mouse hair follicles, we show that cells with the longest telomeres map to the known stem cell compartments, colocalize with stem cell markers, and behave as stem cells upon treatment with mitogenic stimuli. Using K15-EGFP reporter mice, which mark hair follicle stem cells, we show that GFP-positive cells have the longest telomeres. The stem cell compartments in small intestine, testis, cornea, and brain of the mouse are also enriched in cells with the longest telomeres. This constitutes the description of a novel general property of adult stem cell compartments. Finally, we make the novel finding that telomeres shorten with age in different mouse stem cell compartments, which parallels a decline in stem cell functionality, suggesting that telomere loss may contribute to stem cell dysfunction with age.
  • Pasquesi Home & Gardens Honeybush Honeysuckle

    Pasquesi Home & Gardens Honeybush Honeysuckle

    Store Location 975 North Shore Drive Lake Bluff, IL 60044 847.615.2700 Honeybush Honeysuckle Lonicera periclymenum 'Honeybush' Height: 24 inches Spread: 4 feet Sunlight: Hardiness Zone: 4 Other Names: Woodbine Honeysuckle Honeybush Honeysuckle flowers Description: Photo courtesy of NetPS Plant Finder A groundcover version of this native climbing honeysuckle with incedredibly fragrant tubular yellow and rose colored flowers which bloom over a long period on a spreading woody plant; think of this plant as a fragrant carpet Ornamental Features Honeybush Honeysuckle features showy clusters of fragrant white trumpet-shaped flowers with shell pink overtones and yellow throats at the ends of the branches from late spring to mid summer, which emerge from distinctive rose flower buds. It has green foliage throughout the season. The pointy leaves turn an outstanding plum purple in the fall. The fruit is not ornamentally significant. Landscape Attributes Honeybush Honeysuckle is a dense multi-stemmed deciduous shrub with a mounded form. Its average texture blends into the landscape, but can be balanced by one or two finer or coarser trees or shrubs for an effective composition. This shrub will require occasional maintenance and upkeep, and is best pruned in late winter once the threat of extreme cold has passed. It is a good choice for attracting butterflies and hummingbirds to your yard. It has no significant negative characteristics. Honeybush Honeysuckle is recommended for the following landscape applications; - Mass Planting - Hedges/Screening - General Garden Use - Groundcover www.pasquesi.com Store Location 975 North Shore Drive Lake Bluff, IL 60044 847.615.2700 Planting & Growing Honeybush Honeysuckle will grow to be about 24 inches tall at maturity, with a spread of 4 feet.
  • Arabidopsis MZT1 Homologs GIP1 and GIP2 Are Essential for Centromere Architecture

    Arabidopsis MZT1 Homologs GIP1 and GIP2 Are Essential for Centromere Architecture

    Arabidopsis MZT1 homologs GIP1 and GIP2 are essential for centromere architecture Morgane Batzenschlagera, Inna Lermontovab, Veit Schubertb, Jörg Fuchsb, Alexandre Berra, Maria A. Koinic, Guy Houlnéa, Etienne Herzoga, Twan Ruttenb, Abdelmalek Aliouaa, Paul Franszc, Anne-Catherine Schmita, and Marie-Edith Chaboutéa,1 aInstitut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; bLeibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research OT Gatersleben, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany; and cSwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Edited by James A. Birchler, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, and approved May 12, 2015 (received for review April 2, 2015) Centromeres play a pivotal role in maintaining genome integrity Previously, we characterized the γ-tubulin complex protein 3- by facilitating the recruitment of kinetochore and sister-chromatid interacting proteins (GIPs), GIP1 and GIP2 (Table S1), as es- cohesion proteins, both required for correct chromosome segre- sential for the recruitment of γ-tubulin complexes at microtubule gation. Centromeres are epigenetically specified by the presence (MT) organizing centers in Arabidopsis (7, 8). This function seems of the histone H3 variant (CENH3). In this study, we investigate the conservedinthehumanandSchizosaccharomyces pombe GIP role of the highly conserved γ-tubulin complex protein 3-interact- homologs named mitotic spindle organizing protein 1 (MZT1) ing proteins (GIPs) in Arabidopsis centromere regulation. We show (9–11). More recently, we localized GIPs at the nucleoplasm pe- that GIPs form a complex with CENH3 in cycling cells. GIP depletion riphery, close to chromocenters, where they modulate the nuclear in the gip1gip2 knockdown mutant leads to a decreased CENH3 architecture (12, 13).
  • Cytogenetics, Chromosomal Genetics

    Cytogenetics, Chromosomal Genetics

    Cytogenetics Chromosomal Genetics Sophie Dahoun Service de Génétique Médicale, HUG Geneva, Switzerland [email protected] Training Course in Sexual and Reproductive Health Research Geneva 2010 Cytogenetics is the branch of genetics that correlates the structure, number, and behaviour of chromosomes with heredity and diseases Conventional cytogenetics Molecular cytogenetics Molecular Biology I. Karyotype Definition Chromosomal Banding Resolution limits Nomenclature The metaphasic chromosome telomeres p arm q arm G-banded Human Karyotype Tjio & Levan 1956 Karyotype: The characterization of the chromosomal complement of an individual's cell, including number, form, and size of the chromosomes. A photomicrograph of chromosomes arranged according to a standard classification. A chromosome banding pattern is comprised of alternating light and dark stripes, or bands, that appear along its length after being stained with a dye. A unique banding pattern is used to identify each chromosome Chromosome banding techniques and staining Giemsa has become the most commonly used stain in cytogenetic analysis. Most G-banding techniques require pretreating the chromosomes with a proteolytic enzyme such as trypsin. G- banding preferentially stains the regions of DNA that are rich in adenine and thymine. R-banding involves pretreating cells with a hot salt solution that denatures DNA that is rich in adenine and thymine. The chromosomes are then stained with Giemsa. C-banding stains areas of heterochromatin, which are tightly packed and contain
  • Number 3, Spring 1998 Director’S Letter

    Number 3, Spring 1998 Director’S Letter

    Planning and planting for a better world Friends of the JC Raulston Arboretum Newsletter Number 3, Spring 1998 Director’s Letter Spring greetings from the JC Raulston Arboretum! This garden- ing season is in full swing, and the Arboretum is the place to be. Emergence is the word! Flowers and foliage are emerging every- where. We had a magnificent late winter and early spring. The Cornus mas ‘Spring Glow’ located in the paradise garden was exquisite this year. The bright yellow flowers are bright and persistent, and the Students from a Wake Tech Community College Photography Class find exfoliating bark and attractive habit plenty to photograph on a February day in the Arboretum. make it a winner. It’s no wonder that JC was so excited about this done soon. Make sure you check of themselves than is expected to seedling selection from the field out many of the special gardens in keep things moving forward. I, for nursery. We are looking to propa- the Arboretum. Our volunteer one, am thankful for each and every gate numerous plants this spring in curators are busy planting and one of them. hopes of getting it into the trade. preparing those gardens for The magnolias were looking another season. Many thanks to all Lastly, when you visit the garden I fantastic until we had three days in our volunteers who work so very would challenge you to find the a row of temperatures in the low hard in the garden. It shows! Euscaphis japonicus. We had a twenties. There was plenty of Another reminder — from April to beautiful seven-foot specimen tree damage to open flowers, but the October, on Sunday’s at 2:00 p.m.
  • NLI Recommended Plant List for the Mountains

    NLI Recommended Plant List for the Mountains

    NLI Recommended Plant List for the Mountains Notable Features Requirement Exposure Native Hardiness USDA Max. Mature Height Max. Mature Width Very Wet Very Dry Drained Moist &Well Occasionally Dry Botanical Name Common Name Recommended Cultivars Zones Tree Deciduous Large (Height: 40'+) Acer rubrum red maple 'October Glory'/ 'Red Sunset' fall color Shade/sun x 2-9 75' 45' x x x fast growing, mulit-stemmed, papery peeling Betula nigra river birch 'Heritage® 'Cully'/ 'Dura Heat'/ 'Summer Cascade' bark, play props Shade/part sun x 4-8 70' 60' x x x Celtis occidentalis hackberry tough, drought tolerant, graceful form Full sun x 2-9 60' 60' x x x Fagus grandifolia american beech smooth textured bark, play props Shade/part sun x 3-8 75' 60' x x Fraxinus americana white ash fall color Full sun/part shade x 3-9 80' 60' x x x Ginkgo biloba ginkgo; maidenhair tree 'Autumn Gold'/ 'The President' yellow fall color Full sun 3-9 70' 40' x x good dappled shade, fall color, quick growing, Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis thornless honey locust Shademaster®/ Skyline® salt tolerant, tolerant of acid, alkaline, wind. Full sun/part shade x 3-8 75' 50' x x Liriodendron tulipifera tulip poplar fall color, quick growth rate, play props, Full sun x 4-9 90' 50' x Platanus x acerifolia sycamore, planetree 'Bloodgood' play props, peeling bark Full sun x 4-9 90' 70' x x x Quercus palustris pin oak play props, good fall color, wet tolerant Full sun x 4-8 80' 50' x x x Tilia cordata Little leaf Linden, Basswood 'Greenspire' Full sun/part shade 3-7 60' 40' x x Ulmus