Mapping Migration in Beirut Municipality

MAPPING MIGRATION IN BEIRUT MUNICIPALITY A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS | 2018 S / 20 18 TUDY OF T HREE NEIGH BO URH OO D OF S TUDY COMPARATIVE A BEIRUT: UNICI PAL TION IN M APPING MIG RA / M UN-H AB ITAT

Citation format: UN-Habitat (2018) Mapping Migration in Beirut Municipality: A Comparative Study of Three Neighbourhoods, Beirut: UN-Habitat. Copyright: © 20 18 UN-Habitat. All rights reserved. Cover photo: © UN-Habitat (2018) FOREWORD

UN-Habitat is pleased to offer this report on how migration Migration has long constituted a formative dynamic in the intersects with selected indicators of urban well-being and urban development of the city of Beirut and of Lebanon. sustainable development. The humanitarian development of Beirut and other cities in Lebanon is closely linked to The mass inflow of people into Lebanon resulting from the Syrian crisis from 2011 onward has seen a new influx of migration forms. The displacement of people from Syria displaced people into the cities, including Beirut. since 2011 and their large-scale forced migration have resulted in demographic pressure concerns in the already Beirut Municipality welcomes this report as a knowledge stressed urban pockets of Lebanese cities. resource to inform its ongoing response to the challenge and opportunities that international migration brings. The empirical data presented here considers aspects of vulnerability at neighborhood level across both host and immigrant communities. It is anticipated that Beirut Municipality and other partners will be able to use the data to nuance responses, noting that sustainability can only reside in actions that have reference to all residents of the area in question.

Tarek Osseiran Jamal Itani UN-Habitat Lebanon Country Programme Manager Mayor of Beirut Municipality

CREDITS & ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This document was prepared with information collected This report was researched and written by Christelle Khalil through field assessments, focus group discussions and Robin Fraiture, edited by Nanor Karageozian and with local residents and key informant interviews with Suzanne Maguire. Fieldwork was undertaken by Maryam governmental actors, political representatives, and Nazzal, Khalil Hariri and Watfa Najdi, with GIS and stakeholders in health facilities in the neighbourhoods of Information Management by Ali Saad and Racha Serhal, Arab El-Maslakh, Daouk Ghawash and Karm El-Zeitoun. and graphically designed by Ruba Abou-El Houda, and with contributions from others at UN-Habitat Lebanon. UN-Habitat Lebanon gratefully acknowledges the support of Beirut Municipality and the funding of the European Union (EU).

1 CONTENTS Executive Summary 4

Purpose of the Report 4 A. Pilot Project Background 4 B. Beirut Municipality 5

Definition & Types of Migration 6

Context 7 A. Current Migration Trends in the Arab Region 9 B. Overview of Migrant Challenges in the Arab Region 9 C. Syrian & Palestinian Migrant Challenges in Lebanon 10

Overview of the Three Neighbourhoods in Beirut Municipality 11 A. Location & Size of Neighbourhoods 12 B. History of Neighbourhoods 14

Migration Governance 15

Neighbourhood Mapping Methodology & Caveats 16

Demography 18 A. Population per Neighbourhood 18

Housing 20 A. Percentage of Migrants in Buildings 20 B. Type of Occupancy (Individual or Family) by Nationality 21 C. Population Distribution by Number of Occupance per Residential Unit 22 D. Number of Individuals per Bedroom 23 E. Eviction Threats 24

Access to Jobs & Services 25 A. Employment Rate 25

Social Stability, Safety & Security 35 A. Social Stability 35 B. Safety & Security 35 C. Migrants’ Desire to Return to Place of Origin 36

Conclusion 37

Bibliography 39

2 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Population distribution by cohort in Arab El-Maslakh – October 2017 Figure 2. Population distribution by cohort in Daouk Ghawash – October 2017 Figure 3. Population distribution by cohort in Karm El-Zeitoun – October 2017 Figure 4. Type of occupancy by nationality in Arab El-Maslakh – October 2017 Figure 5. Type of occupancy by nationality in Karm El-Zeitoun – October 2017 Figure 6. Population distribution by number of occupants per residential unit in Arab El-Maslakh – October 2017 Figure 7. Population distribution by number of occupants per residential unit in Daouk Ghawash – October 2017 Figure 8. Population distribution by number of occupants per residential unit in Karm El-Zeitoun – October 2017 Figure 9. Number of individuals per bedroom in Arab El-Maslakh – October 2017 Figure 10. Number of individuals per bedroom in Daouk Ghawash – October 2017 Figure 11. Number of individuals per bedroom in Karm El-Zeitoun – October 2017 Figure 12. Eviction threats in the last six months in Arab El-Maslakh – October 2017 Figure 13. Eviction threats in the last six months in Daouk Ghawash – October 2017 Figure 14. Eviction threats in the last six months in Karm El-Zeitoun – October 2017 Figure 15. Employment and unemployment rates in Arab El-Maslakh – October 2017 Figure 16. Employment and unemployment rates in Daouk Ghawash – October 2017 Figure 17. Employment and unemployment rates in Karm El-Zeitoun – October 2017 Figure 18. School attendance by gender in Arab El-Maslakh – October 2017 Figure 19. School attendance by gender in Daouk Ghawash – October 2017 Figure 20. School attendance by gender in Karm El-Zeitoun – October 2017 Figure 21. Communal space conditions by nationality in Arab El-Maslakh – October 2017 Figure 22. Communal space conditions by nationality in Daouk Ghawash – October 2017 Figure 23. Communal space conditions by nationality in Karm El-Zeitoun – October 2017 Figure 24. Population count on consideration of returning to place of origin in Arab El-Maslakh – October 2017 Figure 25. Population count on consideration of returning to place of origin in Daouk Ghawash – October 2017 Figure 26. Population count on consideration of returning to place of origin in Karm El-Zeitoun – October 2017

LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Population count in the three neighbourhoods – October 2017 Table 2. Primary Healthcare Centres in Beirut Municipality

LIST OF MAPS Map 1. Location of the three neighbourhoods in Beirut Municipality Map 2. Arab El-Maslakh neighbourhood location Map 3. Daouk Ghawash neighbourhood location Map 4. Karm El-Zeitoun neighbourhood location Map 5. Percentage of migrants in buildings in the three neighbourhoods Map 6. Distribution of Primary Healthcare Centres in Beirut Municipality Map 7. Condition of communal spaces of buildings in the three neighbourhoods

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS DGSG Directorate General of General Security MoPH Ministry of Public Health DPAR General Directorate of Political Affairs and Refugees MoSA Ministry of Social Affairs

FGD Focus group discussion MoU Memorandum of Understanding FS Field survey NGO Non-governmental organization GoL Government of Lebanon PHCC Primary Healthcare Centre HRW Human Rights Watch PLO Palestinian Liberation Organization ICMPD International Centre for Migration Policy PRL Palestine refugees in Lebanon Development PRS Palestine refugees from Syria ILO International Labour Organization SDC Social Development Centre IYCF Infant and young child feeding UNDP United Nations Development Programme

KII Key informant interview UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme

MDWs Migrant domestic workers UNHCR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

MoIM Ministry of Interior and Municipalities UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East MoL Ministry of Labour

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This project is the research address the needs of such a diverse to housing (typology, occupancy), component of a wide Mediterranean group of demographic and migration migrant economies and service City-to-City Migration Project led by backgrounds. On the short term, delivery to migrants—together with the International Centre for Migration this profile provides the municipality focus group discussions (FGDs) and Policy Development (ICMPD), aimed with supplementary visual data key informant interviews (KIIs)— at contributing to improved migration and maps on migration, and on the revealed key areas of concern. governance at city level in Europe long term, such data could inform These issues included the following: and the Southern Mediterranean, policies through the local Beirut involvement of residents in local including Amman, Beirut, Lisbon, administration, which would be decision-making, need for upgrading Lyon, Madrid, Turin, Tangiers, Tunis effective in reaching communities the direct living environment in and Vienna. or groups that are currently being terms of its infrastructural and public left behind due to their particular or services, and need for improving A desk-based literature review on the special needs. safety and security in all three history surrounding migrant influxes neighbourhoods (the latter more to Beirut shows that there is a wider This scoping study visualizes specifically in Daouk Ghawash). range of migratory backgrounds that migration movements in terms of Addressing these areas of concern combine and interact in Lebanese population and cohorts in the three may additionally provide potential cities, namely Beirut. Here, the term neighbourhoods; it can be stated that to improve inhabitants’ sense of Beirut Municipality refers to a 21 km 2 the Syrian cohort comprises the largest belonging to their neighbourhood. administrative unit at the core of migrant population as a percentage a much larger 111 km 2 continuously of the three neighbourhoods’ total This UN-Habitat Migration Profile built-up area of 31 municipalities, population. Of the remainder, provides an introduction to which constitutes the city of Beirut. the Bangladeshi, Ethiopian and migration challenges in Beirut. While To create a better understanding of Palestinian cohorts are the largest only focusing on a snapshot of how migration is inserted into the groups (with varying representation immigration rather than emigration urban fabric of Beirut Municipality, across the neighbourhoods). A in the city, the profile aims to this profile makes usage of three case secondary analysis on the migration improve our understanding of studies; the three neighbourhoods policy framework in Lebanon challenges in relation to migrants in of Arab El-Maslakh, Daouk Ghawash highlights key challenges that are Beirut (population density, eviction and Karm El-Zeitoun. Each derived from this framework among threats, racial harassment, lack neighbourhood is inhabited by a mix the Palestinian and Syrian cohorts. of affordability, etc.). The profile of host and migrant communities, as offers new evidence on the types identified during a population count Besides mapping of the identified of vulnerabilities facing migrants by UN-Habitat. migrants in the three neighbourhoods in contrasting neighbourhoods in in terms of population, cohort Beirut Municipality. This may serve Municipalities can play a key role in and historical waves of migration, to highlight aspects of the nature and targeting the improvement of living supplementary data to the migration urgency of challenges facing migrants conditions of migrant populations in profile was collected in order to as a basis for considering their role in the city; however, they are challenged disaggregated by the selected the development of the city.

UN-HABITAT / MAPPING MIGRATION IN MUNICIPAL BEIRUT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS / 2018 THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS OF STUDY COMPARATIVE A BEIRUT: IN MUNICIPAL / MAPPING MIGRATION UN-HABITAT by the lack of precise data and neighbourhoods. In addition, specific knowledge of tools that can mapping of the key issues related

PURPOSE OF THE REPORT A. Pilot Project Background Internal and international migration of cities in Europe and in the Southern the exchange of experiences and movements in the greater Mediterranean region. The project policy options among the cities: a Mediterranean region have a direct is implemented by a consortium led research component, which takes and long-lasting impact on the by ICMPD in partnership with the stock of the migration situation in the development of urban areas in United Cities and Local Governments participating cities; and an action- the region, as these are often the Network (UCLG) and the United oriented component, which produces actual destinations of migrant Nations Human Settlements a toolkit compiling policy options for populations. In order to maximize the Programme (UN-Habitat), and with migration governance at local level, social and economic development the Office of the United Nations High and offers pilot projects in the southern potential of these migrant Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) cities participating in the project. populations, cities need effective as associate partner, in the framework migration governance capacities, of the Dialogue on Mediterranean As an outcome of the pilot projects, particularly in view of the provision Transit Migration (MTM). The city the participating southern cities will of access to rights and services. network is composed of the cities of benefit from improved technical Amman, Beirut, Lisbon, Lyon, Madrid, expertise and concrete instruments to Ìn this context, the Mediterranean Tangiers, Turin, Tunis and Vienna. improve local migration governance in City-to-City Migration Project aims the respective city. Pilot projects will at contributing to improved migration Project activities are grouped in a support the Southern Mediterranean governance at city level in a network dialogue component, which facilitates participating cities in taking first steps 4 of concrete action towards improved will steer the process by defining in the network. Support will include migration governance at city level, a short proposal the type of support activities as needed, such as focusing on a specific need outlined needed, in line with the priorities expert exchanges, awareness-raising in the City Migration Profiles and City identified in the City Priority Papers. campaigns, migrant information and Priority Papers identified through Ideas for possible action may also be help desks, or migrant counselling. the thematic peer-to-peer meetings further discussed at the occasion of and specifically requested by the the thematic peer-to-peer meetings participating city. The relevant city to seek the input of other cities in

B. Beirut Municipality

This scoping study aims to provide based on discussions between Beirut at the central, local and regional a brief introduction to migratory Municipality and UN-Habitat to levels to foster social cohesion and challenges in Beirut Municipality, identify locations with relatively large sustainable urban development. using three case neighbourhood percentages of migrant populations. UN-Habitat promotes a holistic and studies, rather than providing a rights-based approach to migration comprehensive municipality review. This report also provides a framework policies. It seeks to promote positive Beirut Municipality is a 21 km 2 for bringing existing information values, conceptions and principles administrative unit at the core of from different sources together in a in the context of the migration a much larger 111 km 2 continuously structured manner at both national debate and policy development, built-up area of 31 municipalities that and municipal levels. It intends to including through the careful use of constitutes the city of Beirut. Also, strengthen the knowledge base terminology. this study focuses on immigration and can support evidence-based rather than emigration. This migration policy making. UN-Habitat document develops an understanding advocates for the value of that of migration policies and the accurate information in supporting mainstreaming of migration into an informed debate on migration- development plans in Beirut. related topics.

Three neighbourhoods were selected: Migration is a key governance area Arab El-Maslakh, Daouk Ghawash that requires policy coherence and Karm El-Zeitoun. Selection was and coordination mechanisms

©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Arab El-Maslakh ©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Daouk Ghawash ©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Karm El-Zeitoun 5 DEFINITION & TYPES OF MIGRATION Migration transcends boundaries term “refugees”, the concept of change and/or development projects between cultures, languages, “forced migration” is not guided by (UN-Habitat and Ford Foundation, cultures, ethnic groups, and nation a legal framework and agreed-upon 2018). states. This ongoing process of the definition that enjoys international movement of individuals affects even recognition. Hence, the preferred Crisis-displaced people: International those who do not migrate. Definitions practice by UNHCR is to refer migrants that are displaced within a of migration and migratory events to groups of people travelling in country, or forced to flee to a third vary along such dimensions as mixed movements as “refugees country, or return to their own country relation to place of birth, citizenship, and migrants”. This is the best way (returnees) due to human-made place of residence and duration of to acknowledge that people on the disasters as well as conflict in their stay. Also, technical definitions, move have human rights that should countries of residence and work (UN- concepts and categories of migrants be respected, protected and fulfilled; Habitat and Ford Foundation, 2018). and migration are often informed and that refugees and asylum seekers by legal, political, geographic, have specific needs and rights that Gentrified or expelled people: temporal, methodological and other are protected by a particular legal Individuals that do not fall under factors (IOM, 2018a). According to framework (UNHCR, 2016a). traditional categories of migrants, the International Organization for refugees or IDPs and that are displaced Migration (IOM, 2018b), a migrant The following migration-related from their land, home or place of refers to “any person who is moving concepts have emerged over time and residence due to land-grabbing deals, or has moved across an international are commonly used: large infrastructure projects, urban- border or within a State away from renewal programmes and/or market his/her habitual place of residence, Labour migrants: Individuals that forces and powerful groups (UN- regardless of (1) the person’s legal move away from their country of Habitat and Ford Foundation, 2018). status; (2) whether the movement origin to another country, or within is voluntary or involuntary; (3) what their country—typically from rural Family members (or family-reunion/ the causes for the movement are; or to urban areas—with the purpose of -reunification migrants): Individuals (4) what the length of the stay is”. seeking work (UN-Habitat and Ford that reunify with family members that This report makes use of the IOM Foundation, 2018). previously entered an immigration definition to focus on immigration to destination under one of the above- Beirut rather than emigration trends Temporary labour migrants (also mentioned categories. in the city. known as guest workers or overseas contract workers): Individuals that Forced migration: Individuals (including When referring to international migrate for a limited period of time refugees and asylum seekers) forced to migration, international reports with the purpose of seeking labour move due to external factors, such as commonly take into consideration opportunities. environmental disasters or development the movements of refugees and projects. This type of migration displays asylum seekers. Thus, the terms Refugees: Individuals fleeing from characteristics similar to displacement. “refugees” and “migrants” are often their country to another country used interchangeably, with migration due to internal conflict, foreign Highly skilled and business migrants:

UN-HABITAT / MAPPING MIGRATION IN MUNICIPAL BEIRUT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS / 2018 THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS OF STUDY COMPARATIVE A BEIRUT: IN MUNICIPAL / MAPPING MIGRATION UN-HABITAT becoming an “umbrella term”. aggression, occupation, violence, fear Individuals with certain qualifications, However, important legal differences and/or other disturbing events that such as managers, executives, exist between these two terms. threatened them and/or interrupted professionals, technicians, etc. Highly Refugees are defined and protected the public order (UN-Habitat and skilled and business migrants aim for under the 1951 Refugee Convention Ford Foundation, 2018). employment through international and its 1967 Protocol (neither of labour markets with a scarcity of which have been signed by Lebanon), Asylum seekers: Individuals that have certain skills. In these cases, various as well as regional legal instruments, applied for a refugee status under countries have tailored “skilled and such as the 1969 Organization of relevant (inter)national instruments, business migration” programmes African Unity Convention Governing and are awaiting the decision of their to encourage the migration of this the Specific Aspects of Refugee application, after they fled or following specific group to their respective Problems in Africa, which form their arrival in a country different countries. the most important documents in than theirs. According to Article 14 of international refugee protection. A the Universal Declaration of Human Irre migrants (or undocumented/ universally accepted definition that Rights, everyone has the right to seek illegal migrants): Individuals entering is incorporated in a legal framework and enjoy asylum (UNHCR, 2016a). a country without having the does not exist for migrants (UNHCR, required identification documents 2016a). Internally displaced persons (IDPs): and permits. This form of migration Individuals that were forced to leave mostly take place to seek employment Another term is “forced migration”, or flee from their place of residence opportunities. referring to various kinds of without crossing an internationally displacement or involuntary recognized state border, due to Return migrants: Individuals returning movement across both international natural or human-made disasters, to their countries of origin after having borders and within a single country. generalized violence, conflicts and resided in another country. However, similar to the word human rights violations as well “migration” and contrary to the as those displaced due to climate 6 CONTEXT Since the beginning of the 20th of rural-to-urban migration, with of re-emigration caused by failure of Century, multiple waves of Lebanese families leaving their reintegration efforts. Demographic immigration have taken place to villages to seek employment in the shifts have also been seen due to the Beirut, resulting in demographic city. These new settlers acquired land post-war large-scale reconstruction changes that interplayed with the and built houses. This contributed boom, with more migrants arriving urban development of the city and its to the emergence of informal in Beirut from Syria, Egypt and hinterlands. Reliable figures for these settlements, mainly on the peripheries other Asian and African countries. population movements are however of the city. At the same time, the city This dynamic influenced the range absent. Concentrations of immigrants, received a wave of economic and of sectors made open to immigrant including refugees, are found within political migrants from Syria and workers by the Government of and outside the municipal borders of Egypt that settled in the suburbs. Lebanon (GoL). Beirut. Multiple factors have led to Syrian migration to Lebanon, which this migratory pattern, from civil and continues today—albeit triggered Almost all territories were rendered international wars and social conflicts by different reasons—supplies the open to construction (coastal, to economic crises. main labour force in certain sectors, agricultural, natural, historic city namely the industrial, agricultural and centres), which invited investors and Following World War I, Lebanon construction sectors. real estate promoters. Strategically witnessed a wave of incoming unplanned development has Armenian refugees, of whom a large The Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) negatively affected Lebanon’s urban proportion settled in camps that have resulted in the internal displacement and rural landscape. This has partly turned into permanent settlements. of Lebanese communities due to the contributed to a gentrification process Regional wars brought refugees from establishment of a buffer zone or in Beirut that, differing from perceived Turkey (Kurds), Syria (Christians), demarcation line in Beirut (“Green common norms of gentrification in and Iraq (Assyrians) since that time. Line”), dividing the city into a western Europe and North America, created Incoming migrants and refugees zone with Muslim factions and an a new wave of delocalization or have progressively turned their eastern zone with Christian factions. displacement and is weakening ties temporary settlements and camps Subsequently, these displacement between local cultural identity and into permanent structures. Currently, processes led to the economic place (Trovato, et al, 2016). these permanent structures are decline of migrant populations, which accommodating migrant labourers continues to be manifested in today’s Finally, the Syrian crisis from 2011 has from various countries, most notably post-war dynamics. Additionally, the resulted in high numbers of displaced Iraq and Syria. Israeli invasion of 1978 and the 2006 people, with Lebanon hosting the Lebanon War fuelled rural-urban highest number of refugees per capita Following the declaration of migration from the south of Lebanon in the world. In contrast to Jordan and the State of Israel in 1948, over and the Bekaa into Beirut and its Turkey, Lebanon applied a “no-camp” 100,000 Palestine refugees arrived suburbs. This flow triggered the policy with regard to the settlement in Lebanon, settling in refugee development and transformation of of Syrian refugees in the country. camps. Palestinians first settled most empty spaces around the city. Hence, Syrian refugees mostly settled in temporary camps in Qarantina within the low-cost residential areas and later established alternative Slums hosting migrants grew of urban and rural host communities. camps on rented private properties. significantly in size after the end of According to UNHCR figures of Figures from July 2014 suggested the civil war, with migrants occupying February 2018 (UNCHR, 2018), 20,258 that 53 percent of a total of 449,957 buildings and entire neighbourhoods. Syrian refugees are registered to Beirut registered Palestine refugees live Consequently, they became integrated Municipality. However, data on Syrian in the 12 recognized refugee camps into the urban fabric of Beirut. In refugees is weak for several reasons: located across Lebanon. However, addition, Lebanon has seen return there is no clear understanding on recent figures estimate the total to migration of diasporans after the end their place of residence relative to be much lower at 174,422 (Palestinian of the civil war. Official figures on their place of registration; at the Central Bureau of Statistics, 2018). return migration to Lebanon after the GoL’s instruction, UNHCR stopped Living conditions in Lebanon’s end of the civil war remain unavailable registering Syrians as refugees in May Palestinian refugee camps and out- and vary from close to half a million 2015; and the number of unregistered of-camp Palestinian concentration based on sociological research of refugees before or after that point is are critical due to constrained access the Lebanese authorities in 2004 unknown. to livelihoods, poor infrastructure, to a loosely stated “low number” lack of basic services and sanitation. estimated by international scholars (Stamm, 2006). The contradiction In the 1950s, Beirut witnessed in these figures might be partially population growth partly as a result explained by outward movements

7 ©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Arab El-Maslakh UN-HABITAT / MAPPING MIGRATION IN MUNICIPAL BEIRUT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS / 2018 THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS OF STUDY COMPARATIVE A BEIRUT: IN MUNICIPAL / MAPPING MIGRATION UN-HABITAT

©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Daouk Ghawash

©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Karm El-Zeitoun 8 A. Current Migration Trends in the Arab Region Jordan and Lebanon are currently region today (UN-Habitat and Ford disasters, and development- among the host countries with Foundation, 2018): induced displacements”. The the highest numbers of refugees Arab region mostly experiences registered by the UNHCR, with • Labour migration (UN-Habitat large-scale and protracted Lebanon being the third largest and Ford Foundation, 2018, forced population movements. refugee-hosting country in the p. 12): It refers “to the often- Specifically, the protracted crises world. Migratory flows in the Arab temporary movement (whether in both Iraq and Syria have led region have been triggered by a more regular or irregular) of individuals to high numbers of IDPs and complex set of factors than those at working age for the purpose of refugees. In addition, high levels that can be attributed to conflict employment and better livelihood of forced displacement have and war. Key triggers, as outlined by and economic opportunities”. been fuelled by conflicts in Libya, UN-Habitat and the Ford Foundation In the Arab region, this form Sudan and Yemen, and large- (2018), include: of migration targets Gulf scale migratory flows have been Cooperation Council countries, triggered by sustained conflict in • A lack of educational and which are rich in natural resources combination with drought and employment opportunities, weak and have a relatively small local famine in Somalia. economies, worsening quality labour force. Employers in these of life, rising living expenses, countries have thus turned • Mixed migration (UN-Habitat a lack of well-targeted social to both unskilled and skilled and Ford Foundation, 2018, protection programmes, unequal international workers. These p. 12): It refers “to complex distribution of public resources, workers come predominantly large-scale irregular cross- rural-urban disparities in services from low- and middle-income border movements of migrants and opportunities, governance countries from such regions as (refugees, asylum seekers, structures that reinforce social South Asia, South-East Asia migrant workers and others) who exclusion and discrimination, and and the Horn of Africa. Jordan fled their countries—often with repression of freedoms. and Lebanon send out skilled the help of human traffickers—in migrants and receive less skilled search of international protection • A loss of habitat due to human- ones; hence, they are countries or economic opportunities, made and environmental factors of origin of and destination for mainly in Europe”. Egypt, Libya, stemming from exploitation migrant workers. Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia and of natural resources, sales and Yemen are primary mixed- privatization of public assets, • Forced migration (UN-Habitat migration routes stemming from land grabs, loss of fertile land, and Ford Foundation, 2018, p. or passing through the region. food insecurity, governmental 12): It refers “to forced population The Arab region has sending, neglect, massive infrastructure movements (whether across transit and receiving countries. projects and gentrification- borders or within the same induced displacement. country) caused by ongoing armed conflicts, unresolved There are three broad interrelated crises, life-threatening events; types of migration in the Arab natural and human-made

B. Overview of Migrant Challenges in the Arab Region

The main challenges arising from of health and educational • Urban-governance and fiscal migratory flows in the Arab region facilities, depletion of natural challenges linked to centralized can be divided into the following resources and pollution. decision-making and weak categories (UN-Habitat and Ford local institutions that lack the Foundation, 2018): • Socioeconomic challenges that financial and administrative stem from high unemployment capacity to accompany city • Physical and environmental levels (especially among women growth with sustained urban challenges associated with and youth) in the context of security and social cohesion. exacerbated pressure on urban fragile labour markets and Strained municipal budgets limit service delivery, including high urban poverty rates. This the ability of local authorities to infrastructure, affordable can result in competition over increase their funds to address housing, public transportation job opportunities (especially urban challenges. systems, increased urban in seasonal and informal jobs) demand for land, combined with between host and migrant a lack of public space, availability communities.

9 C. Syrian & Palestinian Migrant Challenges in Lebanon

Besides being a migrant-sending in the respective activity (see III. these communities, refugees in country, Lebanon is a major receiver III [B]). Both Arab and non-Arab Lebanon stem from Ethiopia, Sudan of migrants. It has received migrants workers are engaged in economic and Yemen, in addition to smaller from Asia, Africa and Lebanon’s activities without a work permit in the numbers from various other African, neighbouring region—predominantly informal sector, mostly in agricultural, Arab and Asian countries (De Bel-Air, Syria—since the 1990s. Labour construction, and domestic and 2017). migration is controlled; foreign cleaning services (De Bel-Air, 2017). workers must have a sponsor that is a resident of Lebanon in order to obtain Palestinians and Syrians are among a residence permit, a system known the biggest refugee and migrant as “Kafala”. This sponsor/employer groups in Lebanon. In addition, an can apply for the permit and pays estimated 10,000 Iraqi refugees for the fees when it is permissible for were registered between 2003 and non-Lebanese workers to be involved 2011 (Dorai and Hiley, 2013). Besides

Migrant & Displaced Syrians Prior to the Syrian crisis, Lebanon Syrians fall outside the scope of the by a Lebanese citizen. Since 2015, a was a major destination for Syrian Memorandum of Understanding visa can be given to displaced people workers, who carried out economic (MoU) that Lebanon signed with under exceptional circumstances, activities in the construction and UNHCR in 2003. The GoL refers as decided by the Ministry of Social agricultural sectors and were involved to Syrians as “displaced”, and has Affairs (MoSA). Since May 2015, the in other low-skilled activities. It has stopped registering them since registration of Syrian refugees by been argued that among current January 2015 according to domestic UNCHR has been suspended. The Syrian refugees in Lebanon, there is laws and regulations (UN-Habitat and legal residency renewal for refugees a high number of Syrian labourers Ford Foundation, 2018). costs USD 200 per family member that could not return home and (aged above 15) and requires a pledge brought their families to the country The GoL has however kept its borders to abstain from work, and proof of because of the outbreak of the Syrian open to the influx of refugees financial means (De Bel-Air, 2017). crisis. Difficulties arose in assessing and has granted Syrians access to According to ICMPD (2017), there available figures of Syrians in Lebanon education and health facilities. The are currently no admitted entrance that distinguish between different GoL has hereby played an active categories for those individuals types of migrants (e.g. refugees, role in facilitating and coordinating that fled violence, persecution or labourers, undocumented refugees) the humanitarian response (UNHCR, armed conflict. However, individuals (De Bel-Air, 2017). 2014). New entry and exit regulations can enter under: (1) “the limited have applied since 2014, and new humanitarian exceptions criteria”; Syrians who arrived in Lebanon due residency rules were introduced in and (2) the category of “displaced to the Syrian crisis are not officially 2015. Short-term visas are given to persons” who are required to comply recognized as refugees by the Syrian nationals that fall under specific with the following (non-exhaustive) UN-HABITAT / MAPPING MIGRATION IN MUNICIPAL BEIRUT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS / 2018 THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS OF STUDY COMPARATIVE A BEIRUT: IN MUNICIPAL / MAPPING MIGRATION UN-HABITAT Lebanese government as Lebanon categories: tourism, work, shopping regulations: is not signatory to the 1951 United and transit. When falling under these Nations Refugee Convention. Also, categories, a visa requires sponsorship

1. Tourism: It is required to have Confirmation by a Lebanese respective municipality and the written confirmation of a hotel company is required. Directorate General of General reservation and amount of money Security (DGSG), and proof of proportional to the duration of stay 3. Property owner: If a person financial means (i.e. bank account), in Lebanon. An entry visa is given for owns property in Lebanon, he/she he/she will get a six-month residency the duration of the reservation and will receive a six-month residency permit, renewable for the duration can be renewed for a maximum of permit, renewable for six additional of the lease. The registration of the one month. months. Under this category, family lease agreement with the DGSG is members can visit that person for a valid for three months. Some family 2. Work visit: This visa is only maximum of two weeks. members can visit the permit holder granted to professionals, business for a maximum of two weeks. or religious persons for business 4. Tenant: If a person has a lease visits not exceeding one month. agreement registered with the

Box 1. Compliance regulation for displaced persons (ICMPD, 2017)

10 Palestinian Refugees

Palestine refugees in Lebanon (PRL) UNRWA nor with the Lebanese In 2008, non-ID Palestinian refugees can be categorized into four main authorities/DPAR. were given temporary ID cards after an groups, based on their legal status agreement between the Palestinian and registration with United Nations • Palestine refugees from Syria Liberation Organization (PLO) and Relief and Works Agency for Palestine (PRS), who have arrived in the GoL (LPDC, 2018). The situation Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA): Lebanon since 2011.1 of (non-ID) Palestinian refugees limits their opportunity to reach basic • “Registered” refugees (“Palestinian Lebanon has 12 recognized services and to exercise their human refugees”), who are registered Palestinian refugee camps that are rights (UNHCR, 2016b). Similarly, with UNRWA and the Lebanese controlled by Palestinian factions. this applies to those refugees that authorities/General Directorate Based on the 1987 abrogation of have become de facto irregular and of Political Affairs and Refugees the 1969 Cairo Agreement between undocumented; the MoU signed (DPAR) at the Ministry of Interior the Lebanese government and the between UNHCR and the Lebanese and Municipalities (MoIM). Palestinian leadership, the Lebanese government in 2003 grants no army would refrain from entering the guarantees to refugees that arrived • “Non-registered” Palestinian Palestinian refugee camps. Currently, before 2003, or who were rejected by refugees, who are not registered Palestinian refugees are dependent UNHCR. with UNRWA, but are registered on the provision of social services by with the Lebanese authorities/ UNRWA, including public education DPAR. and public healthcare. The arrival of large numbers of Syrians and PRS has • “Non-ID” Palestinian refugees, further overstretched these services who are registered neither with (UNHCR, 2016b).

OVERVIEW OF THE THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS IN BEIRUT MUNICIPALITY

Neighbourhood

Beirut Municipality

Arab El-Maslakh

Karm El-Zeitoun

Daouk Ghawash

Map 1. Location of the three neighbourhoods in Beirut Municipality

1 For information on the situation of PRS, see paragraphs 21 and 22 in UNHCR (2015). 11 m 0 25 50 100

A. Location &m Size of Neighbourhoods 025 50 100 Arab El-Maslakh

©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Industrial zone, Arab El-Maslakh

m 0 25 50 100 ©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Unused plot, Arab El-Maslakh Map 2. Arab El-Maslakh neighbourhood location Location: Arab El-Maslakh is in North- the north, and a military compound slightly more homogeneous urban East Beirut, on a landfilled area that separating the area from the port to characteristics than the two blocks is closely located to the port and to the west. to the north. Also, two blocks to industrial areas. The area consists of the south-east are not part of the four blocks that are currently isolated Size: It is a small neighbourhood residential neighbourhood, as they within a larger area with industries and (0.045 km2) with four main blocks, consist of office/industrial buildings. unused plots. This neighbourhood each around 200 m x 200 m—two is located in a “lost area” separated to the north, and two to the south- from the main parts of the city by a west. Spatial analysis suggests that main highway to the south, Beirut the neighbourhood used to be la e River to the east, the sea and port to two blocks to the south-west display

Daouk Ghawash UN-HABITAT / MAPPING MIGRATION IN MUNICIPAL BEIRUT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS / 2018 THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS OF STUDY COMPARATIVE A BEIRUT: IN MUNICIPAL / MAPPING MIGRATION UN-HABITAT

m 0 25 50 100 ©Photo: UN-Habitat (2017), Daouk Ghawash Map 3. Daouk Ghawash neighbourhood location Location: Daouk Ghawash is located mainly hosting Lebanese communities; a Size: The neighbourhood covers a total in South Beirut. This neighbourhood is predominantly Palestinian area towards of 0.035 km2. the least constructed area of the larger the central Sabra Market; and the Sabra area. Sabra consists of three parts: intermediate part with fewer houses. the western part (towards the stadium), 12

m 025 50 100

m 0 25 50 100 m 0 25 50 100 Karm El-Zeitoun

m 025 50 100 ©Photo: UN-Habitat (2017), Karm El-Zeitoun Map 4. Karm El-Zeitoun neighbourhood location Location: Karm El-Zeitoun is located unused land and new industrial land is Size: The neighbourhood covers a total of on the edge of the eastern boundary of found in the eastern part. Newer, higher 0.079 km2. Beirut, where the Achrafieh Hill drops to residential buildings can be found in the the Beirut River valley. This area is well southern part, which is separated from defined towards the east, south and other parts of the neighbourhood by a north by steep slopes. A freeway exists wider street. in its northern part, and a small stripe of

m 0 25 50 100

©Photo: UN-Habitat (2017), Arab El-Maslakh ©Photo: UN-Habitat (2017), Daouk Ghawash ©Photo: UN-Habitat (2017), Karm El-Zeitoun 13 B. History of Neighbourhoods Arab El-Maslakh The Qarantina and El-Maslakh area porters and box manufacturers in the (Kazziha, 2015). Syrians who arrived used to be inhabited by Shiites, vegetable market that was located prior to the Syrian crisis settled in the Kurds and Palestinians (Johnson, in downtown Beirut. They became neighbourhood of Arab El-Maslakh 1986). Kurds that arrived in Lebanon gradually involved in other economic due to its proximity to the port, fish between the 1920s and 1960s settled activities as merchants, tailors, market, and construction sites in the in low-income areas in Beirut—Ayn painters, carpenters, auto mechanics, Beirut Central District, which provided El-Mreisseh, El-Basta, Bourj El- etc. (Meho and Kawtharani, 1995). job opportunities, as mentioned Barajneh, the downtown sector, Furn during FGDs in 2017. Syrians who El-Shubbak, Raml El-Zarif, and Zukak Arab El-Maslakh and Qarantina were arrived since the Syrian crisis (2011), El-Blat and Qarantina/Arab El- characterized as the most deprived provided similar reasons for residing Maslakh area. The majority of these areas around Beirut in 1975. The in Arab El-Maslakh area. In addition, migrants had previous labour skills two areas had no running water migrants of other nationalities joined in the agricultural sector, with very and electricity, with the majority their family members who were little educational experience. The (85 percent) of their inhabitants working and living in the Arab El- Kurds first entered the labour market living in tin huts that on average Maslakh area since the 1990s. working as unskilled labourers, as accommodated 8–14 persons each

Daouk Ghawash The Daouk and Ghawash homeland. Daouk Ghawash dates to Habitat, 2014). The neighbourhood neighbourhood is located within the the mid- and late-1960s, borrowing of Daouk Ghawash became a direct boundaries of Beirut Municipality, in its name in 1978 from the first martyr extension of the Sabra area’s Shatila the area of Sabra, which is situated that resided in Ghawash and who was Palestinian refugee camp and grew in the eastern part of Beirut. The killed during the Lebanese Civil War. during the 1960s. neighbourhood consists of two so- called “areas outside camps” (Abd- The formation of Ghawash occurred Currently, the neighbourhood of Al-Rhman, 2016), namely Daouk when Palestinian refugees took Daouk Ghawash hosts families and Ghawash. Daouk and Ghawash advantage of the rise of power of the from East Asia (particularly from are located outside the Sabra area’s PLO in West Beirut, illegally settling Bangladesh and Sri Lanka), as well Shatila Palestinian refugee camp, with on public lands owned by the GoL, as Palestinian and Syrian families. Ghawash being south of the camp, while seeking an area with affordable This is the result of more affordable making it an Adjacent Area 2. Situated rents. Ghawash was first formed as livelihood costs compared to other to the west of Ghawash, Daouk one of the main military bases of the areas in Beirut, including lower was formed in 1948. This was the PLO. It expanded by hosting many housing rental costs (close to prices in first year of the Palestinian exodus, Lebanese and Palestinian families, the Palestinian refugee camps), and when Palestinians sought refuge in especially refugees from the Shatila cheaper goods and daily purchases Daouk, on lands owned by the Daouk Camp and the adjacent Sabra area (Abd-Al-Rhman, 2016).

Karm El-Zeitoun Three groups of camps emerged in Armenian associations that were time. New extensions emerged to the Beirut between 1920 and 1952. This seeking disengagement from the north of Karm El-Zeitoun with the was the direct result of the influx of camp proposed more permanent arrival of Armenians from the Sanjak Armenians, Syriacs and Palestinians solutions instead of the camp in 1926 of Alexandretta (now Hatay Province into Beirut because of massacres with the help of Mandate authorities. in Turkey) and other areas of Syria in in their areas of origin. After the This resulted in the gradual 1939 (Fawaz and Peillen, 2003). arrival of 10,500 Armenians in Beirut relocation of Armenian refugees in 1922, the establishment of the from the Qarantina area to Bourj Extensions of Armenian Medawar Camp in Qarantina created Hammoud and Khalil Badawi, Karm neighbourhoods towards Beirut’s the first slum in modern Beirut. The El-Zeitoun, and other low-income eastern industrial zone in the 1930s Red Cross, the League of Nations neighbourhoods of the city. This were first triggered by the departure and the French Mandate authorities marked the largest extension of the of Armenians from Qarantina (Nasr established tents on empty terrains— camp areas in the 1930s. These new and Nasr, 1976). These population most probably public—located in the areas were the most popular Armenian movements were influenced by Medawar area in the north-east of neighbourhoods at the time, and the demand for Armenian artisan Beirut, close to the port (Keuroghlian living conditions improved as these experience that could be locally 1970). locations became consolidated over exploited, combined with the

2 These are concentrations of Palestinian refugees that are mainly located on the external peripheries of formal Palestinian camps. 14 establishment and growth of By 1928, 160 housing units had been various backgrounds (e.g. Lebanese, industrial zones at the boundaries built on one of the hills of Achrafieh, Syriac, Armenian) residing in the of the city of Beirut. This attracted Karm El-Zeitoun, as well as in Getaoui, neighbourhood. rural migrants to Karm El-Zeitoun with the help of international and area (Boudjikanian, 1982). The Armenian associations. An additional establishment of Karm El-Zeitoun in 550 units were planned for Karm El- the 1930s was influenced by this type Zeitoun. The latter gradually became of rural-urban migration. a housing area with workers from

MIGRATION GOVERNANCE Migration policies in Lebanon have trafficking, and identifying refugees. was adopted in 1962, and the 1925 been sidelined partly because of the Lebanon cooperates with several nationality law, which was last country’s entanglement in (ongoing) international organizations to tackle amended in 1960. The Anti-Trafficking conflicts in the region. The most migration challenges in the country, Law No. 164 of 2011 constitutes the important governmental actors that including IOM, the International latest addition to migration-related are concerned with inward migration Labour Organization (ILO), UNHCR legislation. Legislation differentiates are the Ministry of Labour (MoL), and the Arab League, among others. between workers and nationalities. MoSA, and MoIM—mainly the DGSG In addition, Lebanon has signed (Migration Policy Centre, 2013). Their bilateral agreements with various A brief study of various aspects of role is to regulate the admission of countries to foster cooperation on migration in Lebanon conducted by foreign nationals and migrant workers, migration-related topics. the European Migration Policy Centre and the provision of residency and (2013) indicates that migration- work permits. They are responsible The regulatory framework for related matters are regulated on a for mitigating irregular and transit migration in Lebanon consists of national level through the following immigration in collaboration with broader national laws, including legislation: international organizations (e.g. IOM), legislation regarding the entry, stay preventing and addressing human and exit of foreign nationals, which

2011: Anti-Trafficking Law No. 164. 2008: Parliamentary Elections Law Foreign Nationals into, Their Resi- No. 25. dence in and Their Departure from 2010: Decree No. 4186, amending Lebanon. Decree No. 10188 of 28 July 1962 on 1995: Decision No. 621/1 on occupa - the implementation of the law reg - tions reserved to Lebanese nationals. 1962: Law No. 320 on the control of ulating the entry of foreigners into entry and exit from Lebanese border Lebanon, their stay and their exit 1964: By-Law No. 1 7561 regulating posts. from the country. the work of foreigners in Lebanon and its amendment. 1925: Decree No. 15 on Lebanese 2010: Law No. 129, amending Article Nationality, last modified by Law of 59 of the Labor Code of 1946. 1962: Law Regulating the Entry of 11 January 1960.

Box 2. Migration-related legislation in Lebanon (Migration Policy Centre, 2013)

Lebanon has also signed different illegal migration, including the management of migration, Lebanon bilateral and international agreements readmission of illegal migrants. has not signed neither the 1951 on irregular migration and organized United Nations Convention Relating crime related to human trafficking • The three Palermo protocols to the Status of Refugees nor its and illegal migration, including the that were adopted by the United 1967 Protocol. Also, Lebanon has not following: Nations to supplement the 2000 signed the International Convention Convention against Transnational on the Protection of the Rights of • Agreements on the readmission Organized Crime, two of which All Migrant Workers and Members of of illegal migrants with Romania are particularly relevant for the Their Families, which was adopted by (2002), Bulgaria (2002), Cyprus purposes of this report: The the United Nations in 1990. Another (2003) and Switzerland (2006). Protocol to Prevent, Suppress relevant international agreement not and Punish Trafficking in Persons, signed by Lebanon is the Convention • Cooperation agreements against especially Women and Children; Concerning Decent Work for Domestic organized crime with Bulgaria and the Protocol against the Workers, adopted by the ILO in 2011. (2002) and Cyprus (2004). Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air (Migration Policy There is a lack of regulatory • The European Union–Lebanon Centre, 2013). frameworks that directly target Association Agreement (2002) migrant workers in Lebanon. The that addresses the issue of In terms of other international socioeconomic status and inherent cooperation to prevent and control legal instruments affecting the rights of migrant workers are confined

15 to changing public policies. Moreover, hours, living accommodations, food of employment agencies should be (inter)national organizations have provision, etc.). HRW also called improved and the illegal practice of increasingly sought to raise awareness for an amendment of the standard withholding MDWs’ passports during on the rights of migrant domestic employment contracts for MDWs to employment should be prevented. workers (MDWs) in Lebanon. To this take into consideration the following: Furthermore, there is a need to aim, Human Rights Watch (HRW) (1) recognizing an MDW’s right to establish training programmes for drafted a list of recommendations for leave his/her employer’s house immigration officials and police various governmental institutions in during time off, and (2) addressing officers to identify and respond to 2013. It urged governmental actors inequality between the MDW and his/ cases of different types of abuse of to elaborate on labour protections her employer by basic means, such MDWs at the working place (HRW, for MDWs in national legislation and as the right of each party to break 2010). to define the nature and conditions the contract. Moreover, the HRW of domestic work (e.g. working report advised that the monitoring

NEIGHBOURHOOD MAPPING METHODOLOGY & CAVEATS A literature review was conducted to nationality and age; assessments of profiling exercise carried out in analyse the (inter)national legislative building conditions and basic urban Daouk Ghawash in 2017, 14 KIIs were and regulatory framework regarding services; and documenting of open conducted with six health-service migration. The study also entailed the spaces in terms of extent as well as facilities and eight education-service collection and analysis of secondary temporality and cohort-stratified providers (UN-Habitat and UNICEF data on migrant challenges in usage. Lebanon, forthcoming). Finally, four Lebanon in the context of broader FGDs and four KIIs were held in the challenges in the region. Difficulties Due to a lack of available and neighbourhood of Karm El-Zeitoun, arose especially from the availability accessible data on national including the following: One FGD with and accessibility of secondary sources demographic trends in Lebanon, nine participants of the Bangladeshi on current national regulations, which making comparisons across cohort; one FGD with eight are embedded in a complex legislative demographic figures is a complicated participants of the Ethiopian cohort; framework. exercise. A population count was one FGD with eight participants of done for all three neighbourhoods, the Lebanese cohort; one FGD with In addition, the document made usage surveying the population by building. nine participants of the Syrian cohort; of both quantitative and qualitative Thus, the presence of various and four KIIs with a health centre research methods. Qualitative and nationalities and the distribution of representative, a mukhtar, a political quantitative data is gathered using host versus migrant communities party representative and a social systematic questionnaires and GIS- could be assessed per building. worker. based mapping. Data was collected through a population count, field and Next, a HH survey 4 was conducted All KIIs and FGDs were conducted in household (HH) surveys, a series of during October 2017. It covered at Arabic. During both KIIs and FGDs, focus group discussions (FGDs), and least 50 percent of the households information on the purpose of the key informant interviews (KIIs) 3. Data in buildings that were part of the research was provided at the beginning UN-HABITAT / MAPPING MIGRATION IN MUNICIPAL BEIRUT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS / 2018 THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS OF STUDY COMPARATIVE A BEIRUT: IN MUNICIPAL / MAPPING MIGRATION UN-HABITAT collection was done during October population count. For the purposes of each session, and participants 2017 and focus group participants of this study, the survey targeted were given the opportunity to ask were selected taking into account such exclusively migrant populations. questions about this. The consent of factors as age, gender and nationality. all participants was secured before Throughout the data collection phase, One KII and two FGDs were held in the FGDs and KIIs took place. a participatory approach was adopted Arab El-Maslakh: One FGD with two that engaged local partners and other participants of the Lebanese cohort, It is recognized that the findings stakeholders. Respondents were one FGD with nine participants of of a study of this nature would assured of confidentiality in all cases. the Syrian cohort, and one KII with be increasingly robust with larger a political party representative. In numbers of interviewees, a point to Based on visual inspection and Daouk Ghawash, 16 FGDs were held bear in mind in its interpretation. questionnaires, the field survey with members of both the Lebanese involved a comprehensive population and non-Lebanese cohorts. In count by residential unit stratified by addition, as part of a neighbourhood-

3 KIIs are qualitative in-depth interviews with 4 HH surveys are conducted for a representative people who know what is going on in the sample based on the comprehensive community. The purpose of KIIs was to collect population count, proportionally stratified by information from a wide range of people with nationality. diverse backgrounds, nationalities, gender and age groups, including residents and representatives of political parties.

16 ©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Arab El-Maslakh 17 DEMOGRAPHY A. Population per Neighbourhood

Arab El-Maslakh Karm El-Zeitoun Daouk Ghawash 1,491 1,052 3,846 Table 1. Population count in the three neighbourhoods – October 2017

Arab El-Maslakh 0.43% 0.43% 0.36% 0.36% Ethiopian Ethiopian Egyptian Egyptian 37.37% 37.37% Lebanese LebaneseEgyptian Egyptian Host Host Ethiopian Ethiopian Migrant Migrant Lebanese Lebanese Other Other Syrian Syrian 40% 40%

60% 60%

60.4% 60.4% Syrian Syrian 1.44% 1.44% Other Other

Figure 1. Population distribution by cohort in Arab El-Maslakh – October 2017

The October 2017 population survey neighbourhood indicates that the constitute a far smaller proportion suggests an all-cohort resident count majority of the inhabitants are of of the population; the Egyptian of 1,491 in Arab El-Maslakh. The Syrian nationality (60 percent), and Ethiopian cohorts combined majority (60 percent) of the residents followed by Lebanese (37 percent), comprise less than 1 percent of the comprise migrant communities. who form the second largest cohort total population. The population distribution in the in the neighbourhood. Other cohorts Daouk Ghawash

0.29% 0.29% Egyptian Egyptian 5.64% 5.64%0.03% 0.03% Bangladeshi BangladeshiJordanian Jordanian UN-HABITAT / MAPPING MIGRATION IN MUNICIPAL BEIRUT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS / 2018 THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS OF STUDY COMPARATIVE A BEIRUT: IN MUNICIPAL / MAPPING MIGRATION UN-HABITAT Egyptian Egyptian Host Host 51.43% 51.43% 18.03% 18.03% Syrian Syrian Lebanese LebaneseLebanese Lebanese Migrant Migrant Jordanian Jordanian 21% 21% Bangladeshi Bangladeshi Sudanese Sudanese Syrian Syrian Sri Lankan Sri Lankan PRL PRL 79% 79% 23.72% 23.72% PRL PRSPRL PRS

0.21% 0.21% 0.52% 0.52% Sudanese Sudanese PRS PRS 0.13% 0.13% Sri Lankan Sri Lankan

Figure 2. Population distribution by cohort in Daouk Ghawash – October 2017

The population survey (October cohort is the largest one in Daouk PRS, Sri Lankans and Sudanese were 2017) suggests an all-cohort resident Ghawash (51 percent), followed by also found in the neighbourhood in count of 3,846 in Daouk Ghawash. PRL (23 percent) and the Lebanese 2017. The majority (79 percent) of the (18 percent). Besides these cohorts, residents are migrants. The Syrian Bangladeshis, Egyptians, Jordanians,

18 Karm El-Zeitoun 2.12% 2.12% Sudanese Sudanese 14.76% 10.19%14.76% 10.19% 1.38% 1.38%Syrian BangladeshiSyrian Bangladeshi Arab El-Maslakh Karm El-Zeitoun Daouk Ghawash Sri Lankan Sri Lankan 8.81% 8.81% 1,491 1,052 3,846 Ethiopian EthiopianEgyptian Egyptian Host Host 3.82% 3.82% Filipino Filipino Lebanese Lebanese Migrant Migrant Filipino Filipino Bangladeshi Bangladeshi Sudanese Sudanese 47% 47% Syrian Syrian 53% 53% Sri Lankan Sri Lankan Other Other 3.82% 3.82% Other Other 55.1% 55.1% Lebanese Lebanese

Figure 3. Population distribution by cohort in Karm El-Zeitoun – October 2017

The population survey of October The Karm El-Zeitoun population revealed that the main reasons 2017 suggests an all-cohort resident count of October 2017 indicates a for settling in Karm El-Zeitoun count of 1,052 in Karm El-Zeitoun. heterogeneous living environment, were the existence of relatives in The neighbourhood is almost evenly where space is shared by multiple the neighbourhood and the area’s shared by host (53 percent) and nationalities. The majority (55 proximity to working opportunities in migrant (47 percent) communities. percent) of the population is of Achrafieh. Housing is both rented and This even distribution might Lebanese nationality. Syrians owned, with a fairly poor provision change in the future because of comprise the second largest cohort of services in the area (Fawaz and the current demographic trend in in the neighbourhood (15 percent), Peillen, 2003). the neighbourhood, as indicated followed by Bangladeshis (10 percent) during FGDs; in the case of death or and Ethiopians (9 percent). departure of a Lebanese family, their house commonly becomes inhabited During an FGD with the Ethiopian by a non-Lebanese family. cohort in 2017, the participants

©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Arab El-Maslakh ©Photo: UN-Habitat (2017), Daouk Ghawash ©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Karm El-Zeitoun 19 HOUSING A. Percentage of Migrants in Buildings Map 5 shows the percentage Arab El-Maslakh Arab El-Maslakh of migrants living in buildings within the boundaries of the three neighbourhoods. When compared to Arab El-Maslakh and Karm El- Zeitoun, Daouk Ghawash shows the highest density of migrants, also having the highest number of migrants living within the neighbourhood boundaries. In general, 75–100 percent of residents are migrants, with only a few buildings not having migrant residents. Karm El-Zeitoun has mixed inhabitancy, with ith some buildings housing mainly migrants, while others accommodating no migrants at all. Similarly, in Arab El- Maslakh, mixed inhabitancy can be m found. 025 50 100

Daouk Ghawash Daouk Ghawash UN-HABITAT / MAPPING MIGRATION IN MUNICIPAL BEIRUT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS / 2018 THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS OF STUDY COMPARATIVE A BEIRUT: IN MUNICIPAL / MAPPING MIGRATION UN-HABITAT

m 0 25 50 100

Karm El-Zeitoun Karm El-Zeitoun

Percentage of migrants in buildings Percentage of migrants in buildings 0 0 1-121–12 13 -13–24 24 25 25–49- 49 50 50–74- 74 75 - 100 75–100

Neighbourhood boundary Neighbourhood boundary m SurveyedNon-residential area area/Missing data 025 50 100 Non-residential area/missing data Map 5. Percentage of migrants in buildings in the three neighbourhoods 20 B. Type of Occupancy (Individual or Family) by Nationality Arab El-Maslakh 900

800 Inhabited by individuals not living with 700 family members 301 Inhabited by 600 family members

500 18

400

300 Number of residental units 489 515 200

100

0 0 0 Egyptian Ethiopian Lebanese Syrian Nationality

Figure 4. Type of occupancy by nationality in Arab El-Maslakh – October 2017 When looking at the type of occupancy out of 507 units) among the Lebanese (in terms of whether individual or cohort were shared by family family) by nationality in Arab El- members. Among the Syrian cohort, Maslakh in 2017, the overwhelming 515 residential units were shared and majority of the residential units (489 301 were inhabited by individuals. ©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Arab El-Maslakh

Daouk Ghawash No data was collected on type of occupancy by nationality in Daouk Ghawash.

Karm El-Zeitoun

600 Inhabited by 500 individuals not 54 living with family members 400 Inhabited by family members 300 465 200

Number of residental units 100 106 81 83 32 0 15 4 10 3 13 7 Bangladeshi Ethiopian Lebanese Filipino Sri Lankan Sudanese Syrian Nationality Figure 5. Type of occupancy by nationality in Karm El-Zeitoun – October 2017 From those surveyed in the Karm El- Syrian cohort, 106 residential units Zeitoun neighbourhood, the Lebanese were shared by families, whereas 33 and the Syrians were the two main units were inhabited by individuals. cohorts that lived in residential units However, individual—rather than as families. Specifically, from the family—occupancy was more 519 residential units occupied by prevalent among the next two biggest Lebanese, 465 units were shared cohorts in the neighbourhood: the by family members, while 54 were Bangladeshi and the Ethiopian. inhabited by individuals. Among the ©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Karm El-Zeitoun 21 C. Population Distribution by Number of Occupants per Residential Unit

Arab El- Maslakh 40 The majority of the cohorts in Arab El-Maslakh inhabited residential units 35 9 with four to six residents per unit. Syrian Compared to units inhabited by non- 17 30 Lebanese Lebanese, those occupied by Lebanese 15 Ethiopian tended to contain a smaller number 25 Egyptian of residents. In 17 units among the Syrian cohort and 21 units among the 20 20 4 Lebanese cohort, six residents shared 29 15 3 their residential unit. In two Ethiopian cohort units, residential units housed 21 14 10 1 13 three residents per unit. Total number of residents 21 8 5 8 13 4 6 4 4 2 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 23 32 35 Number of residents per unit Figure 6. Population distribution by number of occupants per residential unit in Arab El- Maslakh – October 2017

Daouk Ghawash 900 The majority of the Daouk Ghawash cohorts inhabited residential units 800 with four to five residents per unit. 700 Syrian Again, units occupied by Lebanese Sudanese tended to contain a smaller number 600 296 405 Sri Lankan of residents, compared to those of 500 PRS non-Lebanese. The Syrian cohort 330 PRL comprises the largest cohort in the 400 3 5 10 Lebanese neighbourhood. In 296 units, the 196 300 Jordanian residential unit housed four residents; 132 210 Egyptian in 405 units, the unit was inhabited

Total number of residents 168 200 2 3 3 224 52 Bangladeshi by five residents; and in 330 units, the 2 63 200 104 100 64 52 125 7 unit had six residents. 6 63 120 70 64 117 170 3 30 4 3 3 4 28 24 9 36 52 0 20 30 27 4540 24 14 16 18 10 11 11 13 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 UN-HABITAT / MAPPING MIGRATION IN MUNICIPAL BEIRUT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS / 2018 THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS OF STUDY COMPARATIVE A BEIRUT: IN MUNICIPAL / MAPPING MIGRATION UN-HABITAT Number of residents per unit Figure 7. Population distribution by number of occupants per residential unit in Daouk Ghawash – October 2017

Karm El-Zeitoun The majority of the cohorts in the 80 neighbourhood of Karm El-Zeitoun 70 inhabited residential units with three 11 Syrian residents per unit. Among the Syrian 60 Sudanese cohort, there were five residential 4 4 1 Sri Lankan units where one person lived in one 50 5 2 1 3 1 10 Filipino residential unit, four units where two 1 4 1 1 40 Lebanese people lived in one residential unit, Ethiopian and 11 units where three people lived 30 5 Bangladeshi in one residential unit. In one case, 20 1 20 43 38 40 38 1 individuals of Bangladeshi nationality

Total number of residents were sharing one residential unit. 17 10 2 8 3 2 3 1 1 2 0 112 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 112 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 17 20 Number of residents per unit Figure 8. Population distribution by number of occupants per residential unit in Karm El-Zeitoun – October 2017 22 D. Number of Individuals per Bedroom Arab El-Maslakh 200 The majority of residential units Number of 180 individuals per in Arab El-Maslakh consist of two bedroom bedrooms. Most residential units of 160 35 18 this size accommodate four individuals 140 8 31 per bedroom. More specifically, in 120 7 this type of residential unit, four 5 100 19 individuals share a bedroom in 13 4 cases, 18 individuals share a bedroom 80 26 3 52 12 in two cases, and eight individuals 60 2 19 1 share a bedroom in four cases. 40 8 14 26 32 Total number of residents per unit per residents of number Total 31 In the residential units that have 20 15 14 14 15 23 three bedrooms, the bedrooms 0 4 6 4 13 44 1234 5 are inhabited by two residents per Number of bedrooms per unit bedroom in 15 cases. In six cases, the bedrooms are inhabited by three Figure 9. Number of individuals per bedroom in Arab El-Maslakh – October 2017 individuals per bedroom. In 31 cases, the bedrooms are inhabited by one individual per bedroom, and in three cases, these bedrooms are inhabited by four residents per bedroom. Furthermore, in four cases, the living space is distributed among eight individuals per bedroom, totalling 32 residents in the residential unit. Daouk Ghawash 151 600 Most residential units in Daouk Number of individuals per Ghawash consist of two to three 500 10 bedroom bedrooms. In general, the living space 151 23 in residential unit of these sizes 8 400 14 is distributed among two to four 36 7 individuals per bedroom. 300 91 6 14 5 36 4 200 21 23 211 7618 3 8 21 100 12 2 45 101

Total number of residents per unit per residents of number Total 1 24 12 0 16 43 3411 9 27 4 1 23 4 5 Number of bedrooms per unit Figure 10. Number of individuals7 per bedroom in Daouk Ghawash – October 2017 11 Karm El-Zeitoun 160 The vast majority of houses in Karm Number of El-Zeitoun consist of one to three individuals per bedrooms. In most residential units 140 bedroom 18 with three bedrooms, the living space 7 120 is used by one to two residents per 11 6 bedroom. The bedrooms had two 11 5 individuals per bedroom in 28 cases 100 7 11 12 4 of three-bedroom units. In the same 10 56 80 3 type of residential unit with three 25 23 2 bedrooms, a living space distribution 1 60 55 of one individual per bedroom is 16 11 found among 55 cases. FGDs with 40 migrants in Karm El-Zeitoun revealed 18 38 that rental and other housing costs are Total number of residents per unit per residents of number Total 55 20 commonly shared. 20 10 7 10 0 5 5 1 23 4 Number of bedrooms per unit Figure 11. Number of individuals per bedroom in Karm El-Zeitoun – October 2017 23 E. Eviction Threats Arab El-Maslakh

No Arab El-Maslakh reported a higher returned to Syria, as explained during Yes number of eviction threats (14 cases) FGDs held in 2017. During these over the six-month period preceding FGDs, concerns were voiced regarding the October 2017 survey, when eviction patterns and rumours of 26% (14) compared to the neighbourhood of possible large development plans. Karm El-Zeitoun. Eviction is used Also, members of the Lebanese as a threat when families are not cohort pointed out that they have paying rent. In general, it is perceived been prohibited from rebuilding or 74% (39) that non-Lebanese nationals move rehabilitating damaged buildings in these evicted apartments. Some after the Lebanese Civil War (1975– of the evicted Syrian families have 1990).

Figure 12. Eviction threats in the last six months in Arab El-Maslakh – October 2017

Daouk Ghawash

No Daouk Ghawash witnessed nine During FGDs with PRS and Syrians, 5% (9) Yes eviction threats during the six months security threats were reported as the prior to the survey of October 2017. main reason for eviction.

95% (168)

Figure 13. Eviction threats in the last six months in Daouk Ghawash – October 2017

Karm El-Zeitoun

No 5%3% No In Karm El-Zeitoun, eviction threats Bangladeshi cohort in 2017, it was (9)(3) YesYes impacted three households over reported that in some cases the the six months before the October landowner evicted the residents from 2017 survey. During FGDs with the a unit to raise the rent. UN-HABITAT / MAPPING MIGRATION IN MUNICIPAL BEIRUT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS / 2018 THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS OF STUDY COMPARATIVE A BEIRUT: IN MUNICIPAL / MAPPING MIGRATION UN-HABITAT

95%97% (168)(86)

Figure 14. Eviction threats in the last six months in Karm El-Zeitoun – October 2017

©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Arab El-Maslakh ©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Daouk Ghawash ©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Karm El-Zeitoun 24 ACCESS TO JOBS & SERVICES A. Employment Rate

Arab El-Maslakh Around half of the population above 4%4% 18 in Arab El-Maslakh was working in 4% October 2017, with 45 percent being unemployed. Compared to Karm El- Zeitoun, a slightly higher percentage NumberNumber of of employed employed under under 18 18 45%45% (4 percent) was employed under the NumberNumber of of employed employed above above 18 18 age of 18. 51%51% NumberNumber of of unemployed unemployed

Figure 15. Employment and unemployment rates in Arab El-Maslakh – October 2017

Daouk Ghawash 7% The employment and unemployment 7% 4% rates among the population above the age of 18 in Daouk Ghawash were quite similar; 45 percent was unemployed and 48 percent was Number ofof employed employed under under 18 18 45%45% employed. In October 2017, 7 percent Number ofof employed employed above above 18 18 of the population under the age of 18 51% 48% Number ofof unemployed unemployed was employed. On average, residents of both the Lebanese and non- Lebanese cohorts earned between USD 250 and USD 500 per month for their economic activities, as revealed during the FGDs. Figure 16. Employment and unemployment rates in Daouk Ghawash – October 2017

Karm El-Zeitoun 1% In Karm El-Zeitoun, more than half 4% (65 percent) of the population above 18 was employed in October 2017, with an unemployment rate of 34 percent. Number of employed under 18 A tiny percentage of those under the 34% Number of employed under 18 45% Number of employed above 18 age of 18 were employed (1 percent). Number of employed above 18 Having access to jobs and sufficient 51% Number of unemployed Number of unemployed job opportunities was a general 65% concern among all cohorts, as revealed during FGDs.

Figure 17. Employment and unemployment rates in Karm El-Zeitoun – October 2017

25 Methods of Seeking Employment It was identified during FGDs that, mentioned going to the port daily to the area. However, looking for job across all cohorts, job opportunities wait for someone that needs carriers. opportunities without third parties are commonly sought through Their average daily payment is is preferred, since recruiting offices relatives. Also, the main reason between USD 16 and USD 17. Both the will deduct half of their salaries, for settling in one of the three Ethiopian and Bangladeshi cohorts as reported during FGDs with the neighbourhoods is the proximity in Karm El-Zeitoun seek jobs in the Ethiopian cohort in Karm El-Zeitoun. of job opportunities. Syrian focus neighbourhood via relatives, friends group discussants in Arab El-Maslakh or independent visits to offices in

Barriers to Accessing Livelihood Opportunities The 1951 Convention established their children, those in need of urgent offerings in surrounding facilities and “the rights of refugees to engage in medical care, and children separated institutions (the slaughterhouse and wage-earning employment and self- from their families (De Bel-Air, 2017). port). employment”. By not signing this international convention, Lebanon “Displaced” Syrians are required Palestinians were banned from 70 does not grant refugees an explicit to sign a pledge not to carry out jobs in 1962 and an additional 46 jobs right to work. However, Lebanon has economic activities. Their status and independent professions with signed 49 ILO conventions (Migration changes to “migrant workers” when Decree 162/1 that was issued by the Policy Centre, 2013). Individuals that they are able to obtain a work permit MoL in 1995. In 2005, the MoL partly have fled to Lebanon are addressed and sponsorship. However, UNHCR lifted the ban on Palestinians holding as “displaced” in line with Lebanon’s counts them as refugees. Moreover, technical and clerical positions on general stance that it is not a country the government considers that the condition that they obtain a work of asylum nor resettlement. This is “displaced” lose their refugee status permit. connected to existing regulations the moment they start working, as regarding Palestinians that do not they already benefit from UNHCR Bangladeshi nationals residing in have the right to own, sell and assistance. Karm El-Zeitoun expressed that bequeath property (Ashkar, 2017). obtaining a work permit is the most Syrian refugees are granted a work important difficulty to finding work. Prior to the Syrian crisis, there was permit on the condition that they are a demand for Syrian workers in the sponsored by a kafeel5 and are working Finding employment opportunities to construction sector in Lebanon that in the agricultural, construction and sustain their livelihoods is a challenge faced labour shortages. The 1993 environmental (e.g. cleaning, garbage that is shared across all cohorts. Bilateral Agreement for Economic and collection) sectors. Work permits in Unemployment has risen in Lebanon Social Cooperation between Syria and these sectors cost around USD 80. from an estimated 11 percent before Lebanon provided nationals of both However, the ability to receive this the Syrian crisis to 18–20 percent countries with the opportunity to work grant is limited, given the Syrian after it (IMF, 2014). Specifically, work, reside and carry out economic refugees’ engagement in jobs that this has negatively affected young activities in the other country. can be considered as highly informal. workers (aged 15–24). Increased Registered Syrian refugees were Work permits in other sectors cost unemployment rates can be partially UN-HABITAT / MAPPING MIGRATION IN MUNICIPAL BEIRUT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS / 2018 THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS OF STUDY COMPARATIVE A BEIRUT: IN MUNICIPAL / MAPPING MIGRATION UN-HABITAT allowed to work until December 2015 USD 320, and an employer must explained by the decreasing number in Lebanon. This right has currently prove his/her inability to find a skilled of work opportunities and the slow been suspended by the GoL. In Lebanese worker instead (Errighi and economic growth, as well as the October 2014, the GoL declared that it Griesse, 2016). During an FGD with additional labour supply due to the would only allow the entry of Syrians the Lebanese cohort in Arab El- refugee inflow. in extreme humanitarian cases, Maslakh, it was mentioned that they meaning single women fleeing with are entitled to 30 percent of the job

Workplace Abuse When asked about workplace abuse, and no provision of job security (e.g. being mostly concerned about finding nine focus group discussants of payment of salaries at the end of the work. Female Ethiopian nationals in Syrian nationality in Arab El-Maslakh month). Karm El-Zeitoun mentioned being reported not witnessing abuse. In aware of abuse at the working place. contrast, nine discussants from Similarly, nine discussants from Among this cohort, discussants were among the Syrian cohort in Karm the Bangladeshi cohort in Karm El- mainly concerned about long working El-Zeitoun reported instances of Zeitoun mentioned not being aware of hours and the inability to take sick physical abuse, long working hours physical abuse at the workplace, while leaves.

5 A sponsorship system where a placement agency, company/institution or individual issues the work permits for foreign workers. 26 Local Economy Residents among the Lebanese buildings in the area, population that they have received assistance cohort saw a boost to the Arab El- growth and increasing demand for from the United Nations, non- Maslakh’s local market due to the housing. Rental fees varied between governmental organizations (NGOs) increased demand for goods and USD 200 and USD 300 among the such as Makhzoumi Foundation, and services caused by the influx of Bangladeshi cohort, between USD at times the Church when having Syrian refugees. However, an increase 400 and USD 650 among the Syrian asked for support. In addition, a in rent was reported; anecdotally, cohort, and around USD 100 among representative from a social centre this is pushing young couples that the Ethiopian cohort. For all the mentioned that Filles De La Charité, are seeking housing to do so out of cohorts, the housing fees are often and Mourouj Al Mahabba Foundation the neighbourhood. It was reported shared by several individuals, as are providing assistance to migrants in among Syrian study participants that indicated during FGDs. the neighbourhood. the increased rent forced families to live together to be able to pay the rent. When asked about assistance, the A political party in the neighbourhood Based on the October 2017 study, rent Bangladeshi cohort in Karm El- of Arab El-Maslakh is cooperating varied between USD 300 and USD Zeitoun mentioned never having with the United Nations Development 600 in Arab El-Maslakh, depending received assistance from (non)- Programme (UNDP) and the American on the size of the apartment. Some governmental organizations. The main Centre on teaching programs in public residents considered these prices concern among this cohort was finding schools, and with the Bayt Al-Zakat wa to be disproportionate to the job opportunities to sustain their Al-Khayrat to provide food portions to deteriorated building conditions in the livelihood. Female Ethiopian nationals families in the neighbourhood during neighbourhood. did receive assistance from the the month of Ramadan. Nonetheless, Evangelical and Orthodox churches their assistance mostly comes in the All cohorts in the neighbourhood in the form of food, clean water, legal form of political coverage rather than of Karm El-Zeitoun experienced support and medications to detainees, monetary support. an increase in rent since 2015. The and to a lesser extent plane tickets to increased rent was attributed to return home. Focus group discussants the construction of new expensive among the Syrian cohort reported

©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Karm El-Zeitoun

©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Arab El-Maslakh ©Photo: UN-Habitat (2017), Daouk Ghawash 27 B. Education

Arab El-Maslakh Primary school is the highest level of school attendance among children from 3 to 14 years of age, and intermediate school (brevet) is the highest reached level among youth between 15 and 24. The school attendance rate among both female and male residents between the ages 44%44% 49%49% 51%51% 56%56% of 6 and 18 in Arab El-Maslakh is around 50 percent. According to the data collected during the October 2017 survey, around 44 percent of male residents between 6 and 18 years of age did not attend school in Arab El-Maslakh, together with around 56 MaleMale between between 6 6and and 18 18 attending attending school school MaleMale between between 6 6and and 18 18 not not attending attending school school percent of the female residents of the FemaleFemale between between 6 6and and 18 18 attending attending school school FemaleFemale between between 6 6and and 18 18 not not attending attending school school same age group. Figure 18. School attendance by gender in Arab El-Maslakh – October 2017

Daouk Ghawash Around 51 percent of male residents between the ages of 6 and 18 were attending school in Daouk Ghawash in October 2017. A school attendance rate of 49 percent was found in 18%18% the neighbourhood among female residents of the same age group. In Daouk Ghawash, 82 percent of the 49%49% 51%51% male and 18 percent of the female residents between the ages of 6 and 18 did not attend school. FGDs 82%82% indicated the prevalence of child labour in the neighbourhood, with children supporting their households and not going to school, and several MaleMale between between 6 6 and and 18 18 attending attending school school MaleMale between between 6 6 and and 18 18 not not attending attending school school children working after school hours. FemaleFemale between between 6 6 and and 18 18 attending attending school school FemaleFemale between between 6 6 and and 18 18 not not attending attending school school Supporting the household financially constitutes the main reason for

UN-HABITAT / MAPPING MIGRATION IN MUNICIPAL BEIRUT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS / 2018 THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS OF STUDY COMPARATIVE A BEIRUT: IN MUNICIPAL / MAPPING MIGRATION UN-HABITAT Figure 19. School attendance by gender in Daouk Ghawash – October 2017 children to be out of school. During FGDs, tuition fees were reported as another reason for not attending school.

Karm El-Zeitoun Figure 20 shows a school attendance rate of 58 percent among male and 42 percent among female residents between the ages of 6 and 18 in the Karm El-Zeitoun neighbourhood. During an FGD, it was reported that the neighbourhood does not have 38%38%38% a public school. Two focus group 42%42%42% discussants of the Syrian cohort 58%58%58%58% reported that their children attend 62%62% 62%62% school outside of the Karm El- Zeitoun neighbourhood boundaries— together with other Syrian, Egyptian and Ethiopian children. Of residents between the ages of 6 and 18 not MaleMaleMale between between between 6 6 6and and and 18 18 18 attending attending attending school school schoolschool MaleMaleMale between between between 6 6 6and and and 18 18 18 not not not attending attending attending school school school attending school in Karm El-Zeitoun, 62 percent are males and 38 percent FemaleFemaleFemale between between between 6 6 6and and and 18 18 18 attending attending attendingattending school school schoolschool FemaleFemaleFemaleFemale between between between 6 6 6and and and 18 18 18 not not not attending attending attending school schoolschool school are females. Figure 20. School attendance by gender in Karm El-Zeitoun – October 2017

28 C. Health

1 Saint Antoine Health Centre Network of of Primary Primary Health Healthcare Care Centers Centres 2 Bachoura Health Centre MoPH

MoPH and and MoSA MoSA 3 Beirut Development Association Centre MoSA 4 Khatam El-Anbia Health Centre Private 5 Directorate of Health Tarik El-Jdideh Hariri Foundation 6 Herj Health Centre 7 Directorate of Health Ras El-Nabaa Hariri Foundation 8 Makhzoumi Medical Centre in Mazraa 9 Qarantina PHCC 27 10 The Drouz Charity Association Health Centre 11 Dar El-Fatwa Health Centre 9 24 12 Sandouk Zakat Medical Centre 13 Mother and Child Care Association Health Centre 25 3 11 26 14 Dar El-Fatwa Health Centre 1 2 14 15 Msaitbeh SDC 12 Beirut Municipality 16 Achrafieh 19 13 4 16 17 Mazraa SDC 15 17 18 Tarik El-Jdideh 8 23 19 Makhzoumi Foundation Achrafieh PHCC 10 6 5 20 Beirut Health Centre Talmees 7 20 21 21 Restart Lebanon Beirut 18 22 22 Dar Al Ajaza Allslamia Hospital 23 Bayader Charity Organization 24 The Development Centre of Beirut m 0 250 500 1,000 25 Sandouk Zakat 26 Al Manasfi TB Centre

Map 6. Distribution of Primary Healthcare Centres in Beirut Municipality 27 Al Rawda Table 2. Primary Healthcare Centres in Beirut Municipality Arab El-Maslakh It is not possible for Syrians to relatives for medical advice, and visit that food assistance in the form of access the Public Hospital in Arab pharmacies to ask for medicines. e-vouchers was discontinued in the El-Maslakh, due to the high related For delivery, pregnant women are neighbourhood in mid-2017. costs, as reported during FGDs often brought to either the Sabra with the Syrian cohort. In general, area or the Shatila refugee camp. In nationals among this cohort consult terms of assistance, FGDs revealed

©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Public Hospital, Arab El-Maslakh 29 Daouk Ghawash Six identified dispensaries provide while malnutrition-management (e.g. Naameh and Barja). El-Islah Wal accessible primary healthcare programmes for both Lebanese and Arshad Dispensary serves people services in Daouk Ghawash: Hamad non-Lebanese cohorts are available from Beirut, and PARD Dispensary Dispensary – Tarik El-Jdideh either free of charge or for up to USD serves residents of Tarik El-Jdideh, (Makassed), El-Hursh Health Centre – 10 (UN-Habitat and UNICEF Lebanon, as reported during KIIs with health Barbir (Makassed), PARD Dispensary, forthcoming). facilities (UN-Habitat and UNICEF El-Islah Wal Arshad Dispensary, Lebanon, forthcoming). El-Hursh Dispensary and Hariri The six primary healthcare facilities Foundation Dispensary—the first two are accessible to people of diverse During an FGD, Lebanese caregivers of which are run by the Makassed nationalities, including Lebanese, reported the existence of some Philanthropic Islamic Association of Syrians, Palestinians, Iraqis, Filipinos, Social Development Centres (SDCs) Beirut. Nonetheless, only El-Hursh Sudanese and Indians. Beneficiaries affiliated to MoSA and UNRWA in Health Centre was reported during that access health facilities include the Daouk Ghawash area. Yet, the an FGD in 2017 to be accredited children, women, elderly, children and majority of focus group discussants by the Ministry of Public Health adults with special needs, individuals had never visited an SDC. In addition, (MoPH). Common services provided with chronic needs, and pregnant non-Lebanese cohorts reported the by the health facilities are the women. In addition to serving the availability of organizations that following: consultation, medication, residents of Daouk Ghawash, Hamad provide the distribution of food laboratory tests, vaccination, and Dispensary also serves people from vouchers through monthly visits infant and young child feeding various parts of Beirut (e.g. Sabra) and (UN-Habitat and UNICEF Lebanon, (IYCF) programmes. Consultation from some areas in the Chouf District forthcoming). fees range from USD 5 to USD 10, of the Mount Lebanon Governorate

Karm El-Zeitoun Al Sayde Dispensary in Karm El- centre taking care of the remaining 15 Focus group discussants of the Zeitoun offers services related to percent, according to a KII. Bangladeshi cohort in Karm El- chronic diseases, but does not Zeitoun reported that this group provide paediatric services and other It was reported during a KII that the has equal access to hospitals as the health-related services to infants and dispensary receives donations from Lebanese cohort. Yet, focus group children. According to a KII with the the Orthodox Church, with which discussants of the Ethiopian cohort representatives of the dispensary, it is affiliated; NGOs such as the mentioned facing financial problems the health centre has limited capacity Young Men’s Christian Association; to access healthcare. Most focus and is in need of additional financial international donors such as the group discussants from the Syrian resources. Al Sayde Dispensary has United Nations; and MoSA and cohort visit Makhzoumi Dispensary. beneficiaries from all communities of MoPH. Also, the dispensary has It was indicated that this dispensary the Karm El-Zeitoun neighbourhood, started a programme with Children’s provides primary healthcare services. and especially Syrians, Ethiopians Relief International, where American However, for special services, such as and Iraqis from among migrant and Syrian families that live in the medication for blood pressure, other UN-HABITAT / MAPPING MIGRATION IN MUNICIPAL BEIRUT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS / 2018 THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS OF STUDY COMPARATIVE A BEIRUT: IN MUNICIPAL / MAPPING MIGRATION UN-HABITAT communities. The United Nations United States are sponsoring Syrian dispensaries need to be consulted. provides 85 percent of the Orthodox children on a yearly basis. expenditures made at the dispensary among the Syrian cohort, with the

30 D. Communal spaces

Arab El-Maslakh Arab El-Maslakh

m 025 50 100

Daouk Ghawash Daouk Ghawash

m 0 25 50 100

Karm El-Zeitoun Karm El-Zeitoun

Condition of communal spaces of buildings

ConditionEmergency of communal replacement spaces of buildings

EmergencyMajor repair replacement Major repair MinorMinor repair RoutineRoutine maintenancemaintenance

NeighbourhoodNeighbourhood boundary boundary m Surveyed area 025 50 100 Non-residentialNon-residential area/Missing area/missing data data Map 7. Condition of communal spaces of buildings in the three neighbourhoods

31 Arab El-Maslakh

14% 16%

5% 17% Emergency replacement Emergency replacement 31% MajorMajor repair repair Minor repair 38% 32% RoutineMinor maintenance repair 47% Routine maintenance

Figure 21. Communal space conditions by nationality in Arab El-Maslakh – October 2017 ©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Arab El-Maslakh

In Arab El-Maslakh, most data on (38 percent) of buildings, housing of buildings require emergency communal spaces of buildings was 41 percent of the residents, have replacement in their communal available regarding the Lebanese communal spaces that require minor spaces. and Syrian cohorts. The majority repair. Around one sixth (16 percent)

Daouk Ghawash

5% 17%

5% 17% Emergency replacement Emergency replacement 31% Major repair 31% Major repair Minor repairMinor repair Routine maintenance 47% Routine maintenance 47% UN-HABITAT / MAPPING MIGRATION IN MUNICIPAL BEIRUT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS / 2018 THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS OF STUDY COMPARATIVE A BEIRUT: IN MUNICIPAL / MAPPING MIGRATION UN-HABITAT

Figure 22. Communal space conditions by nationality in Daouk Ghawash – October 2017 ©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Daouk Ghawash

The majority (47 percent) of buildings communal spaces that require major of buildings require emergency in Daouk Ghawash, accommodating repair, while 31 percent are in need replacement in their communal 51 percent of the residents, have of minor repair. Around 17 percent spaces.

9% 13%

5% Emergency replacement 17% EmergencyEmergencyMajor replacement replacementrepair 31% Major repair MajorMinor repair repair 36% Minor repair Minor repair 42% Routine maintenance 47% Routine maintenance Routine maintenance

Figure 23. Communal space conditions by nationality in Karm El-Zeitoun – October 2017 ©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Karm El-Zeitoun

Figure 23 shows the condition of or emergency replacement. The major repair. Around 9 percent of communal spaces of buildings in majority (42 percent) of buildings, residents live in buildings that require Karm El-Zeitoun needing routine housing 43 percent of the residents, emergency replacement in their maintenance, minor/major repair have communal spaces that require communal spaces.

©Photo: Genevieve Kim (2018), Daouk Ghawash 33 E. Infrastructural Network Focus group discussants of among the Syrian cohort reported water and electricity networks, and to the Lebanese cohort in the that the neighbourhood suffers improve garbage collection. However, neighbourhood of Arab El-Maslakh from neglect. This pattern has not during an FGD, Bangladeshi nationals shared a general dissatisfaction only been identified in the Arab El- reported overall high satisfaction with municipal services, such as Maslakh neighbourhood; all cohorts with regard to municipal services. the municipality’s responsiveness, in the neighbourhoods of Karm During the FGDs with the Lebanese provision of infrastructure, access El-Zeitoun and Daouk Ghawash cohort, it was mentioned that the to the neighbourhood’s renovated have similarly reported the need to municipality has promised to upgrade playground, and the nearby upgrade infrastructural services. In the neighbourhood’s infrastructure. temporary garbage dump. Similarly, the Karm El-Zeitoun neighbourhood, focus group discussants from there was a request to upgrade the

©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Electricity net- ©Photo: UN-Habitat (2017), Electricity net- ©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Electricity network, work, Arab El-Maslakh work, Daouk Ghawash Karm El-Zeitoun

A main challenge in the improving street lighting, prohibiting the current regulations surrounding neighbourhood of Arab El-Maslakh trucks to reach the port, providing the election of municipal government is its degraded environment, due to financial and material assistance to actors limited the possible gases and waste that are produced by people with special needs. improvement of their level of surrounding facilities and dumpsters, involvement in local decision-making as indicated by a political party The residents’ limited involvement processes. The area of registration representative during an FGD. At the in local decision-making and by birth is the only area where the time of the FGD, waste had piled up the municipal actors’ limited Lebanese population is allowed in front of Beirut’s slaughterhouse. accountability and responsiveness are to vote for governmental actors. Other general suggestions included: critical issues in all neighbourhoods. Migrants can only get involved in local spraying pesticides for pest control, The Lebanese cohort reported that decision-making after naturalization. UN-HABITAT / MAPPING MIGRATION IN MUNICIPAL BEIRUT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS / 2018 THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS OF STUDY COMPARATIVE A BEIRUT: IN MUNICIPAL / MAPPING MIGRATION UN-HABITAT

©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Renovated public garden, Arab El-Maslakh ©Photo: UN-Habitat (2017), Public space, Daouk Ghawash 34 SOCIAL STABILITY, SAFETY & SECURITY A. Social Stability When two focus group discussants political party. However, it was with little “sense of belonging” to the of the Lebanese cohort in Arab mentioned that the neighbourhood neighbourhood of Arab El-Maslakh El-Maslakh were asked about the has a local economic potential and and experiences of discrimination. perceived impact of migrants on the advantages that, if channelled in the Similarly, female Ethiopian nationals neighbourhood, both described that right direction, can help improve the in Karm El-Zeitoun mentioned the arrival of migrants had little effect livelihoods of both host and migrant having no “sense of belonging” to on the residents. This differs from the communities, and enhance overall the neighbourhood. This contrasts perception of the Lebanese cohort social stability. with FGDs involving nine Bangladeshi in Karm El-Zeitoun, who reported nationals in Karm El-Zeitoun, who increased socioeconomic tensions in The neighbourhood of Arab El- reported experiencing a “sense of the neighbourhood, such as increased Maslakh is generally considered as belonging” to their direct living labour-market competition between a “tight-knit” community based on environment. Furthermore, it was host communities and migrants. traditional norms and values and reported in the FGD that the mobility Previous infrastructural and economic family relationships, as pointed of migrants without any type of challenges in the neighbourhood of out by two focus group discussants identification and/or legal papers Arab El-Maslakh were exacerbated from among the Lebanese cohort. (e.g. residence or work permit) was by the arrival of Syrian refugees, Nine focus group discussants from limited. This is considered one of the presenting new challenges to the the Syrian cohort had a different most important challenges in all three neighbourhood, as argued during perception of social stability, when neighbourhoods. a KII with a representative of a compared to the Lebanese cohort,

©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Social centre, ©Photo: UN-Habitat (2017), PARD association, Daouk Ghawash Karm El-Zeitoun B. Safety & Security The neighbourhood of Arab El- neighbourhood and living a solitary neighbourhood. Parents commonly Maslakh is generally considered a life to avoid potential problems. do not allow their children to leave the safe area by the Lebanese and Syrian neighbourhood of Daouk Ghawash. cohorts, as highlighted during FGDs Tight communal relationships in the Furthermore, members of non- in 2017. However, among the Syrian neighbourhood of Karm El-Zeitoun Lebanese communities identified cohort, it was reported that the were identified by the Lebanese cultural differences and problems over peripheries are unsafe at night, as cohort as an important factor in access to housing as the main reasons individuals of Syrian nationality got ensuring safety. Conflicts have for disputes in the neighbourhood. robbed on their way back home during emerged between migrant and host Most disputes are resolved via the night-time. communities in the neighbourhood. intervention of community dignitaries Neighbourhood security is guaranteed or of host communities. The Bangladeshi and Ethiopian by the Lebanese Internal Security cohorts in Karm El-Zeitoun revealed Forces, the army, the Maaloumat Across all non-Lebanese cohorts, that they generally feel safe in the (information) and intelligence services. neighbourhood safety is one of the neighbourhood, except during night- main general concerns. In order time. Nonetheless, female Ethiopian Residents reported Daouk Ghawash to improve the overall safety and nationals mentioned instances of to be generally unsafe area that faces security in the neighbourhood of Arab robbery and verbal abuse. Focus various problems, specifically with El-Maslakh, it was suggested to bring group discussants from among the regard to infrastructural services, more security forces to the area. Yet, Syrian cohort also reported a general overcrowding, drug abuse and during an FGD, it was reported that sense of safety in the neighbourhood, robberies. Children in Daouk Ghawash the municipality intervenes in the combined with high levels of predominantly reported their homes neighbourhood when problems arise. awareness of being a newcomer to the and buildings as the safest area in the 35 C. Migrants’ Desire to Return to Place of Origin

Arab El-Maslakh

No The majority (58 percent) of all Yes migrants in Arab El-Maslakh 17% answered “yes” when asked whether Do not know they consider returning to their place of origin. A quarter of all migrants did not consider returning to their place of origin, while 17 percent did not know. 25% 58%

Figure 24. Population count on consideration of returning to place of origin in Arab El-Maslakh – October 2017

Daouk Ghawash

No An equal percentage (31 percent) of all Yes migrants in Daouk Ghawash answered “do not know” and “yes”, when asked Do not know if they considered returning to their 31% 31%17% place of origin, while 38 percent answered “no”. The high rent was the main reason for the anticipation of moving among the non-Lebanese cohorts, according to FGDs. 38%

Figure 25. Population count on consideration25% of returning to place of origin in Daouk Ghawash – October 2017

No Contrary to the Arab El-Maslakh Yes neighbourhood, when questioned 19% whether they would consider Do not know returning to their place of origin, 51 percent of all migrants in Karm El- Zeitoun answered “do not know”, 51% followed by “no” (30 percent). A far 30% smaller percentage (19 percent) of all migrants in the neighbourhood answered “yes” during the HH survey.

Figure 26. Population count on consideration of returning to place of origin in Karm El-Zeitoun – October 2017

36 CONCLUSION

Using three case studies, this place of origin, a high percentage neighbourhood is of great importance mapping of immigration presence among migrant populations in both to improve the social stability in the provides an introduction to migratory neighbourhoods answered “yes”. neighbourhood. Hereby, it should be challenges in Beirut Municipality. emphasized that “no person is left Based on the three neighbourhoods Critical areas of concern that were behind” in accessing education and of Arab El-Maslakh, Daouk Ghawash raised during FGDs and KIIs are: healthcare facilities to enhance urban and Karm El-Zeitoun, an empirical lack of inclusive involvement of inclusion and prosperity in all three insight is given into how migration residents in local decision-making, neighbourhoods. is inserted into the urban fabric need for upgrading the direct of the municipality, and what the living environment in terms of its This study made usage of both aspects of the impact are on the infrastructural and public services, qualitative and quantitative research neighbourhoods. and need for improving safety and methods during data collection. security in all three neighbourhoods Besides primary field data analysis, From this scoping study, it can (the latter more specifically in Daouk this profile provided secondary desk- be stated that the Syrian cohort Ghawash). Addressing these areas based data analysis on the national comprises the largest migrant of concern may provide potential to regulatory framework regarding population as a percentage of the improve the inhabitants’ sense of migration. Social services and access neighbourhoods’ total population belonging to their neighbourhood. to livelihood opportunities are key in all three cases. Of the remainder, challenges identified by respondents the Bangladeshi, Ethiopian and These concerns are likely to be of in this study; this emphasizes the Palestinian cohorts are the largest great interest to both governmental critical nature of migration policy as groups (with varying representation and communal neighbourhood well as policies indirectly affecting across the neighbourhoods). actors, as migrant communities the well-being of migrants and of the currently comprise the majority in mixed communities of which they are The majority of residential units both Arab El-Maslakh and Daouk in some cases a major component. in all three neighbourhoods is Ghawash neighbourhoods as a shared by families. In some cases, percentage of the neighbourhoods’ Main caveats in this study relate to the residential units were shared by a total population. Although part small-scale sampling, complicating large total number of residents, likely of a wider urban and national quantitative analysis. As the empirical to constitute overcrowding. FGDs phenomenon, this demographic findings suggest, improving the body revealed that this might be explained composition may change further of knowledge as to the scale and by the sharing of rent among residents in the neighbourhoods, impacting nature of migrant presence in the city in one residential unit, to compensate the demographic balance between can enhance our understanding of the for increasing rental fees. migrant and host communities in features of migratory flows and the various ways. opportunities as well as challenges FGDs and KIIs indicated that the these present to neighbourhoods. majority of migrant populations have Currently, 41 percent of females in This study can be a starting point “little sense of belonging” to their Arab El-Maslakh and 72 percent for further and more fulsome studies direct living environment. This may of males between the ages of 6 of the topic at the neighbourhood, be reflected in the analysis of FGDs and 18 in Daouk Ghawash are not municipal and city levels. in both Arab El-Maslakh and Daouk attending school. Improving the Ghawash; when asked about their accessibility and availability of consideration of returning to their public services to all cohorts in the

©Photo: UN-Habitat (2018), Karm El-Zeitoun 37 UN-HABITAT / MAPPING MIGRATION IN MUNICIPAL BEIRUT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS / 2018 THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS OF STUDY COMPARATIVE A BEIRUT: IN MUNICIPAL / MAPPING MIGRATION UN-HABITAT

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