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Host Diversity and Affinity in Xiphinema Americanum Y.S Trends in Biosciences 10(25), Print : ISSN 0974-8431, 5285-5290, 2017 Host Diversity and Affinity in Xiphinema americanum Y.S. RATHORE Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh email : [email protected] ABSTRACT ectoparasite and all the life stages feed at the root tips of Xiphinema americanum (Nematoda: Longidoridae) is a plants and attached to young growing roots due to source- sink dynamics (Wikipedia, 2017a). While penetrating into migratory ectoparasite and widely distributed all over the world. Besides causing direct damage, it also transmits plant cells, nematode secretes enzymes that results in cell plant viruses and cause economic losses to crops and hypertrophy and thickening, and then it is able to extract orchard plants. Its host range includes 200 angiosperms cell cytoplasm (Norton and Hoffman 1974). Plants exhibit and 22 gymnosperms species. Results on host diversity poor growth and/or stunting, yellowing or wilting of foliage, and affinity in traditional taxonomic system of Hutcinson reduced root systems, lack of secondary roots and (1973) and recent system APG IV (2016) revealed greater occasional tufts of secondary roots (Christie, 1959, Cohn, preference to fundamentally woody plants. In Hutchinson’s 1970). Moderately swelling of roots with clusters of shoots, stubby branches was observed in pine trees (Cohn, 1970, system nematode selected 72.52% plants from dicotyledons, 17.51% monocotyledons and 9.91% White, 1955) and complete defoliation in coffee trees gymnosperms. Among dicotyledons, plants from lignosae (Lordello, 1972).This nematode has also implicated in (fundamentally woody plants) showed greater preference transmitting viral diseases to several crops.It is a C-rated (58.11%) than herbaceae (fundamentally herbaceous pest in California due to its wide host range of California plants (14.41%). Glumiflores in Poaceae were preferred crops. Jones et al (2013) described as eighth economically more than others in the group. However, in APG IV system important to agricultural crops in the World. maximum (41.44%) plants were parasitized in Rosids, Ferris (2011)reported that X. americanum is a non- followed by Asterids (21.62%), Monocots (17.59%) and specific plant nematode and have over one hundred then followed by gymnosperms (9.91%). Specific different plant hosts. However, in earlier studies of host Affiliation Index and species: family ratio manifested preference of other nematode species viz., Meloidogyne greater affinity to plants in Fabaceae (Fabales/ inconita (Rathore and Ali, 2014), Helicotylenchus spp. Leguminales), Rosaceae (Rosales), Poaceae (Monocots) (Rathore and Tiwari, 2015) Heterodera spp. (Rathore and and Pinaceae (gymnosperms). It appears that X. Tiwari, 2015a), Paratylenchus spp. (Rathore and Tiwari, americanum co-evolved with these four families in 2015b), different species of Root-knot nematodes (Rathore different ecological niches or geographical areas. and Tiwari, 2016), and Aphelenchoides spp. (Rathore and Tiwari, 2016a) have showed their affinity to certain Key Words APG IV system, Lignosae, Herbaceae, taxonomic groups of host plants and even in some cases Dicotyledons, Monocotyledons, indicated evolutionary lineage of host groups. In the Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, Dagger present study author has tried to examine the host range nematode pattern of this nematode and its affinity to any particular taxonomic group (s). Xiphinema americanum (Nematoda: Enola: MATERIALS AND METHODS Longidoridae), commonly known as Xiphinema, Dagger Host plants of X. americanum were downloaded from nematode, American Dagger nematode, is a plant internet (Nemaplex, 2017). All the plant species were aligned pathogenic nematode. However, X.americanum is to different families and orders as described by Hutchinson comprised several species which are difficult to distinguish (1973) and APG IV system of 2016 (Wikipedia, 2017). morphologically and biochemically. Therefore, this group Hutchinson in his classification divided angiosperms into of species is known as X. americanum sensu loto (s.l.) and two subphyla- dicotyledons and monocotyledons. the one which was first described by Cobb 1913 as X. Dicotyledons were partitioned into lignosae (fundmentally americanum sensu sricto (s.s.) Cobb 1913 (IPPC 2016). woody plants) and herbaceae (fundamentally haerbaceous Following description, therefore, pertains to X. americanum plants). Similarly, monocotyledons were divided into (s.l.). This nematode is widely distributed and found in all calyciferae (with a distinct calyx and corolla), corolliferae the continents except Antarctica. The region of highest (calyx and corolla are more or less similar), and glumiflorae population is Eastern United States (Robbinson, 1993). (perianth is much more reduced or represented by lodicules). Other countries include Australia, Belize, Chile, Guatemala, Host species other than angiosperms were grouped as India, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Pakistan, South gymnosperms. To compare the host diversity in newer Africa, Sri Lanka, Uruguay and areas of Caribbean (Tarjan, system of classification of flowering plants i.e. Angiosperms 1969) but found frequently in Australiana and Oceania phylogeny Group (APG) IV described in 2016 was employed. (Hockland and Prior, 2009,CABI, 2013). It is a migratory Host affinity to any taxonomic group was judged by 5286 Trends in Biosciences 10 (25), 2017 Table 1. Distribution of host species in different taxonomic groups in Hutchinson’s system Taxonomic groups Host species Genera Families Orders SAI Dicot-Lignosae 129 (58.11) 86 (53.75) 42 (57.53) 30 (55.56) 0.829 Dicot-Herbaceae 32 (14.41) 29 (18.13) 15 (20.55) 12 (22.22) 0.607 Monocot-Calyciferae 4 ( 1.80) 4 ( 2.50) 4 ( 5.48) 1 ( 1.85) 0.667 Monocot-Corolliferae 12 ( 5.41) 10 ( 6.24) 6 ( 8.22) 6 (11.11) 0.636 Monocot-Glumiflorae 23 (10.36) 18 (11.25) 1 ( 1.37) 1 ( 1.85) 1.25 Gymnosperms 22 ( 9.91) 13 ( 8.13 5 ( 6.85) 4 ( 7.41) 1.091 Figures in parantheses are % values Table 2. Affiliation of host species to different taxonomic groups in Hutchinson’s system Host order Taxonomic groups No. Host spp. Magnoliales (1) Dicot-L: Magnoliaceae (1) Magnolia sp. 1 Dicot-L: Lauraceae (3) Persea americana, Persea sp., Laurales (3) Umbellularia californica 3 Rosales (6) Dicot-L: Rosaceae (25) 25 Leguminales (7) Dicot-L: Caesalpiniaceae (2), Fabaceae (15) 17 Dicot-L: Escalloniaceae (1) Escallonia sp., Hydrangeaceae (1), Cunoniales (8) Hydrangea sp. 2 Araliales (10) Dicot-L: Araliaceae (3), Caprifoliaceae (1) 4 Hamamelidales (11) Dicot-L: Buxaceae (1), Hamamelidaceae (1), Piatanaceae (1) 3 Salicales (12) Dicot-L: Salicaceae (3) Populus lombardi, Populus sp., Salix sp. 3 Fagales (16) Dicot-L: Corylaceae (1), Fagaceae (4) 5 Juglandales (17) Dicot-L: Juglandaceae (3) 3 Urticales (19) Dicot-L: Moraceae (5), Ulmaceae (3) 8 Thymelaeles (21) Dicot-L: Nyctaginaceae (1) Bougainvillia sp. 1 Proteales (22) Dicot-L: Proteaceae (1) Macadamia sp. 1 Passiflorales (29) Dicot-L: Passifloraceae (1)Passiflora sp. 1 Cucrbitales (30) Dicot-L: Begoniaceae (1), Cucurbitaceae (2) 3 Cactales (31) Dicot-L: Cactaceae (1) 1 Tiliales (32) Dicot-L: Tiliaceae (1) 1 Malvales (33) Dicot-L: Malvaceae (2) 2 Euphorbiales (35) Dicot-L: Euphorbiaceae (1) 1 Theales (36) Dicot-L: Theaceae (2) Camellia japonica, Camellia sp. 2 Ericales (38) Dicot-L: Ericaceae (7) 7 Myrtales (40) Dicot-L: Myrtaceae (3), Punicaceae (1) 4 Celastrales (41) Dicot-L: Aquifoliaceae (1) Ilex sp. 1 Rhamnales (44) Dicot-L: Elaeagnaceae (1), Rhamnaceae (1), Vitaceae (7) 9 Ebenales (46) Dicot-L: Ebenaceae (1) 1 Rutales (47) Dicot-L: Rutaceae (6) 6 Sapindales (49) Dicot-L: Anacardiaceae (3), Sapindaceae (2) 5 Loganiales (50) Dicot-L: Oleaceae (6) 6 Apocynales (51) Dicot-L: Apocynaceae (2) 2 Rubiales (52) Dicot-L: Rubiaceae (1) Gardenia sp. 1 Ranales (55) Dicot-H: Paeoniaceae (1) Paeonia sp. 1 Brassicales (60) Dicot-H: Brassicaceae (2) 2 Caryophyllales (62) Dicot-H: Aiozaceae (1) Mesembryanthemum sp. 1 Chenopodiales (64) Dicot-H: Amaranthaceae (1), Chenopodiaceae (1) 2 RATHORE, Host Diversity and Affinity in Xiphinema americanum 5287 Host order Taxonomic groups No. Host spp. Onagrales (65) Dicot-H: Onagraceae (1) Fuschsia sp. 1 Dicot-H: Crassulaceae (1) Crassula sp., Saxifragaceae (1) Ribes Saxifragales (69) sp. 2 Umbellales (72) Dicot-H: Apiaceae (1) Daucus carota 1 Valerianales (73) Dicot-H: Dipsacaceae (1)Dipsacus sp. 1 Asterales (76) Dicot-H: Asteraceae (12) 12 Solanales (77) Dicot-H: Convolvulaceae (1), Solanaceae (4) 5 Geraniales (79) Dicot-H: Geraniaceae (1) Pelargonium sp. 1 Lamiales (82) Dicot-H: Lamiaceae (3) 3 Monocot-Caly: Cannaceae (1), Musaceae (1), Strelitziaceae(1), Zingiberales (94) Zingiberaceae (1) 4 Liliales (95) Monocot-Cor: Liliaceae (1) Lilium sp. 1 Arales (97) Monocot-Cor: Araceae (4) 4 Amaryllidales (99) Monocot-Cor: Amaryllidaceae (2) 2 Iridales (100) Monocot-Cor: Iridaceae (2) 2 Agavales (102) Monocot-Cor: Agavaceae (2) 2 Palmales (103) Monocot-Cor: Arecaceae (1) 1 Graminales (111) Monocot-Glu: Poaceae (23) 23 Cupressales Gym: Taxaceae (1)Taxus sp. 1 Equisetales Gym: Equisetaceae (1) Equisetum sp. 1 Pinales Gym: Cupressaceae (8), Pinaceae (11) 19 Polypodiales Gym: Polypodiaceae (1) Polypodiaceae sp. 1 Dicot-L=Dicotyledons-lignosae, Dicot-H=Dicotyledons-herbaceae, Monocot-Caly=Monocotyledons- calyciferae, Monocot- Cor=Monocotyledons-corolliferae, Monocot-Glu=Monocotyledons- glumiflorae, Gym=Gymnosperms computing Specific Affiliation Index (SAI) following the large number of families and orders, but the affinity is not method of Rathore
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