~ fe:R'T 26m~,1982 FOREWORD
The district census handbook (DCH), compiled by the census organisation on bebalf of the State governments, is one of the most valuable products of the Census. The DCH is constantly referred to by planners, administrators, academicians and researchers. It is inter-alia used for delimi tation of constituencies, formulation of local level and regional plans a nd as an aid to District administration. The district census handbook is the only publication which provides PrimalY Census Abstract (PCA) d4ta upto vilJage level for the rural areas and wardwise for each city or town. It also provides data on infrastructure and amenities in villages and towns etc.
The district census handbook series was initiated during the 1951 Census. It contained important census tables and PCA for each village and town of the district. During 1961 Census the scope of the DCH wal- enlarged and it contained a descriptive account of the district, administrative statistics, census ~ables, and a village and town directory, including PCA. The 1971 DCH series was planned in three parts. Part-A related to village and town directory, Part-B to village and town PCA and Part-C comprised analytical report, administrative statistics, district census tables and certain analHical tables based on peA and amenity data in respect of villages. However, in some states it was confined to diatrict census tables and in a few cases altogether given tlP due to delay in compilation and printing.
While designing the format of 1981 DCH series some new features along with the restructuring of the formats of village and town directory have been attempted. At the same time, comparability with the 1971 data bas also been kept in view. All the amenities except power supply in the village have been brought together in tHe village directory with the instruction that in case an amenity is not available in the referrent village the distance in broad ranges from the nearest place where the amenity is available ma~ be given. The restructuring of the format. of the village directory and incorporating more exhaustive data on infrastructure aspect particularly in relation to amenities and land·use pattern is expected to further meet the need of micro level planning for rural areas. It is expected to help not only in local area planning but regulating the provision of goods and services as well so as to minimise the regional imbalances in the process of development. A few new items of information have also been iJ'ltroduced to meet some of the requirements of the Revised Minimum Needs Programme. Such new items of information as adult literacy centres, primary health sub·centres, and commumty health workers in the village bave been introduced in the village directory with this objective in mind. The. new item on approach to the village is to have an idea about the villages in the district which are inaccessible. A new column, "total population and number of households" has been introduced to examine the correlation of the amenities with the population and number of households they serv~. Addition of two more appendices listing the villages where no amenities are available and according to :ne proportIOn of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes population to the total population has also been made with tbis view in mind.
The formats of the town directory have also been modified to meet the requirements of the Minimum Needs Programme by providing information on a few new items. A new statement on civic and other amenities in slums in class-I and Class-II tOwns (Statement IV-A) has been introduced with this objective in mind. It is expe ;ted that tbis will help the planners to chalk out programmes on prOVIsIon of civic amemtIes for the imprmement of slum5. Ihe columns On Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population in statement IV relating to civic and other amenities and adult literacy classes/centres under educational facilities in statement V are also added inter-alia with this iv
view. A significant addition is class of town in all the seven statements of the town directory. The infrastructure of amenities in urban areas of the country can be best analysed by taking the class of towns into consideration. The addition of the columns on civic administration statuI and population in a few statements also serves this purpose.
The format of the primary census abstract for the viJIages and towns has been formulated in the light of changes in the economic and other questions canvassed through the individual slip of 1981 census.
In order to avoid delay in publication of 1981 DCH series it bas been so designed that Part-A of the volume contains village and town dIrectory and Part-B the PCA of. villages and towns including (he Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes PCA upto Tahsil/Town levels. A.t the beginning of the OCH a detailed analytical note supported by a number of inset tables based on PCA and non-census· data in relation to the infrastructure has been introduced to enhance its value. The district and tahsil/police station/C D Block etc. level maps depicting the boundaries and other important features have been inserted at appropriate places, to further enhance the value of the publication.
This publication is a joint venture of the State Government and the Census Organisatiott~ The· data have been coJIected and compiled in the State under the direction of Shri K. C. Dubey. the Director of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh on behalf of the State Government which has borne the cost of printing. The task of planning, designing and coordination of thi~ publication was carried out by Shri N. O. Nag. Deputy Registrllr General (Social Studiei) of roy office. Dr.B. K. Roy, Deputy Registrar General (Map) provided the technical guidance in the preparation of the maps. Data received frorn Census Directorates have been scrutinised in the Social Studies Division at the headquarters under the guidance of Shri M. M. Dua, Senior Research Officer. I am thankful to all who have contributed in the project.
P. PADMANABHA REGISTRAR GENERAL, INDIA New Delhi the 26th April, 1982. v
PREFACE
One of the most important publications of the Census are the District Census Handbookl. This pUblication was begun in this caption since 1951 Cenlus. But prior to this, a similar publication wal released in the Census earlier than 1951. That publication was on the title of Village Statistics and it contains only village nameS and total population thereof. The 1951 Census could, therefore, be said to represent a significant step in the process of making detailed Census statistics available down upto the village level.
In fact the District Census Handbook is the most important publication at the Census and it also perhaps the most widely used. Also perhaps this is the only publication used at the micro-level down upto the tahsil and development block.
Tbe fonn of the District Census Handbook has gone considerable change since 1951. This is basically due to the growing demand for more information. For the purpose of convenience as well al with a view of making the basic statistics available with the data users·as early as possible the District Census Handbooks have been split into 2 parts. Part-A contains the Introductory Note on the district and Town/Village Directory. This volume will be found useful to get ahnost all the non-Census statistics available at one place. Part-B also contains an introductory note and the Primary Census Abstract.
One of tbe innovation of the present Census has been in terms of allotment of Location Code numbers to the villages. In the earlier Censuses the location code system was such that the villages of a Patwari . Circle were found at different serial numbers. Since the Patwari Circle still remains an important administrative unit, the location code numbers have been so given in the present Censu. that it may be possible to locate all the villa,es of a particular Patwari Circle at one place one below the other.
When the planning for the present census was started in 1979 the tahsils were still revivable as an important unit of the administration, the whole planning was. therefore, done taking tahsil as the unit. It was during the course of the census tbat some requests were informally received for making bloekwise data available. Since these requests wctre received very late and were also received only in an infOImal manner, it has not been possible to disturb the original planning of villages arranged according to tbe location code numbers taking tahsil as one unit. However, additional exercise has been done and in addition to the tahsil figures blockwise figures have also been indica!!!:d. It is hoped that the availability of these blockwise data will enhance the utility of this publication.
It is hoped that this handbook will provide the basic statistical support to execlJtlve and developmental administration. It is needless to state that the proper implementation of policy depends on the ability of the administration authorities concerned.
It may be remembered that the villagewise area figures given in the Primary Census Abstrac;:& and the Village Directory are those based on the village papers while the tahsil totals given in peA are obtained from the Land Records department. which in many cases exclude forest area. vi
The statistics tbat are contained in tbe district census band books are the result of a massivo And marathon exercise in the compilation and tabulation of voluminous statistics. The compilation of tbe statistics contained in this volume was carried out by 9 Regional Tabulation Offiees each under a Regional Deputy Director of Census Operations. The~e Regional Offices Were run with the help of purely temporary staff-roughly about 1,500 Tabulators, about 250 Checkers and about 80 Supervisors. I am grateful to my colleagues, the Regional Deputy Directors and those temporary staff for tbe speed and accuracy in the editing and basic compilation of more than nearly 522 lakh slips and nearly 1 lakh of household schedUles. Tne compilation of village directory was taken up at the headquarters and I am equally grateful to the officers and staff who have worked whole heartedly on the job in a collec tive and co-operative venture. It is not possible nor fair to name in this. The maps contained in tlie handbook have been prepared in the Cartographic Section of my office. However, the analytical note bas been prepared by Shri M. L. Sharma. Deputy Director of Census Operations.
I am thankful \to all who have contributed to bring this publication PQssible. The census organisation is also grateful to the Government of Madhya Pradesh for having been so kind as to undertake the publication of these handbooks and to the Contt'oller, Printing and Stationety. Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal and his staff for the printing arrangements made. The inspira lion behind this ambitious venture is that of our indefatigable Registrar General, Shri P. Padmanabha to whom we 8l'c all deepl1 grateful, Our thanks are also due to Shri N. G. Nag, Deputy Registrar General (Social Studies) for all tbe help that we received from him and his section.
K. C. DUBEY Director of Census Operations. Madhya Pradesh. Bhopal Janmalbtami. 31 AUI. 1983. vii
IMPORTANT STATISTICS
MADHYA PARDESH Mandla Distrw. Population Total Persons 52,178,844 J. (137,394 Males 26,886,305 517,,6G Females 25,292,53.9 519,52, Rural Persons 41.S92,385 964,215 Males 21,266.321 479,887 Females 20,326,064 484.328 Urban Persons 10,586,459 73,179 Males 5,619,984 37.979 Ftlmales 4,966,475 35,2()() Decennial Population Growth Rate 1971-81 25.27 18.75 Area (Sq. KIns. ) . 443,446.04 13,269.0 Density of population (Per Sq. Km.) 1t8 711 Sex-Ratio (Number of Females per 1,900 males) 941 1003 Literacy Rate Persons 27.87 22.!J2 Males 39.49 34.71 Females 15.53 41.16
Percentage of ur~an population to total populatioD 20.29 7.0~ Percentage to total population ( i ) Main Workers Persons 38.41 49.74 Males 53.52 :5,8.20 Females 22.35 ·41.29 (i i ) Margina! Workers Persons 4.52 4.14 Males 0.96 0.99 Females 8.30 7.29 (iii) Non-Workers Persons 57.07 -46. 12 Males 45.52 40.81 Females 69.35 <51.42 Break·up of Main Workers: ( percentage among main workers) ( i ) Cultivators Persons 51.96 '66 63 Males 53.81 '68.38 Females 47.28 '64.16 (ii ) Agricul tural Labourers PersonS 24.24 22.59 Males 17.8\ 16.51 Females 40.6( 3'1 .05 (iii) Household Industry Persons 3.5:! 2.02 Mates 3.36 L..51 Female. 3.93 1.34 (iv) Other Workers Persons 20.28 8.76 Males 25.02 'lI~. 54 Females 8.18 3.45 Percentllge of 5cheduled Castes Persons 14. 10 5 '18 population to total population Males 14.16 5.2Q Females 14.04 5·07 Percentage of Schduled Tribes Persons 22.97 .s0.36 Population to total population Males 22.33 59.65 Females 23.66 6) 06
Number of occupied residential hOlJ,sel 8,929,190 190,595 Number of villages Total 76,603 2180 Inhabited 71,429* 2105+ Uninhabited 5,1740 75++ 327 4 Number ...... of Towns * Includes 77 inhabited villages vvhich have been treated wholly as urban outgrowth of nearby City/TOwn. o Includes 58 Uninhabited villages of which Abadi area have been merged in nearby City/Town. + Includes 3 inhabited villages which have been treated wholly as urban outgrowth of nearby City/Town. ++lnc)udcs 4 uniahabited villages of which Abadi aroa havc becn merged in nearby CitY/Town WdOllS 'SS!~d 1"!N3J '!AOb
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REFERENCE
BOUNDARY, DISTRICT ... " TAHSIL.
II VILLAGE WITH LOCA.TlON (.OOE MUldER. [:~::] z HEAOQUARTERSI TAHSIL.. @ o· VILLAGES Will-! POPULATION SIZE: BELOW 2:00,
200-499, 5OO~9gg., IOOO~ 4999 ..... UNINHAItITED VilLAGES. UR9AN AAlA WITH LOCATION CODE. 'Y. oJ STATE HllliwAY METALLED ROAD .. UNM.ETALLEO ROAD •. " .====:::::==== RIVER AND STRUM . ... ~ FOREST AREA ....• , ...... E§ POST OFFIClI POST AND TELEGRAPR OFFICE.. HIGHER SECONDARY SCHoOl ......
POLICE STATION" •... PS HOSPITAl~ PRIMARY HEALfH CENTRE" DISPENSARY. ~.@l.+ MARkET /H4T, "'AN DIES. &',6 t la'
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NOH -1.~rLlUE LOCATiON coo~ NI,IM8ERS S54, SI~, Sil, m. su, O' n~, US, 601) m, 501, m, 110, 611, m ARE NOr S~O'll'N I~ TillS H4P l.fGmT ).RHS Stl6l1M m IIDT umlf!fo
1VIU.GE lOWION (GO! N~1!8ER m TRmFERfIED. TO MUDLA UH~ll T o s T ;coJ~----.J._----,*,w------±,------_j-----~-----l.------:!::------L----- .k--- '." i'~' L..------.....------___· __ .. , _____ I @ aomll~N.r O~ '~IM'- uPYlUln, t"~, QOVT. C!NTIt4~ PRESS. BftOPAc REFERENCE
80UNDARY DISTRICT, NOrE: I VH.L~ot LOCATION co~~ NU~$[!S li4ljllO,llll14l TO MADHYA PRADESH TAHSIL 144 ANO 110 AM N'JT SItOW~ IN ,MIP VILLAG! WITH LOCATIOH COO! HUMBER TAHSIL MANDLA "AOQUAR1ERS' DISTRICT/TAHSIL", VILLAGES WITH PlJPULATION S~E' BELOW 200. DISTRICT MANDl A 1D~499.500·999,IOOO~999,51100 AHOABOVE ,,,.t, I ,I,"NHABITEOVILLAGES / ~"'" URSAN AREA WITH LDliTiON GODE " , 2 4 6 ~ KILOMURtl srmHIGHWIY ',iHALLED RO,O 'INM£TALLEOROAO ,AIL"i UNE WIT, STATION NARROW GAUGE RIVER AND STREAM FORmAR!A
?OSTOFFICE/POST ANOlElEORAPHOFFICE HIGHtll mONDAAV SCHOOl " 'OLlctSTATION, HOSPITAL,PRIMARYHEALTHCENTRE,OISPENSARV MATERNITY AND CHILD WEl'ARE CEMIRE MAR~n I HAJ IMANOIES.
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MADHYA PRADESH o s DISTRICT MANDLA
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REFERENCE
)0 HFIOOUIRTFftS,OImICT,TAHSIL @ © II ,"_" STAT! HI~HWIY .. __ _'_ \ V MtTALLEO ROAD, DiS T UNMETILLEO 1010", " ,. =:::::::======RIC \ "ILWAY LINE WITH STAlION,NiIIROW GAIIt,E" ~,
RIVER ANP SlREA~ .. , FOREST ARE! VILLAGE HAVING 5000 !NO AIOVE POPULATION WITH NAME BA:HNI
URIAN ARE! WITH POPULATION SIZE CLASS III,IV,V, ••• POST AND TELEGWHOfFICE, D POLICESTITION .. ,s s OFGREECOLLEGE" ' REST NOUS!" R I '" A T . C T ~ G ~ 5 A. L fq!l~"Q1nt{ifi fzar~ ANALYTICAL NOTE
ANALYTICAL NOTE
Mandla district, in labalJ.)ur Revenue brief experience of Maratha rule. Mandla was Division. is situa ted on the east· central part of constituted as a separate district in 1848. There. tho State and li"s between 22-121 and 23-12' after numerous territorial changes took place and north latitude and 80·18' and 81·51' east it took the present shape in 1867 when on the longitude. The district is bounded by Jabalpur formation or Balaghat district, 262 yiJIagcs of district on the north-west; Shabdol district OD, the Raigarh... Bichhia were transferred from Seoni the north-east; Bilaspur and Rajnandaaon on the to MandJa. Originally. the district had two south-east: Balaghat on the south and Seoni tahsils. Mandla and Ramgarh (tbe present district on the south-west. Its extreme length Dindori tahsil was known as Ramgarh till the is about 133 kms from north to south, and extreme year 1904, when its was given its present name.) breadth 182 kms from east to west. The tropic In 1904, a third tabsil Niwas was formed. with of cancer passes throuih the north of the district. headquarters at the VIllage of the same name. The district can be called a mountainous tract, Thus Mandla is now divided into three tahsils comprising the valleys of numerous rivers and is viz. Mandla, Dindori and Niwas. The northern endowed with ricb rorests. half of the district contains two tahsils of which Niw8S is situated on its western half and Dindori The district gets its name Crom the district on the eastern half while MandJa is situate, On headquarters town, Mandla which is said to have the southern balf of the district. been derived on the basis of three traditions that arc popular. One, recorded by Captain H. C. E. Pbysiograpby : The district can be called a Waldo shorn of itl puranic details, relates t.) mountainous tract, comprising the Valley. of 'Mandla' to tbe Sanskrit word 'MandaI', numerous rivers; these valleys being broken roeaning a circle; because the river Narmada into irregular sizes and shapes by tbe spurs of almost girdles tbe town on three sides. According to other view, the real name of Mandla is said low hills running down from the main ranges to have been 'Mahismandal' or 'Mahismati' of towards the larger rivers. The ,ingular feature ancient Sanskrit literature, which waS the capital of these ranges of hills is that many of them are of kartvirya of the thousand arms*. The tbird quite. fiat at the top, and an abrupt steep view. of the probable origin of the name is that the word 'Mandla' is probabJy a survival of the word ascent culminates in a fine plateau with a genera) 'MandaI' or feudatory division of the kingdom slope downwards to the east. Thus the district of the Kalchuri king of Tripur+. consists of a rugged, high table lan~ in the eastern portion of Satpura hills, which are said to form The present district more or less correspO nd s the watershed of at least three river systems. The to the territvrv it bad in 1867. It was in 1818 most important range of the Satpura in the that tlJe territory comprising Maud1a d istrict w~s district is Maika}, wbicb forms a watershed ceded to the British India Company, after Its ------Note: • Report :n tbe La~d RevenUe Sottlement of Mandla district, P.. 12 + Ibid P-ll xxii
between western and eastern India which is well Rivers: The district lies almost entirely in known in ancient Sanskrit literature as the SOurce the catchment of river Narbada (also called of the holi Narmada. The altitud e is the least Narmada) and its numerous tributaries. The in tbe south-west corner of the district which Narmada which is one of the Satasindhus of consists of a complex block of about two hundred India is a holy river, holier than eveD the prosporous villages, known as the 'haveU' or the glorious Ganga in Kaliyuga. It rises from the rice and whl:at growing tract round HirJenag~r, A 1uarkantak, the highest peak of the Maika! hills and Pathar the open wneat plain rOliDShahdol district. Accord. Dindori and Niwas tahsil .. is an undulating plain, ing to a legend, Lord Brahma, shed two tears at without much forest, broken by curious flat Amarkantak. Why he went to Amarkantak to topped' hills, which enclose patches of fertile shed two tears is not known.' What is known is black soil. A long spur of the Amarkantak, tbat two tears became two rivers, the SC!ne' that starting from north of Shahpur, running out west flowed north to join the Yamuna and the Narmkda towards the reg on between viUages Janawani and that went west to fall in the Arabian Sea. in' its Kusumghat for about 64 kms separates the upper torturous course through the district, the river Nilftnad'a Valle), from the narrow but fertile valley generally flows between high and rocky batiks, of river Kharmer. Many smaller'spurs run north except for some distance: near Mandla wher~ it . f~om this long spur, formlog short valleys of some fJows through a rich and fe!"tile • plain. Near :fertility. To the south of Kharmer Valley is a Maud'la, the river flows on a rocky be'd, and so fine plateau containing tbe Baiga Cbak, and a n umeCOUi are itll cllrrents that the place is known long and rugged strip of Sal jungle. The mean as 'Sahastradhara' or 'tbousand flows'. The fiver height of the plateau is well over 2000 f;:t:f· is n,)t n Ivigable except in s.>me places when it' In Niwas tahsil, Narmada flows through a rugged flows tbrough the plains. The Haveli lands soutb and inaccessi hIe tract between hi gh rocky banks of the Narmada near Mandla, are 'the richest and till it the plain rice tract ro lind about ente~s be~t oultivated in the whole district. Mandla. Thereafter it traverses through about 32 kms of forest and hill country, and then forms The important tributaries of Narmada are the boundary of Maodla district and runs parrallel the Banjar. the Halon, the Burner, the Kharmer to tbe Ma.ndla--Jabalpur road for a few the Balai and the Hingna. [he basin of Banjar ,kil()tIletres. The ,south~rn portion of eastern has a rich cover of Sal forests and t~e richest rice Ma~dla tahsil is covered by the und ulating grass tract. a level country for about 18 kmabovellvfandla prairies of Raigarh. Bichhia tr'act. It is in this area where it joins the Narmada. Rivers Burner the famous forcst sanctuaries of Kanha and and Halonflow through deep rocky beds 10 wild kisli=home of countless deer and antelope and a and undulating jungles. Halon also waters the variety of o~her w~Id Jau1IQ wbich attract tourist plains of Raigarh.Bichhia. River Kharmer waters from far and wide. This tract is, spotted with the plains in middle and bouth of Dindori tahsils. several isolated blocks of Sal forests; and on the The streams of these rivers remain dry in the hot. south and west it is bounded by extensive Sal weather months, but they come down with sl;lch ror~stS of the Phen and Bsnjar Valleys. To the violence, that a few hours heavy raia is suffiCient l'lorth of Mannla, 00 eith,er side of Mandla to show its horror. Tht! Gaur river which rises Jabalpur road, is another. large, rugged and inace in the district forms for a short distance its Isible tract. The barren jungle covered hills of this boundary with Jabalpur district. tract, however, contalD betw.:en them two pockets of the richest black soil, round about Narayanpur Alone and Thawar rivers which ars and Lakhanpu~. tributaries of Wainganga .jrain the Pathar area on xxii\
south-west portion of the district. This is by Flora and Fauna: far tbe best wheat growiug tract :o( the district. Flora: The district is ricb in forests. The area under forests as per 1980-81 statistics is The nortb·west portions or tho district arc 6.667 sq km. constituting ~O.29 per cent of tbe respectively drained by river Mabanadi which total geographical area of the district. It comes rises from near Shahpura in Dindori tahsil aDd under Jabalpur Forest Cjrcle. The forest area of the river lohilla which further flows clown the Mandla district is divided into two Divisions viz North Mandla and South Mandla. Some Rewa plains. important facts relating to these are as below : ------SL Particulars Mandla N()rth Mandla South Mandla No. district Division Division --_...... ------2 3 4 5 ------
1-. Total ~o~ral'hiCal Area ]3,257 4.868 8,389
%. Total Forest Area 6,667 2,158 4,509 ( i) Resene Forest 5,521 1,564 3.957 (ii) Protected Fore~t 1,146 594 552
3. Forest Composition (Area) (i) Teak 1,954 1,511 443 (ii) Sal 2,580 111 2,469 (iii) Misc 2,133 53Ci 1,597 ------Note-Area figures given above arc in sq. km.
The forests in Ma~dla district are tropical Teak (Tectono gratldis) is aother important Moist Deciduous having two sub-types viz Eastern timber tree extensively found in the district. Sal and the western mixed with Teak. The It grows best in the Jagmandal hills and in the eastam half of the district is full of Sal whereas forests of North Mandla and Niwas tahsils. the western half has abundance of Teak. On the basis of forest divi5ions, it is evident from the Suj (Termina/ia tomentosa) is another im above statement that the North Mandla di vision portant tree found in aJl parts of the district. contains large area under Teak forests whercas This tree is held sacrosanct by the Original in- in the south Mand]a division the Sal forests habitants, the Gonds of this district because of are the most lllxuriant in the sandy soils. its being the abode of their principal diety, Buradeo. The Sal CShorea robusta) tree can be said to be almost evcr green because it takes on new The other species which are commonly found foliage as soon as it has shed leaves in the month in the forests of this district are Tinsa (ongeinia of Apnl. It is the timber tree par·excellence of dalbergioides). dhaura (Anogeissus Lati/olia), dhamin the district. (Grewia tiliaefolia> • bija (pterocarpus marsupeum). xxiv
lendla (Lagerstroemia parvijloro), haedu (Adtna Kanlt. N atioitat Park; The famed K.p.I\OO cardfj'o!ia), Ko'ha ("$emtwolf.z 'tZP'jand), fIdlo$ '( BUtea Na.tj.oD,1 Parkspra"J$ over a, 'fide ar~a,in ,Mandla fro'lldo!ItU),' Harm cTetminali. chebulll,>. Mahua ang ajoining,Bala_g.bat,disti-ict of Madhya Pradesh. (Bassia lati/Qlia) , Iionia (PliylJanthus .ernhlica) It is ,approachabr.c oy road and is situated at of tendu (Diospyro$ tomerllosa) , Khamer (Gme/inil: dittaIice ot 11(i')cnis. from Jabalpnt; '10 kbls from arboreo), Jamun (Eugenia lomba/ona) an.d achar Mlttl~hr at1tJ'aMtlt 160 knts' frotn::NABpat., Tke (Buc1zanania lot i/o'liil) • K_a ,Nationa.l Parl6 ilJin ther-Vast- ~tld·_t'.n.ive forest belt in the Sa'tpuras and the Vindhy.as that aarnboo forests are not common, though stretch almost 500 km east to west. The forests bamboos are found hel e and there in the forests are some of the best and least destructed in the of the district. CEHlntry. Tbis remate aad s'heUere1 area had its first wild life 8a~etuaty in 1933 Wb~IHib" a coverage It may' be intersting to note that babul of 250 sq'i ktn: around Kanha in the Banjar Valley. (Acacia ar2bica) and nim (Melia azadirachta) Me Another 8anctuary of about 3eO 'sq. km was very rare but bar (Ficus bengalensis) , pipal (Ficus added in 1935 in the east of the Park around religios(4) are found in op~ country. Supkhar (Balaghat district) in the Haloa Valley. The surviving Banjar sanctury enjoyed a fair Fauna: The district is famous for its rich conservation status until 1948 and then ~ter a: prj. wild life as the famous Kanha National Park is viledged hunting permit, a hunter shot 30 tigers situated in the district which has once been the in two and a half years. The' furore foUbwing this incident led to the creati~n.lin 1935, ot tbe b'Ht sho:>ting ground in the State. Kanha National Park, coterminus with tlae old sa.nctuary. It grew to 446 sq. km. after an exten_ Among the carnivorous fa1:lna tiger sion in 1962 and another in 1970 .. (felis tigris). panther (fe/is parous) the wild dogs (Kuon ruti/an6J, the bear (Me!ursus urs;nus When the Park came under Project Tiger an area of 4~9' sq. km, Was added and thus t'he I(anha labiatus). the wolf (Ganis pa/lipes). are found in National Park is presently naving a core' area of the thick: forests of tne district. Jackal (Can~s 935 sq. km. with a buffer, zone of 1,010 sq km aurms), fox (Vulpes beng:.lensis, hyena (Hyena the Park extend over a total area of 1,045 sq. kw. striata) an d wild cats are found throughout the district. Terrain: The elvation 'of the Revenue land varies from' 4.50 metre to 950 metre above mean Of the herbivorous animals commonly. sea 1evel. There is a ridge syste~ that'runs east" found in the district are Hare (Lepus timitJus) west from whit'h spud' bifurc:a'te, often on the locally known as KharKosh, monkeys, mongoose north, c:r~arittg vaJIe'ys' Of wtsritJg extents. The large valleys COmmence at the base tfle spnrs (H~rpest~8 Immgo) , porcupine and wild boar, Bison <'r and are encompaSied by th'c main Chajn (B~& lfU~ous) is found in herds in the forests. The of hills. Thes~ hills and tbe major 'Spurs tend forests to the south which are watered by the, to have'. flat and extensive t6pS loealty called dadar. Halpn and Banjar rivers wbich include t4e Kanha The res~rve presents breath.tS-king views of btae. N~tional Park are the homes of all variety of sparsely wooded grassy plateaus ~r'awling slopes antelopes, spotted deer or chital, sambhar" covered with dense s.tands of tall tree miscellany swamp deer or barasiogha, black buck or himn. and bumbdb, an-d finany df lush 'green $itl (Shorea chbusirigba. nilgal etc. These animals nre also rohusta) e"tendirtg irt;'~tatelt grov~i' frdm . the i ' Jo~ tlH)ther forests of t~ distriot btlt they are lower slopes on to Hie rolling Diead'ows in the nttf mi n\ettJ us. valleys. xxv
Animals secn in the National Park are Tiger. Climat. : Panther.'Gaur, Chital, Sambhar, Blue Bull, Cbinkara, Bartilll Deer. Wild Boar" a variety of upland birds The district has three clearly distinguishable of nearly two hundred species. Storks, teals, pintails, seasons which divide the year into three more or less pond berons, egfets arc amonl the water bird. whereas equal parts. They are the rainy season, tbe winter the peafowl. jungle fowl, spur fowl patridge., and and the summer roughly corresponding to Juno quail. are the common ground laying birds. Ring September, November-February and March-May dove. spotted dove. areen pegion., cuckoos, papiba, respectively. The month, October, however, witnesses wood peekers and many other varieties are quite a transition from the rainy to the cold weather. common. According to the Wildlife Census, 1981, The The following table gives the monthwise mean Kanha National Park had 3 Tigert. 2. Bears, 166 maxinum and mea.n minimum templ:rature of the wild dogs, 421 Gaun/Bisons, 4S1 Barasingba., 17.072 district. Chitats ..... 712 Sambhars.
_.. .. _------Average of 1951 to 1960 1980
Month -.... ------...... ------Mean Mean Mean Mean Maximum Minimun Maximum Minimum ------3 4 5 1 2 ------~------~-----.------26,0 2.8 30.5 4 6 January 29.3 4.4 32.8 4.2 February 33.7 8.6 15.6 8.9 March 37.9 13.9 42.5 18.6 April 19.7 43.8 22.3 May 41.2 22.1 42 8 23.2 JUne 37.5 30.2 21.5 39 0 20'0 July 21.6 39.2 19.0 August 29 2 20.9 34.2 19.6 September 30.2 11. S 35.7 1 S. 5 Octocer 30.S' 5 8 35.5 November 28 2 20·2 . 3.5 30.4 10'8 Dece-,nber 26.7 ------.-...,_,------Note-The abt.ye fi lUres are in Ccntiarade
Normally Decombe. and January are the coldest possibly be due to destruction of forests and mcmths .s per the ten yearly average from 1951-1960 irratic "rainfall during these years. May and and it is actually so but the temperature figures for June are the hottest months when the mercury the year 1980 reveal a different situation. January touches 44·C on hot summer days. The averages for and February are the coldest months. Based on tbe ten years from 1951-1960, however. indicate tbat single year data it can not, however, be generalised warmer days had rela,ively cooter nights but that there has been a shift in tlie climatic situation the 1980 figures show that warmer days have warmer' in the district but it is true that the mean maximum and mean minimum temperature figures bave registe- nights. too. Mandla district receives rainfall by tM red an upward trend duri.. the last 20 years. This may precipitation of louth-west monloon. July and August ltX.vi
are the peak rainy months. The following table gated the lo,c!U chi~rs here. Wh,~Jl the;. Q,ijp,t.a, .power gives the rainfall data of 9 years average (1952-1960) star.ted, declin..ing •• ~ ppoplc kliOWll 36. thp P~s.A~a.mi- and these recolded in 1980 in seven rain gauges in tras, probably located in or ne.r Mekala ' in the the district. Nerbudda Valley developed great power and, wealth ______----l.------and reduced the' imperial 'government to such straitlS that a prince imperial bad to spend a whole night gn Average annual fdlnf,,)I in 111m. S. Stations bare earth 1" It is'likely that it Wa&.QJl :bal\ks.Qf_~~ No. ---_.---_.... ----- ,Narmada in t-his. district tbM tbe great. BlTlpqror Average of 1981 Harsha met with defeat at the bands of the Chalulc,y"a 1952-1960 kings of the south in the year 612 A. D. ------Kalcburis: Man.dla 1,41.2.5 1,528 4
2 Narayanlanj 1,514.2 1,489.4 T.he Kalcburi or: Chc.dj, : kin&$ of the labalp'~r 3 Dindori 1,218.3 1.492.8 country rose into prominence ~s a power in tl:;le ~i,J,ltJt century or earlier. From the nLmer('Us inscriptional 4 Shahpur 1.467.8 1,608.6 records left by these kings in the JabaJpur and. S Niwas 1,591.8 1.717.2 Bilasp'ur district, it is p06sible to con.truet a fairly Bajag 1,130. 1 1.483.S 6 dependable genealogy of these kings, be&innimpyi-th 7 Bic~ia 1,587·5 1,709.3 kokalla-l who has been assigned the year 875 A. D. ------Inscriptions further 'tell us that Kokalla had eighteen sons, of whom the first born was ruler of Tripuri MandJa district had been lucky to receive good while the otners became lords of Mandafs. It is said rainfall during the year 1981, while the average that the country about the present town of M~ndla annual r~infall for the State as a whole bad bee-n low. was one of these 'Ma.ndals' or administrative divisions, and this is even, ~~vanced as an explanation oribe History· : name Mandla. It would b" somewhat interesting to mention in passing t,he tradition connects Mandla with The 'history of the district prior to the period Kartivirya or Saba.srarjun, from whom the KaIchuri of GooJ d.yna ty which was ru ling it before the take kings are reported. to have traced their origin. Kuka over by the Marathas of Sagar is veiled in obscurity. rramath a temple in the village of same name 'in It is very probable that the distric.t was included in Dindori tahsil, ~ssig:1ed by archaeologists to the the southern province of the empire of the great period between nhlth and thirteenth centuries, bears Maurya king Asok. Even then, it is hardly possible a close aflnny to the n .. me Kokalla. tha( the sovereignty excercised by the Emperor was anything more than titular. After the fall of the Decline of Kalcb~ris : Maurya ompire, three dynasties viz. Sunga, Kanva and Andbra ros~ to power in the country, but Dr. There is no trace of the Kalchuri. kings after Hiralal observes 1hat these have not lefl any malk Vijayasimhad~:va •. \fh9 1s g,iven the Y!';.~r ll~O ~. D. (r record of their rule in the Central Provinces. Tbe and it would appear that by the dose of the 12th ~ynasties mentioned abov~ were succeed eli by the ,cenWry the KalcbUl:) powtrr.. h~d. cor;aWJ erably q~clined. im perial Gupt as, of whom the greatf\~t was Samudr~ It i~ at this tilDe that the Gond s:llier:s~ who., Dlust gupta, who has Jeft a record of his rule in the provInce have b~en serving w,jtb the ~~lc~1J,ri ,kiu~~, and in the shape ofa stone inscription at Eran, a village must have been holdipg '~he hmgly, ,t~~pts of lbe in the Khurai tahsil of 'Sagar District. It is likely district tried to gain ~~~el1c\eDcy. How, _a,qualJy the that Samudragupta, while passiag througu theSe parts Gonds assumed power-,is. not k~owl}. though legend on hi,~j$&ioll df conqucat of th¢ s.outb. had $ubju- hus it tllat their inspii:jn~ ,genius wa~ o,ne Jad~rair the
Npt~-Di,strict Census UanQbook of M.lndla, 196 1 (PP xli-xliv) son of a Patel near Godavari. This adventurer is alive, the valiant queen stabbed hereself to death. said to have married the only daughter of a Gond AsaC Khan probably held Garha kingdom as an chief of Garha, and afler the deatb of the chjef independent principality, (or some time but later on enlisted tbe support or Gonds of Mandla of his side. returned to his allegiance, and was restored to hi, In collusion with one Surbhi Pathak, who is stated viceroyalty of kara-Manikpur. In the Aine-Akbari. to have been a dilmissed servant of the Kalchuri Garha is described as a division of the Malwa pro kings and had on that account common animus in vince of the Mogbul empire. There is however no over-throwing the rule of bis former masters. ladurai doubt that the Moghuls never gained foothold in was in fact successful in overthrowing the KuJchuri this mountainous and ratber inaccessible country, kings, and he set up a new line of kings which came to and it~ princes continued to enjoy a status of practi be known later on as the Garha-Mandla dynasty. cal independence under the nominal overlordship An inscription and only one left by the Gond kings of the Mogh ul empire. found affixed to tbe Motimabal, a palace built by the Gond king Hirdeshah at Ramnagar dated 1667 Hirde.bah: A. D. gives a line of Gond kings, which carries ladurai &0 382 A. D. , that is to a period when even After the death of Rani Durgawati, her son tbe Kalchuris bad not started ruling these parts. Birnarain was also trampled to death in fort at The genealogy given in the inscription is thereCore Chauragarh by elephants, and Chandrashah, brother very much doubted. and it ~s held to contain many of Dalpat Shah was recognised as the king, of cuurse fictitious names, a contrivance attributed to the on bis ceding ten distdets to the Moghul Emperor. descendents of Surbht Pathak in order to give a Anotber king of not(" in the dynasty was Hirdeshah, whOle father Premnarain was treacherously done halo of respe::table antiquity to their masters, to death by the Orchha king Jujhar Singh. Hirdeshah Gond kings of Garha-Mandla is credited with many good acts for improving his kingdom. He settled a large numb.er of hard Of the long lin~ of kings who lIat on the throne worklOg Lodhi and Kurmi cultivating families in of Garha-Mandla. tbe first to distinguish himself by talooqua, known after his name at Hirdenagar. It conquering and annexing to his kingdom 52 'garh' was in his time that the seat of the Government was was Sangramshah, but the sovereign living most in sbined to Ramnagar (Samwant 172), which is at the pages of history and the grateful recollection of present repre~ented by a village of the same name the people is his illustrious daughter-in· ·law in Mandla tahsil. Henceforward Mandia which had Durgawati. She was a CbandeUa princess of so far been an outlying district of the Gond kingdom MabQba. married against the wishes of her father became its centre. Apart from the great scenic but with her consent. to Dalpat Shah. Tbe htter beauty that Ramnagar-with the palace commanding died four years after the marriage, leaving an infant a magnificent view of Narba<.ia-possesses, the main son Birnarain and the responsibility of managing reason for its selection as the seat of the new capital an extensive kingdom to his widow a responsibility was, as observed by Ward, Hirdeshah's anxiety to whicb she discharged with great ability and success. select a more secure place from future attack. and Tra.dition tells us that the qlleen was ket!ping stables "he could hardly have chosen a better position; (or at Mandla. During her time, the country prospered thc natural difficulties of tbe country between Mundlah and as riches attracted the covetous attention of and Jubbulpore are sufficient in thern.selve~, to deter Asaf Kban, the viceroy of the great Moghul Akbar, any but a very determined enemy", 1 stationed at Kara·Manikpur. The attack was made in the year 1564. The queen gave a good fight to Hirdt'sbab's Successors: the Mogbul forces near the fortress of Singorgarh, in Decline of Gond Power in Mandla ; Damoh district but her troops being heavily out numbered, she was defeated and had to relire to a Hirdeshah died at an advanced age in Sarovat pass on tbe road to Mandla. Here also, her troops 1761, sUCceed!d by Cahatar Shah. his son. He ruled sustained a defeat and to ward off being captured for seven years. After Chhatar Shah's dea th, the throne
Notc- I, Wards Settlemeat Report Pa&e 19. xxviii
was a su':lj~ct of di'ipute hetw~en hi5 son Keshri Shah, prami,e of paym'etIt of four lacs of rupees as C'hauth and his brother Hari Sihgn and ftom tbis p:>int starts or tribute to the Peshwa. All this resulted-- in a the process which c.-ulminated finally with the end of serious reductbn in the revenue of the Gond) king Gond rule in Mandla. Keshri Shah had hardly ruled which, from the boundless inheritance of Rani for three years when be was killed by H-lri singh. Durgawati, feB to lhe pittance of rupees fourteen The latter however coulc:l sllcceed in bis ambition ]akhs. and the number of ciisricts als0 fell to 23 from because after Keshri Shab~1 death his young son waS 29, Thus, it may be said that the practical independence proc!iaimed kinF bv the people. Hari Singh was killed enjoyed by the Mandla kings ceased at' the time of in action iiI tht" battle that followed; and his son Sheoraj Shah, for though Sheoraj Shah was allowed tCf Pahar Singh .ioined the army of emperor Aurangzeb re;gn, it Was on lyon payment of a heavy tribute to with' his followers and distinguished himself by bis th~ Peshwa. Durjan Shah succeeded Sbeoraj Shah, but bravery. With the help of the troops of the Moghul hI" was killed soon after his accession by his uncle general Dila Khan. he again attacked the kingdom of Nizam Shah, who was then recog.nised by the Peshwa Narind shah, and in the battle that was foug.lh near and ruled ror morc tban twenty years very pecefuJly. After his death in 1776 A. D. followed a period of the banks of the Dudhi river at f'atehpur, Narind intrig'le and struggle for power between rival claimants Shah was defeated. When. however, the Moghul troops Narbar Shah, nephew of the late king silppor~d 'tiy returned. Narind Shah again gave battle to Pahar queen-dowagr Bilas KuaT and an alleged- infafit gon (jf !' Singh near Sohagpur (now in Shahdol) and killed him. the late king by name Mahipal Singh. The dowagr Pahar Singh's two sons tried again to enlist the qmen succeeded in 'putting Narhar Shah on the throne support of the Moghal king, and could succeed only but one Sumer Shah, an illegitimate son of Nizam a.fter they embraced Islam. They were however Shah, set up his claim to tbe throne and succeeded in defeated and killed by Narind Shah, whose authority enlisting the support of the Bhonsla Chief of Nagpur. waS now undisputed. It had however cost him a great The latter was however bought orf by the queen part of his dominions, because in his action against dowagr on promise of paying three hundred and Pahar Singh and his two sons. Narind Shah had to seventy five thousand rupees and Sumer Shah was purchase the he]p of neighbouring kings by cessation obliged to seek the help of the Maratha chiefs of of territory. Taking ad vantage of these d is:)rders, Sagar. He succeeded in ousting Narhar Shah with two pathan feudatories, Azim Khan and Lunde Khan this ai 1, and assasin1.ted the intriguing Rani, who held jagirs in Narsinghpllr and Seoni districts whereupon the Sagar authorities removed him from procl~imed Independence. Narind Shah however the throne. After uhsUceessfLllly trying to attack the enlisted support of king Bakht Buland of Deogarh, Pe3hwa ih 'Sagar ,he made overtures to Marhar Shah and defeated and ki lled the pathall rebels, losing in for restoration to him of the throne 'on certain' the process the di~tricts of Chauri, Dongartal and conditions. He was however seized by the - Mara:thas Gbunsaur. During these struggles, Na-rini Shah had and sent to Sagar as prisoner and Narhat Shah also to concede fi\'c districts to Cbhatrasal of restored to the throne of Mandla. Narhar Shah sOOn Bundelkhand. in addition to the tw,) others Pawai found out that he was a sovereign only in name and and'Shahnagar which ha1 alreaiy be~n assigned. that the real rulers were the Marathas. He tried to Before his death in 1731 A. D., after a reign of forty drive out tbe Marathas from Sagar. In thi~ attempt years, Narind Shah had shifted the seat of the how.:ver be failed and was sent as prisoner to the fort Government to Mandla. Narind Shah left to his son of Khurai, where he met with an inglo'rious death in Maharaj Shah only twentynine of the fifty-fwo 1789 A. D. After his death, the Garha Mandladynasty districts which he had himself inherited. came to an end and the M trathas occupie'd; MancHa and made it a province under a Sub'edar. Maratha Invasion: Maratba Occupation - Pindaris : In Maha~aj Shah's reign, his dominions were invaded by the Marathas under Balaji Baji Rao The Maratha occupation of ,Mandl.!, hOWever Peshwa, in the year 1742. fn the battle. Maharaj Shab had a brief duration. The Sagar Pandits appoinred was'defeated and killed, and the Marathas put his Moraji, the general who bad captured Mandla, its alder ~on Sbeoraj Shah on the throne after. exacting the first ruler; and for eighteen year~ a number or Maratha licutenents were installed there. The last the rebelS had captured Sohagpur, Shahpur, Ramgarh I)f these was Wasudeo Pandit who almost ruled Ghugri, Narayanganj and the town of Mandla es Mandla in h is stay of eight months, by exacting from caped capture onJy on the intervention of one Babuji the people fifty-six lacs of r~pees by dint of judicious Ojba, a brahmin of Mandla who was held in high application of tocture. The Bhonsia of Nagpur eateem even by tbe "mutineers". The mutiny was intervened on tbe request of tbe local people and supperssed by Captain WaJdington. Soh~gpur being Mandla was made a subordinate charge of the Suba at tbe last to fall. This last mentioned place fell more Jabalpur. In 1801 A. D .• however, a separate Suba as a result oC tbe breach of faith from the ruler of was appointed for Mandla, and thereafter till 1818 Rewah. whose force. instead as expected of fighting twelve Subas held charge of Mandla, of whom only agai:lst the British fougbt with tbem. The Sohagpur Chintaman deserveR a mention. Emboldened by Taluka was handed over to the Maharaja of Rewa in the absence of any central authoriay, the Pindarit token of tbe gratitude for his services in the mutiny started plundering and the ir ravages the countryside which is now a tahsil of the Shahdol district. The to a pen urious state. Cbintaman f(\rtified Mand.la Gazetteer also hints that the Rewah forces were town by constructing an outer wall and ditch and did opportunists, who fought for the British only after b is best to do ami repair the damages left by Wasudeo the latter had captured Ramgarh. Tbe gallant queen Pandlt. Chintaman left in 1810 A. D. and from 1811 of Ramgarh emulated the glorious example set up to 1817, the people of the country were raided several by her famous predecessor Rani uurg'lwati, and after times by the pindarees, who thougb tbey never giving a brave fight in which her forces lost. she succeeded in looting Mandla lown, plundered the stabbed herself to death to avoid capture by the surrounding villages. In 1818 A. 0.. after the British. After the suppression of the so-called Maratha war, Mandla was ceded to the British. mutiny the district came firmly under BritIsh rule.
British Role I Distribution of Area and Population : From 1818 to 1835, Mandla was administered With an area of 13,269 sq. km. according to the as a tahsil of Seoni, whi Ie Ramgarb and Soha~pur figures supplied by the Surveyor General of India, were included in Jabalpur district. In 1839.40, it was Mandla district contains 3 per cent of total geographi· transfared to Jabalpur district from Seoni. It was cal area of the State. This is the seventh largest not until 18 .. 8 that Mandla, with Ramgarh and distIict in the Staie and is more than six and a half Sohagpur was made a separate district; but in tbe times larger than Datia, the smallest district and one be&inning this arrangement lasted only six months third th~ size of Bastar, th:! biggest district. Whereafter previous arrangement was restored and it cor.tinued till 1851. In 1851. Mandfa with Ramgath According to 1981 Census,I,037.394 persons ar.d Sohagpur was made a separate djstnct. . with 517,866 males and 519,528 females have been Mutiny of 1857 : enumerated in the district. 964,215 persons live in 2,102 inhabited villages and another 73,179 persons The Mutiny of 1857 spread to Mandla when reside in 4 towns of the district. The average popula. Captain Waddington was the Deputy Commissioner. tion per village in the district works out to 459 as The principal seats of the rebels were Shahpura, against the State average of 582. The district is there Ramgarh and Sohagpur. Mandla town itself was fore characterised with small sized vilJages. The only slightly aft'ccted. Tbe inspiring genious of the percentase oC urban population to total popUlation revolt was tbe Rani of Raml_rh, the .Lodhi king in the district is only 7.05 whicb is much below the whereof was an imbecile. Accounts of the mutiny State average of 20.29 per cent. It follows that tbe as given in the Mandla District Gazetteer show that district is predominanatly rural in character.
/ ux
The fullowing table gives the area p::>pulation and density of the district, tahsils and towns. ------_------District/Tahsil/ T Area in Population Densitl UA/Town R sq.km. ,-----.... --...--..,)..... ---__._ .... --~ (per sq. km.) U PerSons Males Females
------~------.------_--.------1 "2 3 4 5 6 7 ------.------
Mandla District T 13,269.0 1,637,394 517,866 519.528 78 R 13.209.0 9f4,215 479,887 484,328 13 u 60.0 73,179 37,979 35,200 1,211
N'VI'as Tahsil T 2,577.8 267,9.70. 133,286 134,6.84 104 R 2,548.3 260,035 129,155 '130,880 102 U 29.5 7.935 4,131 3,804 269 Shahpura (NA) U 29.45 7,935 4,131 3,804 269
2 Dindori Tahsil T 2.272.4 283,822 142,230 141,592 125 R 2,260.8 273,963 137,056 136,907 121 U 11.6 9,8S9 ~,17-4 4,68'5 854 Dindori (NA) U 11.55 9,859 5,174 4,685 854
3 Mandla Tahsil T 3,426.4 485.602 242,350 243,252 142 R 3.407.5 430,Z17 211,676 216,541 126 U 18.9 55.385 28,674 26,711 2,926 MandJa ({ '1\) U 17.04 37,539 19,539 18,000\ 2,203
( i ) Mandla (M) U 8.37 32,861 17,053 15,808 >.926 (ji) Khairi (OG) U 4.59 1,930 1,045 8SS 420 (iii) Binjhiya (00) U 1.96 1,653 894 759 843 ( iv) Deodara (00) U 2.12 1,095 547 548 517 2 Nainpur (M) U 1. 89 17,846 9, 135 8,711 9,44Z ------_------
The area figure for the district total is according the Stat e A veraie of ]}8 persons per sq. km. The to the Surveyor General of India while those of the district il covered cxtemively by forelts and is there tahsils are based on the State Survey Department· fore sparsely populated. Within the district, Mandla which do not include the forest area as tahsitwise emerges as the most populous tahsil having 142 per breakup is not available. Urban area fjgures are al sons per sq. km. Niwas with 104 persons per sq. km. sUpplied by the local bodies concerned. is the least populated, while Dindori 'tahsil occupies The density of population in the district works an intermediate position with 125 persons per sq. km, out to 78 persons per sq. km. which is much below The folbwing table gives the distribution of villages according to the availability o( different amenities.
TABLE 1
Distribution of Viii .... Ac:cordiDI to the Availabilicy of Different Amenities ------,----No. ______(with perccDtaae) of .__ viHases --.J------havina one or more of the ______following amenities -, SI. Name of Tahsil No. of Educa- Medical Drinking Post and Marketl Communi- Approach Power No. inhabited tion water Telegraph Hat cations by pucca supply villages road ------_._------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ------_------
1 Niwas Tahsil 661 357 14 661 17 19 18 95 52 (54.01) (2.12) (100.00) (2.57) (2.87) (2.72) (14 37) (7.87)
2 Mandla Tahsil 850 596 66 850 83 44 57 150 137 (70.12) (7.16) (100.001 (9.76) (5.18) (6.71) (17.65) (16.12)
3 Dindori Tahsil 591 380 30 591 51 26 62 94 37 (64.30) (5.08) (100.00) (8.63) (4.40) (10.49) (15.91) (6.26) ------_.------_---- Total: Di.tricl 2.102 ),333 )10 l.10Z 151 89 137 339 226 (63.42) (5.13) (100.00) (7.1S) (4.23) (6.52) (16.13) (10.75)
------~------...------
It is a very happy feature indeed that drinking Other amenities like post & telegraph, market water facility is available in almost all the villages or hat and communications, the numb.!r of villages of the district. covered is veIY small. These amenities are too meagre to cater to the need of the rural population of the In terms of spread of literacy. 1.333 villages district. out of a total of Z,102 inhabited villages in th~ district have one or more educational institurions, though The district lacks in communication becausc mOltly of primary level. Mandla tahsil is better of no satisfactory road links. Only 16 per cent of thc placed with 70.12 per oent of its villages baving this nu nlJ!~ of villages has approach by pucca road. This facility. Niwas tahsil with a coverage of 54.01 per total is why the pace of economic development in cent has the least while Diodori occupies an interme the district is very slow. diate position and is Slightly ahead of the district average. Power supply is available in 226 villages in the district. It is either for do-nestic purpose or for agri So rar as availability of medica) amenities in culture or for both. A little more than half this villages is concerned. only 5.13 per cent of the total number is situated in Mandla tahsil and the rest in villages have which is grossly inadequate. the other two tahsill.
I !Xxii
The following table gives the proportion of rural population served by diffelent amenities.
TABLE 2
Proportion of J{ural P,opulation Served !.>y. UiHerent Auu:nities ------_----_ --_-_ ------Sl. Name of Total Popu Proportion of rural population served by the amenity of No. Tahsil lation of r------~...A..------______~ inhabited Education Medical Drinking Post & .. Market/ Communi- Approach Power villages in water telegraph Hat cation by pUCca supply the tahsil road ------_ ------_._------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -.----_._-----'------9 10 11
Niwas Tahsil 260,035 185,685 13,623 260,035 15,792 18,757 11,694 51,0911 27,867 (71.41) (5.24) (100.00) (6.07) (7. Z 1) (4,50) (19.65) (10.72)
<130,217 174,084 2 Mandla Tahsil 77,872 430,217 95,789 55,625 62,560 115,238 125,114 5 (86.9 ) (18.10) (100.00) (22.27) (12.93) (14.54) (26.79) (29.08)
273,963 217,731 30,989 3 Dindori Tahsil ~73,963 50,302 27,051 50,534 6::1,306 39,725 (79.47) (11.31) (100.00 ) (18.36) (9.87) (18.45) (25.30) (14.50) ------_.------
Total: District 964,215 777,500 122,484 964,215 161,883 101,433 124,788 235,643 192,706 (80.64) (12.70) (100.00) (16.79) (10.52) (12.94) (24 44) (19.99)
---~------~----.------
Entire rural population of the dist-rict is well The percentage of 'rural population directly served so far as the amenity of drinking water is served hy the amenity like post & telegraph is merdy concerned. Well is the main source of drinking water. 16.7') per cent. This is hardly adequate. The other As regard s ed ucational facilities in viUages 81 amenity of market or hat is too meagre to cater to per cent of the population is directly served. In other the need of the rural mass. Only 10.52 per cent of the words, the wards of majority of the rural population population can have it within easy reach. Market or in the district can avail of this amenity within the hat is an essential featur-c of the rural economy. Other village itself. amenities like communications, approach to viUages by pucca road, power supply etc. are also insignificant. Hardly 13 per cent of rulal population can avail With the lapk of basic amenities and tbe infrastruc .ofthe amenity of medical and heahh service Within ,ture In villages, the district co!ltinues to reel under easy reach. The rest have to depend on other nearby economic backwardness. villages or towns where such amenities exist. ltxxiii
The following table gives the distribution of distance range from the places where these are availa villages not having certain amenities, arranged by ble. TABLE 3 Distribution of villages not baving certain amenities arranged by distance ranges from tbe places where these are available ------5) • ViJ)age not having the Number of vilJages where the amenity is not available and available at distan~e of ("_--___. ______..A.. ______~ No. amenity of -5 Kms. 5-10 Kms. 10+Kms Tota) (Col. 3-5) ------_.. _------3 4 5 6 ----1 2 ------1 Education 727 38 4 769 2 Medical 590 786 616 1,992 3 Drinking Water 4 Post and Telegraph 992 643 316 1,951 5 Market/Hat 818 891 304 2,013 6 Communi(.ations 706 744 ' 515 1,965 ------_------But for the educational amenity which is availa The following table gives the distribution of ble at a reasonable distance. from the non-amenities villages which are having one or more amenities villages, the residents of such villages hav~ to cover a according to the distance range from the nearest longer distance to avail of them. With the difficult terrain and the topography of the district, even town. covering a distance of 5 km. is a difficult task.
TABLE 4
Distribution of villa~es according to the distance from tbe nearest tOWI) and availability of different amenities ------. ------Range of Number of Number (wi t h percen tage) of vi II ages having the ameni ty of l>opulati on inhabited r------..A---______------. villages in Educational Medical Drinking Post and Marketl Commun - Approach by Power each range water Telegraph Hat catIOns pUCca road supply
------~------.------I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ------~------~-- 0-5 77 56 1 77 5 4 28 36 (72_73) (1 - 30) (100_00) (6.49) (5.19) (36.36) (46.75) 6-15 291 193 16 291 24 12 34 64 49 (66.32) (5.50) (100.00) (8.25) (4.12) (11.68) (21.99) (16.84) 16-50 1,143 707 74 1,I-B 81 48 83 206 122 (61.85) (6_47) (100.00) (7.09) (4.20) (7.26) (18.02) (10.67) 51+ 591 377 19 591 41 29 16 41 19 (63.79) (3.21 ) (100.00) (6.94) (4.91) (2.7ij (6.94) (3.Z1) ------_.__ ------Total 2,102 1,333 110 2,10 2 151 89 137 339 226 (63.42) (5.23) (100.00) (7.18) (4.23) (6.52) (16.13) (10.75 ) ------xxxiv
Majority of the "jJlages (82.49 per cent) are district are so small that they can hardly hav~ any situated at a distance more than 16 kms. from an influence Oli nearby villages. urban centre which is an indication of the fact that not many of them are expos~d to urban influence. Manella t0wn can be saij to have some influence There are 77 villages which are within a distance range because of its being the district beadquaters. of 0-5 km. from an urban centre and are having various amenities in them. Such villa ges nu y be The following table gives the distribution of bigger. It is generally the bigger viI1ages where various villages according to population range and amenities amenities are avaHable not because of their being available. nearer to an urban centre. Moreover tbe towns in tbis TABLE 5
Distribution of villages according to tbe distance range from tbe nearest town and .Yailability of different amenities
------_-- --_,_------~------,;-... Distance range No.of inhabited No. (with percentage) of villages having the amenity of from the near- villages in r--_------"--_:_------. ------.. est town (in each range Educational Medical Drinking Post and Marketl Communi~ Approach Power kilometres) water Tcle&raph Hat cations by pucca suppJy road ------_------... _ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ------_..... ------
-499 1,389 677 20 1,389 26 IS 43 149 76 (48.74) (1. 44) (100.00 ) ( 1. 87) ( 1. 08) (3.10) (10.73) (5.47)
500-1,999 699 643 79 699 112 65 85 179 139 (91. 99) (11. 30) (100.00) (16.02) (9.30) (12.16) (25.60) (19.89)
2,000-4,999 13 12 10 13 12 g 8 10 10 (92.31) (76.92) (100.00) (92.31) (61. 54) (61.54) (76.92) (76.92)
5,000+ 1 1 1 1 (100.00) (100.00) ( 100.00) (100.00) (100 . 00) ( 100.00) (100.00) (100.00)
------_.. _---_-_-- Total 2.102 1,333 110 2,102 151 89 137 339 126 (63.42) (5.23) (100.00) (7.18) (4.23) (6.52) (16 13) (10.75)
---_------.,------_------~- --"'_------
Majority of the villages in this district are from the above figures that various amenities are avai small sized. As many as 1,499 accounting for 71.31 lable in bigger villages. L'lrger the size of a Village, per cent of the total number of villages have in each greater tbe amenities available in them. a population of Jess tban 500. It is also evident The following table gives the main staple food Rice is the most importan. crop grown in the !n majority of the \liJIages in each tabsil of tbe district, Wheat being the next important crop. There district. fore the main staple food in all tahsiIs of the district being Rice and Wheat. The district has p'eponderantly TABLE 6 large component of tribal population (64.04 per cent Main Staple Food in the Majority of Tillages in rural areas.) Though Rioe and Wheat have be"en in eac:b Tabsil reported to be the &taple food crops of the rural population of the district but the inferior millets, ._------mainly kodo and kutki, which in gruel form, are the Sl. No. Name of Tahsil Main Staple Food principal sustenance of the very large number ------oftribals, the poor aboriginals of the district. Area 1 1 3 under these small millets accounts for 26.98 per cent ------of the total cultivated area. while', the corresponding 1 Niwas Tahsil Rice, Wheat percentages for Rice and wheat are 26.81 and 16.50 respectively accord ina to the statis tics for 1980-81. 2 Mandla Tahsi I Rice, Wheat 3 Dindori Tahsil Rice, Wheat The following table gives the distribution of ------•. ------villages according to land use.
TABLE 7
Distribution of Villages According to Land use ------_._------_---- Sl. Name of Tahsil No. of inhabited Total area Pc;:rcentage of cultivable Percentage of irrigated No. villages area to total area area to total Cultivable area ------2 3 4 5 6 ------_ __....------
Niwas Tahsil 661 260,925.34 195,135.64 75.00 (74.79) ( 0.04)
2 Mandla Tahsil 850 355,016.35 246,215.10 3,556.63 (69.35) (1.44 )
3 Dindori Tahsi I 591 25t>,444.84 200,473.15 362.45 (78.17) (0.18) ---. ------___...------_ -.-- Total: District 2,102 872.386.53 641,823.89 3,994.08 (73.57) (0.62) ------...._------_------_------xuvi
According to village papers 1979-80, the per ------centage of cultivable area to totlll geographicaJ area 2 3 in the district comes to 73.57 which is much higber Urad 8,495 than the State average of 42.38 per cent but the per 1. 78 others 12,199 2.56 centage of irrIgated area to total cultivable area is absymally low, being 0.62. The following table Oilseeds gives the cropping pattern or the district. Til 3,262 0.68 Aid 8,962 1.88 Table 7.1 Ramtil 32,669 6.86 Cropping l'attern, 1980-81 Rape & Mustard 24,398 S.12 Others 2~8 0.05 ------Sugarcane 1,004 0.21 Crop Area sown Percentage to Fruits and Vegetables 1,522 0.32 (in hectares) total ar,ea CO'ldimonts & Spices 480 O. to ------Fibre 951 0.20 1 2 3 Drugs & Narcotics 38 O.ot Otl>ers 832 O. ]7 ------... ~ .. ------Cereals - -.------!"-'-_ __.,__ Total 47',608 100.00 Rice 127,769 26.81 Wheat 78,653 16.50 Jowar 624 o 13 Tbe louth.west corner of the district consists of a compact block of obout 200 villages, known as Maize I 28,209 5.92 Have/i which is the rice and wbeat growiag tract, Barloy 45~ 0.09 whl!e the pc.thar tract around Nainpup town IS a Kodo-Kutlci 125,678 26.37 plain area very good for wheat crop and the pJain Other cereals and Millets :2,133 0.45 area around Mandla is a good rice growing tract. Pulses Gram 15,393 3.23 The following table gives the growth, density TUr 2,652 0.55 and sex-ratio of urban population iu the district.
TABLE 8 Growth, Density and Sex-ratio of Urban Population in tbe District in relation te tbe State ------_------_------District State r------...A..------_. r------~------_. Cen Total Urban %Urban Decadlll Density S~x Total Urban %Urban Decadal Density Sex sus Popu- Popu- Popula- Percentage (PopU- ratio(No. Popu- Popu- Popula- percentt'ge (popula- ratio( No year lation lation tion variation lation of females lation lation tion variation tion per of females in urban per sq. per 1,000 in urban sq.km.) per 1,000 popu~alion km.) males) pGpulalion males) --.... ------~------.----~------2 3 4 5 6 7 9 ]0 11 12 13 --_ ------19S1 547,620 ]4,243 2.60 + 16.6' 1,375 929 26,071,637 3,132,937 12.02 +33.16 2,034 907 19lil 684,503 33,144 4.84 +132.70 3,21l1 929 32,372,408 4,627,234 14.29 +47.70 2,482 856 971 873,577 48,701 5.57 +46.94 1,598 924 41,654,119 6,784,767 16.29 +46.63 2,378 86R 1 J681 t ,037,394 73, t 79 7.05 +50.26 1,221 927 52,178,844 10,586,459 20.29 +56.03 2,170 8.84
------~------The prop)rtion of urban popLllation in the d istrk t The following table gives tbe details of new has increased from 2.60 per cent in1951 to 7.05 per cent towns/towns declassified in 1981 Census. in 1981, while that for the State as a whole it bas Table 9 gone up from t 2.02 per ceo t in 1951 to 20. '29 per cent in 198 J. Thl! pace of uroanisation in the distrJct New Towns/Towns declassified io 1981 CenSllS has heen v~~ry slow. Mand la has been a town since 1901. The other towns addetj are: Nainpur in 1961; ------Dindori in 1971 and Shahpur in 1981. Thus there Name of Towns Population 1981 Census are 4 towns at th~ 1<;81 Censlls Except for ----- _------_._----- Mandla and Nainpur the other two towns are just 2 grown up villages. ------~------Density: The density of population, per sq. km. (a) Added in urban area of the district has been fluctuating ( i) Shahpura 7,935 from cenSUS to census, though t!tere has bet:n (ii) succeslve increase of urban population. This is G ue ( iii) to the variation in area figures by the addition of new towns containing large chunk of uninhabited tracts. Nil Even though the density of population in urban (b) Declassified areas of the district has always been less than the State average. ------_._------Sex-ratio: The Sex-ratio i. e. the number of females Sbahpura in Niwas tahsil was declared as Noti. per 1000 males in urban areas of Mandla district bas fJed Area by the local Govt. Deptt. and thererore it Was always been greater than that of the State. treated as a town in 19' 1 Census. There is yet one Mandla is a district where the overall (rural·urban more village, Bamhani (popUlation 6,615, 1981 L.C. combined) l>ex-ratio has always been favourable to No. 216) in Manilla tahsil which had crossed the females. That is to say that females outnumbertd population criterion of a minimum of 5,000 for males. Urban areas genelally exhibit low sex-ratio, being declared as a town but it failed to qualify the which being adverse to females, as is the case in other test laid down for the purpose. urban areas of Mandla district also but the position is not that bad as is found in the districts comi~g The following table gives the per capita receipt under the northern belt. and expend iture in towns.
TABLE 10 Per capita receipt and exp:nditure in (owns
~------~ ------._-_- Cla~s, Name and Civic Per capita status of the town ,.------~ -_------. Receipt Expenditure ,-___..A.. ____ -. ,---~------_""""' Total R.:ceipt R~ce ipt Tt.tal General Expenditure Public Expcr.' Other through from all expen- adminis- on public works diture aspects taxes other dlture tmtion health and on public sources . convenience institutions ------. ------_--_. --- - _------2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -~ -.__ ------V Dindorl (NAC) 12.95 9 66 3.29 12.<15 4.46 1 .83 1.53 5.13 III Mandla (I'll) 54.50 7.49 4701 49. :n 12_50 20.51 8.67 2.53 5.01 IV Nainpur (M) 30 00 \5.68 14_32 30.00 1 .62 14.74 0.66 12.98 1.16 1. 27 0.74 0.19 5.16 ------V Shahpura (NAC) 8.52 2.14 6.38 8.52 Total 37.94 9.20 28.74 35.24 7.53 14.50 4.90 1.32 6.99 ------~ ------uxvili
The per capita expenditure has been well amonnt on public health and conveniences. Nainpur within the limits' of p'!r capita receipt in all the towns Municipality is having the highest per capita receipt of the district. The financial standing of Sbahpura through taxes. T he per capita expenditure on (NAC) which is newly born local body is very poor. publIc health and convenience in this town has Mandla (M) has a long standing with relatively low also been quite encouraging. per capita tax revenu~. It is a happy feature tbat the incidence of tax on the population is low. On The following table gives the number of schools the other hand this lacal b;,dy has incurred a sizeable per lOl)O popUlation m towns.
TABLE II
Schools per ten thousand population in towns --_-_-----_._------_._----- Class. Name and civic No. per ten thousand population status of town ~ ______---A--_------Higher SefJondary/ Junior Pri mary Secondary/ Matriculation Secondary/ Inter (PUC! Middle Juni or College ------,------,------_.... _------2 :3 4 s ------_ ----.------V Dindori (N. A.C.) 2.03 3.04- 5.07 IfI Mandla (M) 1. 33 1.85 4.53 IV Nainptlr (M) 1. 68 2.80 5.04 V Shahpur (N.A.C.) 1. 26 3.78 7.56 ______w ___ - ______- _____ ... ___ • ______
Total Dislt. 1. 50 2.46
------~------\ In terms of the number of institutions per 1000 headquarters town has low averages on ~II accounts popUlation. Shabpura (NAC> has the higbest average but it has to be noted that it is the size of Jhe institu 'or 7.56 and 3.78 in respect of primary and middle tion that counts for the spread of literacy as the level institutions respectively while DlOdori (NAC) literacy rhte in this town is highest as would be has tbe highest average of 2.03 in terms of Higber evident from the following figures. secodary level institution. Mandla (M) being the district
------_...... ------Ranking of towns in terms of No. of institutIOns per 1000 population and 1iteracy rate SI. Tawn ______~ _____..A. ______• ______
Ko. ,-- ~ Higher Secondary Middle Primary Literacy rate % ------.... ------2 3 4 5 6 ------.. __ ------~------_------1 Dindori (N .A.C,) 1 2 3(51.17) 2 Mandla (M) 3 4 4 1(61.71) 3 Nainpur (M) 2 3 3 2(60.39) 4 Shahpura (N. A.C.) 4 4(44 91)
NOte-Figures within brackets in column 6 represent literacy rate. The following table gives the number of beds population. while Shahpura has the lowest average. in medical institutions per 1000 population. Nainpur is relatively a bigger town than Dindori but it is far behind in terms of bed faci lities in hospitals. TABLE 12 The foHowing table meant for showing the Number of Beds i. Medical Institutions in Towns proportion of slum population in class I &. II towns ------but there is no such town falling under this category in this district and hence the information is nil. Class. Name and No. of beds in medical institutions Civie status of TABLE 13 the towns per 1 .000 population ------Proportion of Slums Population in Towns. ------_------Class, name Proportion of the Density in V Dindori (N.A.C.) 3.04 and civic slums population slums Status of to total population (per sq. km.) III Mandla (M) 4 64 the town of the toWn IV Nainpur (M) 1.12 ------_ V Shahput (N. A. C.) 0.76 ------1 2 3 ------All TowDs 3.14 ------NiJ ------... .. --- -_------_ ------Mandla being the district headquarters town The following table gives the most important which has a District Hespital is having the highest commodity manufactured, imported and exported in number of beds in llledical institutions per 10',0 towns. TABLE 14
Most importallt commodity manufactured, imported aod exported in tOWDS ------Class, name and civic status f\·1ost important commodity of the town ,---____ --- _~--A------\ Manufacturhd Exported Imported ------4 -----_------._------2 3 ------I! Dindari (NAC) Edible Oil Edible Oil Cloth III Mandla (M) AAC and ACR conductors Bidi Leaves Cloth IV Nainpur (M) Bamboo baSket Bidi Leaves Cloth V Shahpura (NAC) Edible Oil Edible Oil Kit-ana ------_------____..------_------_-_ --_----- Mandla district bas extentlive forests and is resourceS. MandJa town has also a factory where some ha ving a sizeable area under oilseed" the items of electrical applia.nces are manufactured. maaufacture and export are based On its natural
"j
NOTES AND EXPLANATIONS
This no~e gives t~e meanings and explanations could be ensured and which should provide basil of terms :ap~ c~ncepts used in this hand book. This for analysing of figures and urbanization in the i. necessary because, without a proper grasp of the country. But it has to be remembered that the meanings of such simple concepts as building,house, urban criterion of 1981 varies slightly from > household, workers etc., it is not possible to appre that of 1961 and 1971 censuses is tbat the ciate the data presented in the hand book. Thus males working in activities sucb as fishing, one wbo does not know. that an unpretentious hut logging, etc. Were treated as engaged in non-agri. in the thick of Dastar forests with unplastered bam cultural activity and therefore contflbuted to ~be boo walls aJ}d a thatch roof and with space hardly 75% criterion in 1961 and 1971 censuses, whereaa enough for two cots is not a bit less Of a buildmg in the 1981 Census these activities are treated as on . ,than the Indian versions of the sky scrapers in one par with cultivation and agricultuul Jabour (or the of the metropolitan cities, or that a central jail purpose of this criterion. housing all manner of criminals and Ihady characters is as much a household as the household Applying the criteria descrjbed above, a lis, Df of the most pious and god-fearing citizen in the 327 towns Was finalised and it is tbese 327 tOWD, State. may not be able to appreciate what exactly which are treated as urban areaS for the purpose of the figures represent. 1981 census. The additional Secretary to the Govt. of India in the Ministry of Home Affairs sent a Concepts and Delini tiool letter to the Chief Secretaries of tho! State GO'verp Raral JUrban : ments as back as 10th May, 1979, _requesting them to ensure that nO' changes are made in jurisdiction It has been the tradition of the Indian Census and boundaries of municipalities and revenue to pr~$ent the census data for rural and urban areas villages, t~hsils, su b·divisions and djstricts durilll separately. In fact, in all the Census('s through the period from 1-1-1980 to 30-6-1981. Howov~r. out the world this classification of census data into subsequent to' our finalization of rural. and urban rural and urban units is generally recognized. How. frame the State Government in the L~l Go)'em I ever, distinction between rural and urban is not yet ment Department notified many places as notified amenable to a single definition which would be areas and municipalities. Such plac,es have Dpt applicable to all countries. been treati'd as towns for the purpose of census and to' The definition of an urban unit a1 the 1971 the secretary Government in the Loeal Govern Census was as follows - ment Department had agreed to' this arrangements. Similarly, the State Govemment raised the status of (a) All places with a munioipality, corporation, (j municipal committees to that of muniCipal corpo cantonment board or notified town area; rations. These new municipal corporatiQns are also (b) All other places which satisfied the (ollow treated as municipal committees. ing ~riteria. While dealing with tbe subject ofTural and urban (i) A minimum population of 5,000 ; break up mention may be made of the area' under (ii) At least 75 per cent of male working tbe Special An>a Development Authority. Tbe population engaged in non-agricultural Special Area Development Authority have be.n pursuits; and constituted under the Madhya Pradesh Nagar Tatha (iii) A density of population of at least Gram Nivt'sh Adhiniyam, 1973 and they ~'njoy the 400 per sq. Ion. (1,000 per sq. miles). power to' function as a municipality so far as the muniCipal management of that area is concerned. The same criteria is retained at the 1981 census The limits of these Special Areas incl~4.e lar8,.'p~r also that comparability with the previous census tions of rural areas'cotllprising numbQf qfvillaAcl lIii
situated around the core town or village of such 0) it should have 8 core town of a minimum Special area. For example, Orchha is' a SADA population of 50,000, (ii) tbe cond,uou. area. area in Tikamgarh d istrict ~ut there is no town in made up of other urban as well as rural administra this area. Similarly. Malanjkhand in Balaghat tive units should have mutual socio-economic links district, Bhedaghat in Jabalpur district. Mandav in with the core town and (iii) in all probability this Dhar district and similar other cases are SADA entire area should get fully urbanised in a period of areas but there is no urban area within that. The two or three dec~des. Certain Standard Urban obj~ctive of the SADA areas perhaps is to control Areas were: determined on this basis in 1971 and ,he future development of these areas in a planned some basic data were presented for 1951, 1961 and manner and that is all. It was, therefore, not con. 1971 for sucb areas and their components. Similar sidered desirable to treat luch SADA areas at par data have been presented for the Standard Urban witb other urban bodies like municipal corpora Areas in 1981 also. The idea is to present basic tions, municipal committees etc., and only that part data for those areas tor four to five decades 10 that of it is treated as urban which is reaUy so. As such the urbanisation process in thc:tse areas can be in tile Korba SADA area only Korba town lias been studied. However, there have been minimum changes \ . treated as urban and rest of the area remaInS in the in the constituent units of the Standard Urban rural frame. Areas of 1981 Census as compared to those of'l97i. but the list 'of SUA remaines unchanged. Urban Agglomeration: Size Class of TOWDS : Apart from town/city the 1971 concept of The urban areas are classified into 6 classes urban agglomeration is also adopted for the 1981 referred to as towns of Class I to VI. The classi census. Veryoftcn large railway colonies, university fication is shown beJow- campuses, port areas. military camps etc .• come up outside the statutory limits of the city or town but Class I 100,000 and a oovc adjoining it. Such areas may not by themselves Class 11 50,000 to 99.999 qualify to be treated as towns but if they form a Class III 20,000 to 49,999 contiguous spread with the town, they are out Class IV 10,000 to 19,999 growths of the town and deserve to be treated al Class V 5,000 to 9.999 urban. Such towns together with their outgrowths Class VI Less than 5,000 have been treated as one urban unit and caJIed 'urban agglomeration'. An urban agglomeration It is customary to treat a town baving a popu maY constitute :- lation of 1 lac and above as a city.
(&) A city with continuous outgrowth, (the Census House : part of outgrowth being outside the statu A Census House is a building or part of a build tory limits but falling within the bound ing having a separete main entrance from the: road aries of the adjoining village or vil1ages); or common courtyard or staircase, etc., used or (b) One town with similar outgrowth or two recognised as a separate unit. It JDay be occupied or more adjoining towns with tbeir out or vacant. It JDay be used fot a residential or non growths as in (a) ; or residential purpose or both. Cc) A city and one or more adjoining towns If a building had a number of flats or blocks with their outgrowths aU of which form a which were independent of one another havins continuous spread. separate entrances of their own from the road or a common staircase or a C0!11mOn courtyard leading Standard Urban Area: to a main gate, they have been considered as separate census houses. A new concept of Standard Urban Area intro duced in 197) census will also be followed for the In some cases, however, it was difficult ut 1981 Censui. Tile eSleD~ial requirementl for the apply the definition strictly. Eor example, in a~ ~Onstjtution of a Standard Urban Area are- urban area, a Bat has five rooms, eacb havina direct xjii
entrance to commOn staircase tbe or courtyard Scheduled Castes aod Scheduled Tribel wllich by definition had to be treated as five census houses. If all thelile five rooms were fOWld Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are occupied by single household entire fiat was treated those found in the Notification of Scheduled Castesl as onc censuS h9use. In such cases singleness of Scheduled Tribes Order (Amendment) Act, )976 usc was taken into consideration to avoid undue (l08 of 1976). By this amendment, area restrictions proliferation oethe number of census houses. for most of the Scheduled Castes and Scbeduled Tribes have been removed. However, the area An occupied residentjal census house means a restriction still remains in respect of Dhobi (in census house which is actually used for residential Bhopal, Raisen and Sehore districts): Kotwal and purpose., either whoUy or partly by one or more Pardhi (in Bhind, Dbar Dewas, Guna, Gwalior, bouseholds. Indore, Jhabua, Khargone, ManJsaur, Morena, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Shajapur, Shivpuri, Ujjain and Household: Vidisha Districts) and Kumhar (in Chhatarpur. The term housebold in census is defined as a Datia, Panna, Rewa, Satna, Shabdol, Sidhi and group of persons who commonly live together and Tlkamgurh districts) Scheduled Castes. Likewise would take their meals from a common kitchen Keer and Pardhi S~heduled Tribes are still restrict. unless the exigencies of work prevented anyone of ed only in Bhopal, Raisen and Sehore districts; them frolll doing so. There may be a household of Mina in Sironj sub-division of Vidisha district; persons related by blood or a housl'hold of un Panika in Chhatarpur, Datia, Pdnna, Rewa, Satna, related persons or having a mix of both. Examples ShahdoJ, Sidhi, and Tikamgarh districts; Pardhi. of unrelated housebolds are boarding houses, mes BaheJia, Bahel1ia, Chita Pardhi, Langoli Pardhi. sess, hostels, residential hotels, rescue bomes,jails, Phanse Pardhi, Shikari, Takankar, Takia [ in (1) ., Ashrams" etc., These are called institutional Bastar, Chhindwara, Mandla, Raigarh, Seani and bouseholds. There may he one member households Surguja Jistricts, (2) Baihar tahsil of Balaghat two member households or multi - member district, (3) Betul and Bhainsdehi tahsils of Betul households. For census purposes, each one of these district, (4) Silaspur and Katghora tahsils of Bilas.. types is regarded as a 'household'. pur district, (5) Durg and Balod tabsils of Durg district, (6) Chowki, Munpur and Mohala Revenue There are three types of households viz, normal, Inspector's Circles of Rajnandgaon district. (7) institutional and house less households. A houselesl Murwara, Patan and Sihora tabsils of Jabalpur household is that which is normally found to be district, (8) Hoshangabad and Sohagpur tahsil. of residing on the road side, pavements in hume pipes Hoshanga bad and Narsimhpur districts, (9) Har under staircases, or in open, temple, mandaps, sud tahsil of Kbandwa district, (10) Bindra-Nawa platforms and the like. Institutional households ~arh I Dhamtari and Mahasamund tahsils of Raipur have been explained above. Those households which district .] do not fall in the category of institutional household and houseless household have been categorised as normal households, Tbe enumerator was required Persons belonging to the castes/tribes mention to indicate in the Household Scheduled whether the ed above found in the districts otner than those where Scheduled have not been treated as sched ul household belonged to 'Institutional household' or ed castes Or scheduled tribes as the case may be. 'Houselcss household'. For institutional '1' was lt may be mentioned here that schc:duled castes can written against the question 'Type of household' be belong to the Hindu or the Sikh religion only, and '0' was ind icated in the case of houseless while the scheduled tribes belong to any religion. household. For normal household, no entry was The list of Sched uled Castes and Sched uled Tribes required to be maae. relating to Madhya. Pradesh relevant to )98J cenlua The enumeration of institutional households has been given immediately after this note a. was done 1D tbe manner the normal households were Annexure-I. enumerated during the enumeration period from Literates aod Educated Persoos : 9th February to 28th February, 1981. The house less household. Were enumerated on the niaht of A person who can both read and writt with 28th February, 1981. understanding in any language is treated as literate. xiv
A person who can merely read but cannot write, is Censuses, tbe econt)mic questions were based OD not literate. It is not necessary tbat a penon different approaches, namely, usual status and who is liter~c should have received any formal current status, were adopted with reference period education or should have passed any minimum of onc year and one week for seasonal and for regular work, respectively. Current status approach educational standard. was thought to be irrelevant in. the context of our The test for literacy was necessary only when country where usual status of a worker is consider the enumerator had any doubt about any person ed to be more appropriate. returning as 'literate'. The test for literacy was ability to read any portion of the Enumerator's The a.bove questions arc in three parts and Instruction Booklet and to write a simple letter. have been designed in such a way that first of all Ability merely to sign one's name was not consider it attempts to divide the population into two broad ed adequate to qualify a person as being able to groups \liz., write with understanding. It' a person claimed to (l) those who have worked any time at aU be literate in some other langu'age with which the during the last year, and (2) those wbo have not enumerator was not familiar, the respondent's word worked at all. was taken as correct. The latter group consists of the non-workers. All children of the age of 4 yurs or less were This information is obtained in Q. 14-A. Having treated as illiterate even if they might be going to classified the population into two groups, the next ichool and had picked up reading and writing a attempt has been to classify those wbohavc worked few words. any time into Main workers and Marginal workers, on the ba~is of time spent on work as weJI a. Classification of workers by Industrial Category: secon lary work, if any, of the Main workers. (f a person had worked for six months or more (180 At the 1981 Census, the questions which were days or more) he was treated as Main worker Gan'Yasaed in the Ind ividual slip to elicit informa and if the period of work was less than silt months tion on economic characteristics oC the population he was regarded as a Marginal worker. In Q. were as follows:- ISB details of secondary work or marginal ,,"ork are obtained. Finally an attempt has belm made to (i) Q. 14A Worked any time at all last Year ? determine whether those who are non-workers or Yes marginal workers are seeking or are available for No (H/ST/D/RIB/ljO) worK.
Q. 14B If yes in 14A, did you work for major It will thus be seen tbat these questions on part of last year? Yes( OINo (2) economic aspects have been so designed as to identify all workers, full time workers or seasonal ii Q. ISA Main activity last year? workers or marginal workers and non-workers witb Yes in 14B (C/AL/HHC/OW) reference to the activities during the last one year No in 14B (H/ST/D/R/B/I/O) period prior to the date of enumeration.
Q. 14B Yes-Any other work any time last year? The various terms and definitions used' in lSB Yes (CJAL/HHI/OW)f,_N_o ____ collecting tbe economic data have been explained' Q. 14B No-Work done any tillle last year? briefly in the follOWing paragraphs. (C/AL/HIlI/OW) Definition of 'Work : ii i Q. 16-[CNo in 14A or 14B, seeking/availabJe for Work has been defined as participation in any work? Yes (l )/No (2) • economically productive activity. Such panicipa. , The above questions were formulated after, tion may be physical or mental in nature. Work detailed discussion at the Data User's Conference involves not only actual worle 'but also effectivo aild 'echnical· gtoup,. At tbe 1961 and 1971 supervision and di,ection of work. xv
For persons on regular employment or engaged dependents, retired persons or rentiers, beggars• . in regular type of work. temporary absence during inmates of institutions, unemployed persons etc. the reference period on account of illness, boliday, They are persons who have not worked any time at temporary elosure, strike etc., was not a dis 'all in the year preceding the enumeration. Qualification for treating' tbem as workers. Main activity of workers : Persons under training, such as apprentices, with or without stipends or wages were also treated The main activity of workers has been classified as workers. In the case of a person who had been into four categories viz" cultivator, agricultural offered work but had not actually joined, he was labourer, household industry and other work in the not treated as a worker. Rent receivers, pensioners PCA at the 1981 census. A significant departure has, etc., were not treated as economically active unless therefore, been made this time while presenting the they also engaged themselves in some economic data on economic activity which relate to only four activity. broad categories indicated above as against nine In all these questions, the reference period is industrial categories of the E61 and the 1971 the One year; preceding the date of enumeration. censuses. The nine categories of the 1971 cenlus Certain types of work such as agriculture, house were-{i) Cultivator, (ii) Agricultural labourers, hold industry like gur making etc., carried on either (iii) Livestock, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting and throughout the year or only during certain seasons Plantations, Orchards and allied activities, (iv) or part of the year, depending on the local circum Mining, (v) Manufacturing, Processing and servic stance. In all such cases tbe reference period has ing with liub-categories-(a) At Household Industry been the broad time span of the agricultural sea and (b) Other than Household Industry, (vi) Con sons preceding the enumeration. struction, (vii) Trade and Comm~rce. (viii) Trans port, Storage and Communications. and (ix) Other Main Worken : Services. The correspondence between the cate The main workers are those who have worked gories of 1981 and 1971 are as under- for a major part of the year preceding the enume ration. Main activity of a person who was engaged 1981 Category 1971 Category in more than one activity was reckoned in tenus of I I time disposition. For example, if a person had worked as daily wage labourer for 4 months, as an IJ II agricultural labourer for 1 month and as cultivator HI Yea) for 2 months, he WaS treated as a Main worker on IV m,IV,V(b),VI,VIl,VIH & IX the basis of total time spent on work and his main activity have been reckoned as Daily Wage Labourer Cultivator: since he spent major part of his time on work in this activity than as cultivator or agricultural For purposes· of census a person is working as labourer. cultivator jf he or she is engaged either as employer. si'lgle worker or family worker in cultivation of Marginal Workers: land owned or held from Government Or held from Marginal workers are those who have worked private persons or institutions for payment in any time at aU in th~ year preceding the enumera money, kind or share. tion but have not worked for a lIla,lor part of the Cultivation involves ploughing, sowing and year. For example, if a person who is mostly harvesting and pro{'uction of cereals and millet doing household duties, or is mainly a student, or crors such as wheat, paddy. jowar, bajra, ragl, mainly a dependent or a rentier or a beggat' and etc" and other crops such as sugarcane,gro.undnuts the like who is baSically a non-worker bad done taoioca, etc. and pulses, raw jute and kindered some work at some time dunng the reference fibre crop, cotton etc., and 'does Dot' mciuae fruit period, he was treated as a marginal worker. growins, vegetable growing or keeping orchards or groves or working of plantation like tea, <;;ofi'ee, Non-Worken: rubber, cincbona. opium and other medicinal plan Non-workers constitute of householders. students, tations. Aaricllitura' Labourer t processing. servicing. repalrlDg or making and selling (but not merely aeHing) of goods such as Persons working in another person's land for bandloom weaving, dyeing, carpentry. bidi rolling. wage. in money, kind or share have been treated .. pottery manufacture. bicycle repairing, blacbmith agricultural labourers. An agricultural labourers ing, tailoring etc. It does ~ot include professions bas DO risk in the cultivation and be has no right. of such as a pleader or doctor or barber or 'dhobi' lease or contract on land on which be works. even if sucb professions are run at home by mem bers of the household • . Housebol4lndustey :
Household Industry is defined as an industry Otber worken : conducted by the head of the household himself/ herself and or by the members of t&e households at bome or within the vi1lage in rural areas and only All workers, i.e. those who have been engaged within the precincts of the house wbere tbe house in some economic activity during the last one year, hold lives in urban areas. The larger proportion who are not cultivators or agricultural labourers of workers in a household industry should consist or in household industry are 'other workers'. The of members of the hnusehold including the head. type of workers that COme under this cat~ry The industry should not be run on the scale of include factory workers, plantation workers, those regis~~d factory which would qualify and has to in trade, commerce, business, transport. mining, be registered under the Indian Factories Act. construction, political or social work,all government servants, municipal employees, teachers, priests, Household Iud ustry relates to production, entertabment artists etc. xvii
ANNEXURE I
MADHYA PRADESH
[ The Scheduled Castes and Sc~eduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976 ) Dated the 18th September, 1976
Seheduted Castes
I AudheJia. 35 Kumhar (In Cbbatarpur. Datia. Panna, Rewa. 1 Bagri, Bagdi. Satna, Shahdol, Sidhi and Tikamgarh districts). 3 ,Bahna, Bahan&. 36 Mahar, Mehra. Mehar. 4 Balahi, Balai. 37 Mang, Mang Garodi, Mang Garudi. Dankhni S Banchada. Mang, Mang Mahasi, Madad, Garudi, Itadhe 6 Barahar. Basod. Mang. 1 Barguuda. 38 Meghwal. 8 Basor. Burud, Bansor. Bansodi, Bansphor. 39 Moghia. Ba.. r. 40 Muskhan. t Dedia., 41 Nat, Kalbelia, Sapera. Navdigar, Kubutar. 10 Beldar, Sunkar. 42 Pardhi ([n Bbind, Dhar, Dewal, Guna, 0". tl Bbangi, Mehtar, Balmik, Lalbegi, Dharkar. Jior. Indore, Jbabua, Khargone, Mandsaur, 11 Bhanumati. Morena, Rajgarh. RatJam, Shajapur. Shivpari 13 Chadar. Ujjain and Vidisha Districts). 14 Chamar, Chamari. Bairwa. Bbambi, latav, 43 Pasi. Mochi, Regar. Nona, Rohida., Ramnami. 44 Rujjhar. Satnami, Surjyabanshi, Surjyaramnami, Ahir 45 Sansi. Sansia. war, Chamar Mangan. Raidas. 46 Silawat. IS Chidar. 47 ZamraJ. 16 Chikwa, Chikvi. 17 Chitar. Scheduled Tribes 18 Dahait, Dahayat, Dahat. 1 Agariya. 19 Dewar. 2 Andh. 20 Dhanuk. 21 Dhed, Dber. 3 Baiga. 22 Dhobi (In Bhopal, Raisen and Sehore 4 Bhaina. districts). 5 Bharia Bhumia, Bhuinhar Bhu.ia, Bhumiya. 23 Dohor. Bharia. Paliha, Pando. 24 Dom. Duroar. Dome. Domar, Doris. 6 Bhattra. 25 Ganda. Gandi. 7 Bhil, Bh Hala. Barela, Patelia. 26 Ghasi, Ghasia. S Bhit Mina. 27 HoJiya. 9 Bhunjia. 28 Kanjar. 10 Biar, Biyar. 29 Katia. Patbaria. 11 Binjhwar. 30 Kbatik. J2 Birhul, Bilbor. 31 Koli. Kori. 13 Damor, Damaria. 32 Kotwal (In Bhind, Dhar, Dewas, Guna, )4 Dhanwar. Gwalior, Indore, Jhabua, Kbaraone,Mandsaur 15 Gadaba. Gadba. Morena, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Shajapur, Shiv. 16 Gond: Arakh, Arrakh, Agaria, Asur. Badi pari, Ujjain. and Vidisha districts). Maria, Bada Maria, Bhatola, Bhimma, Bhuta 33 Khangar, Kanera, Mirdha. Koilabhuta, Koliabhuti, Bhar, Bisonhoro J4 Kucbbandhia. Maria. Chota Maria. Dandami Maria, Dhuru. x.viii
Dhurwa. Dhoba. Dhulia, DorIa. Gaiki. Ga1ta 35 Oraon, Dhanka. Dhangad. Gatti, Oaita, Gond Gowari, Hill Maria, Kan 36 Panika a:, Halm., Takia [In (1) Bastar, Chhindwara. Mandla. 18 Kamar. Raigarh. Seoni and Surgujli districts. (2) Baihar 19 Karku. tahsil of Balaghat district. (3) Betul and 10 Kawar, Kanwar, Kaur.., Cherwa, Rathia, Tan- Bhainsdehi tahsils of Betul district, (4) Bilaspur war, Chattri. and Katghora tahsils of Bilaspur llistrict. 21 Keer ([n Bhopal. Raisen and Sehore districts). (5) Durg and Balod tahsils of Durg district, 22 Khairwar, Kondar. (6) Chowki, Manpur and Mohla Revenue Jnspectors' Circles of Rajnandgaon distrIct. (7) 23 Kbaria." Murwara. Patan and Sihora tabsils of Jabalpur 24 Kondb, Khond. Kandb. district. (8), Hoshangabad and Sohagpur 25 Kol. tahsils of Hosliangabad district and Narsimha 26 Kolam. pur district, (9) Harsud tahsil of' Khandwa distri~t. (10) Bindra-Nawagarh, Dhamtari &'nd 27 Korku. Bopcbi, Mouasi, Nihal. Nahul, Bond hi Mabasam und tahs ils ~ Raipur district. ] Bondeya. 28 Korwa, Kodaku. 41 Parja. 29 Majhi. 42 Sabariya. Saharia, S'eharia, S'ehria, Sosia, Sor. 30 Majhwar. 43 Saonta. Saunta. 31 Mawasi. 44 Sauro 32 Mina (10 Sironlsub-division ofVidisba district) 33 Mund1l. 45 Sawar, Sawara. 34 Nagesia, Nagasin. 46 Sonr. BJSTqB.Y AND SCOPE OF DlSTRJCI' CENSUS HAND,BOOK
Tho HirtOry:'{of the District Census Handbook Thus the ,prn,cnt series of District Census Hand 09uJ~ be ~ fn)JIl ~ Willale liats' brought out book consists of two volumes viz., DCBB Part A for "e,ery di~iet ill 1901 and 'vill~Be Itatistics' for and DCHB Part B. Part A contains the villa,e/TowD .Very district 1911. But this was discontinued Directory and Part B contains the Town/VilIagcwiso 'jb 1921 and ,1931. In 1941. however 'village statis Primarr Census Abstract of the concerned di.Crict. tics· were brought out by then Central Provinces Part A-Village Directory contains information an" ~!~yerDblent •. It-was for tbe first time in about the ~Dle of viUaB~~ total area of village, 19S1,~ pr-_iQC of briDling out a .ingle volume known as tbe District Census Handbook, gi,-ying tot~l population and nWl1b'er of households in the viJlagewise statistics and other census ta bles for villake, amen'jtie.like education, medical, drinkin, the district at the cost of tbe State Government water, post and telegraphs, market day. communi was initiated and is continuing since then. cations. approach to village. distance from tho nearest towo, power supply. staple food, land usc, The District Census Handbook. compiled by places of religious, historiaal and archaeoloaical interest etc. Ill. Cenlul Orlanisation on behalf of the State Government is one of tbe most important publica In addition there are four appendices to tho tioDS of the census and is widely used by planners, Village Directory as undcr- administrators. academicians and researchers. (1) Tahsilwise abstract of educa tional, medical and other amenities. The scope of the District Census Handbook (2) Land utilization data in respect of census has gone considerabJe change since 1951. In 195], towns. the District Census Handbooks contained only the (3) Tahsilwise Jist of villages where no ameni Primary Census Abstract aod the Census tables. ties are available. and In view of tho usefulness of this publication. improvements were made in 1961 by including non (4) Tahsilwise list of villages according to the census data like climate, agriculture, co-operation proportion of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled industry, education, health etc., as also an'lntro Tribes population by ranges. t ductory Note for eacb district. Unfortunately, the The last two appendices have been included for desire to make the district census handbook more the first tim~ in 1981 CensuS. Appendix HI will be comprehensive delayed its publication. Therefore, belpful for planning input in areas/vidages wbere in 1971, it was decided to publish the district cen basic infrastructure is lacking and Appendix IV will JUS handbook in three parts in order to release the be helpful for planning welfare programmes for maximmn data as and when finalised. Part A con Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes at micro level. tained the Village Directory which gives viIlagewise particularly in relation to. area development non-ccnsus statistics of land use, arca and amenities orientation programmes. available within tbe village. Part B contained the vilJagewise Primary Census Abstract and Part C Similarly the Town Directory contains seven contained various administrative statistics. Part A Itatements as below- and B were. however. published in one volum~ since Statement I-Status and growth history. it was economical to do so as data for both the Statement lI-Physical aspects and location parts became available early. Parts A and B were of towns. published separately in Hindi and English versions. Statement Ill-Municipal Finance. Collection of data for Part C was cumbursome and Statement IV-Civic and other amenities· it took unduly Ion a time in its finalisation, and Statement IV-A-Civic and other Amenities in ultimately this pUblication had to be abondoned in Notified Slums. view of the enormous delay in its printing. Statement V-Medical, educational. recreatio In 19&1 census, with a view to avoid delay in nal and cultural facilities. bringing out of DCH series. the part containing Statement VI-Trade. Commerce & Industry and the administrative statistics bas been dropped. Banking. An additional statement IV-A is meant only industrial categories viz, cultivators, agricultural for Class-l and Clau II t~wris giving Hie civic and labourers; household industry and other workers, other amenities in notified slums. This Itatement marginal workers and, non-workers. -has been introduced for the' first time in 1981 census. The inclusion' 'of primary ten~us Abstract relating to the Scbedule(l Castes and Scheduied Part B-The town!villagewise Primary Census Tribes at tbe tahsil/town level is another' imPor Abstract giv{Ss the basic data like arCa of the village, tant feature of the DCHB'series of 1981 ~ensui: ; "' .. occupied residential houses, total number of house holds. population by sex, as also the sexwise popu An appendix contaming Development; Block lation of Scheduled Castel al,ld Scheduled Tribes, wise-'Vikas Kbandwar' totals of PCA figures bas literacy and population by sex into four broad also been included.
SECTION I - VILLAGE DIRECTORY 3
----.....,.------
, """"'J"W 1971 1981 --,_.------,------2 3 4 1 2 3 4 ------I ------
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