Acknowledgements

I would like to take this opportunity to thank the following kind people whose help and support have made the completion of the dissertation possible. First and foremost, I am pleased to express my heartfelt thanks to my supervisor, Professor Qiao Guoqiang. I have studied in the Graduate School of Shanghai International Studies University above three years. During that period Professor Qiao taught me by using his personal examples which have benefited me a lot. I deeply admire his immense knowledge, meticulous attitude, academic rigor and genial personality, all of which have a great effect on my study and research work. His teachings have broadened my academic perspective, enlightened my thinking and enhanced my academic literacy. He accompanied this dissertation in all its drafts and served as an ideal advisor. He gave careful guidance on both the choosing of research subject and the writing process. He not only pointed out the disadvantages and shortcomings in the drafts, but also offered many valuable ideas and suggestions. He encouraged me to fulfill this dissertation. I have special thanks to Professor Li Weiping, Professor Zhang Dingquan, Professor Yu Jianhua and Professor Shi Zhikang in Shanghai International Studies University. They also offered me enlightening lectures and constructive instructions, which have motivated my intellectual growth over the past years. Their profound understanding and love for literature, together with Professor Qiao’s, have deeply encouraged me in my pursuit of literature studies. I extend genuine thanks to my supportive friends. I get friendly and fruitful help and a lot of valuable suggestions from Zhang Jianfeng, Xu Meihua, Sun Ranying, Shi Yanling, Zhang Huaihai and Wu Chunying. I have benefited a lot from many helpful conversations with them. Their friendship, trust and intellectual stimulation have helped me to finish this dissertation in a different way. I am also grateful to my parents and my mother-in-law for their understanding, help and support. Last but not least, I wish to thank my husband Wu Yonggang and my daughter Wu Qiuhui. They have supported me to finish this dissertation in more than one way during these years. 㚠㔝

 Ⳃᔩ

㟈䇶 Ё᭛ᨬ㽕 ...... ĉ 㣅᭛ᨬ㽕 ...... Č 㒾䆎 ...... 1 ㄀ϔ㡖 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ⫳ᑇϢ߯԰ ...... 1 ㄀Ѡ㡖 偀ᢝ咬ᖋⷨお㓐䗄 ...... 7 ㄀ϝ㡖 ⷨおᮍ⊩ǃⷨおⳂⱘঞ䆎᭛ㅔҟ ...... 22 ㄀ϔゴ lj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJЁⱘҎ䰙Ӻ⧚ ...... 28 ㄀ϔ㡖 ℆ᳯП㌃ ...... 29 ㄀Ѡ㡖 ೄ๗Ёⱘᡝᢽ ...... 40 ㄀Ѡゴlj෎䕙ᗼNJЁⱘ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ ...... 55 ㄀ϔ㡖 ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᛣ䆚ⱘ㔎༅ ...... 57 ㄀Ѡ㡖 ಲᔦ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳 ...... 72 ㄀ϝゴlj᠓ᅶNJЁⱘ⇥ᮣӺ⧚ ...... 88 ㄀ϔ㡖 ԰ᆊⱘӺ⧚ೄ๗ ...... 89 ㄀Ѡ㡖 ⇥ᮣ⶯Ⳓⱘ⍜㾷 ...... 99 ㄀ಯゴljϞᏱⱘᘽ䌤NJЁⱘ⫳ᗕӺ⧚ ...... 120 ㄀ϔ㡖 ⫳ᗕॅᴎⱘ䄺⼎ ...... 121 ㄀Ѡ㡖 ⫳ᗕӺ⧚ⱘᵘᓎ ...... 132 㒧䆎 ...... 146 㣅᭛ὖ㽕 ...... 150 খ㗗᭛⤂ ...... 173 䰘ᔩ˖ԃ㒇ᖋg偀ᢝ咬ᖋᑈ㸼 ...... 185   䍋䄋

ᨬ 㽕

⎉ԃ㒇ᖋg偀ᢝ咬ᖋᰃ㕢೑ᔧҷ᳔䞡㽕ⱘ⢍໾԰ᆊПϔˈ݊݋᳝⏅ࠏᗱᛇݙ ⱘ԰ક਌ᓩњϔ໻ᡍ೑ݙ໪䆘䆎ᆊⱘ݇⊼DŽϡ䖛ˈ⦄᳝ⷨお䌘᭭ᰒ⼎ˈ೑ݙ໪䆘 䆎⬠↨䕗䲚Ёഄ䅼䆎偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કЁⱘĀ⢍໾ᗻ䯂乬āǃĀᬓ⊏ǃ⇥ᮣϢ⫳ᄬ䯂乬āǃ Ā㡎ᴃ߯԰䯂乬ā੠Āᅫᬭ䯂乬āㄝㄝˈᇍ݊ᇣ䇈ЁⱘӺ⧚䯂乬᥶䅼ⱘϡ໮DŽ㱑 ✊г᳝ϔѯ䆘䆎ᆊ䆎ঞ䖭Ͼ䯂乬ˈԚᰃҪӀᕔᕔ㗗ᆳ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ⱘ᥶ おˈᇍ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈Ё໡ᴖ໮ḋⱘӺ⧚Џ乬≵᳝㒭ќ䎇໳ⱘ䞡㾚DŽ೼ⷨお偀ᢝ咬 ᖋ԰કⱘϧ㨫Ёˈϧ䮼㗗ᆳ݊ᇣ䇈ЁӺ⧚Џ乬ⱘгᕜᇥDŽᴀ䆎᭛䲚Ё᥶䅼偀ᢝ咬 ᖋⱘ䭓㆛ᇣ䇈lj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJ˄˅ǃlj෎䕙ᗼNJ˄˅ǃlj᠓ᅶNJ˄˅ ˅ЁⱘӺ⧚Џ乬ˈߚᵤ݊ЁⱘӺ⧚ݙ⎉ঞ݊೼ϡৠᯊᳳ੠ljϞᏱⱘᘽ䌤NJ˄ ⱘব࣪ˈҹᣛߎᇣ䇈ᡬᇘⱘӺ⧚ೄ๗੠ᬥ䌢䗨ᕘˈᑊ㮝ℸ㸼⦄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ⏅८ⱘҎ ᭛ЏН㊒⼲DŽ ᴀ䆎᭛ᡞ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈ЁⱘӺ⧚Џ乬ߦߚЎҎ䰙Ӻ⧚ǃ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ǃ⇥ᮣӺ⧚ ੠⫳ᗕӺ⧚ಯ㉏ˈᇍ݊䖯㸠њ䆺㒚ⱘ䆎䗄DŽ佪ܜˈ䆎᭛䅼䆎њ偀ᢝ咬ᖋߎ⠜ⱘ㄀ ϔ䚼䭓㆛ᇣ䇈lj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJˈߚᵤњϾҎЏНӋؐ㾖ᕅડϟⱘ䗑∖ৡ߽ⱘṺ ᛇ੠℆ᳯˈҹঞ⬅ℸѻ⫳ⱘҎ䰙Ѹᕔೄ๗ˈ䇈ᯢ݇⠅Ϣ䋷ӏⱘᡓᢙᰃᓎゟ㡃དҎ 䰙݇㋏ˈᨚ㜅ೄ๗ⱘЏ㽕䗨ᕘDŽ݊⃵ˈ䆎᭛㘮⛺њlj෎䕙ᗼNJˈߚᵤњড⢍ЏН 㚠᱃ϟ⢍໾⇥ᮣ᠔䙁ফⱘ䖿ᆇˈ䯤䞞њ⢍໾Ҏ೼⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᛣ䆚㔎༅䖛⿟Ёⱘೄᚥ Ϣ䗋㣿ˈ䇈ᯢ⢍໾Ҏা᳝ಲᔦ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ˈᢙ䋳䍋ᇍᴀ⇥ᮣⱘ䋷ӏˈᠡ㛑䍄ߎ ᄬೄ๗ˈᅲ⦄ᬥ䌢DŽݡ⃵ˈ䆎᭛ᇍlj᠓ᅶNJ䖯㸠њߚᵤˈ䅼䆎њ⢍໾ⱑҎ԰ᆊ⫳ ੠咥Ҏ԰ᆊ೼݅ৠ⫳⌏੠߯԰䖛⿟Ёⱘ⶯ⳒϢކさˈҹঞ⬅ℸѻ⫳ⱘӺ⧚ೄ๗ˈ ࠄѦ㸹݅ᄬˈህ᳝خ䇈ᯢϡৠ⇥ᮣ೼Ѹᕔ䖛⿟Ёˈা㽕ֱᣕᆑᆍ੠⧚㾷ˈህ㛑໳ ৃ㛑ᅲ⦄⇥ᮣ੠㾷DŽ᳔ৢˈ䆎᭛ߚᵤњ偀ᢝ咬ᖋߎ⠜ⱘ᳔ৢϔ䚼䭓㆛ᇣ䇈ljϞᏱ ⱘᘽ䌤NJˈ᥶䅼њ㰮ᵘЁⱘ⛁ᏺᇣቯ೼⛁Ḍ៬ѝৢⱘ⫳ᗕӺ⧚ᵘᓎ䖛⿟ˈҹঞ䖭 ϔ䖛⿟ЁӺ⧚ೄ๗ⱘ㸼⦄੠ॳ಴ˈ䇈ᯢҎ㉏ᑨ䆹ᡓᢙ⫳ᗕӺ⧚䋷ӏˈ䙉ᕾ⫳ᗕӺ ߭ˈ䖭ḋᠡ㛑⹂ֱ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘ੠䇤থሩDŽ⫣⧛

I ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ᴀ䆎᭛䅸Ўˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䖭ಯ䚼ᇣ䇈᥶䅼ⱘ݅ৠЏ乬ᰃӺ⧚䯂乬ˈᅗӀП䯈ᄬ ೼ݙ೼ⱘǃ㋻ᆚⱘ㘨㋏DŽ೼থ㸼Ѣϡৠᑈҷⱘᇣ䇈Ёˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍӺ⧚݇⊼ⱘջ 䞡⚍᳝᠔ϡৠDŽҪᇍӺ⧚䯂乬ⱘ䅸䆚ࣙ৿ಯϾᮍ䴶ⱘݙᆍ˖ϔᰃ݇⊼⼒Ӯ⫳⌏੠ 㘠ϮথሩЁⱘҎ䰙Ѹᕔೄ๗˗Ѡᰃ᥶䅼⢍໾⇥ᮣ೼ড⢍ЏН㚠᱃ϟ䙁ফⱘ䖿ᆇ੠ ⺼䲒˗ϝᰃ㾷䇏ϡৠ⇥ᮣ᭛࣪থ⫳⶯Ⳓ੠ކさᯊⱘለሀ๗䘛˗᳔ৢᰃߚᵤҎ㉏᭛ ᯢ䖯⿟Ё᠔䴶Јⱘ⫳ᗕॅᴎDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍӺ⧚Џ乬ⱘ䯤䞞㒣ग़њϔϾ⬅⌙ܹ⏅ǃ ሖሖ䗦䖯ⱘথሩব࣪䖛⿟ˈሩ⦄њҪᇍϾԧϢҪ㗙ǃϾԧϢ䲚ԧǃ⇥ᮣϢ⇥ᮣҹ ঞҎ㉏Ϣ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳П䯈Ӻ⧚䯂乬ⱘᗱ㗗DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ᇣ䇈Ё⌕䴆ߎᇍҎ㉏⫳ᄬೄ๗ⱘᖻᗱDŽԚᰃˈሩ⦄Ҏ㉏ⱘ⫳ᄬೄ ๗ᑊϡᰃҪⱘ߯԰ⳂⱘDŽҪᦣݭЏҎ݀䙁䘛ⱘ⮯㢺੠ᡬ⺼ˈ݊ᛣ೒ϡҙҙᰃЎњ ˈℸ᡼ߏ᮴㾚Ӻ⧚㾘㣗ⱘ㸠ЎDŽৠᯊ׳䅽ҎӀ䅸䆚ࠄϪ⬠Ϟ䖬ᄬ೼㢺䲒੠य़䖿ˈᑊ Ҫ᳈ࡴᔎ䇗ೄ๗Ёⱘᬥ䌢DŽгህᰃ䇈ˈҪ≵᳝䅽ᇣ䇈ЁⱘЏҎ݀೼ೄ๗Ё↕♁ˈ 㗠ᰃ䗮䖛ҪӀᴹ᥶䅼䍄ߎೄ๗ǃᘶ໡Ҏᗻǃᅲ⦄ݡ⫳ⱘ䗨ᕘDŽ಴ℸˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ ᇣ䇈ϡҙሩ⦄⼒Ӯ⫳⌏Ёⱘ㢺䲒ˈ㗠Ϩ᳈ࡴ݇⊼ᅲ⦄ᬥ䌢ⱘᮍᓣDŽᅗӀ㗗ᆳⱘᰃ Ҏ㉏ⱘ⫳ᄬೄ๗ҹঞᬥ䌢䖛⿟Ё৘⾡݇㋏ⱘব࣪ˈ㭈৿ⴔ⏅ࠏⱘӺ⧚ݙ⎉DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䅸Ўˈ԰ᆊⱘ߯԰Ⳃⱘᑨ䆹ᰃ䘧ᖋϞⱘˈ᭛ᄺ԰કᑨ䆹ᣛᓩҎӀ䍄 ৥ℷ⹂ⱘᮍ৥DŽҪЏᓴˈҎ㽕䖛ϔ⾡䘧ᖋⱘ੠Ҏ䘧ЏНⱘ⫳⌏ˈ᮴䆎໘Ѣᗢḋⱘ ೄ๗ПЁ䛑ᖙ乏ࡾ࡯മᣕϟএˈᅲ⦄ᬥ䌢DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘЏҎ݀䛑೼ᇏ∖㾷އĀҎ ᑨ䆹ᗢḋ⫳⌏āⱘ䯂乬DŽҪӀг䆌ϡᅠ㕢ˈ೼ᶤѯᮍ䴶䖬᳝㔎䱋ˈ೼⼒Ӯ⫳⌏Ё гᐌᐌ䱋ܹᖗ⧚੠ᚙᛳⱘೄ๗DŽԚᰃˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᑊ≵᳝䅽ҪӀഴܹ㒱ᳯⱘ⏅⏞ˈ ेՓ೼ߎ⦄໻ሴᴔǃ⇥ᮣ䯈থ⫳⶯Ⳓ੠ކさǃ⫮㟇Ҏ㉏䴶Ј↕♁ㄝᘤᗪഎ᱃Ёˈ ⒵ֵᖗDŽ偀ᢝܙҪԐТҡ✊Ⳍֵˈᑨ䆹䅽㞾ᏅⱘЏҎ݀ᣕ᳝മᅮⱘֵӄˈᇍ᳾ᴹ 咬ᖋ೼ᇣ䇈Ё㸼䖒њᇍ⫳⌏ǃᇍҎ㉏ⱘֵӄDŽҢ䖭ϾᛣНϞ䇈ˈҪⱘ԰ક䍙䍞њ ᮣ੠ᯊぎⱘ⬠䰤ˈ݋᳝᱂䘡ⱘӋؐ੠ᛣНDŽ⇥ ᴀ䆎᭛ⱘⷨおⳂⱘᮼ೼ᠽሩ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⷨおⱘ乚ඳDŽ೼ᇍ೑ݙ໪偀ᢝ咬ᖋⷨお ៤ᵰ䖯㸠ẇ⧚੠ߚᵤⱘ෎⸔Ϟˈᴀ䆎᭛ᇚ㒧ড়ᅣ㾖ⱘӺ⧚ᡍ䆘ⱘ㾚㾦੠ᖂ㾖ⱘ᭛ ᴀ㒚䇏ⱘᮍ⊩ˈ਌㒇Ⳍ݇ⱘ᭛ᄺ੠᭛࣪⧚䆎ҹঞ݊Ҫᄺ㗙ⱘ㾖⚍ˈⴔ䞡ߚᵤ᭛ᴀ ЁЏҎ݀䴶ЈⱘӺ⧚ೄ๗ˈ᥶䅼ҪӀ䍄ߎॅᴎǃᅲ⦄ᬥ䌢ⱘ䗨ᕘˈҢ㗠ሩ⦄偀ᢝ 咬ᖋᇣ䇈㭈㮣ⱘӺ⧚ᗱᛇˈҹঞ䖭⾡Ӻ⧚ᗱᛇᇍ㕢೑ᔧҞ⼒Ӯǃ⫮㟇ܼҎ㉏ⱘਃ

II 䍋䄋

⼎੠ᣛᓩ԰⫼DŽᇍ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈ⱘӺ⧚Џ乬䖯㸠᥶䅼ˈৃҹЎⷨお偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰ક ᦤկϔϾᮄⱘ㾚㾦DŽ

 ݇䬂䆡˖ԃ㒇ᖋg偀ᢝ咬ᖋ˗Ӻ⧚˗ೄ๗˗ᬥ䌢˗lj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJ˗lj෎䕙ᗼNJ˗ lj᠓ᅶNJ˗ljϞᏱⱘᘽ䌤NJ 

III ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

Abstract

Bernard Malamud is regarded as one of the most important American Jewish writers of the age. His works, with their profound connotation, have attracted the attention of a large number of critics from both abroad and at home. However, so far, most critics focus on “Jewishness ”, “the problem of politics, ethnics and survival”, “the art creation”, “the religious issues”, etc. in his novels, while putting less attention to the ethical issue. Although some critics have discussed the ethical problem, they tend to explore only Jewish ethics, ignoring the complex theme of ethics in his fiction. Among the scholarly books about Malamud’s works, there are fewer which focus on the theme of ethics. In this dissertation, the present author will explore the theme of ethics in The Natural (1952), The Fixer (1966), The Tenants (1971) and God’s Grace (1982). The author’s purpose is to express the ethical dilemma and the ways to salvation by examining the ethical connotation and the differences in various novels, and thus to indicate Malamud’s profound spirit of humanism. The author of the dissertation intends to consider the theme ethics in Malamud’s fiction in terms of interpersonal ethics, Jewish ethics, ethnic ethics and ecological ethics. Firstly, the author focuses on Malamud’s first novel The Natural to demonstrate the dreams and desires for fame and fortune under the values of individualism, and the resulting interpersonal ethical dilemma. The author is to point out love and responsibility is the way to establish harmonious interpersonal relationship and to be out of dilemma. Secondly, the author explores The Fixer to illustrate the persecution of Jews under the circumstance of anti-Semitism, and the dilemma of the Jews because of the lack of Jewish ethical awareness. The author is to point out that the way to be out of dilemma and to achieve salvation is through the return to the tradition of Jewish ethics and the bearing of responsibility for the Jewish people. Thirdly, the author analyzes The Tenants to manifest the contradiction and conflict between two writers of different ethnic groups and the incurring dilemma.

IV Abstract

The author is to point out that only tolerance and understanding can help realize the coexistence of different peoples. Fourthly, the author examines Malamud’s last novel God’s Grace to indicate the construction of ecology in a fictional tropical island after thermonuclear war and the causes of ecological dilemma in the process. The author is to point out that humans should bear ecological responsibility and follow ecological rules so as to guarantee the harmonious development of the ecosystem. From the above analysis, we discover that there has been a common theme of ethics in Malamud’s novels. These novels are intrinsically and closely linked because of this consistent thread of ethics. Malamud focuses on different ethical issues in novels published in different ages. His understanding of the ethical problems includes four aspects: the plight of interpersonal communication in social life and career; the persecution and suffering of the Jews caused by anti-Semitism; the contradictions and conflicts during the intercourse between different peoples; and the ethically ecological crisis in the process of human civilization. Malamud’s interpretation of the theme of ethics has experienced a progressive process, showing his understanding of the relation between individual and others, between individual and the collective, between different ethnic groups as well as between human and ecosystem. Malamud reveals his worries about human dilemma in his novels. But his purpose is not to show the plight in human survival. He is not just to make people realize that there is suffering and oppression in the world and criticize the act of ignoring ethical principles. He puts more emphasis on salvation at the same time. That is to say, he does not let his protagonists be ruined by the difficult situation, but to explore the way to be out of difficulty, restore humanity, and regain regeneration. Therefore, the ethics in Malamud’s novels concerns itself with the changes of various relations during the process of dilemma and salvation. It not only shows suffering in the social life, but also pays more attention to the way of salvation. Malamud believes that writers should concern themselves with morality and literary works should give people right directions. He deems it necessary to make people live a moral and humanitarian life. Even in the plight they should hold on to realize salvation. Malamud’s protagonists try to find a solution to the problem of

V ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

“how people should live”. They are not perfect, or may be flawed in some aspects, and often run into psychological and emotional trouble. But they are not in the depth of despair. Even if when there is horrible tableau, such as Holocaust, or conflict between different ethnic groups, or even mass extinction, he still seems to believe his protagonists should hold firm belief and have confidence in the future. Transcending time and space, Malamud’s fiction is of universal significance and value. The author of this dissertation is to extend the research area of Malamud’s fiction. Having studied domestic and foreign research work about Malamud’s fiction, the author combines the macro method of ethical criticism with micro study of analyzing the text, making full use of relevant literary and cultural studies, and other scholars’ ideas. The author focuses on the analysis of the protagonists’ ethical dilemma, explores the way to be out of crisis to reveal the ethical ideas in the fiction, and the guidance of these ideas to the American and humankind. The analysis of the ethics in Malamud’s fiction provides a new perspective in perceiving Malamud’s works in China.

Key Words: Bernard Malamud; ethics; dilemma; salvation; The Natural; The Fixer; The Tenants; God’s Grace



VI 㿘㔼

㒾 䆎

 ԃ㒇ᖋg偀ᢝ咬ᖋ Bernard Malamudˈ1914—1986 ᰃ᳔䞡㽕ⱘᔧҷ㕢೑⢍ ໾԰ᆊПϔDŽ㕢೑᭛ᄺ䆘䆎ᆊᵄᓫ䞠g⍋ᇨ⡍᳐᳒㒣ᣛߎˈĀ㱑✊偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ⶹ ᗻᮍ䴶↨ϡϞ㋶ᇨg䋱࿘⍝ঞ㣗ೈᑓ⊯ˈ೼䇁㿔᭛ᄫՓ⫼ᮍ䴶↨ϡϞ㧆߽᱂g㔫 ᮃߎ㡆ࡼҎˈৃᰃ೼䘧ᖋⱘሩᳯϢ᝻កϞˈҪ䖒ࠄⱘ⏅ᑺ䖰ϡᰃ݊Ҫ⢍໾԰ᆊ᠔ 㛑ӕঞⱘDŽā˄Helterman1978ˈ291˅೼⍋ᇨ⡍᳐ⳟᴹˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼԰કЁҹ݊ ⣀⡍ⱘ㸼⦄ᮍᓣˈ䆝䇈њҎ㉏䘧ᖋ⫳⌏ⱘᮍᮍ䴶䴶DŽҪ䅸Ўˈ䆘䆎ᆊӀⳟད偀ᢝ 咬ᖋˈህᰃ಴ЎҪ᠔䗝⫼ⱘ乬ᴤ੠݊ሩ⦄ⱘЏ乬DŽᑨ䆹䇈ˈ⍋ᇨ⡍᳐ⱘ䆘䆎ᰃ䴲 ⹂ⱘDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼䭓䖒ϝक໮ᑈⱘ߯԰ग़⿟Ёˈⱘ⹂೼᭛ᴀݙᅠ㕢ഄ㸼䖒њޚᐌ 㞾Ꮕ߿݋ϔḐⱘӺ⧚䘧ᖋ㾖DŽ䗑ḍ⒃⑤ˈ䖭⾡Ӻ⧚䘧ᖋ㾖ⱘᔶ៤ˈϢ݊៤䭓੠⫳ ⌏ⱘ㒣ग़᳝ⴔᆚߛⱘ݇㘨DŽ  

㄀ϔ㡖 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ⫳ᑇϢ߯԰

 ᑈ᳜᮹ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋߎ⫳೼㕢೑㒑㑺ᏖᏗ剕ܟᵫऎⱘϔϾ⢍໾⿏⇥ ᮃg偀ᢝ咬ᖋ੠↡҆ԃ㥢g㧆ᖋᇨ᳐䛑ᰃ֘೑⢍໾Ҏˈ Ϫ㑾ܟᆊᒁDŽ⠊҆偀 ߱⿏⇥ࠄ㕢೑DŽҪⱘ⠊↡㒧ီৢ䴴ᓔᴖ䋻ᑫ㓈ᣕ⫳⌏ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋスᑈ੠ᇥᑈⱘ 䆌໮ᯊܝ䛑ᰃ೼ᆊ䞠䖭Ͼᴖ䋻ᑫⱘᶰৄৢ䴶ᑺ䖛ⱘDŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ⠊҆ᰃϔԡ݌ൟⱘ⢍໾Ҏˈࢸࢸᙇᙇˈࡾ࡯ࢇࡼݏᆊDŽĀҪдᛃ ڣ໽⏙᰼݁⚍䍋ᑞˈϔ਼Ꮉ԰ϗ໽ˈϔⳈᎹ԰ࠄᰮϞक⚍ǃ⫮㟇कϔ⚍DŽ䖭ད↣

ߎᷛ⊼ⱘˈᴀ䆎᭛᠔⍝ঞⱘ㣅᭛᭛⤂Ёⱘᓩ⫼䚼ߚഛЎ԰㗙᠔䆥DŽخ䰸њ 1 2 19 Ϫ㑾᳿ 20 Ϫ㑾߱ˈ໻䞣ⱘϰ⃻⢍໾⿏⇥⍠ܹ㕢೑ˈ݊Ё໻໮᭄Ҏሙԣ೼㒑㑺ᏖⱘᏗᳫ ܟᮃ(Bronx)੠Ꮧ剕ܟᵫ(Brooklyn)ϸϾऎDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ⠊↡г䱣ⴔ䖭㙵⿏⇥໻╂ᴹࠄњ㕢 ೑ˈሙԣ೼Ꮧ剕ܟᵫDŽ

1 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ᰃҪдᛃⱘϔ⾡⫳⌏ᮍᓣˈҪᭀ䞡䖭⾡⫳⌏DŽā˄Davis12˅Ҫሑㅵ≵᳝䲘ᖗᢅ䋳ˈ Ԛᰃгᡓᢙ䍋԰ЎϜ໿੠⠊҆ⱘ䋷ӏˈ㱑✊᳝ᯊ᳝ѯ೎ᠻˈԚᇍᆊҎᕜདDŽ偀ᢝ ↡⠊䆌໮⢍໾Ҏϔḋˈᇍᄽᄤᆠ᳝⠅ᖗDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᳒㒣ᣛߎˈҪⱘڣ↡⠊咬ᖋⱘ ⠅㞾Ꮕⱘᄽᄤˈ䖭ᇍҪⱘ߯԰࡯ᰃᵕ໻ⱘ哧㟲DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋҢᇣህᆠ᳝ᛇ䈵࡯DŽҪ ୰⃶㓪ϔѯᇣᬙџˈ䆆㒭ৠᄺ਀ˈ៪㗙ݭϟᴹDŽҪ䖬᪙䭓ЎᇣӭԈ⫳ࡼഄ໡䗄೼ ᛇ䈵࡯ˈ䆆ᕫ᳈༌ᓴǃ᳈⫳ࡼDŽҪ䗮䖛䆆ᬙ׳ᕅЁⳟࠄⱘᬙџᚙ㡖ˈ᳝ᯊг߁⬉ џⱘᮍᓣˈ㸼䖒㞾ᏅᇍҎ⫳੠Ϫ⬠ⱘᛳফˈг಴ℸᕫࠄњ໻ᆊⱘ݇⊼੠䌲㕢DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋϔᆊྟ㒜䖛ⴔᣂ᥂ⱘ⫳⌏ˈԚᰃҪⱘ⠊҆ै㸼⦄ߎ⢍໾Ҏ᠔⡍᳝ⱘ ୘㡃ᴀ䋼DŽҪᕜᆍᯧ㹿ᛳࡼˈᘏᰃ৥⫳⮙ⱘҎ੠䘛ࠄ咏⚺ⱘҎԌߎᧈࡽП᠟DŽҪ ϔⳈ䌘ࡽϔϾ䋿ೄⱘएᄺ䰶ᄺ⫳ˈ⫮㟇䖬ᐂࡽҪᅲ⦄њ៤Ўए⫳ⱘṺᛇDŽҪЎҪ ߎ䪅Ҭ᠓⾳ˈф䙷ѯᯖ䌉ⱘᬭ⾥кDŽᔧҪ↩ϮᯊˈणࡽҪᓔњϔᆊ䆞᠔DŽ೼偀ᢝ 咬ᖋⱘ䆄ᖚ䞠ˈ⠊҆ЎҎ੠㬐ǃ୘㡃ǃؐᕫֵӏ੠ձ䴴DŽҪফ⠊҆ⱘᕅડˈ೼݊ ҷ㸼԰䭓㆛ᇣ䇈ljᑫਬNJ˄The Assistant, 1957˅ЁህĀࠏ⬏њҪᖗⳂЁᔧҷ㕢೑ ⢍໾Ҏⱘ݌㣗˖㥿䞠ᮃg剡ࢗā˄Ш೑ᔎˈ˅DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼⢍໾⇯ೈ⌧८ⱘᆊᒁ䞠䭓໻ˈ⢍໾᭛࣪Ӵ㒳ᇍҪѻ⫳њ┰⿏咬࣪ ੠⏅䖰ᣕЙⱘᕅડDŽҪⱘ᳟টಲᖚ䘧ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᳒㒣䇈䍋ˈҪᆊ䞠Ҏা䆆ᛣ㄀㒾 䇁ˈҪϞᑐܓುৢᠡᓔྟՓ⫼㣅䇁DŽҪⱘ⠊↡া䯙䇏⢍໾᡹㒌lj↣᮹ࠡ䖯᡹NJ The Daily Forward DŽ೼ᑚ⼱⢍໾㡖᮹ᯊˈҪӀܼᆊҎ᳝ᯊ׭Ӯএ᳐જ乓ⱘ࠻䰶 㾖ⳟ㙪⋯ྚg䰓㦅䌿ྚㄝ⢍໾࠻԰ᆊⱘ԰કˈ䖭ḋҪህ↨䕗ᮽഄ᥹㾺њӴ㒳ⱘ ⢍໾᭛ᄺDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᳒㒣䎳䱣ϔԡ⢍໾ᇣᄺᬭᏜᄺдᏠԃᴹ᭛DŽ ቕᯊˈҪⱘ ᣝ✻⢍໾Ӵ㒳ⱘд֫ˈ೼ᆊ䞠ЎҪВ㸠њ៤Ҏ⼐DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ⠊↡ᦤկ৘҆⠊ ⾡ᴎӮ䅽Ҫ᥹㾺ℷ㒳ⱘ⢍໾᭛࣪ˈৠᯊˈҪӀ᠔⊼䞡ⱘ⢍໾Ӻ⧚䘧ᖋ㾖ᗉˈᇍ偀

1 ⢍໾Ҏⱘ෎ᴀ䇁㿔ᰃᏠԃᴹ䇁DŽ݀ܗ 10 Ϫ㑾ˈ໻䞣⢍໾Ҏ⫳⌏೼㦅㤉ഄऎDŽҪӀϔᮍ䴶 ⱘкݭдᛃˈ঺ϔᮍ䴶гᄺд੠Փ⫼ᖋ䇁ˈ䗤⏤থሩ៤њ⦄Ҟⱘᛣ㄀㒾䇁DŽᛣ㄀ܜ⼪㺁⊓ 㒾䇁ሲѢ᮹㘇᳐䇁ᮣˈܼ⧗໻㑺᳝ϝⱒϛҎ೼Փ⫼DŽᛣ㄀㒾䇁ⱘ䇁㿔෎⸔ᰃᖋ೑Ё䚼催ഄ ᮍ㿔ˈৢᴹ䗤⏤਌㒇ӫ໮⃻⌆䇁㿔ⱘ៤ߚDŽ 2 㙪⋯ྚg䰓㦅䌿ྚ(Shalom Aleichemˈ1859—1916)ॳৡ㙪⋯ྚ·䇎㚵㥿㓈༛·ᢝ↨䇎㓈༛DŽ Ҫ 1859 ᑈߎ⫳ѢРܟ݄ⱘϔϾ䋿かⱘ⢍໾ᆊᒁˈᰃ᳔ফ⠅᠈ⱘ⢍໾԰ᆊ੠ᑑ咬໻ᏜDŽ 3 ៤Ҏ⼐ᰃ⢍໾⬋ᄤ 13 ਼ቕᯊВ㸠ⱘϔϾᑚ݌⌏ࡼˈᰃ⢍໾ᬭЁϔϾ䴲ᐌ䞡㽕ⱘҾᓣDŽϔ ⢍㠀ᅝᥦ೼ᅝᙃ᮹˄⢍໾ᬭⱘᅝᙃ᮹ᰃҢ↣਼᯳ᳳѨ١ᰮࠄ㄀Ѡ໽ᰮϞ᳔᯳᯳҂ⱘᯊࠏDŽ ℶϔذϞᏱ೼߯Ϫⱘ㄀ϗ໽ӥᙃϔḋˈҪӀ೼䖭ϔ໽гڣ໾ᬭᕦᡞ䖭ᔧ԰ᅠᭈⱘϔ໽DŽህ ߛᎹ԰ˈདདഄӥᙃDŽ˅В㸠ˈ⬅ᢝ↨䖯㸠⡍߿Ꮧ䘧ˈ✊ৢফ⼐ҎⱏϞ䇉㒣യˈ⫼Ꮰԃᴹ 䇁䇉䇏ljᏠԃᴹ೷㒣NJˈথ㸼䆆ⓨ੠䁧㿔DŽ᠔᳝ⱘ᳟҆དট䛑Ӯ㹿䙔䇋খࡴˈҾᓣৢ䖬㽕 䆒ᆈℒᕙDŽҪӀ৥ফ⼐Ҏ䌴䗕⼐⠽ˈ⠊҆߭Ӯ䌴䗕⢍໾⼜⽋᡿ᏒDŽ

2 㿘㔼

ᢝ咬ᖋ߯԰㾖ⱘᔶ៤гথ᣹њ㟇݇䞡㽕ⱘ԰⫼DŽℷབ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᴀҎ᳒㒣᠔䇈˖ĀҪ Ӏ˄⠊↡˅ⱘϪ⬠ᬭӮ៥ҪӀⱘӋؐ㾖DŽĂĂ䙷ᰃҹҎЎᴀⱘϪ⬠ˈⳟ䞡ⱘᰃЎ ˅⒵њҎᗻⱘ⫰㕢ᛳ㾝DŽā˄Lask 43ܙҎⱘક䋼DŽᔧ៥ᛇ䍋⠊҆ⱘᯊ׭ˈ៥ⱘᖗ䞠ህ 䰸ℸП໪ˈҪᡓ䅸㞾Ꮕᇍ⢍໾ग़৆੠᭛࣪ⱘњ㾷ˈ䖬ᴹ㞾㒑㑺ⱘ⢍໾⿏⇥˖䙷ѯ ᴹҪᆊതതǃ㘞໽ⱘᅶҎ˗៪㗙䙷ѯᴹҪ⠊҆ᑫ䞠ܰଂଚકǃ䯆㘞ⱘଚ䋽˗䖬᳝ Ҫ೼㸫Ϟ੠Ь⬉䔺ᯊⳟࠄⱘ䏃ҎDŽ ԰Ў೼⢍໾Ӵ㒳Ё⍌⍺៤䭓ᑊϨপᕫ៤ࡳⱘ԰ᆊˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼᭛ᄺ߯԰Ё㸼 䖒њ㞾Ꮕᇍ⢍໾⇥ᮣ᭛࣪ⱘ⧚㾷DŽ⢍໾Ҏⱘᚆᚼ๗䘛ˈᇸ݊ᰃ㄀Ѡ⃵Ϫ⬠໻៬Ё ⱘĀ໻ሴᴔāџӊ䅽Ҫᛳࠄ䳛᚞ˈҪᓔྟ䪏ⷨ⢍໾⇥ᮣⱘग़৆੠᭛࣪DŽҪࠄ䖛ᛣ ໻߽㔫偀ⱘĀ䱨䛑āˈᢰ䆓䖛䙁ফ㒇㊍䖿ᆇⱘᛣ໻߽⢍໾ҎDŽПৢˈҪ䅸ⳳഄ ডᗱ⢍໾⇥ᮣⱘੑ䖤DŽҪ䇈˖Ā䲚ᴗЏНⱘ݈䍋ǃ㄀Ѡ⃵Ϫ⬠໻៬ⱘ⟚থǃ⃻⌆ ⢍໾Ҏⱘ໘๗ˈ䖭ѯ䅽៥ᓔྟ㗗㰥԰Ў԰ᆊ៥ᑨ䆹䇈ѯҔМDŽā˄Benedict 34˅偀 ᢝ咬ᖋᇍ⢍໾⇥ᮣग़৆ⱘⳳᅲᛳফህᰃ೼䙷ᯊᔶ៤ⱘDŽгህᰃ䇈ˈ⢍໾⇥ᮣⱘ㢺 䲒ੑ䖤ᇍҪ᮹ৢⱘ߯԰ѻ⫳њ䞡㽕ᕅડDŽℷ಴Ў偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍ⢍໾⇥ᮣᗔ᳝䖭⾡⏅ ८ⱘᛳᚙˈ⢍໾಴㋴ᠡӮ೼Ҫⱘ԰કЁ⬭ϟॄ䗍ˈҪ԰કЁⱘ⢍໾ᗻᠡӮ䖭Мߌ ⇥໾ЏҎ݀ⱘ㒣ग़ˈ㸼䖒њ㞾Ꮕᇍ⢍໾⢍׳DŽҪ೼ৢᳳ߯԰ⱘᇣ䇈Ёˈ᳈ᰃ߁⦃ ᮣǃϪ⬠ሔ࢓ǃ⫮㟇ᭈϾҎ㉏ੑ䖤ⱘ݇⊼DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ᭛ᄺ߯԰гফࠄ݊Ҫ⢍໾԰ᆊⱘᕅડDŽℷབ㽓ᖋሐg䞠༛᳐᠔䇈˖ Ϫ㑾ᛣ㄀㒾⇥䯈᭛ Ā೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᳔ߎ㡆ⱘⷁ㆛԰ક੠ᇣ䇈ЁˈҪϡҙݡ⦄њ 䖭ѯ԰ᆊϔḋˈ䗮䖛㞾ڣᄺ⦄ᅲЏН໻ᏜӀヨϟᖻ䚕ⱘǃ伹␈ⱘϪ⬠˗㗠ϨҪг Ꮕ⣀⡍ⱘ࡯䞣ˈ䅽԰કܙ⑶ⴔ㊒⼲Ϟⱘਃ⼎DŽā Richman1966ˈ26 ៥Ӏ᳝ܙ䎇 ⱘ⧚⬅ৃҹ䅸Ўˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ߯԰೼ᶤѯᮍ䴶⹂ᅲሲѢ⢍໾᭛ᄺӴ㒳DŽ㨫ৡⱘ㕢 ೑⢍໾԰ᆊ㡒㧼ܟgᏈҔ㓈ᮃg䕯Ḑ᳒㒣ᣛߎˈ⢍໾԰ᆊⱘ԰ક݋᳝ϸϾ⡍⚍˖ ϔᰃĀ⼒ӮⱘāˈѠᰃĀᛳӸⱘā Singer32 DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⳳℷഄҢҪӀ䙷䞠ᡓ 㺁њĀ⼒Ӯᗻā੠ĀᛳӸᗻāⱘ⡍⚍DŽҪⱘ԰કϡҙ䗮䖛ಲᖚⱘᮍᓣᦣݭ㞾Ꮕ᳔ Ҫ݊ڣᙝⱘ⢍໾⫳⌏ˈ೼Џ乬੠ݙᆍϞ໻໮Ϣ⢍໾⇥ᮣⱘ㢺䲒Ⳍ݇ˈ㗠ϨҪг❲ ⢍໾԰ᆊϔḋˈ೼԰કЁࠏ⬏ᔧҞϪ⬠⢍໾Ҏ䑿Ϟߎ⦄ⱘҸҎ䳛᚞ⱘᬍবˈࠪᵤ

1  ᑈˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᨎᆊҎࠡᕔᛣ໻߽DŽҪӀϔᆊҎ೼㔫偀⫳⌏њᇚ䖥ϔᑈDŽ೼ℸᳳ䯈ˈ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋϡҙ␌䘡সජⱘग़৆᭛࣪䘫䗍ˈ䖬㒣ᐌࠄජ䞠ⱘĀ䱨䛑ā䖯㸠ᅲഄ㗗ᆳDŽҪ䆓䯂 䖛䙁ফ㒇㊍䖿ᆇⱘᛣ໻߽⢍໾Ҏˈгখ㾖䖛㒇㊍ሴᴔᛣ໻߽Ҏ੠⢍໾Ҏⱘ䰓ᇨ᠈䰓㩖㒇๧ え˄Malamud 1996, ˅DŽ

3 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ҪӀᆊᒁ੠⼒Ӯ⫳⌏থ⫳ⱘব࣪DŽ䰸ℸП໪ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䖬ᡓ䅸ˈҪⱘ߯԰ফࠄव ໿वⱘᕅડDŽҪ䇈˖Ā˄व໿व˅ݭᕫདDŽҪᛳࡼњ៥DŽҪՓᕫ៥ᛇ㽕߯԰ߎད Solotaroff148 Ҫ੠व໿वৠḋ䛑ᡦݭϢ⢍໾᭛࣪㋻ ⱘ԰કˈᛳࡼ៥ⱘ䇏㗙DŽā ⼲ᆚⳌ䖲ⱘϸ໻Џ乬ˈ䙷ህᰃ⫳⌏ⱘĀ㢺䲒ā੠Ā⼲⾬āDŽҪӀ䛑⹂ֵˈ೼䖭Ͼ ⾬㥿⌟ⱘϪ⬠䞠ˈଃ᳝Ā݇⠅ā੠Ā䋷ӏā㛑໳䅽Ҏ㉏䍄ߎೄ๗ˈ㒻㓁⫳ᄬϟএDŽ ⢍໾԰ᆊᇍ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘᕅડ䖬ԧ⦄೼߯԰ᡔᎻϞDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䙉ᕾӴ㒳⢍໾԰ ᆊⱘ߯԰ᮍᓣ䖯㸠ݭ԰DŽĀབᵰᗑ⬹ᯊ䯈੠ഄ⚍ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કⱘ୰࠻῵ᓣϢ㙪 ⋯ྚg䰓㦅䌿ྚⱘþ⌕ѵ୰࠻ÿሲѢৠϔ㉏߿DŽā Richman1966ˈ26 ҪӀ೼໘ ⧚⦄ᅲ⫳⌏Ёⱘ㢺䲒䯂乬ᯊˈ䛑䞛⫼Ф㾖ⱘᗕᑺএ䴶ᇍDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કЁⱘЏҎ ÿҎ⠽ⱘ⡍⚍DŽҪӀⱘ᮴ࡽ੠ৃᗰˈ䅽䇏㗙⪯ڏг㸼⦄ߎ⢍໾⇥䯈ᬙџЁþˈ݀ ᛇ䍋⢍໾Ҏ೼ग़৆Ϟⱘለሀ໘๗DŽᰒ✊ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ԰ક೼߯԰ᡔᎻϞϢ⢍໾ ᭛ᄺӴ㒳ᄬ೼ⳌԐП໘ˈ㗠ϨҪ䖬ᔶ៤њ㞾Ꮕ⣀⡍ⱘ᭛亢ˈे㵡⼲䆱੠⦄ᅲѢϔ ԧˈ㹿䆘䆎ᆊ⿄ЎĀᡦᚙ⦄ᅲЏНāDŽ⃻᭛g䈾೼䇜ࠄ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ߯԰ᯊ᳒㒣䇈˖ Ā೼ҪⱘӬ⾔ᇣ䇈Ёˈϔ⾡ϡᆍᗔ⭥ⱘǃᔎ⚜ⱘৠᚙˈेϔ⾡⒥】ᑑ咬ⱘ⡍ᗻˈ ˅ϔԡᵄߎᛣ㄀㒾԰ᆊⱘৢ㒻㗙DŽā˄䈾ڣ䖰㚰Ѣー᢭ⱘ⠅ⱘ㸼⼎ˈՓҪⳟ䍋ᴹ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼߯԰Ё㵡ܹњ⢍໾᭛࣪੠᭛ᄺӴ㒳ˈ㸼䖒њ⌧८ⱘ⢍໾⇥ᮣᚙᛳDŽ ˈᑨ䆹ᡓ䅸ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᰃ᳔དⱘ⢍໾԰ᆊПϔDŽҪ೼߯԰Ёݡ⦄⠊䕜ⱘग़৆ ሩ⼎⢍໾ЏҎ݀ⱘ㒣偠ग़⿟ˈࠏᛣさߎ݊Ё⢍໾᭛࣪಴ᄤDŽҪ೼᱂ঞ⢍໾ᗻᮍ䴶ˈ ᕫ᳈དϔѯDŽ⢍໾᭛࣪ǃग़৆੠ᅫᬭㄝ㽕㋴Ϣ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ᭛ᄺخҪ⢍໾԰ᆊ݊↨ ߯԰ᄬ೼ᆚߛⱘ݇㘨ˈ䖭ѯᇍѢ⧚㾷Ҫⱘ߯԰ᗱᛇ੠԰કⱘݙᆍ㟇݇䞡㽕DŽ ԰Ў೼㕢೑䭓໻ⱘ⢍໾⿏⇥ⱘৢҷˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘҎ⫳㒣ग़гᰃҪ䗤ℹ㕢೑࣪ ⱘ䖛⿟DŽгህᰃ䇈ˈҪϔᮍ䴶Ң⢍໾᭛࣪੠᭛ᄺӴ㒳Ё㦋পЄᆠⱘ⒟ݏˈ঺ϔᮍ ⇥⿏䴶ˈ㕢೑ⱘ᭛࣪Ӌؐ㾖ᗉ੠᭛ᄺ᭛࣪Ӵ㒳ᰒ✊гᇍҪѻ⫳њᕅડDŽ㱑✊⢍໾ ໻໮ֱᣕ㞾Ꮕ⇥ᮣⱘӴ㒳ˈԚᰃҪӀг᮴⊩ᢉᡫᴹ㞾ᄺ᷵ǃ㸫䘧ㄝㄝᓖᬭϪ⬠ⱘ DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋህ᥹ফњ㕢೑ᬭ㚆ⱘ⍌⍺DŽ⢍໾ޚ⏫䗣ˈҢ㗠䗤⏤᥹ফ໪ᴹⱘӋؐᷛ Ҏϔ৥⊼䞡ᬭ㚆ˈĀ೼⢍໾ҎЁ䯈ˈᄺ䯂᳔ফᇞዛˈ䍙Тϔߛüüᄺ䯂ϡᰃþ㒃

1 ᓫ݄ݍgव໿व˄Franz Kafkaˈ˅ᰃ㨫ৡⱘ༹ഄ߽ᇣ䇈ᆊDŽҪߎ⫳Ѣ⢍໾ଚҎ ᆊᒁDŽ Ϣℸᔶ៤њ剰ᯢⱘᇍ↨DŽ೼ैމ2㱑✊⢍໾Ҏ⹂ֵ㞾ᏅĀϞᏱ䗝⇥āⱘ䑿ӑˈԚᰃ⦄ᅲⱘᚙ ᮹ᐌ⫳⌏ЁˈҪӀᐌᐌ䙁ফᨚᏗ੠ℎय़DŽᅲ䰙Ϟˈ䖭⾡⶯Ⳓᖗ⧚гড᯴њ⢍໾Ҏᇍ㞾Ꮕ⇥ ᮣⱘⳟ⊩DŽ

4 㿘㔼

㊍ⱘÿ⌏ࡼˈϡᰃⶹ䆚ߚᄤⱘ⍜䘷ˈ㗠ᰃϢϞᏱ≳䗮ⱘ䏃ᕘˈ᳝ᯊ߭ᰃ⾏㒣য䘧 ⱘ䗨ᕘDŽϔϾҎⱘৡᳯǃᴗ࿕ঞഄԡ೼ᕜ໻⿟ᑺϞপއѢҪⱘᄺ䆚DŽā 䈾  偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ⠊↡гᰃབℸˈሑㅵᆊ๗䋿ᆦˈԚᰃҪӀሑ䞣䅽ᄽᄤফࠄ᳈໮ǃ᳈ད ⱘᬭ㚆DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋП᠔ҹ㛑೼᭛ᄺ߯԰Ϟপᕫ䕝✠ⱘ៤ህˈܼ㽕ᔦࡳѢ㒑㑺ᅠ㕢ⱘܡ 䌍݀݅ᬭ㚆ԧ㋏DŽҪ䇏ᇣᄺᯊˈህᓔྟ䖯㸠䯙䇏ˈ⍝ঞ䴶ᕜᑓ⊯DŽℷབҪᴀҎ᳒ 㒣᠔䇈ˈĀ䯙䇏Փ៥ᛣ䆚ࠄ㞾Ꮕⱘ䞡㽕ᗻDŽᇍ᭛ᄺⱘњ㾷Փ៥ᛳ㾝ࠄ㞾Ꮕⱘ䞡㽕 ᑈˈ偀ᢝ咬Ӌؐˈᛳফࠄ⫳ੑⱘ⦡䌉DŽкЁⱘ⫳⌏▔ࡼҎᖗDŽā˄Davis36˅ ᖋ䖯ܹӞᢝᮃ㥿ᮃЁᄺᄺдDŽҪ೼䖭䞠䯙䇏њ໻䞣ⱘ᭛ᄺ㒣݌԰કˈЎҹৢⱘ᭛ ᄺ߯԰⫳⎃ᠧϟњ᳈ࡴമᅲৃ䴴ⱘ෎⸔DŽৠᯊˈҪゟᖫҢџ᭛ᄺ߯԰DŽҪЎᄺ᷵ ⱘ᭛ᄺᴖᖫᔧ䖛ϔ↉ᯊ䯈ⱘ㓪䕥ˈ䗤⏤ᰒ⼎݊᭛ᄺ߯԰ⱘᠡढDŽҪ䖬೼䆹ᴖᖫ Ϟথ㸼ⷁ᭛Āᶰৄৢ䴶ⱘ⫳⌏āˈᷛᖫⴔ݊߯԰⫳⎃ⱘᓔྟDŽ ᑈ੠  ᑈˈҪߚ߿㦋ᕫ㒑㑺ජᏖᄺ䰶੠હӺ↨Ѯ໻ᄺⱘᄺ຿ᄺԡ੠⸩຿ᄺԡDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ᥹ফⱘ㕢೑ᬭ㚆ˈՓҪ䗤ℹ䍄ߎᏗ剕ܟᵫᆊᒁⱘ⽕䫶ˈ㵡ܹЏ⌕⼒ӮDŽ ᑈ ᓔྟˈҪϔⳈ೼㕢೑催᷵ӏᬭˈϔ䖍Ңџᬭᄺˈϔ䖍䖯㸠᭛ᄺ߯԰DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍ 㕢೑ⱘҎ᭛ЏНᗱᛇ੠᭛ᄺ᭛࣪Ӵ㒳᳝ⴔ⏅ࠏⱘ⧚㾷ˈ䗤⏤៤䭓Ўϔৡᵄߎⱘ㕢 ೑⢍໾԰ᆊDŽ ೼߯԰ⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋྟ㒜ೈ㒩㕢೑⼒ӮⱘЏ㽕䯂乬DŽĀ㕢೑⢍໾ᇣ䇈 ⱘЏҎ݀⢍໾䑿ӑᛳⱘᔅ࣪г㸼ᯢњ೼⦄ҷ㕢೑⫳⌏ᚙ๗ϟˈ⢍໾ҎгᏆ䍄ߎӴ 㒳ⱘ⢍໾೜ᄤˈҪӀϡҙ䗤ℹ∛ܹࠄ㕢೑ⱘ㒳ϔ⫳⌏╂⌕Ёˈг೼᳈໮ⱘ⫳ᄬ䯂 乬ϞϢ㕢೑⼒Ӯ䖒៤њᮄⱘ༥ড়੠ϔ㟈ˈ᳈໮ഄϢ㽓ᮍҎ೼⼒Ӯ䇁๗ǃ⫳ᄬೄᚥ ㄝᮍ䴶ᔶ៤њ䅸ৠ੠݅䆚DŽā ߬⋾ϔ ˈ ݊ᅲˈ߬⋾ϔᬭᥜⱘ䖭↉䆘Ӌˈ ৠḋৃҹ༫⫼೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䖭ѯ㕢೑⢍໾԰ᆊ䑿ϞᴹDŽҪӀ೼㕢೑᭛࣪Ӌؐ㾖ⱘᕅ DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ԰ક೼ݙމ⢊ડПϟˈ᳝ᛣ䆚ഄ೼԰કЁড᯴㕢೑⦄ҷ⼒Ӯⱘ⫳ᄬ ᆍ੠ᗱᛇᛣ䆚ϸϾሖ䴶ˈ䛑Ϣ㕢೑⦄ҷ⼒Ӯߎ⦄ⱘ⦄䈵᳝ⴔᆚߛⱘ㘨㋏DŽҪⱘᇣ 䇈䛑ᰃ݇Ѣ⦄ҷ㕢೑Ҏ⫳⌏ⱘᆧ㿔ˈডᗱњ⦄ᅲ⫳⌏Ёᄬ೼ⱘ৘⾡Ӻ⧚䯂乬DŽϔ ѯᛣ㄀㒾ৠ㚲ህ⊼ᛣࠄˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᡓ㺁њ㕢೑ⱘ᭛࣪Ӌؐ㾖DŽҪӀ䅸Ўˈ偀ᢝ咬

1 䆹ᴖᖫⱘ㣅᭛ৡЎ The ErasmianDŽ 2 䖭㆛ⷁ᭛ⱘ㣅᭛ৡЎĀLife Behind the CounterāDŽৢᴹˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䖬ҹ䖭㆛ⷁ᭛Ў෎⸔ˈ ߎ⠜њⷁ㆛ᇣ䇈Āᴖ䋻ᑫā˄ĀThe Groceryā˅ǃĀ⫳⌏䌍ā ĀThe Cost of Livingā  ҹঞᇣ䇈ljᑫਬNJDŽ

5 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ᖋⱘ߯԰᳝㕢೑࣪ؒ৥ˈᑊϨ䋼⭥Ҫⱘ⢍໾ᗻDŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ߯԰䖬ফࠄᄬ೼ЏНⱘᕅડDŽᄬ೼ЏН㗙᥶䅼Ͼԧ೼᮴ᛣНⱘ⼒ Ӯ᮴ᑣПЁⱘ⫳ᄬ䯂乬DŽҪӀᔎ䇗ˈϾԧা᳝⿃ᵕখϢ⫳⌏ǃϢೄ䲒䖯㸠᭫ѝˈ ᠡ㛑೼⏋хϡ෾ⱘᅛᅭПЁˈ㓨䗴ϾҎᄬ೼ⱘӋؐDŽ೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈ԰ᆊ ϡᑨ䆹䗗䙓⼒Ӯ⫳⌏ⱘ䰈ᱫ䴶ˈ㗠㽕⏅ܹ᥶お⫳ᄬⱘᛣНDŽҪ䅸Ўˈ⦄ᅲ⼒Ӯⱘ ⹂ᄬ೼䆌໮ҸҎ᮴⊩ᡓফⱘ⦄䈵ˈԚᰃҎӀϡ㛑䌀Ԣ㞾䑿ⱘ䞡㽕ᗻˈ㗠ᑨ䆹㓈ᡸ 㞾ᏅⱘᇞϹǃᡓᢙ䘧ᖋ䋷ӏǃ㓈ᣕҎ㉏⫳ᄬDŽ೼ᄬ೼ЏНⱘᕅડϟˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ৿ 㪘ഄሩ⼎њϾԧᇍ㞾៥ⱘᭀ䞡DŽҪⱘЏҎ݀ेՓ໘೼ೄ๗੠ॅᴎПЁǃेՓফࠄ Ӹᆇˈҡ✊ᇍϾԧǃᇍ⇥ᮣǃᇍҎ㉏ҹঞᭈϾϪ⬠ᣕ᳝∌ᘦⱘֵᗉDŽҪӀ䍙䍞਼ ೈϪ⬠ⱘ᮴ᑣˈ೼⠅Ϣ䋷ӏПЁᡒࠄҎ⫳ⱘⳂⱘ੠ᛣНDŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼԰કЁ݇⊼Ӻ⧚䘧ᖋ䯂乬DŽҪ߯԰ⱘᮽᳳ੠ЁᳳˈгህᰃĀ ᑈࠄᑈ䖭ϔ໮ѻⱘ߯԰ᯊᳳˈᏆ㒣༴ᅮњ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰Ў㕢೑᳔䞡㽕ⱘ䘧ᖋᇣ 䰔ᗱཹ㘊໿ᮃϔḋˈ㟈࡯ѢᦣݭڣHelterman1985ˈ2 DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ 䇈ᆊⱘഄԡā 䘧ᖋ៬എDŽ䖭Џ㽕⑤ѢҹϟϸϾ಴㋴˖݊ϔˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ߯԰⧚ᗉফࠄ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ ≴㾖ⱘ⏅ࠏᕅડDŽ⢍໾ᬭⱘᴀ䋼⡍ᕕᰃᇍϞᏱ੠ҎⱘֵӄDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ԰કг䆌 ᳝ᯢᰒԧ⦄ߎᇍϞᏱ⛁⚜ⱘֵӄˈԚᰃै㸼䖒њᇍҎⱘമᅮֵᗉDŽҪ䅸ЎˈҎ݋ ˗᳝ϔᅮ┰೼ⱘ㛑࡯ˈৃҹ೼⮯㢺ⱘ㒣ग़Ёˈᇍ㞾ᏅⱘᇞϹ੠Ӌؐ䖯㸠䞡ᮄล䗴 ݊Ѡˈ೼⃻㕢Ҏ᭛ЏН᭛ᄺӴ㒳ⱘ԰⫼ϟˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ݇⊼᭛ᄺ԰કᇍҎѻ⫳ⱘ䘧 ᖋᛳ࣪԰⫼DŽ䖭ḋˈҪⱘ԰ક֓݋᳝њ᳈⏅ࠏⱘǃ᳈᳝݅ᗻⱘӋؐ੠ᛣНDŽ偀ᢝ 咬ᖋ䅽ೄ㢺๗䘛ЁⱘҎӀᕫࠄᝄ㮝ǃⳟࠄᏠᳯˈҢ㗠ᓩᇐҪӀϡᮁᅠ୘㞾៥ǃ䍄 ৥᳈ࡴᅠ㕢ⱘҎ⫳П䏃DŽ Ң偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ㒣ग़ᴹⳟˈ⢍໾Ӵ㒳᭛࣪ⱘ▵ᶧǃ⃻㕢᭛ᯢⱘ⍌⍺ˈҹঞӴ㒳 Ӻ⧚䘧ᖋ㾖ᗉⱘᕅડ೼Ҫⱘ߯԰ग़⿟Ёথ᣹њЏᇐ԰⫼ˈ䖭ѯгℷᰃҪᇣ䇈߯԰ ⱘᰒ㨫⡍⚍ˈ䌃こѢ݊߯԰ⱘྟ㒜DŽ1950ᑈ3᳜ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ljજ⋐ᏖഎNJ(Harper’s Bazaar) 2 Ϟথ㸼㄀ϔ㆛ⷁ㆛ᇣ䇈Ā⫳⌏䌍ā(ĀCost of Livingā)DŽℸৢˈҪߎ⠜ њܿ䚼䭓㆛ᇣ䇈ˈ䰸њϞ䴶ᦤࠄⱘljᑫਬNJ໪ˈ䖬᳝lj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJ(The Naturalˈ 1952)ǃljᮄ⫳⌏NJ(A New Lifeˈ1961)ǃlj෎䕙ᗼNJ(The Fixerˈ1966)ǃlj䌍ᖋᇨ᳐

1䌿Ҕ䇎ህ᳒㒣ᣛߎˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᳝ᯊ䖬ফࠄϔѯ⢍໾ߞ⠽ⱘᡍ䆘ˈᣛ䋷Ҫⱘ԰ક≵᳝ࣙᣀᯢ ⹂ⱘ⢍໾ᬭݙᆍ˄Hershinow 8˅DŽ 2 㕢೑㨫ৡᴖᖫˈ߯ߞѢ 1867 ᑈ 11 ᳜ 2 ᮹ˈҹཇᗻЎЏ㽕䇏㗙ˈᓔ߯њᯊᇮᴖᖫⱘᮄ㑾 ܗDŽ

6 㿘㔼

ˈNJ (Pictures of Fidelman˖An Exhibitionˈ1969)ǃlj᠓ᅶNJ (The Tenantsڣⱘ⬏ 1971)ǃljᴰᆒⱘ⫳⌏NJ(Dubin’s Livesˈ1979)੠ljϞᏱⱘᘽ䌤NJ(God’s Graceˈ1982)DŽ ℸ໪ˈҪ䖬ߎ⠜њϝϾⷁ㆛ᇣ䇈䲚˖lj儨ṊNJ (The Magic Barrelˈ1958) ǃljⱑ⯈ ӬܜNJ (Idiots Firstˈ1963)੠ljӺࢗᳫⱘᐑᄤNJ(Rembrandt’s Hatˈ1973)DŽ偀ᢝ咬 ᖋ䖲㓁߯԰ߎ໮䚼᳝ᕅડ࡯ⱘ԰કDŽ1958ᑈᰃ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘϔϾЄᬊᑈˈҪ಴ljᑫ ਬNJ㦋ᕫњ೑ᆊ㡎ᴃ੠᭛ᄺⷨお䰶乕থⱘ㔫Ể㧼ᇨ༪੠䖒㔫໿㑾ᗉ༪ˈ䖭䚼ᇣ䇈 г༴ᅮњҪ೼㕢೑᭛ᄺ৆ϞⱘഄԡDŽ1959ᑈˈҪ಴ߎ⠜lj儨ṊNJ㄀ϔ⃵㹿ᥜќ೑ ᆊ೒к༪DŽ1964ᑈˈҪᔧ䗝Ў೑ᆊ㡎ᴃ੠᭛ᄺⷨお䰶៤ਬDŽ1967ᑈᰃ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ জϔϾЄᬊᑈˈҪ㄀ϔ⃵㦋ᕫ᱂߽ㄪ༪ˈ䖭ϔ༪乍ᰃ༪㒭Ҫⱘ䭓㆛ᇣ䇈lj෎䕙ᗼNJ ⱘˈৠᯊҪ䖬಴ℸк㄀Ѡ⃵㦋ᕫ೑ᆊ೒к༪ˈ঺໪䖬಴ℸ៤Ў㕢೑㡎ᴃϢ⾥ᄺ䰶 ⱘ䰶຿DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䖬໮⃵㤷㦋݊Ҫϔѯ༪乍ˈབ1967ᑈ੠1973ᑈⱘ⃻gѿ߽ᇣ䇈 ༪ǃ1976ᑈⱘ⢍໾䘫ѻ༪ㄝㄝDŽ1979ᑈ㟇1981ᑈ䯈ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᢙӏ㕢೑ヨӮӮ䭓DŽ ೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋএϪৢˈҪⱘߎ⠜ଚᅷᏗ៤ゟњԃ㒇ᖋg偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᭛ᄺ༪ˈҹ㸼䖒㑾 ᗉПᚙDŽ

㄀Ѡ㡖 偀ᢝ咬ᖋⷨお㓐䗄

 䖘ҞЎℶˈ↨䕗ܼ䴶ሩ⼎偀ᢝ咬ᖋⷨお៤ᵰⱘ㨫԰ᰃ⬅⨲ศg⾥㋶໿ᮃ෎㓪 ᪄ⱘljԃ㒇ᖋg偀ᢝ咬ᖋⷨおкⳂܼᔩNJ(Kosofsky 1-263)DŽкЁᬊܹ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⷨ  ໮乍ˈ䆘䆎ᴵⳂ㑺  乍DŽ঺໪ˈ䖬߫Вњ㕢೑໻ᄺ䞠᪄ݭⱘ おⱘк䆘ᴵⳂ ᳝݇偀ᢝ咬ᖋⷨおⱘ  ㆛म຿䆎᭛ˈ݊Ё᳝ ㆛ϧ䮼᥶䅼偀ᢝ咬ᖋDŽ䖭䚼кҢ ԰ᆊ⫳ᑇǃ԰કಲ乒ǃ԰કⱘЏ乬੠߯԰ᡔᎻǃ偀ᢝ咬ᖋϢ᭛ᄺӴ㒳ⱘ݇㋏ㄝ໮ ᮍ䴶䖯㸠䆎䗄ˈড᯴њ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⷨおⱘ䞡㽕ᄺᴃ៤ህDŽℸ໪ˈ⬅Шᇨg㧼ᇨ㣼෵ ᪄ݭⱘlj偀ᢝ咬ᖋখ㗗ᣛफNJ(Salzberg1985, 1-211)г↨䕗ܼ䴶ഄ਌ᬊњग़ᑈᴹ偀 ᢝ咬ᖋⷨおⱘ៤ᵰDŽкЁᬊܹ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⷨおⳌ݇ᴵⳂ㑺  乍ˈݙᆍЄᆠˈ⎉Ⲫ њ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ⫳ᑇǃ԰ક䆘ҟҹঞ⼒Ӯ᭛࣪㚠᱃੠᭛ᄺᡍ䆘⧚䆎ㄝ㾚㾦ᇍҪⱘ㗗 ᆳDŽ䖭䚼㨫԰ড᯴њ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⷨおⱘᭈԧ∈ᑇˈᰃᄺ㗙ⷨお偀ᢝ咬ᖋϡৃ㔎ᇥⱘ

7 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

খ㗗䌘᭭DŽ ೑໪᭛ᄺ䆘䆎⬠Џ㽕Ң偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ᭛࣪੠⼒Ӯᗻˈ԰કⱘЏ乬ˈҹঞভџ ㄪ⬹Ϣ߯԰ᡔᎻϝϾᮍ䴶ሩᓔᡍ䆘੠䅼䆎DŽ ೼䖭ϝϾᮍ䴶ⱘ䆘䗄Ёˈ೑໪䆘䆎⬠↨䕗䲚Ёഄ䇜䆎偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ᭛࣪੠⼒Ӯ ᗻ䯂乬DŽ䆘䆎ᆊӀЏ㽕Ң偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ⇥ᮣᗻϢ⢍໾᭛࣪Ӵ㒳П䯈ⱘ݇㋏ǃᇍ㕢೑ ᭛ᄺӴ㒳ⱘ㒻ᡓ੠ᇍ⼒Ӯ⦄ᅲⱘ݇⊼ㄝᮍ䴶ܹ᠟ˈ㗗ᆳҪ԰કЁⱘ᭛࣪ǃग़৆੠ ⼒Ӯ㚠᱃DŽ ϔѯ䆘䆎ᆊᇍ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કЁⱘ⢍໾ᗻ䯂乬䖯㸠њ䕽ᡸDŽ䕯㽓࿙g༹ݍܟ䅸 Ўˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ߯԰ሩ⼎њ⢍໾᭛࣪Ӵ㒳ⱘ⡍ᕕDŽཌྷᇍℸⱘ㸼䗄ᰃ˖ĀҪᦣݭ䙁 ফ㢺䲒ⱘ⢍໾Ҏˈ䙷ѯ䋿かⱘ⢍໾ҎˈҪᦣݭᴖ䋻ଚǃׂ⧚ᎹˈҪᦣݭ右ǃ偀ǃ જ䳋ྚഄऎⱘ໽ՓˈҪᦣݭၦҎǃ䫔ଂਬǃᢝ↨ǃ᠓ϰǃ᠓ᅶǃ԰ᆊ੠咥⣽⣽ㄝ ᤝࠄ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍ⢍໾ᤩܟݍ༹ Ozick 27 ㄝˈҪᦣݭϪ⬠ⱘЄᆠᗻ੠ᭈԧᗻDŽā Ҏੑ䖤੠ग़৆ⱘ݇⊼ˈ䆩೒᥶䅼Ҫབԩᇚফ㢺ফ䲒ⱘ⢍໾ᇣҎ⠽԰ЎЏҎ݀䖯㸠 ᭛ᄺ߯԰ˈሩ⦄ҪӀⱘ⮯㢺ǃ᣷ᠢ੠᮴༜DŽ䖭ḋ䆘Ӌ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ䆘䆎ᆊᑊϡℶ༹ ݍܟϔҎˈ剕ᮃg䶺ᮃг䅸Ў偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ԰કϢ⢍໾᭛࣪Ӵ㒳ᰃⳌᆍⱘDŽ䶺ᮃ āҎ⠽DŽཌྷ䅸Ўˈ䌍ᖋᇨ᳐ⱘ䙁䘛ݡ⦄њ⪯ڏNJЁⱘĀڣ᥶䅼њlj䌍ᖋᇨ᳐ⱘ⬏ ⢍໾᭛࣪ЁĀᙪ䈀āⱘ༅䋹䆎ˈे䌍ᖋᇨ᳐⫼ᖡফ⮯㢺ⱘᮍᓣˈᅠ៤њᇍ㡎ᴃ߯ ԰੠Ҏ⫳ⱘᛳᙳ˄Wisse159-166˅DŽ 䰸ℸП໪ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કϢljᏠԃᴹ೷㒣NJ੠⢍໾ᬭП䯈ⱘᆚߛ݇㋏ˈгᰃ 䆘䆎ᆊӀ݇⊼ⱘϔϾ䞡㽕䚼ߚDŽજ㔫ᖋg㧆Ҕ䅸Ўˈlj෎䕙ᗼNJЁЏҎ݀ⱘৡᄫ ᱫ৿ⴔ⢍໾᭛࣪ⱘᛣ㭈DŽ಴ℸˈҪᡧԣ䲙᷃໿g剡ܟৡᄫⱘ䱤৿ᆧᛣˈᣛߎĀ剡 ܟāϢĀ᳓㔾㕞āП䯈ᄬ೼݇㘨DŽҪ䱣ৢⱘϔ㋏߫䙁䘛ˈ䈵ᕕⴔড⢍ЏН㚠 ᱃ϟ⢍໾Ҏⱘᚆ࠻ᗻੑ䖤DŽ㧆Ҕ᥹ⴔߚᵤњĀ䲙᷃໿āϢljᏠԃᴹ೷㒣NJЁĀ㑺 ԃāП䯈ⱘⳌ݇ᗻˈ䅸ЎҪᡂⓨⱘህᰃॳൟҎ⠽Ā㢺䲒ⱘ⢍໾Ҏ㑺ԃāⱘ㾦㡆 ˄Fisch 162˅DŽ㡒Ӻg≗Ӻgᓫ䞠ᖋ᳐߭Ң⢍໾ᬭⱘ㾦ᑺߎথˈᣛߎ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍ Āศ᳼ᖋāЏ乬ⱘဈ❳䖤⫼ˈᰒ⼎ߎҪᇍ⢍໾㊒⼲ⱘᅠ㕢⧚㾷DŽ೼ᓫ䞠ᖋ᳐ⳟᴹˈ

1⬅Ѣᴵӊ᠔䰤ˈヨ㗙᧰䲚ࠄⱘ೑໪偀ᢝ咬ᖋⷨお៤ᵰা䰤㣅᭛㨫԰੠䆎᭛DŽ 2䖭䞠ᣛⱘᰃĀ剡ܟāϢĀ᳓㔾㕞āⱘ㣅䇁ऩ䆡ĀBokā੠ Āgoatāথ䷇ⳌԐDŽ 3䖭䞠ᣛⱘᰃĀ䲙᷃໿āϢĀ㑺ԃāⱘ㣅䇁ऩ䆡ĀYakovā੠ĀJacobāথ䷇ⳌԐDŽ㑺ԃᰃ ljᏠԃᴹ೷㒣NJЁⱘҎ⠽ˈϞᏱⱘᖴᅲҚҎˈҹ㰨䆮੠ᖡফ㢺䲒㗠㨫⿄DŽ

8 㿘㔼

偀ᢝ咬ᖋ݇⊼ⱘĀϡাᰃᄬ೼ⱘ⮯㢺ˈ㗠ᰃljᠬᢝNJ੠ljศ᳼ᖋNJԧ⦄ⱘӴ㒳 ⢍໾ᬭᬭН੠⢍໾㊒⼲᠔ᔎ䇗ⱘ⡍⅞ક䋼ā Friedman 288 DŽᓫ䞠ᖋ᳐ᣛߎˈ偀 ᢝ咬ᖋӴᡓњ⢍໾᭛࣪ⱘ㊒傧ˈҪⱘ԰કᰃᇍ⢍໾Ӵ㒳Ӌؐ㾖ⱘമᅜDŽ ೼䖭㉏䆎䗄Ёˈ䆘䆎ᆊӀ䅸Ў偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ᭛ᄺ԰કᓖᐌ݇⊼⢍໾Ӵ㒳DŽгህ ᰃ䇈ˈҪӀ䛑ᔎ䇗偀ᢝ咬ᖋ⏅ফ⢍໾᭛࣪⇯ೈⱘ❣䱊ˈᑊϨ೼԰કЁਜ⦄ߎ䖭⾡ ᭛࣪DŽ䖭ѯ䆘䆎ᆊ䗮䖛ߚᵤ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કЁⱘ⢍໾᭛࣪ᑩ㭈ˈᮁᅮ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᰃĀ⢍ ⢍໾԰ᆊāDŽᑨ䆹䇈䖭⾡䆎ᮁᰃҸҎֵ᳡ⱘˈԚᰃˈҪӀ೼䆎䗄Ёᕔᕔা݇⊼Ā ໾ᗻā䯂乬ᴀ䑿ˈैᗑ⬹њ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈Ёⱘ䘧ᖋᬭ䇩ᛣНDŽҪӀ≵᳝ᇚᇣ䇈ⱘ Ӯ㚠᱃㒇ܹ䅼䆎ⱘ㣗ೈˈ≵᳝䅸䆚ࠄ԰㗙ᡞ䙁ফ⺼䲒ⱘ⢍໾Ҏ԰ЎЏ㽕ᦣݭᇍ⼒ 䈵ˈᰃЎњ᥶䅼⢍໾⿏⇥೼ᓖᮣ᭛࣪⇯ೈЁⱘ䘧ᖋ༅㨑Ϣ䘧ᖋ䗋༅DŽ ೼䆘䆎ᆊӀᇍ偀ᢝ咬ᖋሩ⼎ߎᴹⱘ⢍໾᭛࣪Ӵ㒳㒋㒋㸼⼎䅸ৃⱘৠᯊˈг᳝ ϔѯ䆘䆎ᆊᦤߎⳌডⱘ䆎䇗ˈᇍ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કⱘ⢍໾ᗻᛳࠄೄᚥDŽ㽓ᖋሐg䞠༛ ᳐᳒㒣থ㸼㞾Ꮕⱘⳟ⊩ˈĀ㒣ᐌ᳝ϔ⾡ᖻ㰥ˈ>偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈ⱘ@乬ᴤϡⳳⱘᙄད ᰃ⢍໾Ҏⱘ԰ᆊⱘˈ㗠ᰃᙄདᰃ԰ᆊⱘ⢍໾ҎⱘDŽ᮴䆎བԩˈҎӀ೼ϔᅮ⿟ᑺϞ ᖙ乏ᤑᬥ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘໄ䁝˗೼Ҫⱘ᭛ᄺ䆎䗄᳈Ўᑓ⊯ǃᇍ⼒Ӯⱘ݇⊼᳈ࡴϡᯢ⹂ Richman1966ˈ19 䞠༛᳐㒧ড়偀ᢝ咬ᖋᮽᳳⱘ DŽāخⱘᯊ׭ˈҎӀ᳝䋷ӏ䖭ḋ ԰કˈҢĀᄸ⣀ⱘ㞾៥āǃĀᇏḍⱘࡾ࡯āǃĀ᭛ᄺӴ㒳ā੠Ā୰࠻῵ᓣāㄝ޴Ͼᮍ 䴶ܹ᠟ˈ䅸Ўᡞ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ߯԰ᔦܹӴ㒳ⱘ⢍໾᭛࣪ᰃϡᯢᱎⱘDŽᎻড়ⱘᰃˈજ 㔫ᖋgᏗ剕ྚгᣛߎˈĀҢ>߯԰ⱘ@ϔᓔྟˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈Ёⱘ⢍໾ᗻህᰃϔϾ 䇰DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ߯԰ⴐܝᰃϾҎⱘǃ⣀⡍ⱘˈϢ᳔݋⡍⚍ⱘ៪㗙ᷛޚⱘ⢍໾ᗱᛇ ˈ໾Ӵ㒳⢍⾏أBloom 1 Ꮧ剕ྚ䅸Ўˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ߯԰ ੠Ӵ㒳޴ТᅠܼϡⳌ݇DŽā Ҫⱘ԰કϡ݋᳝݌ൟⱘ⢍໾᭛ᄺⱘ⡍⚍DŽ 䆘䆎ᆊⱘ䖭ѯ㾖⚍ᰃ㔎У䇈᳡࡯ⱘDŽҪӀᡞ㞾Ꮕሔ䰤Ѣ᥶䅼偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કሩ ⼎ⱘ䚼ߚ⡍⚍ˈ㗠ϡএ䆎䗄Ā⢍໾ᗻā᠔㭈৿ⱘᅲ䰙ᛣНDŽᤶহ䆱䇈ˈҪӀ䛑≵ ⎉᳝݋ԧ᥶䅼བԩ⬠ᅮĀ⢍໾ᗻā䖭Ͼὖᗉⱘ䯂乬DŽབᵰ㗗㰥ࠄĀ⢍໾ᗻāⱘݙ ੠໪ᓊˈҪӀህӮᛣ䆚ࠄ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કЁⱘ⢍໾ᗻᰃकߚさߎⱘˈгህϡӮᛳࠄ ᳝ᖙ㽕ᤑᬥ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘໄ䁝њDŽ㒉㾖偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ᠔᳝԰કˈ៥Ӏৃҹথ⦄ˈҪ޴

1 ljᠬᢝNJ˄Torah˅⬅ljᏠԃᴹ೷㒣NJⱘࠡѨゴ㒘៤ˈᰃ݇Ѣ⢍໾Ҏᅫᬭ੠⇥џⱘ⊩݌DŽljศ ᳼ᖋNJ˄Talmud˅ᰃ⢍໾ᬭষӴᕟ⊩ⱘ∛㓪ˈᇍ⢍໾ᅫᬭ੠⢍໾ҎϪ֫⫳⌏䖯㸠㾘㣗ˈᰃ ҙ⃵ѢljᏠԃᴹ೷㒣NJⱘ݌㈡DŽ

9 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

Т≵᳝݋ԧഄᦣݭ䖛ӏԩ䴲⢍໾Ҏˈϡᰃ⢍໾ҎⱘҎ⠽г㸼⦄ߎⳌᔧⱘ⢍໾કᗻ ⧛DŽџᅲϞˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ㸼⦄ߎⱘϪ⬠㾖ǃҎ⫳㾖ǃӋؐ㾖੠Ӻ ܟབ㔫ձ੠ᓫ݄ ˈ໾Ҏੑ䖤䖭Ͼ߯԰ḌᖗDŽ಴ℸ⢍⾏أ䘧ᖋ㾖݋᳝ᯢᰒⱘ⢍໾᭛࣪㡆ᔽˈҪҢ᳾ ҹ䇈偀ᢝ咬ᖋ߯԰ⱘⳂⱘᰃ֗ՓҎӀ݇⊼⢍໾Ҏⱘੑ䖤DŽৃ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋᴀҎᇍ㞾ᏅĀ⢍໾԰ᆊāⱘ䑿ӑᣕֱ⬭ᗕᑺDŽҪ೼᥹ফ䞛䆓ᯊ᳒㒣 ᣛߎ˖Ā៥䖤⫼⢍໾Ҏˈᴹ䈵ᕕҎ㉏ᚆ࠻ᗻⱘ⫳ᄬ㒣ग़DŽ៥ሑ࡯ᡞ⢍໾Ҏᔧ԰ᰃ ᱂䗮ҎDŽҎҎ䛑ᰃ⢍໾ҎˈাᰃҪৃ㛑ϡⶹ䘧㗠ᏆDŽ⢍໾Ҏⱘ៣࠻ᗻ䈵ᕕⴔҎ㉏ ⫳ᄬ᭫ѝⱘ㒣ग़ˈ⢍໾Ҏⱘग़৆ᰃϞᏱ៣࠻ᗻⱘ⼐⠽DŽā Abramson1994ˈ2 偀 ᢝ咬ᖋ䅸ЎˈҪাᰃ೼԰કЁҹ㞾Ꮕ❳ᙝⱘ⢍໾Ҏⱘ⫳⌏Ў㓽ᕅˈݡ⦄Ҏ㉏⼒Ӯ ᱂䘡ᄬ೼ⱘ๗މˈᔎ䇗њ⢍໾Ҏ⫳⌏ⱘᑓ⊯ᛣНDŽৢᴹˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘᗕᑺг≵᳝ ᬍবˈҪᇍᴹ䆓㗙Ѝሐᇨgᮃ⡍ᘽ䇈˖ĀĂĂ᳝ᯊ៥Փ⫼⢍໾ЏҎ݀ˈ಴Ў៥᳈ ⧚㾷ҪӀˈ㗠ϡᰃ៥ᛇ㽕䆕ᯢҔМDŽĂĂ៥ߎ⫳೼㕢೑ˈϢ⢍໾Ҏⱘ㒣ग़Ⳍ↨ˈ ៥᳈ᔎ䇗ሩ⼎㕢೑ⱘ⫳⌏DŽ៥Ў䯙䇏៥԰કⱘҎ㗠߯԰DŽā Stern 1996ˈ20 偀 ᢝ咬ᖋᡞ⢍໾Ҏⱘ㒣ग़ᔦЎ㕢೑Ҏǃ⫮㟇ܼҎ㉏⫳⌏ⱘϔ䚼ߚDŽџᅲϞˈҪᔎ䇗 ˈ⌏⫳㞾ᏅᰃĀ㕢೑԰ᆊāᮼ೼䇈ᯢˈҪ߯԰ⱘⳂⱘᰃЎњݡ⦄Ϫ⬠Ϟ໻໮᭄Ҏⱘ Ҫ䖤⫼ⱘ⢍໾乬ᴤᅠܼᰃЎњ䖒ࠄ䖭ϾⳂⱘ᠔䞛⫼ⱘᮍᓣˈ㗠ϡᰃ߯԰Ⳃⱘᴀ 䑿DŽ 䆌໮䆘䆎ᆊ⊼ᛣࠄˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋϡᰃऩ㒃ഄ䖤⫼⢍໾乬ᴤ䖯㸠߯԰ˈ㗠ᰃ঺᳝ ⏅ᛣDŽ䕯㽓࿙g༹ݍܟ೼㾷䞞偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ䑿ӑᯊᣛߎˈĀ⢍໾԰ᆊā䖭ϔ⿄䇧䅽 Ҫᛳࠄೄᡄˈ಴Ў䖭⾡ᦤ⊩ᛣੇⴔϔ⾡Ā⾡ᮣ⡍ᗻāǃϔ⾡Āഄᮍ㾖ᗉāDŽĀ⢍໾ ㊒⼲Ϣ⾡ᮣᗻ੠ഄᮍ㾖ᗉϡϔḋˈĂĂDŽ⢍໾㊒⼲᮴໘ϡ೼DŽā Ozick 26 ༹ݍ ܟᔎ䇗偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼⢍໾Ҏ⫳⌏䖭ϔ㸼䴶ⱘ㚠ৢˈ᳈ࡴϧ⊼Ѣሩ⦄԰કЁⱘ⢍໾ ㊒⼲ˈ䖭ᠡᰃҪᇚ⢍໾Ҏ䫕ᅮЎ԰કЏҎ݀ⱘⳂⱘ᠔೼DŽ㔫ԃ⡍g༹ᇨ⡍ߚᵤњ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋᮽᳳ੠Ёᳳⱘ԰કDŽҪ⊼ᛣࠄˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ߯԰ⱘ剰ᯢ亢Ḑᰃҹᮽᳳⱘ⿏ ˗๗԰Ў㚠᱃ˈপᴤѢ⢍໾⇥䯈Ӵ䇈ˈᡞ⦄ᅲǃᑏᛇ੠⇥֫Ҏ⠽ᑊ㕂೼ϔ䍋⦄⇥ ৠᯊˈҪজ䇈䘧ˈĀ㱑✊偀ᢝ咬ᖋ໻໮᭄ⱘЏҎ݀䛑㹿䅸ᅮᰃ⢍໾ҎˈԚᰃϢ݊ ˈAlter 1970 Ҫ㕢೑⢍໾԰ᆊϔḋˈҪᅲ䰙ϞҢᴹ≵᳝ҙҙ䰤ᅮѢᦣݭ⢍໾ҎDŽā ᇨ⡍ᣛߎˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼᭛ᄺᛇ䈵࡯Ϣ⢍໾㚠᱃П䯈ֱᣕϔ⾡ϡৠᇏᐌⱘ༹݇ 30 ㋏ˈҪᇚĀ⢍໾ᗻā㾚Ўϔ⾡ĀӺ⧚䈵ᕕāˈϔ⾡Ā䘧ᖋゟഎāDŽ

10 㿘㔼

ҹ༹ݍܟ੠༹ᇨ⡍Ўҷ㸼ⱘ䆘䆎ᆊ⊼ᛣࠄˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ߯԰ᗱ㒾ᴹ⑤Ѣ⦄ᅲ ⫳⌏Ё⢍໾ৠ㚲ⱘ⫳⌏๗䘛DŽҪӀҢ⢍໾ᗻⱘ㾦ᑺߎথˈᇚ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ߯԰㕂Ѣ Ҏ㉏᭛࣪থሩⱘग़৆Ё䖯㸠ᅵ㾚੠㗗ᆳˈԧ⦄њ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰ક䍙䍞ᗻⱘӋؐDŽԚ ᰃˈҪӀᕔᕔ≵᳝᥶䅼偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કЁⱘ⢍໾ᗻϢ䘧ᖋᛣНП䯈ⱘ݇㘨ㄝ䯂乬DŽ ༹ᇨ⡍೼᭛ゴЁгাᰃㅔऩഄᦤঞࠄ⢍໾ᗻϢ䘧ᖋゟഎП䯈ⱘ݇㋏ˈै≵᳝ᇍℸ 䆺㒚ഄࡴҹߚᵤDŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᭛࣪੠⼒Ӯᡍ䆘ⱘ঺ϔ䞡㽕㾖⚍ᰃ݇Ѣ偀ᢝ咬ᖋϢ㕢೑᭛ᄺӴ㒳 П䯈ⱘ݇㋏䯂乬DŽ໻िgᏈ䏃຿Ңग़৆ǃ᭛ᄺ੠⼲䆱ॳൟϝϾᮍ䴶ߎথˈᡞljᮄ ⫳⌏NJЁ㦅᭛ⱘ䗑ᇏϢ⠅咬⫳ⱘ㞾ゟǃẁ㔫੠䁍ྚᮃⱘ䘧ᖋ⧚ᛇ䖯㸠њ↨✻DŽҪ ᣛߎˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ㊒ᖗᅝᥦ䖭ѯⳌԐ੠݇㘨П໘ˈ߯԰ߎϔϾĀᔧҷ㕢೑Ѯᔧāⱘ ᔶ䈵˄Burrows 86-94˅DŽܟ䞠ᮃᠬ໿g䶺Ḑᵫг䅸Ўˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋϢ㕢೑᭛ᄺӴ㒳 П䯈ᄬ೼ⴔᆚߛⱘ݇㋏DŽҪᣛߎˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋĀ೑䰙᭛࣪Џ乬āⱘ♉ᛳᴹ㞾Ѣ䁍ྚ ᮃˈҪⱘᛣ໻߽ᬙџг᥶䅼њ⃻⌆Ҏ੠㕢೑ҎП䯈ⱘᏂᓖDŽϡ䖛ˈ䶺Ḑᵫгᡓ䅸ˈ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋাᰃ೼乬ᴤϞফࠄ䁍ྚᮃⱘਃ⼎DŽ᠔ҹҪᕫߎ㒧䆎ˈϢ䁍ྚᮃϡৠˈ偀 ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કЁⱘ㕢೑Ҏϡݡᰃऩ㒃ⱘǃ䍙✊ⱘҎ⠽ᔶ䈵ˈ㗠ᰃϢᛣ໻߽Ҏϔḋ៤ Ўव໿वヨϟⱘĀবᔶҎ⠽ā˄Wegelin 77-88˅DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ԰કϢ㕢೑Ҏ᭛㊒⼲੠⌾⓿ЏН᭛ᄺӴ㒳᳝㉏Ԑⱘ㸼⦄DŽҪᴀҎ ೼᥹ফ䞛䆓ᯊ᳒㒣䇈˖Ā䳡ḥǃ䁍ྚᮃǃ偀ܟg৤⏽ǃ⍋ᯢ࿕ᇍ៥ⱘᕅડ㽕䖰䖰 䍙䖛㙪⋯ྚg䰓㦅䌿ྚ੠ ,/Խ䳋ᮃDŽā Stern 1996ˈ20 ⠅ᖋढg$㡒Ꮧᢝྚ Ể᥂ℸ䅸Ўˈৃҹᡞ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᔦܹ㕢೑᭛ᄺӴ㒳DŽ೼㨫԰Ёˈ㡒ᏗᢝྚỂߚᵤњ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ䇁㿔⡍㡆DŽҪᣛߎˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋՓ⫼⿏⇥㣅䇁ǃ咥Ҏ㣅䇁੠֮䇁ˈ䞛প ᑑ咬ⱘᮍ⊩ࡴᔎᇍ䘧ᖋ䯂乬ⱘ䯤䞞ˈ䛑Ϣ偀ܟg৤⏽ⱘ߯԰ᡔᎻᄬ೼ⳌԐП໘DŽ 㗠ϨˈҪ䖬Ң䘧ᖋޚ߭ᮍ䴶䆎䆕њ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ੠䳡ḥⱘⳌԐᗻDŽҪ䅸Ўˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ҎⱘᇞϹˈᮼ೼Āপᙺ䇏㗙ⱘৠᯊˈ㒭Ҏҹֵӄ੠䘧ᖋ㸠Ўخⱘᇣ䇈ዛᇮ䘧ᖋ੠ ᮍ䴶ⱘਃ⼎ˈ䖭ѯ䛑ৃҹ䗑⒃ࠄ䳡ḥⱘ䘧ᖋᆧ㿔ā Abramson1993ˈ7 DŽ㡒Ꮧᢝ ྚỂᣛⱘᰃ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ੠䳡ḥᢹ᳝ৠḋⱘ⧚ᗉˈ䙷ህᰃা᳝䆮ᅲ੠᮴⾕ᠡ㛑᳝ࡽѢ 䳡ḥ䙷ḋ݇⊼Ҏ㉏ݙᖗⱘڣϾԧ೼䘧ᖋϞⱘ៤䭓DŽϡ䖛ˈҪгᣛߎ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ≵᳝ 䙾ᙊDŽ೼Ҫⳟᴹˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䍙䍞њ䳡ḥⱘᚆ㾖ЏНˈҢ㗠䌟ќ㞾Ꮕⱘ԰કҹ⿃ᵕ ⱘ੠ᡦᚙⱘҎ᭛݇ᗔDŽ

11 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

䖭ѯ䆘䆎ᆊ䅸Ўˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈ⱘЏ乬੠ᡔᎻᙄདϢ㕢೑᭛ᄺӴ㒳ⱘ⢊މⳌ ਏড়DŽԚᰃҪӀैᗑ⬹њ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કሩ⼎ߎᴹⱘ⢍໾᭛࣪⇯ೈˈᇍ݊ЁⱘҎ᭛ 䘧ᖋ݇ᗔг≵᳝㒭ќ䎇໳ⱘ䞡㾚DŽ Ϣ䖭ѯ䆕ᯢ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ㵡ܹ㕢೑᭛ᄺӴ㒳ⱘ㾖⚍Ⳍডˈ䖬᳝ϔѯ䆘䆎ᆊᇍ偀ᢝ 咬ᖋ԰કЁⱘĀ㕢೑࣪ā಴㋴ᖗᄬ䋼⭥ˈ݊Ёህࣙᣀ㧆߽᱂g㔫ᮃDŽሑㅵ㔫ᮃ䅸 Ў偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼⢍໾᭛࣪੠㕢೑᭛࣪П䯈䍋ࠄњ㒑ᏺ੠ḹṕⱘ԰⫼ˈԚᰃҪҡ✊ᣛ Ā㧻ᴵᯊҷⱘ㒑㑺ϟϰऎā˗偀ᢝ咬ᖋล䗴ⱘҎڣߎˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋࠏ⬏ⱘ㕢೑ᘏᰃ ˈ೼㒑㑺៪㗙㡱ࡴહⱘ⢍໾ҎˈҪӀᰃĀϔ⾡߯ᛣāǃĀϔ⾡↨ஏā⌏⫳ڣгϡ⠽ Āҷ㸼Ҏ㉏ⱘ┰࡯੠Ꮰᳯā Roth1969ˈ142-158 DŽ಴Ў偀ᢝ咬ᖋ≵᳝ሩ⼎⦄ҷ 㕢೑⢍໾Ҏⱘᖻ㰥ǃೄ๗੠෩㨑ˈ䡈Ѣℸˈ㔫ᮃᡞ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ߯԰ⱘߎথ⚍ᔦѢҪ ˈي៣࠻ᗻഄᦣ䗄䘧ᖋЏ乬ˈ㗠≵㛑໳Ңᔧҷ㕢೑⼒ӮЁᦤপ߯԰㋴ᴤDŽ᮴⣀᳝ 䰓ᇨᓫ䳋ᖋgव⋹г䅸ЎˈljᑫਬNJᰃᇍĀþ䈵ᕕᗻÿⱘ⢍໾Ҏ೼ދ⓴ⱘǃҸҎೄ ᚥⱘǃ⫮㟇ᰃܙ⒵ᬠᛣⱘϪ⬠Ёⱘ䌲℠ā(Kazin 26)DŽҪᣛߎˈᇣ䇈Ё᳔㊒ᔽⱘ 䚼ߚᰃᇍ㢺䲒ⱘᦣ䗄ˈ݊Ё㕢೑⢍໾Ҏⱘᔶ䈵໾䖛ѢĀㄐ㒳āˈ䴲⢍໾Ҏⱘᔶ䈵 জᰃĀ῵㊞ⱘāǃĀϡⳈ㾖ⱘāˈ಴㗠ᕜᆍᯧ䅽䇏㗙ᛣ䆚ࠄҪӀⱘ԰⫼াᰃ䈵ᕕᗻ ⱘDŽ 㔫ᮃ੠व⋹ⱘ䖭ѯ䆎ᮁᰃ᳝༅݀ℷⱘˈҪӀ䛑ϡ୰⃶偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કЁᇮ᳾ᅠ ܼৠ࣪ⱘ㕢೑⢍໾Ҏᔶ䈵DŽԚᇍҪӀᴹ䇈ⳟԐৃ㛑ⱘሔ䰤ˈℷᰃ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ៤ህⱘ ⣀⡍П໘ˈ㗠Ϩ䖭ϔ῵ᓣ೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘᇣ䇈Ё㒣ᐌߎ⦄ˈՓᕫҪ᠔᳝ⱘ԰ક㋻ᆚ ഄ㘨㋏䍋ᴹˈ݋᳝ᛣ㭈⏅ࠏⱘ䖲䌃ᗻDŽᑨ䆹䇈ˈ㔫ᮃ੠व⋹೼ߚᵤЁ䛑ᡞᦵԣњ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰ક㸼⦄ߎᴹⱘ݋᳝᱂䘡䈵ᕕᛣНⱘ⢍໾ᗻˈҪӀг䛑䅸Ў偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ ԰ક㛑໳㾷䞞㕢೑⼒Ӯⱘഎ᱃DŽԚᰃˈҪӀैᣛߎ䖭ḋⱘᦣ䗄ᑊϡ㛑Ў㕢೑Ҏ᠔ ⧚㾷DŽ䖭ᰃ಴ЎҪӀ≵᳝Ң᭛࣪ǃग़৆Ϣ⼒Ӯⱘ㾚㾦ˈҢᅗӀП䯈ⱘⳌѦ݇㘨ҹ ঞ಴ᵰѦࡼ݇㋏ⱘ㾦ᑺˈᅶ㾖ഄߚᵤ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ⢍໾ᗻϢ㕢೑᭛࣪੠⼒ӮП䯈ⱘ 㘨㋏DŽ 䖥ᑈᴹˈ䆘䆎ᆊӀᇍ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કⱘ⼒Ӯᗻ㸼⦄ߎᔎ⚜ⱘ݈䍷DŽ偀ܟᮃg) 㟦ᇨ㣼੠Шᇨg㧼ᇨ㣼෵ᇍ݊Ёᣛ⍝ⱘ⼒Ӯᯊџˈ䖯㸠њ↨䕗ܼ䴶ⱘ䆎䗄DŽ㟦ᇨ 㣼Ң⼲䆱ॳൟᡍ䆘੠⼒Ӯᡍ䆘ⱘ㾦ᑺߎথˈ䆎䆕њ偀ᢝ咬ᖋࠡᳳಯ䚼ᇣ䇈ЁҎ⠽ থ᣹ⱘϸሖࡳ㛑˖ϔᰃ㒭㤦ॳᏺᴹᮄ⫳ⱘ⼲䆱㣅䲘ˈѠᰃЎ⼒Ӯ䌶ᕫℷНⱘ᮴ѻ

12 㿘㔼

䰊㑻㣅䲘DŽҪᣛߎˈҪӀᰃĀ⼲⾬ⱘᬥ䌢㗙੠⼒Ӯⱘ᳓㔾㕞ā Schulz 194 ˈҢ 㗠೼⼲䆱ॳൟ῵ᓣЁ᥶䅼њ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કЁ┰೼ⱘ偀ܟᗱЏНᵘᛇDŽ㟦ᇨ㣼䅸 Ўˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋՓ⫼䈵ᕕ᠟⊩੠⦄ᅲЏНϸ⾡῵ᓣˈᵘᓎњѠܗ࣪ⱘЏ乬੠㒧ᵘDŽ ಴ℸˈҪᔎ䇗೼⊼䞡⼲䆱ॳൟᡍ䆘⧚䆎ⱘৠᯊˈ㽕䞡㾚偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍ⼒Ӯϡড়⧚П ໘ⱘ᡼ߏˈҹঞᇍ⼒Ӯᯊџⱘ䯤䗄DŽ㧼ᇨݍ෵೼ᇍlj෎䕙ᗼNJ੠lj᠓ᅶNJ䖯㸠њ ϔ⬾䯤䞞ৢᣛߎˈ԰કⱘ㸼ሖᛣНϟᱫ㮣њĀ ᑈҷⱘ⾡ᮣ੠ᬓ⊏偮хā Salzberg xvi DŽҪ䅸Ўˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કЁ᳝ᕜ໮ᇍᬓ⊏य़䖿੠⼒Ӯϡ݀ⱘᦣݭ៪ᱫˈ1985 ⼎˖lj෎䕙ᗼNJ䈵ᕕѠ៬Ё໻ሴᴔফ䲒㗙ⱘ㢺䲒ˈгᱫᣛ㕢೑咥Ҏফࠄⱘय़䖿˗ lj᠓ᅶNJ䯤䞞њ  ᑈҷ㕢೑咥Ҏ੠⢍໾ҎП䯈ⱘ㋻ᓴ݇㋏ˈ㸼ᯢ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ߯ ԰Ⳉ᥹⍝ঞњ᳝݇ᯊџⱘЏ乬DŽ 䰓ᇨ᭛g᷃फ੠Ӟᮃवg༹ᇨ⡍ߚᵤњ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કᇍ⼒Ӯ⦄ᅲⱘᦣ䗄DŽ᷃ फҹlj᠓ᅶNJЎ՟ᣛߎˈᇣ䇈㟇ᇥ೼ϸϾሖ䴶Ϟᰃϔᐙ㊒ᖗᵘᓎⱘ⦄ᅲ⼒Ӯⱘ⬏ 䴶˖Ā⸈ᮻϡ෾ⱘ݀ᆧϡҙᰃ㒑㑺䱣໘ৃ㾕ⱘ⦄䈵ˈ㗠Ϩ䖬ᰃ Ϫ㑾ৢञ৊㽓ᮍ Kernan 198 ೼᷃फⳟᴹˈП᠔ҹ䇈偀ᢝ ҷ᭛ᯢ⼒Ӯ㤦ॳ᱃䈵ⱘⳳᅲݭ✻DŽā⦃ 咬ᖋⱘ԰ક݋᳝⼒Ӯᗻˈᰃ಴ЎҪᇣ䇈ЁϢЏ乬Ⳍ݇ⱘݙᆍ䛑ᴹ㞾Ѣ⦄ᅲ⫳⌏DŽ Ӟᮃवg༹ᇨ⡍ҹҢlj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJࠄlj᠓ᅶNJⱘѨ䚼ᇣ䇈Ў՟ᣛߎˈ䆘䆎ᆊ Ӏᇍ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ໮ḋ࣪ⱘ䆘Ӌᰃᙄབ݊ߚⱘˈԚᰃҪӀᕔᕔᗑ㾚њ⼒Ӯᡍ䆘ᮍ䴶DŽ џᅲϞˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋৢᳳⱘ԰ક᳈ࡴᔎ䇗⦄ҷ⼒ӮЁ㕢೑⢍໾Ҏ⫳⌏থ⫳ⱘব࣪ঞ ݊䍋ࠄⱘ݇䬂԰⫼ˈԚᰃै≵᳝ফࠄ䆘䆎⬠䎇໳ⱘ䞡㾚DŽ༹ᇨ⡍೼㨫԰Ё䅸Ўˈ ⼒Ӯ㚠᱃ᰃ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કⱘϔϾ䞡㽕㒘៤䚼ߚˈĀϡҙᦣ䗄⼒Ӯ㒧ᵘ੠ᬃᩥ⼒Ӯ 㒧ᵘⱘҎӀП䯈ⱘ݇㋏ˈгᔎ䇗ᵘᓎ⼒Ӯⱘއᅮᗻⱘ੠៣࠻ᗻⱘ┰೼࡯䞣ā Alter 1981ˈ3 DŽℸ໪ˈ༹ᇨ⡍೼кЁ䲚Ё䅼䆎њˈ೼ދ⓴ⱘǃ㜤࣪ⱘ⦄ҷ⼒ӮˈĀ㕢 ೑Ṻāⱘ䗑ᇏབԩⓨব៤њϔഎఽṺDŽҪᣛߎˈ䆮ᅲǃ݇⠅Ϣ䋷ӏᰃᣃᬥҎӀⱘ ࡯䞣⑤⊝DŽ 䖭ѯ䆘䆎ᆊⱘߎথ⚍ᰃℷ⹂ⱘDŽҪӀᣛߎˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍ⼒Ӯ䯂乬ⱘࠏ⬏݋᳝ ⏅ࠏⱘ৿НDŽϡ䖛ˈҪӀ≵᳝ᡞ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍ⼒Ӯ⢊މⱘᛳᙳˈϢᇣ䇈ЁЏҎ݀䘧 ᦣݭ⼒Ӯഎ᱃ˈ㸼䖒݊䘧ᖋ㾖׳ᖋ㸠Ўⱘব࣪㘨㋏䍋ᴹˈгህ᮴⊩ⳟߎ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ⱘভџⳂⱘDŽ ೼Џ乬ⷨおᮍ䴶ˈ᳝ⱘ䆘䆎ᆊջ䞡Ң䘧ᖋᡍ䆘ⱘ㾦ᑺᴹⷨお偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ԰

13 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

કˈ᳝ⱘᔎ䇗԰કЁЏҎ݀ᇍ⫳ᄬⱘ␈ᳯˈ䖬᳝ⱘ݇⊼Ѡ៬໻ሴᴔџӊ೼偀ᢝ咬 ᖋ㸼䖒Џ乬ᯊ䍋ࠄⱘ䞡㽕԰⫼DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋᡞ䘧ᖋ㾖ᗉ㕂Ѣ߯԰䅵ߦⱘḌᖗԡ㕂ˈҪⱘ԰કᰃᇍ  Ϫ㑾Ҏ㉏ ෎ᴀ䘧ᖋ㾘㣗ⱘ݇⊼DŽ೼  ᑈ᥹ফljᏈ咢䆘䆎NJⱘ䞛䆓Ёˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᳒㒣㸼 ᯢ㞾Ꮕᇍ㡎ᴃ߯԰੠䘧ᖋП䯈݇㋏ⱘⳟ⊩DŽҪ䇈˖Ā㡎ᴃᕔᕔЎ䘧ᖋ᳡ࡵDŽ㡎ᴃ ᇞ䞡⫳⌏DŽेՓᅗ≵᳝ᅗᕔᕔг䍟৥ĂĂ䘧ᖋ佪ܜ݇⊼Ҏ⫳ੑⱘ⼲೷ᗻˈ಴ℸˈ Ҏⱘ⫳⌏ˈ⫮㟇Ꮰ⡍ࢦⱘ⫳⌏ˈ೼䖭⼲༛ⱘᅛᅭЁг᳝㒃㊍ⱘᄬ೼ⱘᴗ߽DŽ䘧ᖋ 䆩೒ߚᵤ݊Ёⱘॳ಴DŽ೼ᴀ䋼Ϟˈ㡎ᴃ℠乖⫳⌏ˈᑊϨ㒭ќ៥Ӏᴗ㸵⫳⌏ⱘᷛޚDŽā Stern 1975ˈ51˅೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋⳟᴹˈ԰ᆊᑨ䆹ݡ⦄Ҏ㉏ⱘ㞾⬅੠Ꮰᳯˈᇣ䇈ᑨ˄ ⒵њ⮙ᗕǃৠᗻᘟǃҎܙ䆹ᦣݭ⫳⌏Ёⱘ݇⠅Ϣ㕢དⱘџ⠽DŽԚᰃ㕢೑ᇣ䇈Ёै Ḑߚ㺖ㄝㄝϥᙊ⦄䈵˄Wershba M2˅DŽ䖭ѯᇣ䇈ᡞ⦄ҷϪ⬠ࠏ⬏៤ϥ䰟ǃᘤᗪⱘ 㤦ॳ᱃䈵ˈҢ㗠๲䭓њϪҎᚆ㾖⮯㢺ⱘᚙ㒾DŽ೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈ߯԰ⱘⳂⱘ ᰃЎњĀᤑᬥҎ㉏᭛ᯢāDŽҪⱘ䖭⾡߯԰㾖ˈ⑤㞾ѢĀ㚃ᅮāⱘ䘧ᖋֵӄDŽҪ䅸 ЎˈेՓᰃ೼⾥ᡔऴЏᇐഄԡǃॳᄤ℺఼࿕㚕Ҏ㉏⫳ᄬⱘᯊҷ㚠᱃ЁˈҎӀҡ✊ 䳔㽕㊒⼲ᝄ㮝੠䘧ᖋ㸼⥛DŽ さDŽކ䆌໮䆘䆎ᆊ⊼ᛣࠄˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䖤⫼᭛ᄺ᠟↉ˈ᥶䅼ϾԧݙᖗϪ⬠ⱘ䘧ᖋ Ш㒇Ểg剡ྚᏈ䌿Ңlj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJǃljᑫਬNJ੠ljᮄ⫳⌏NJЁ⼲䆱എ᱃ⱘ㾦ᑺ ߎথˈ䯤䞞њϾԧ⫳⌏ⱘ䘧ᖋᛣНDŽ剡ྚᏈ䌿ᣛߎˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋϡҙᦣݭњ㞾✊੠ ⼒Ӯ᱃㾖ˈ㗠Ϩ䖬᥶䅼њĀҎⱘᛣ䆚ᑩሖ˄ᖗ♉ⱘ咥ᱫ˅āㄝ䯂乬ˈ೒㾷њϾԧ ೼ᡓᢙ䘧ᖋ䋷ӏᯊⱘ⶯Ⳓᖗ⧚DŽҪᔎ䇗ˈ೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ䘧ᖋϪ⬠Ёˈ⠅ᖗ੠䋷ӏ ᰃ៬㚰䙾ᙊǃᅲ⦄䘧ᖋᬥ䌢ⱘϔϾЏ㽕䗨ᕘ Baumbach 438-457 DŽᣕৠḋ㾖⚍ⱘ 䖬᳝䏃ᯧᮃgજᢝ᱂DŽҪҹlj෎䕙ᗼNJЎ՟ˈߚᵤњЏҎ݀ⱘ⶯Ⳓᖗ⧚ˈᣛߎ偀 ᢝ咬ᖋᢉࠊ䘧ᖋ㰮᮴ЏНDŽજᢝ᱂䅸Ўˈ䲙᷃໿ϡҙҙᰃㅔऩⱘǃ㒃㊍ⱘফ䲒㗙DŽ ߎ䗝ᢽˈ㗠Ϩ䖬ᰃ໡ᴖ⼒Ӯᬓ⊏ᔶ࢓ϟⱘ䘧ᖋخҪĀҢ㹿ᤩⱘ䙷ϔࠏ䍋ˈϔⳈ೼ ᡝᢽā Harap 131 DŽ㒻જᢝ᱂Пৢ⍋Ӻgᴀሐ䖾ܟ⡍䖯ϔℹᣛߎ˖偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ 䇈ⱘ䞡㽕Џ乬ПϔህᰃĀϢ⸈ണᗻ࡯䞣䖯㸠䘧ᖋ᭫ѝā Benedict 28 DŽཌྷߚᵤњ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋৢᳳⱘ԰કˈ䅸Ў偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䆩೒䞡ᮄ⹂䅸ϪҎᇍ䘧ᖋⱘ䳔∖ˈᑊҹℸᴹ ⹂ゟ⼒Ӯⱘ䘧ᖋ෎⸔DŽ 䗮䖛Ϟ䗄䌘᭭ⱘẇ⧚ˈ៥Ӏথ⦄ˈ䆘䆎ᆊӀᕔᕔҢ⼒Ӯǃग़৆੠ᖗ⧚ߚᵤㄝ

14 㿘㔼

ϡৠᮍ䴶ˈ䆎䗄偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈Ёⱘ䘧ᖋ䯂乬ˈЎ៥ӀҢᭈԧϞ᥶お偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈 ⱘ䘧ᖋᛣН༴ᅮњ෎⸔DŽԚᰃᏆ᳝ⷨおԐТ㸼ᯢˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘᇣ䇈ᰃ݊ϡৠ߯԰ ᳝ϔᴵ⏙᱄ⱘ㛝㒰䌃こ৘Ͼ߯԰䰊↉ˈᇣ䇈П≴ڣᯊᳳⱘϡৠ㡎ᴃ㸼⦄ᔶᓣˈད 䯈гӓԯ㔎ᇥᯢᰒⱘ㘨㋏DŽᅲ䰙Ϟˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼↣ϔ䚼ᇣ䇈Ёˈ䛑䆩೒ᇚЏҎ݀ ⱘ๗䘛Ϣ䘧ᖋ៤䭓ग़⿟㘨㋏䍋ᴹDŽҪᐌᐌ߽⫼Ҏ⠽ⱘ䙁䘛ˈᣪᥬҎ㉏䘧ᖋᗱᛇⱘ ᳔⏅໘ˈ៪㗙䆎䗄㒣ग़ᇍҎ⠽䘧ᖋ៤䭓䍋ࠄⱘ݇䬂԰⫼DŽԚᰃˈ䆘䆎ᆊӀ೼䗝ᢽ ᭛ᴀᯊˈᕔᕔা⍝ঞњ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘϸࠄϝ䚼԰કˈᄬ೼ϔᅮⱘሔ䰤ᗻDŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋⷨおᵕ݋ᕅડ࡯ⱘϸԡ䆘䆎ᆊ䇶ᇨ乓g-ˊ䌿Ҕ䇎੠ᵄᓫ䞠g⍋ᇨ ⡍᳐ˈᵕ݊᥼ዛ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈ⱘ䘧ᖋ࡯䞣DŽ೑໪᳝݇偀ᢝ咬ᖋⷨおⱘ㨫԰Ёˈ៥ 䌿Ҕ䇎䙷ḋˈ↨䕗㋏㒳ഄࠪᵤ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કЁ䘧ᖋֵᗉⱘϧ㨫DŽڣӀথ⦄ᕜᇥ᳝ 䌿Ҕ䇎೼݊㨫԰Ё䅸ЎˈĀ㱑✊偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કⱘ乬ᴤ੠㚠᱃৘ϡⳌৠˈԚᰃҪྟ 㒜മᣕ䘧ᖋᮍ䴶ⱘᬭ㚆ᛣНDŽā Hershinow 1 Ҫᣛߎˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᳈ᰃϔԡ䘧ᖋᇣ 䇈ᆊˈĀ催ᇮⱘҎᗻāᰃҪ߯԰ⱘ෎⸔ˈ׬㢹㽕⧚㾷ᇣ䇈ⱘⳳℷݙ⎉ˈህ㽕乚Ӯ 䘧ᖋֵᗉⱘ㊒傧DŽԚᰃˈ⬅Ѣ䌿Ҕ䇎ᇚ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䘧ᖋᛣНⱘᑨ⫼ˈҙҙሔ䰤೼݊ Ā催ᇮⱘҎᗻāⱘ෎⸔ϞˈҪ≵᳝ⳟࠄ៪㗙ᧁ⼎ᓩ䍋偀ᢝ咬ᖋ݇⊼䘧ᖋ⦄䈵ⱘॳ ಴DŽ⹂ߛഄ䇈ˈҪ≵᳝ᇚ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કЁⱘ䘧ᖋЏ乬㕂Ѣ᭛࣪੠ग़৆ⱘ㚠᱃ПЁ ᴹ㗗ᆳˈ៪㗙䇈ˈҪ≵᳝Ң᭛࣪੠ग़৆ⱘ㾦ᑺ䯤ᯢЎҔМ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍ䘧ᖋЏ乬ᛳ ݈䍷ˈ㗠ৠᯊᳳ݊Ҫⱘ԰ᆊ߭ϡ✊DŽা᳝㗗㰥偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘϾҎ㒣ग़ǃҪⱘϪ⬠㾖 ੠Ҏ⫳㾖ˈҹঞ߯԰㾖ㄝᮍ䴶ˈᠡ㛑⏙Ἦഄ䇈ᯢ䖭ϔ⚍DŽ ⍋ᇨ⡍᳐䗮䖛㒚䇏偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᠔᳝԰કⱘᮍᓣˈϧ䮼Ң䘧ᖋᡍ䆘ⱘ㾦ᑺᴹⷨお 偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ԰કDŽҪᣛߎˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ׵ᇐⱘ⢍໾૆ᄺᆊ偀ϕgᏗԃᦤߎⱘĀ៥ üüԴ݇㋏ā䘧ᖋ῵ᓣ݋᳝䞡㽕ᛣНˈ㗠ϨҪ䖬䆎䗄њ䖭⾡䘧ᖋ῵ᓣ೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ԰કЁথ᣹ⱘ԰⫼DŽ⍋ᇨ⡍᳐䅸Ўˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇚ䘧ᖋ݇⊼Ң⢍໾ҎᠽሩࠄҎ㉏ˈ ᔦ㒇њҎ㉏ᑨ䆹ᡓᢙⱘϸ⾡䘧ᖋ䋷ӏ˖Ā៥ЎԴফ㢺ā੠Ā៥ЎԴ䋳䋷ā Helterman1985ˈ21 DŽҪ䆎䆕њ䖭ѯ䘧ᖋક䋼೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋ㡎ᴃ߯԰Ёⱘ䞡㽕ᗻDŽ ᕫ⊼ᛣⱘᰃˈ⍋ᇨ⡍᳐ᛣ䆚ࠄˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᕔᕔ⊼䞡䘧ᖋᇐ৥ᇍҎ⠽ѻ⫳ⱘᔎ໻ؐ ࡯䞣DŽϡ䖛ˈҪ೼ߚᵤЁ䖛ᑺ݇⊼ᬙџᚙ㡖ˈ≵᳝㾷䞞䖭⾡䘧ᖋᇐ৥ⱘᕅડᰃབ ԩѻ⫳ⱘˈᅗⱘᬜᵰজᰃབԩᵘᓎⱘDŽ಴ℸˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કⱘ䘧ᖋᡍ䆘ᇮᕙ䖯ϔ

1偀ϕᏗԃ˄Martin Buber 1878—1965˅ᰃᖋ೑ᄬ೼ЏН૆ᄺᆊˈᰃᅫᬭᄬ೼ЏН૆ᄺⱘҷ 㸼DŽ

15 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ℹⱘ䆎䗄DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋᰃ᳔ফ⫳ᄬ䯂乬ೄᡄⱘ⦄ҷ԰ᆊПϔDŽ䰓㓈ᖋᢝgḥ⡍᥶䅼њ偀ᢝ 咬ᖋ԰કЁⱘ⫳ᄬЏ乬ˈᑊϨᔎ䇗њĀ㢺䲒ā೼䯤䞞䖭ϔЏ乬ᯊ䍋ࠄⱘ䞡㽕԰⫼DŽ ḥ⡍Ң䑿ԧǃᖗ⧚੠ᚙᛳϝϾᮍ䴶ߚᵤњlj෎䕙ᗼNJЁЏҎ݀ⱘ㢺䲒๗䘛ˈ䯤䞞 ⡍偀ᢝ咬ᖋĀᙪ䈀āⱘ⫳ᄬ⧚ᗉˈेা᳝䗮䖛ᶤ⾡ᴳ㓮ᠡ㛑ᅲ⦄ݙᖗⱘ㞾⬅DŽḥ 䅸Ўˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䗮䖛ᑏᛇϢ⦄ᅲⱘ㵡ড়ˈᅲ⦄њЏҎ݀⫳ᄬᖗ⧚Ϟⱘᔎ࣪ˈҢ㗠 ๲⏏њ䍙⦄ᅲЏНভџⱘ㡆ᔽ˄Sant 177-187˅DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼䇜ࠄĀೄ๗ā䯂乬ᯊ ᳒㒣䇈˖Āৃ㛑៥⫼ℸ↨ஏ᠔᳝Ҏⱘぬ๗ĂĂDŽ⼒ӮϞᄬ೼ϡ݀ᑇǃ⓴✊ҹঞ᮴ ⶹㄝ⦄䈵DŽĂĂ↣ϾҎ䛑ᖙ乏ᵘᓎǃ߯䗴㞾Ꮕⱘ㞾⬅DŽā Stern 1996ˈ18 Ҫᣛ ߎˈ೼㢺䲒ⱘ⫳ᄬ๗䘛Ёˈ԰ᆊⱘӏࡵህᰃ䗮䖛㡎ᴃ߯䗴㞾⬅ˈᑊϨֱᣕ㞾⬅DŽ 㧆߽᱂g⾥ᖋᡞ⫳ᄬЏ乬Ϣᄬ೼ЏН㋻ᆚഄ㘨㋏೼ϔ䍋DŽҪҢϸᮍ䴶ߚᵤњ ljᑫਬNJ੠lj෎䕙ᗼNJЁЏҎ݀ⱘ๗䘛˖݊ϔˈ೼ދ⓴ⱘǃ⠽℆ⱘ⼒ӮЁˈҪӀ ↣ᯊ↣ࠏ䛑ᛳࠄᄸ⣀ഄ⫳⌏೼ϔϾ≵᳝ᛣНⱘϪ⬠䞠˗݊ѠˈҪӀᇍ㸠Ўৃ㛑݋ ⒵ֵᖗˈ䅸Ў⦄ᅲৃҹ಴ЎҎⱘ㸠ࡼ㗠ᬍবˈ಴ℸˈҪӀ⊼䞡Ͼܙ᳝ⱘ┰೼Ӌؐ Ҏ┰㛑DŽℷབӞᮃ䳋ᇨg⬇ܟ᠔䇈ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘЏҎ݀ᘏᰃĀᢙᖗ㞾Ꮕⱘੑ䖤ˈ 㹿ोܹੑ䖤ⱘ⌾╂ПЁˈ✊㗠ᘏ㛑䆒⊩䗗㜅ੑ䖤ⱘ⠶ㄐā Shenkerˈ20 DŽ⾥ᖋ ᡞ䖭⾡ࡴ㓾ᓣⱘডয㗙੠ᇍᡫ⼒Ӯϡ݀ⱘᖗ⧚ˈᅮНЎᄬ೼ЏНⱘ㣗ᓣˈҢ㗠ᓎ ゟњ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈ⱘ⫳ᄬЏ乬Ϣᄬ೼ЏНП䯈ⱘ݇㘨DŽ⾥ᖋᣛߎˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘᇣ 䇈ϔᮍ䴶݇⊼њ㢺䲒ǃ㞾⬅ǃ䘧ᖋ䗝ᢽǃ⢍໾Ҏⱘ䑿ӑǃϞᏱП⅏ˈҹঞҎⱘ䋷 ӏㄝ⫳ᄬ䯂乬˗঺ϔᮍ䴶гЎ⦄ҷ⼒Ӯⱘ⫳ᄬ㒱ᳯᦤկњϔ⾡ߎ䏃DŽĀҪⱘᇣ䇈 㟇ᇥᅠ៤њ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᦤߎⱘᔧҞ԰ᆊⱘ঺ϔϾЏ㽕ӏࡵˈ䙷ህᰃᦤ䝦Ҏ㉏ˈ䗮䖛 ࡾ࡯㦋ᕫ⫳ᄬ㞾⬅᳔Ўৃ䌉DŽā Codde 192  䆘䆎ᆊӀᔎ䇗њ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ⫳ᄬЏ乬Ϣ㢺䲒੠ᄬ೼ЏНП䯈ⱘ㋻ᆚ㘨㋏ˈԚ ᰃҪӀᕔᕔ≵᳝㗗㰥⫳ᄬ๗䘛Ёⱘ䘧ᖋೄᚥㄝ䯂乬ˈᗑ⬹њ԰㗙䗮䖛⫳ᄬЏ乬ˈ 㗗ᆳ䘧ᖋ⦄䈵ⱘⳂⱘDŽҪӀ೼ߚᵤЁˈ㱑✊⍝ঞњЏҎ݀೼⫳ᄬೄ๗Ёᡓᢙⱘ䘧 ᖋ䋷ӏˈԚᰃᑊ≵᳝ᇍℸ䖯㸠䆺㒚ⱘ䆎䗄ˈ䖭ᰃϡ䎇ⱘDŽ㗠ϨˈҪӀⱘ䆎䗄Џ㽕 ೈ㒩lj෎䕙ᗼNJ䖭ϔ䚼ᇣ䇈ˈᕜᇥ⍝ঞ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ݊Ҫ԰કDŽ಴ℸˈҪӀᇍ偀ᢝ 咬ᖋ⫳ᄬЏ乬੠䘧ᖋ⢊މП䯈݇㋏ⱘ㸼䗄䖬᳝ϔᅮⱘሔ䰤ᗻDŽ 䆘䆎ᆊӀ䖬᥶䅼њ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કЁⱘĀ໻ሴᴔāЏ乬ˈᑊϨ䆎䗄њ䖭ϔЏ乬

16 㿘㔼

Ϣ⢍໾Ҏǃ⫮㟇Ҏ㉏ੑ䖤П䯈ⱘ݇㘨DŽ6㥝㦆gܟ䳋咬䗮䖛㗗ᆳ㋶ᇨg䋱࿘ǃ 㡒㧼ܟgᏈ㟡㓈ᮃg䕯Ḑǃ䕯㽓࿙g༹ݍܟǃજձྚg⊶ᠬܟǃԃ㒇ᖋg偀ᢝ咬 ᖋㄝकԡ㕢೑⢍໾԰ᆊⱘ԰કˈ᥶おњѠ៬໻ሴᴔџӊǃ⢍໾ग़৆੠㕢೑⼒Ӯᇍ ៬ৢ㕢೑⢍໾԰ᆊ߯԰੠㕢೑⢍໾᭛ᄺথሩⱘᕅડDŽ೼䇜ࠄ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᯊˈܟ䳋咬 ߚ䆎䆕њ≭ⱛ֘೑੠㒇㊍ᖋ೑೼⼒Ӯ㒧ᵘ੠ᬓ⊏ᮍ䴶ⱘܙߚᵤњlj෎䕙ᗼNJDŽཌྷ 㹿ᤩⱘॳ಴ህᰃܟⳌԐП໘ˈᣛߎ䖭䚼԰કⳳᅲഄݡ⦄њ໻ሴᴔⱘग़৆৆ᅲDŽ剡 ಴ЎҪᰃ⢍໾ҎˈҪⱘ๗މ䈵ᕕⴔѠ៬ᳳ䯈᭄ⱒϛ⢍໾Ҏⱘੑ䖤DŽܟ䳋咬䅸Ўˈ Ā>lj෎䕙ᗼNJ@ᰃ偀ᢝ咬ᖋϢ໻ሴᴔ㘨㋏᳔Ў㋻ᆚⱘᇣ䇈ā Kremer 95 DŽ偀ᢝ 咬ᖋⱘ݊Ҫ԰કˈ߭䗮䖛ᦣݭ⢍໾Ҏ䙁ফⱘ㢺䲒ˈ䯈᥹ഄஏᣛњ໻ሴᴔџӊDŽ䖜 ܟᇨgᏗᳫৠᛣܟ䳋咬ⱘ㾖⚍DŽҪߚᵤњĀ᳔ৢϔϾ偀ᏠഢҎāǃljᑫਬNJ੠lj෎ 䕙ᗼNJˈ䅸Ў偀ᢝ咬ᖋ≵᳝Ⳉ᥹䆎䗄Ā໻ሴᴔāЏ乬ˈ㗠ᰃ߽⫼ᛇ䈵ˈ䗮䖛䈵ᕕ ੠↨ஏˈ䯈᥹ഄ᥶おњ໻ሴᴔџӊᇍ⢍໾Ҏѻ⫳ⱘ䞡㽕ᕅડDŽᏗᳫᔎ䇗ˈ偀ᢝ咬 ᖋᇚ䖭ϔџӊⱘᛣНᠽ໻њˈᇚ݊㾚Ў⅟ᲈⱘ䈵ᕕ˄Brown 479-88˅DŽࢇӺᮃg݄ ḐᠽሩњᏗᳫⱘ㾖⚍ˈᣛߎ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ໻໮᭄Ҏ⠽ⱘ⫳ᄬぎ䯈ঞ݊ᵘᓎˈϢѠ៬໻ ሴᴔⱘഎ᠔ᰃ᳝ᏂᓖⱘDŽҪ䅸Ўˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇚ㢺䲒੠ᇞϹ㋻ᆚ㘨㋏೼ϔ䍋ˈሲѢ ᚆ࠻᭛ᄺⱘ㣗⭈DŽ಴ℸˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ԰ક䍙ߎ໻ሴᴔ♒䲒ⱘ㓈ᑺˈᇚ໻ሴᴔџӊ ⱘᛣНᑓН࣪˄Langer 115-125˅DŽ 䆘䆎ᆊӀ⊼ᛣࠄњ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કЁѠ៬Ā໻ሴᴔāЏ乬ⱘ䞡㽕ᗻˈϡ䖛ҪӀ ෎ᴀϞা݇⊼џӊᴀ䑿ˈ៪㗙⊼ᛣࠄ䖭ϔџӊϢҎ㉏⫳ᄬ⢊ᗕⱘ݇㘨ˈԚᰃ≵᳝ ᡞᅗӀ㕂Ѣ䘧ᖋ㚠᱃Ё䖯㸠㗗ᆳˈᗑ⬹њ԰㗙䗮䖛໻ሴᴔџӊЁⱘ㢺䲒ˈ䯤䞞Џ Ҏ݀䘧ᖋ㒣ग़ⱘভџⳂⱘDŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋⷨおⱘ঺ϔ䞡㽕ᮍ䴶ᰃ݇Ѣ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કЁⱘভџㄪ⬹Ϣ߯԰ᡔ Ꮋ䯂乬DŽ䆘䆎ᆊӀЏ㽕Ң䗑ᇏⱘভџㄪ⬹ǃ⼲䆱ॳൟভџˈҹঞᑑ咬ⱘ߯԰ᡔᎻ ϝϾᮍ䴶ሩᓔ䆎䗄DŽ ᠬሐg૤㒇ҹ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ݁䚼ᇣ䇈Ў՟ˈᇍ݊Ёⱘ䗑ᇏভџ䖯㸠њ䕗Ў㋏㒳ⱘ ߚᵤDŽҪᣛߎˈᇣ䇈ЁⱘЏҎ݀೼Ā䗑ᇏ␈ᳯāⱘ偅ࡼϟˈℹܹࠄ᥶㋶ⱘग़⿟Ёˈ Пৢ೼᣿ᡬ੠ೄ๗Ёᇍ䗑ᇏⱘ⧚㾷Ӯথ⫳ᬍবˈ᳔ৢ೼ᡓᢙ䋷ӏⱘৠᯊ䞡ᮄล䗴 䌿ԤḐ੠⊶⡍䇎ϔḋڣ㞾៥DŽ૤㒇䅸ЎˈҪӀ䛑⛁㹋Ѣᶤ⾡ᔶᓣⱘĀᮄ⫳⌏āˈĀ

17 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

␈ᳯ䗑ᇏā Tanner 129 DŽ঺ϔԡ䆘䆎ᆊ䁍ྚᮃgᢰᇨᠽሩњ૤㒇ⱘⷨおDŽᢰ ᇨ䗮䖛᥶䅼ljᴰᆒⱘ⫳⌏NJПࠡⱘ԰ક೼Џ乬ǃҎ⠽ล䗴੠ভџ῵ᓣϝϾᮍ䴶ⱘ 㘨㋏ˈᣛߎ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ߯԰݋᳝䖲㓁ᗻDŽҪ䅸ЎˈĀ㽕⧚㾷偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ᭛ᄺ៤ህˈ ህ㽕䅸䆚ࠄҪ೼᳝䰤ⱘ䇁๗Ёᇍ䗑ᇏ῵ᓣⱘ䖤⫼DŽā Beyer 203  ߃ᮃ⨇g*g༹ܟ㧻ᘽܼ䴶ߚᵤњ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કЁⱘ䗑ᇏ῵ᓣˈᣛߎ䖭⾡῵ ᓣ݋᳝ϔᅮⱘ໡ᴖᗻ੠⏅ࠏᗻDŽ༹ܟ㧻ᘽϡҙ䖤⫼ᖗ⧚ߚᵤǃ⼒Ӯǃ᭛࣪੠૆ᄺ ㄝⳌ݇⧚䆎ˈߚᵤњ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈ЁЏҎ݀䗑ᇏⱘ৿Нˈ䖬᥶おњ⢍໾㢺䲒㾖Ϣ 䗑ᇏⱘ㒧ড়ǃ៤䭓ग़⿟೼䗑ᇏ῵ᓣЁⱘ䖤⫼ǃҹঞ䗑ᇏ䖛⿟Ё䋷ӏϢᚙᛳᇍҎḐ 䞡ᓎⱘᕅડㄝ޴ᮍ䴶ⱘݙᆍDŽཌྷ㘮⛺偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ᠔᳝԰કˈ䖯㸠њ䆺㒚ⱘ᭛ᴀߚ ÿāˈ៪㗙ᰃĀ䅽Ҏৠ⪯ڏᵤDŽཌྷ䅸Ўˈ䗑ᇏЁⱘҎ⠽ϡᰃĀㅔऩⱘǃ῵ᓣ࣪ⱘþ ᚙⱘǃᛸϪႝ֫ⱘᇣϥāˈҪӀⱘ䗑ᇏᰃ⠽䋼੠㊒⼲ϸϾሖ䴶ⱘ㞾៥䗑ᇏ Ochshorn 3-9 DŽ 䖭ѯ䆘䆎ᆊߚᵤњ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈Ёⱘ䗑ᇏভџㄪ⬹ˈԚᰃҪӀ೼䆎䗄Ёˈ≵ ᳝ᡞ䖭⾡ভџㄪ⬹ˈϢЏҎ݀ⱘ䘧ᖋೄᚥ㘨㋏䍋ᴹDŽҪӀাᰃㅔऩഄߚᵤњ䗑ᇏ ῵ᓣˈै≵᳝ᣛߎ݊ॳ಴᠔೼ˈᗑ㾚њ偀ᢝ咬ᖋࠏ⬏Ҏ⠽⛺㰥ǃ␈ᳯⱘᖗᗕˈᰃ Ўњԧ⦄ҪӀ೼䗑ᇏ䖛⿟Ёᅲ⦄䘧ᖋ៤䭓Ϣ䘧ᖋಲᔦⱘᛣ೒DŽ䆘䆎ᆊӀ䖛ߚ⛁㹋 Ѣᚙ㡖੠ভџㄪ⬹ⱘӋؐˈᗑ⬹њᯢᰒഄ䱤㮣೼㚠ৢⱘভџⳂⱘDŽҪӀ≵᳝䅸䆚 ࠄˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᅲ䰙Ϟ᳈⊼䞡԰કⱘ䘧ᖋᛣНDŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કЁⱘ⼲䆱ॳൟভџгফࠄњ䆘䆎ᆊӀⱘ݇⊼DŽજ㓈gᑧᖋࢦ೼ म຿䆎᭛Ёˈ߽⫼֘⢘⌺ᮃᚙ㒧ߚᵤњlj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJDŽᑧᖋࢦᣛߎˈ偀ᢝ咬 ᖋᰃ㄀ϔԡ⊼ᛣࠄẦ⧗䖤ࡼЁ㭈৿֘⢘⌺ᮃᚙ㒧ݙᆍⱘ㕢೑ᇣ䇈ᆊDŽҪ䗮䖛ߚᵤ ࢦᮃⱘlj֘ܟ⽣ᇣ䇈Ёⱘ⠊ᄤ݇㋏ǃϸᗻ݇㋏ㄝ಴㋴ˈᮁᅮ݊ЁⱘҎ⠽ॳൟᴹ㞾㋶ ⢘⌺ᮃ⥟NJDŽҪᕫߎ㒧䆎ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇚ⠊ᄤކさϢẦ⧗䖤ࡼ៣࠻ᗻഄ㘨㋏೼ϔ䍋ˈ 㗠Ϩ䖭ϔভџ῵ᓣгߎ⦄೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋৢᴹⱘ԰કЁ˄Kudler 305˅DŽ क़ᇨg≗⨳᳐੠䁍ྚᮃgṙᢝᖋ߽⫼⼲䆱ॳൟভџˈᇍ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰ક䖯㸠њ ㋏㒳ⱘߚᵤDŽ≗⨳᳐ҹẦ⧗䖤ࡼǃ೷ᵃӴ༛੠㤷Ḑⱘॳൟᛣ䈵Ў෎⸔ˈ䆩೒೼ᖗ ⧚ǃ䘧ᖋ੠⼒Ӯ䳔∖ϝϾᮍ䴶ˈ᥶䅼lj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJབԩᇚग़৆џӊ੠Ầ⧗Ҿ ᓣ㒧ড়䍋ᴹˈՓП៤Ў㸵䞣Ͼԧᖗ⧚੠䘧ᖋ㸠Ўⱘ৆䆫DŽ≗⨳᳐䅸Ўˈ⼲䆱ॳൟ

1 䌿ԤḐᰃ㋶ᇨg䋱࿘ⱘᇣ䇈lj䌿ԤḐNJ Herzog, 1964 ЁⱘЏҎ݀DŽ⊶⡍䇎ᰃ㧆߽᱂g㔫 ᮃⱘᇣ䇈lj⊶⡍䇎ⱘᢅᗼNJ Portnoy’s Complaint, 1969 ЁⱘЏҎ݀DŽ

18 㿘㔼

ᰃ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ߯԰ⱘ⑤⊝ˈ㗠Ϩ䖭ϔ῵ᓣϢ߯԰乬ᴤᆚߛⳌ݇ˈे偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䗮䖛䈵 ᕕ῵ᓣǃ߯԰乬ᴤҹঞϸ㗙П䯈ⱘ݇㋏ˈ㸼䖒њ㞾ᏅᇍϪ⬠ⱘ⏙᱄ᵘᛇDŽҪᣛߎˈ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍ೷ᵃӴ༛ॳൟⱘՓ⫼ˈさ⸈њ㤷Ḑॳൟᛣ䈵ⱘሔ䰤DŽĀlj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJ 䰸њ݋᳝㞾䑿ⱘ㡎ᴃᅠᭈᗻˈ䖬Ў䯙䇏偀ᢝ咬ᖋৢᴹⱘᇣ䇈ᦤկњᖙ㽕ⱘখ㗗DŽā Wasserman 64  ṙᢝᖋᠽሩњ≗⨳᳐ⱘ㾖⚍DŽҪ䗮䖛ߚᵤ偀ᢝ咬ᖋࠡᳳಯ䚼ᇣ䇈Ёⱘ೷ᵃӴ ༛ǃỡ㹿⼲䆱ǃᄷ㡖੠⠻♉ⱘ䕂ಲǃ㐕Ⅺ⼲䆱ㄝॳൟ῵ᓣˈᣛߎᇣ䇈Ёⱘ⠻♉῵ ᓣᰃϔ⾡ভџ㒧ᵘⱘಯ⾡ϡৠ㸼⦄ᮍᓣDŽ೼ṙᢝᖋⳟᴹˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કЁⱘ⠻♉ ῵ᓣথ᣹њಯ⾡԰⫼˖Ā♉⌏ⱘভџ㒧ᵘǃϔ㟈ⱘҎ⠽ล䗴亢Ḑǃ䖲䌃ⱘᛣ䈵੠ ˈMellard 101 DŽṙᢝᖋ䖯ϔℹᣛߎ 䈵ᕕᮍᓣˈҹঞ⏙᱄᳝࡯ⱘ᭛亢੠ׂ䕲ㄪ⬹ā 䖭⾡ভџ῵ᓣϢĀ㕢೑Ṻā䗑ᇏ੠⢍໾㊒⼲П䯈ᄬ೼݇㘨П໘DŽҪ䅸Ўˈᕜᇥ᳝ 䆘䆎ᆊ⊼ᛣࠄ偀ᢝ咬ᖋĀ㕢೑Ṻāⱘ䗑ᇏᕔᕔҹᕏᑩ༅䋹㗠㒧ᴳ˗᳈ᇥ᳝䆘䆎 ᆊ䅸䆚ࠄ⢍໾㊒⼲ᰃ᥼ࡼҎ⠽䕀বⱘ⼲༛࡯䞣ˈ㗠⼲䆱῵ᓣাᰃጠܹ߯԰乬ᴤЁ ⱘϔϾ಴㋴DŽ ೼䖭㉏䆘䗄Ёˈ䆘䆎ᆊӀϧ⊼Ѣ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈ⱘॳൟভџϢ㒣݌᭛ᄺ԰કЁ ⼲䆱ॳൟП䯈ⱘ݇㘨ˈԚᰃҪӀ೼䆎䗄Ё㔎ᇥᇍ݊Ҫ಴㋴ⱘ㗗ᆳˈ≵᳝ᇚᓹ⓿೼ ԰કЁⱘᇍ䘧ᖋ䯂乬ⱘᗱ㗗㒇ܹ䅼䆎ⱘ㣗ೈDŽ՟བˈ೷ᵃӴ༛Ϣ䘧ᖋ䋷ӏП䯈ⱘ ݇㋏ㄝ䯂乬ህ≵᳝ᕫࠄ䆘䆎ᆊӀᑨ᳝ⱘ݇⊼DŽ≗⨳᳐㱑✊ㅔऩഄᦤঞ⼲䆱ॳൟϢ ЏҎ݀䘧ᖋ㸠ЎП䯈ⱘ݇㘨ˈԚᰃҪ≵᳝ᇍℸ䖯㸠䆺㒚䯤䗄DŽṙᢝᖋ䯤ᯢ⢍໾ᬭ ׵ᇐⱘ䘧ᖋક䋼ᰃ֗ՓҎ⠽䕀বⱘࡼ࡯ˈԚᰃҪ≵᳝Ң䘧ᖋⱘ㾦ᑺএ᥶䅼ЏҎ݀ 䗑ᇏ༅䋹ⱘॳ಴DŽ 䖬᳝ϔѯ䆘䆎ᆊ⊼ᛣࠄ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼᭛ᄺ԰કЁ䖤⫼ᑑ咬੠୰࠻ᬜᵰᴹᦣ㒬 Ҏ⠽ǃᵘᓎ᭛ᄺϪ⬠DŽक़ᇨg㔫㓈⡍䆘Ӌ䘧˖Ā偀ᢝ咬ᖋ㱑✊ᡧԣӴ㒳ᛣ㄀㒾⇥ 䯈ᬙџЁҸҎ䲒ҹᤝᩌⱘ෎䇗੠᰺⍽П໘ˈԚᰃҪভ䗄ᬙџⱘ᠟↉ϡᅠܼᰃӴ㒳 ⱘᛣ㄀㒾ᮍᓣDŽā Rovit 6 Ҫ䅸Ўˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ㒻ᡓњ⢍໾᭛࣪Ӵ㒳ˈҹ⢍໾Ҏ⡍ ᳝ⱘᑑ咬ᮍ⊩ᦣݭњ⫳⌏ⱘϡ⹂ᅮᗻ੠῵㊞ᗻDŽϡ䖛ˈҪ᥹ⴔᣛߎˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䍙 䍞њ⢍໾Ӵ㒳ⱘሔ䰤ˈҪ԰કЁⱘᡔᎻ῵ᓣᰃĀ䆫ᛣⱘǃ䈵ᕕᗻⱘāˈҹᬙᛣⱘ ৿⏋㾷އњⳟԐ᮴⊩໘⧚ⱘކさDŽ೼㔫㓈⡍ⳟᴹˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈㡎ᴃ㕢ᄺⱘ៤ࡳ ᠔೼ˈህᰃҪᇍᑑ咬ᡔᎻⱘᡞᦵDŽ䇶ᇨ乓g䇎᳐gḐ䳋Ꮧᮃഺᔎ䇗ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼

19 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

᭛ᄺ߯԰Ёᡞᑑ咬᠟⊩੠Ϲ㙗Џ乬㵡ܹࠄϔ䍋DŽḐ䳋Ꮧᮃഺ䅸Ўˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᡒࠄ њᙄᔧⱘ߯԰ᡔᎻˈ㗠Ϩ䖭ϔᡔᎻՓᕫ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᳝߿Ѣ㕢೑⢍໾᭛ᄺ䖤ࡼЁⱘ݊ ⱘᰃϔ⾡㤦䆲ϡ⠅أNJЁˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋڣҪ⢍໾԰ᆊDŽҪᣛߎˈ೼lj䌍ᖋᇨ᳐ⱘ⬏ 㒣ⱘ୰࠻᠟⊩DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䞛পϡৠᮍᓣⱘᑑ咬ˈᑊ㮝ℸᴹ㸼䖒԰કⱘϹ㙗Џ乬 (Grebstein 175-212)DŽ Ң߯԰ᡔᎻⱘ㾦ᑺߚᵤ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કⱘ䆘䆎ᆊˈ໻໮䖛ߚ݇⊼偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼԰ કЁ䖤⫼ⱘᔶᓣˈᗑ⬹њҪ䖤⫼ℸᔶᓣ㸼⦄ⱘݙᆍ੠ᛣНDŽҪӀ㱑✊гㅔऩഄ䆎 䗄ᇣ䇈Ёⱘ⢍໾᭛࣪㚠᱃ˈԚᰃᕔᕔ≵᳝᥶䅼⢍໾⿏⇥԰Ўᇥ᭄ᮣ㺨ˈ೼ҹ෎ⴷ ᬭЎЏ⌕᭛࣪ⱘ⼒ӮЁˈ㸼⦄ߎᴹⱘֵӄॅᴎDŽҪӀ≵᳝ߚᵤ⢍໾Ҏ೼䘧ᖋϞⱘ ༅㨑Ϣ᮴༜ˈᗑ⬹԰㗙䗮䖛ᔶᓣ੠ᡔᎻˈࠏ⬏Ҏ㉏⫳ᄬ⢊މⱘⳂⱘDŽ ೑ݙ䆘䆎⬠ᇍ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘⷨお䲚Ё೼⢍໾ᗻ䯂乬Ϟˈ䖭ᮍ䴶ⱘⷨお䴲ᐌ䆺 ሑˈᣪᥬг↨䕗⏅ܹDŽШ೑ᔎᬭᥜᣛߎˈĀҪ>偀ᢝ咬ᖋ@ᦤߎⱘᓬᡀþ⢍໾ᗻÿ ㄝЏᓴ៤Ўᔧҷ㕢೑⢍໾᭛ᄺ䖤ࡼⱘϔϾ෎䇗DŽā˄Ш೑ᔎ ˈ˅Шᬭᥜ䅸 Ўˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ԰ક䖯ϔℹᅠ୘੠থሩњ⢍໾᭛࣪ЁⱘĀ㢺䲒ā䯂乬ˈĀ᳝ᛣН 䡈њᏗԃⱘᇍ׳ⱘ㢺䲒āᛣੇⴔĀ䘧ᖋ䗑∖āҹঞĀᓎゟᑊᅠ୘㞾៥āDŽ儣ୌ亲 䆱૆ᄺⱘ㾖⚍ˈ᥶䅼њljᑫਬNJЁ⢍໾㊒⼲ⱘӋؐˈᣛߎ݊ᅲ䋼ህᰃĀЎҎ㉏ 䌢㔾㗠ফ㢺ˈ⫳⌏ⱘⳂᷛᰃ೼ᇬϪ䯈ᓎゟ䍋ϔϾ݀ℷǃ੠ᑇϢ㐕㤷ⱘҎ㉏⼒Ӯā 儣ୌ亲 ˈ˅DŽᣕ᳝Ⳍৠ㾖⚍ⱘ䖬᳝䚍ᱎ࢛੠࢛ٙDŽҪӀᣛߎˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ˄ ᇣ䇈Ёⱘ⢍໾⇥ᮣᗻĀ䍙䍞⾡ᮣāǃĀ䍙䍞೑⬠āˈᰒ⼎ߎĀᔶ㗠Ϟⱘ᱂䘡ᛣНāˈ ˈ˅DŽ ࣪ᛣНā˄䚍ᱎ࢛ ˈ˗࢛ٙܗ㸼⦄ĀҎ㉏⫳ᄬⱘ໮ ⬇ࢆᵒҢ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કЁĀ໻ሴᴔāЏ乬ⱘ㾦ᑺߎথˈߚᵤĀ໻ሴᴔā䆄ᖚⱘᕅ ડDŽҪ䅸Ўˈ䖭⾡ᕅડĀϡҙҙᇍѢ⢍໾Ҏ䑿ӑⱘമᅜϢ㓈㋏ᛣН䞡໻ˈᇍѢᭈ ϾҎ㉏ⱘ䘧ᖋ᪡ᅜгᰃϔϾ㸵䞣ⱘᷛᴚā˄⬇ࢆᵒ˅DŽ ᔧ✊ˈӫ໮ᄺ㗙೼᥶䅼偀ᢝ咬ᖋ߯԰Ё⢍໾᭛࣪䞡㽕ᗻⱘৠᯊˈ≵᳝ᗑ㾚Ҫ ⱘ㡎ᴃ䗑∖DŽ᳒㡇䪄Ң㞾✊ЏН߯԰ᡔᎻⱘ⡍ᕕߎথᇍljᑫਬNJ੠lj㺙䜡ᎹNJ 䖯㸠њ㾷䇏DŽཌྷ䅸Ўˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કЁĀᅲ偠ⱘᮍ⊩ā੠Ā⦃๗ⱘᕅડāᰃ㞾✊ ЏНⱘ䞡㽕㸼⦄DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䗮䖛㞾✊ЏНⱘ߯԰᠟⊩ˈϡҙݡ⦄њ⢍໾Ҏⱘⳳᅲ ๗䘛ˈ㗠Ϩ᳝࡯ഄ䯤䞞њ⢍໾⇥ᮣⱘ⫳ᄬ⢊މ˄᳒㡇䪄˅DŽ߬⋾ϔǃ਼फ ⼲㗐੠࢛ٙҢĀ⠊Ϣᄤāॳൟ↡乬ⱘ㾦ᑺߎথ䆎䗄偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈ЁЏҎ݀ⱘ㊒

20 㿘㔼

ग़⿟DŽҪӀ䅸Ўˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋফࠄ⢍໾᭛࣪Ӵ㒳ⱘᕅડDŽҪⱘ԰ક䱤৿ⴔᇍĀ⠊ᄤā ↡乬ⱘ䞡ᵘˈᑊϨᇍ䖭ϔ↡乬䖯㸠њĀ⣀⡍ⱘ䖤⫼੠⫳থā˄߬⋾ϔ ˈ ᘏ㒧ߎljᑫਬNJⱘ෎ᴀᚙ㡖῵ᓣބ义˗਼फ㗐˗࢛ٙ ˈ˅DŽ׾ ބĀᇏ∖ᬍবė䖯⿟ফ䰏ė᱖ᯊⱘ䕀ᴎėᏠᳯ⸈♁ė⧚ᛇⱘ䚼ߚᅲ⦄ā˄׾े ˅DŽҪᣛߎˈĀফ㢺Ϣ∖ᮄϸϾሖ䴶ϡᮁ᳈᳓ⱘᚙ㡖῵ᓣ䌃こ԰કⱘྟ㒜ҹ DŽ˅ބϔ㋏߫಴ᵰ㘨㋏᥼ࡼᚙ㡖ሖሖ䗦䖯݋᳝ᚙ㡖ᓎᵘࡳ㛑ā˄׾ ঺໪ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કЁҎ⠽ᔶ䈵ⱘⷨおг䴲ᐌ໮DŽШ೑ᔎᬭᥜǃᴼᑓᅛ੠䚍 ᱎ࢛ߚᵤњ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈Ё䙁ফ㢺䲒ⱘ⢍໾Ҏᔶ䈵ˈᣛߎҪӀ䆩೒೼ೄ๗Ёֱܼ ˗ˈҎⱘᇞϹˈৠᯊг݋᳝Ā᱂䘡䈵ᕕᛣНⱘϪ⬠࣪કᗻā˄Ш೑ᔎ Dخ ˅DŽ࢛ٙҢ㾦㡆䕀বǃ↡ᗻ᭛࣪੠ཇᴗЏНᴼᑓᅛ˗䚍ᱎ࢛ ˈ ㄝ㾦ᑺߎথˈ㾷䇏偀ᢝ咬ᖋ໮䚼԰કЁĀডᡫ⬋ᴗ᭛࣪ǃᇏ∖㞾៥ᛣ䆚ⱘཇᗻᔶ 䈵āˈᦤߎ㽕Āҹ݀ℷⱘᗕᑺā䆘Ӌ䖭ѯҎ⠽DŽҪ䅸Ўˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋĀϡҙⴔ䞡ࠏ ࢛ٙ ˈ DŽ ⬏⬋ᗻ㾦㡆ˈ㗠Ϩ᪙䭓ล䗴ཇᗻᔶ䈵ā ᳔ৢˈ䖬᳝ᇥ᭄ᄺ㗙䆎ঞ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰કЁⱘ⇥ᮣ੠ᅫᬭ䯂乬ˈ՟བШ೑ᔎᬭ ᥜߚᵤњlj᠓ᅶNJЁⱘ⇥ᮣކさЏ乬DŽҪ䗮䖛㾷䇏ग़৆Ϟ㕢೑咥Ҏ԰ᆊϢ⢍໾԰ ᆊП䯈ⱘ᭛ᄺѝ䆎ˈҢग़৆ǃ᭛࣪ㄝᮍ䴶ˈᧁ⼎њ⇥ᮣ䯈қ㾚ǃᇍゟᖗ⧚ᔶ៤ⱘ ॳ಴DŽШᬭᥜᣛߎˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋĀ≵᳝ㅔऩഄᓔߎ䅽ҪӀಶ㒧ড়԰៪㗙ߚ㺖ᇍᡫⱘ 㥃ᮍˈ㗠ᰃ⼜∖ҪӀⳟ೼ϞᏱⱘӑϞˈᕐℸ⧚㾷Ϣᆑᆍā Ш೑ᔎ ˈ DŽ Ш೑ᔎᬭᥜ䖬Ңᚙ㡖੠Ҏ⠽ࠏ⬏ϸϾᮍ䴶ܹ᠟ˈ᥶䅼њljϞᏱⱘᘽ䌤NJᧁ⼎ⱘᅫ ᬭЏ乬DŽҪ䅸Ўˈ䖭ᰃϔ䚼Ā᳝ⴔᯢᰒᅫᬭᛣੇⱘᇣ䇈ˈᕜ䲒⫼ㅔऩǃᯢ⹂ⱘᄫ হὖ䗄ߎЏ乬ᗱᛇā˄Ш೑ᔎ Eˈ˅DŽ䖭ѯⷨお䇈ᯢˈᄺ㗙ӀᏆ㒣ᓔྟ⊼ ᛣࠄњ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⷨお៤ᵰᠢේǃ䞡໡ⱘ⦄䈵ˈ㗠ϨҪӀℷ೼᳝ᛣ䆚ഄᢧᆑǃᢧ⏅ 㞾ᏅⱘⷨおDŽ ៥೑ⱘ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⷨおᎹ԰পᕫњϔᅮⱘ៤㒽DŽШ೑ᔎᬭᥜ੠߬⋾ϔᬭᥜ݇Ѣ 㕢೑⢍໾᭛ᄺⱘ㨫԰Ё䛑ϧ䮼䆎䗄њ偀ᢝ咬ᖋDŽ࢛ٙߎ⠜њⷨお偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘϧ 㨫ˈ䆹кҹ⼲䆱ᓣ䗑ᇏǃ⠊ᴗԧ㋏ǃ⇥ᮣ݇㋏੠ཇᗻЏНㄝЎߛܹ⚍ˈᕄᰒ偀

䖭ϸ䚼㨫԰ߚ߿ᰃШ೑ᔎ˖lj㕢೑⢍໾᭛ᄺNJˈଚࡵॄк佚ˈ ᑈ⠜˗߬⋾ϔ˖lj䍄৥᭛ ࣪䆫ᄺüü㕢೑⢍໾ᇣ䇈ⷨおNJˈ࣫Ҁ໻ᄺߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈ⠜DŽ 䖭䚼㨫԰ᰃ࢛ٙ˖ljԃ㒇ᖋg偀ᢝ咬ᖋüüϔԡ⣀⡍ⱘ㕢೑⢍໾԰ᆊNJˈ໪䇁ᬭᄺϢⷨおߎ ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈ⠜DŽ

21 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ᢝ咬ᖋ᠔⣀݋ⱘ⢍໾ᗻDŽ៾ℶࠄⳂࠡЎℶˈ㱑✊᳝ಯ㆛म຿䆎᭛೼ϧ䮼ゴ㡖Ё 䆎䗄偀ᢝ咬ᖋˈԚᰃ䖬≵᳝ϧ䮼ҹ偀ᢝ咬ᖋЎⷨおᇍ䈵ⱘम຿䆎᭛DŽ䗮䖛Ẕ㋶ৃ ҹথ⦄ˈ៥೑㱑✊᳝ⱒԭ㆛ᳳߞ䆎᭛ǃ⸩຿䆎᭛䆎䗄偀ᢝ咬ᖋˈԚ㒱໻䚼ߚাᰃ њⷨおˈ៪াᇍ݊߯԰԰ᅣ㾖ҟ㒡DŽخᇍᶤϔ԰ક៪ᶤϔᮍ䴶 Ϣ೑໪ⷨおⳌ↨ˈ៥೑ⱘ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⷨお䖬㔎У㋏㒳ᗻ੠⧚䆎⏅ᑺˈ៥Ӏ䖬ᄬ ೑ݙⱘ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⷨお෎ᴀϞ䲚Ё೼ᇍljᑫਬNJ੠lj෎䕙ᗼNJˈܜ೼ϔᅮⱘᏂ䎱DŽ佪 䖭ϸ䚼ᇣ䇈ⱘߚᵤϞˈⳌᇍ偀ᢝ咬ᖋܿ䚼䭓㆛ᇣ䇈ⱘ߯԰᭄䞣ᴹ䇈ˈ៥Ӏᇍ偀ᢝ 咬ᖋ԰કⷨおⱘᑓᑺ䖬᳝ᕙ䖯ϔℹᠽሩDŽ݊⃵ˈ೑ݙⱘᡍ䆘㗙Ӏ䕗Ў䲚Ёഄ䇜䆎 偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ⢍໾ᗻ䯂乬ˈ᠔Փ⫼ⱘ䆘䆎ᮍ⊩੠䆘䆎㾚㾦г᳝໻䞣ⱘ䞡໡⦄䈵ˈЏ 㽕ᰃᇍЏ乬੠߯԰ᡔᎻⱘⷨおˈ㗠ভџ⧚䆎ǃৢⅪ⇥⧚䆎੠᭛࣪ᡍ䆘ㄝ೼೑ݙᠡ ߮߮䍋ℹˈ៥Ӏᇍ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⷨおⱘ⏅ᑺ䖬䖰䖰ϡ໳DŽ᳔ৢˈҢᏆ㒣থ㸼ⱘ䆎᭛ᴹ ⳟˈ೑ݙᇍ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈Ӻ⧚ᛣНⱘⷨおˈ໻໮ሔ䰤೼ᇍljᑫਬNJ੠lj෎䕙ᗼNJ Ёⱘ⢍໾Ӻ⧚䘧ᖋ㾖ⱘ᥶䅼ˈ㔎УҢӺ⧚ᡍ䆘㾦ᑺᇍ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ݊Ҫᇣ䇈ⱘⷨおˈ ᳈㔎У㋏㒳ǃܼ䴶ഄ㗗ᆳ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈ЁӺ⧚䯂乬ⱘ䆎䗄ˈᇸ݊㔎ᇥᇍ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ Ӻ⧚㾖ⱘ⏅ܹⷨおˈ៥Ӏⱘⷨお㣗ೈ䖬ᰒᕫ䖛Ѣ⣁じDŽ಴ℸˈ೑ݙⱘ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⷨ お䖬᳝ᕙ䖯ϔℹⱘথሩDŽ  

㄀ϝ㡖 ⷨおᮍ⊩ǃⷨおⳂⱘঞ䆎᭛ㅔҟ

 ϔ㠀䇈ᴹˈᇍӏԩ᭛ᄺ԰ક䖯㸠Ӻ⧚㾷䇏ˈ䛑ᑨ䆹६⏙ĀӺ⧚ā੠Ā䘧ᖋā 䖭ϸϾὖᗉDŽҢ㽓ᮍ䆡⑤ᄺᴹ䇈ˈĀӺ⧚ā˄ethics˅䍋⑤ѢᏠ㜞䇁ⱘĀethosāˈ ᣛⱘᰃĀᶤ⾡⦄䈵ⱘ〇ᅮᗻ䋼āˈ݊ЁህࣙᣀĀҎⱘ⡍⅞⇨䋼āˈ՟བᗻḐǃᗻ

1 䖭ಯ㆛म຿䆎᭛ߚ߿ᰃ਼फ㗐˖lj䗑ᇏϔϾᮄⱘ⧚ᛇ೑˖㋶ᇨg䋱࿘ǃԃ㒇ᖋg偀ᢝ咬ᖋ Ϣ䕯㽓࿙g༹㡱ܟᇣ䇈ⷨおNJˈॺ䮼໻ᄺˈ ᑈ˗儣ୌ亲˖lj㕢೑⢍໾ᇣ䇈Ёⱘ⢍໾㊒ ˈNJˈЁ೑⼒Ӯ⾥ᄺ䰶ⷨお⫳䰶ˈ ᑈ˗ᴈ⥝˖ljѢ⌕ᬷЁкݭ䑿ӑ䅸ৠNJˈঢ়ᵫ໻ᄺ⼲  ᑈ˗ᭀफ㧆˖ljߎ䏃ˈ䖬ᰃᑏ䈵˖Ң ᑨ䆌Пഄ!ǃ ᑫਬ!ǃ 㕢೑⠻℠!ⳟ⢍໾Ҏⱘ㕢 ೑ṺᇏNJˈϞ⍋໪೑䇁໻ᄺˈ ᑈDŽ

22 㿘㔼

ᚙǃ⾝ᗻㄝDŽѮ䞠຿໮ᖋৢᴹ߭⫼ᅗᴹᣛĀҎⱘᖋ㸠ā˄ेϢҎⱘᗻḐ੠⇨䋼ᆚ ߛⳌ݇ⱘᖋᗻ˅˄স䇶Ӟ䇎໿ǃӞᇨ߽⡍㣼˅DŽĀ䘧ᖋā˄morality˅ϔ䆡 ⱘ䆡⑤ߎ㞾Ѣᢝϕ䇁ⱘĀmoralisāˈ᳝Ā亢֫āǃĀдᛃāⱘᛣᗱˈৢᴹজ䗤⏤ ⓨবߎĀ⡍⚍āǃĀક䋼āㄝ৿Н˄Thiroux˅DŽ㽓ᮍ᳝ᄺ㗙ᇍ䖭ϸϾ䆡䇁䖯 㸠↨䕗ˈ䅸ЎĀethicsāⱘᛣᗱᰃĀ᭛࣪亢֫੠дᛃāˈĀmoralityāгᰃᛣᣛĀд ˈā˄Boss5˅DŽ಴ℸˈҢ䆡⑤৿Нᴹⳟˈ䖭ϸϾ䆡䇁ॳᴹ≵᳝ᴀ䋼Ϟⱘϡৠ֫ াᰃϔϾᴹ⑤ѢᏠ㜞䇁ˈϔϾᴹ⑤Ѣᢝϕ䇁DŽৢᴹˈϸ㗙೼ᑨ⫼ⱘ䖛⿟Ё䗤⏤ѻ ⫳ऎ߿˖೼ᣛ䘧ᖋⱘ⧚䆎ᯊˈ໮⫼Āethicsāˈ㗠䘧ᖋⱘᅲ䏉㸠Ў໮⫼ĀmoralityāDŽ гህᰃ䇈ˈĀӺ⧚ā˄ethics˅᳈໮ഄ㸼ᕕᅶ㾖ᄬ೼ⱘ⼒Ӯ݇㋏ˈ݋᳝ϔᅮⱘ⼒ Ӯؒ৥˗Ā䘧ᖋā˄morality˅߭݋᳝ϾҎؒ৥ˈ㸼䖒ϾҎⱘݙᖗϪ⬠DŽ ∝䇁ЁˈĀӺ⧚āЁⱘĀӺāᴀНЎĀ㉏āǃĀ䕜ߚāˈ䗮ᐌᣛ乎ᑣǃ⾽ᑣˈ ᓩ⬇ߎҎϢҎⳌ໘ᯊⱘ݇㋏DŽĀ⧚āᰃᣛĀ㒍⧚āǃĀᴵ⧚āˈᓩ⬇Ў㾘ᕟⱘᛣ ᗱˈህᰃ㽕໘⧚དҎϢҎП䯈ⱘ݇㋏ˈᑨ䆹䙉Ңⱘ䘧⧚੠ޚ߭DŽĀþӺ⧚ÿϔ䆡 ⱘᴀНህᰃҎϢҎП䯈ᑨ䆹᳝ⱘ݇㋏੠䘧⧚ˈᑊᣛߎ᳝݇㋏ህ᳝㽕∖ˈজ᳝ᑨ䆹 བԩⱘӋؐপ৥ĂĂ಴ℸˈӺ⧚ᰃҎϢҎП䯈ᑨ䆹᳝ⱘ݇㋏ǃ㽕∖ঞ݊⧚⬅DŽā ˄⥟ᇣ䫵˅Ā䘧ᖋāЁⱘĀ䘧āᣛĀ䘧䏃āǃĀ䘧⧚āˈᓩ⬇ЎĀ㾘ᕟāǃ ˈĀ㾘߭āˈ㸼䖒Ҏ㉏ᇍॳ߭੠㾘㣗ⱘֵӄDŽĀᖋāᴀНЎĀ㸠āˈᣛⱘᰃĀ㸠Ўā ॳНᰃ⬅㸠Ў㸼⦄ߎᴹⱘݙᖗ᠔ᕫˈᓩ⬇ЎĀકᗻāǃĀકᖋāˈህᰃᣛϔϾҎ ᑨ䆹ᣝ✻ԩ⾡㾘㣗㸠џˈᠡ㛑ᕫࠄⱘકᖋDŽ಴ℸˈ䘧ᖋᣛⱘህᰃ⼒ӮЁҎӀⱘ㸠 Ў㾘㣗ˈ㹿ᅮНЎĀҎþゟ䑿ÿˈþ໘Ϫÿⱘ⦄ᅲⱘᑨ䆹ā˄⥟ᇣ䫵˅DŽ Ӻ⧚Ϣ䘧ᖋᰃ᳝ⴔᆚߛ㘨㋏ˈৠᯊজ᳝᠔ऎ߿ⱘϸϾ㣗⭈DŽ೼᮹ᐌ⫳⌏Ёˈ ϹḐऎߚˈԚᅲ䰙ϞᅗӀैᰃϸϾϡৃҹ⏋⎚ⱘὖᗉDŽخϸ㗙ৃҹѦᤶՓ⫼ˈϡ ĀӺ⧚āᰃᣛҎϢҎП䯈ǃџ⠽П䯈ǃҎϢџ⠽П䯈ǃҹঞџ⠽ݙ䚼໽✊ᔶ៤ⱘ џخǃ㒧ᵘ੠⾽ᑣDŽĀ䘧ᖋāᰃᣛখ✻ϔᅮⱘӺ⧚݇㋏ˈҎӀ೼ⳟᕙџ⠽ǃ㋏݇ ᯊ䙉ᕾⱘ㾘߭ǃ㾘㣗੠ᣕ᳝ⱘӋؐ㾖ᗉDŽⳌᑨഄˈӺ⧚㾖੠䘧ᖋ㾖䖭ϸϾὖᗉг ˅ǃЁᖗüü䖍㓬ㄝㄝৢܜ݋᳝ϡৠⱘݙ⎉ˈࠡ㗙ᰃ䩜ᇍ䖭ѯ݇㋏˄՟བЏ䕙ǃ 㒭ߎⱘϔ⾡ᘏⱘ䆘䇈˗㗠ৢ㗙߭ᰃ೼Ӻ⧚㾖ⱘখ✻ϟˈᇍ୘ϢᙊǃདϢണǃᇍϢ ߎⱘ߸ᮁDŽخ䫭ㄝ

23 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

Ӻ⧚ᰃ೼ϔᅮⱘ᭛࣪ǃग़৆ǃ⼒Ӯ㚠᱃ϟѻ⫳ⱘˈϡৠⱘ᭛࣪ǃग़৆ǃ⼒Ӯ ᴵӊˈӮᔶ៤Ⳍᑨⱘ䖹✊ϡৠⱘӺ⧚DŽϡৠⱘӺ⧚Ӯਜ⦄ߎᯢᰒⱘᯊҷॄ䗍ˈሩ ߎ⣀⡍ⱘᴀ䋼⡍⚍੠ᛣНݙ⎉DŽ಴ЎҎϢҎП䯈ǃџ⠽П䯈ǃҎϢџ⠽П䯈ǃ⼎ ҹঞџ⠽ݙ䚼ⱘ݇㋏ᰃ໡ᴖ໮ḋⱘˈ᠔ҹড᯴䖭ѯ݇㋏ⱘӺ⧚гህ㸡⫳ߎ໮⾡Ϣ ПⳌ੐ᑨⱘὖᗉDŽህབ߬ᇣᵿ᠔䇈ˈĀӺ⧚ህᰃҹᶤ⾡Ӌؐ㾖ᗉЎ㒣㛝ⱘ⫳ੑᛳ 㾝ˈড䖛ᴹ䇈ˈϔ⾡⫳ੑᛳ㾝ህᰃϔ⾡Ӻ⧚˗᳝໮ᇥ⾡⫳ੑᛳ㾝ˈህ᳝໮ᇥ⾡Ӻ ⧚DŽā˄߬ᇣᵿ˅៥Ӏৃҹᡞϔ⾡݇㋏ህ㾚Ўϔ⾡Ӻ⧚ˈҎ៪џ⠽П䯈ⱘ݇㋏ 䫭㓐໡ᴖˈӺ⧚гህ໮⾡໮ḋDŽ ĀҎ䰙Ӻ⧚āᰃҎӀ೼᮹ᐌⱘ⼒Ӯ⫳⌏ЁˈϢҪҎѸᕔᯊᔶ៤ⱘ݇㋏DŽ䖭݊ ЁৃҹࣙᣀҎӀ೼㘠ϮথሩЁ㒧៤ⱘৠџ݇㋏ǃϢ乚ᇐ㒧៤ⱘϞϟ㑻݇㋏ǃ೼⫳ ⌏Ё㒧៤ⱘ䚏䞠݇㋏ǃ᳟ট݇㋏ǃҹঞϢᓖᗻ㒧៤ⱘϸᗻ݇㋏ㄝㄝDŽ Ā⢍໾Ӻ⧚āгৃҹ⿄Ў⢍໾ᬭӺ⧚ˈᣛⱘᰃ⢍໾ᬭֵӄЁӴ㒳ⱘӺ⧚Ӌؐ 㾖DŽ䖭ѯӋؐ㾖ࣙᣀ⢍໾䋷ӏӺ⧚ǃӺ⧚Ф㾖ЏНǃ⢍໾ᆊᒁӺ⧚ǃ⢍໾㞾⬅㾖 ㄝㄝDŽᅗӀ⏫䗣೼⢍໾Ҏ⫳⌏ⱘ৘Ͼᮍ䴶ˈᣛᇐ੠㑺ᴳ⢍໾Ҏⱘᗱᛇ㾖ᗉ੠㸠Ў ВℶDŽ ೼⼒Ӯ⫳⌏Ёˈϡৠ⇥ᮣⱘҎ䛑ӮখϢࠄ᮹ᐌ⌏ࡼЁএˈᑊϨ೼݊Ёথ᣹৘ 㞾ⱘ԰⫼ˈᔶ៤њϡৠⱘ⇥ᮣЏԧDŽ䖭ѯ⇥ᮣЏԧП䯈Ӯѻ⫳䴲ᐌ໡ᴖⱘ݇㋏ˈ ಴ℸгህᔶ៤њĀ⇥ᮣӺ⧚āⱘὖᗉDŽ Ā⫳ᗕӺ⧚āᠧ⸈Ӵ㒳Ӻ⧚ⱘ⬠䰤ˈᠽሩӺ⧚݇ᗔⱘ㣗ೈˈҢা݇ᖗĀҎ㉏ 䖭ϔ⡍ᅮ㕸ԧāথሩࠄ݇⊼Ā໻㞾✊Ёⱘ䚼ߚᄬ೼⠽៪᠔᳝㞾✊⠽ⱘᴗ߽āDŽ⫳ ᗕӺ⧚ᔎ䇗੠ড᯴ⱘᰃ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳Ё䇌џ⠽П䯈ⱘ݇㋏ˈࣙᣀ⫳ੑԧⱘ⣀ゟǃ㞾⬅ ੠ᇞϹˈ⫳ੑԧП䯈ⱘ݇㋏ˈ⫳ੑԧϢ⫳ᗕ݅ৠԧⱘ݇㋏ㄝㄝDŽ Ӻ⧚ⷨお݇⊼ⱘ䞡⚍ᰃҎ៪џ⠽П䯈݇㋏ⱘব࣪˗䘧ᖋⷨお⊼䞡ߚᵤⱘᰃ䖭 ⾡݇㋏ব࣪ᰃ৺ড়Т⦄ᯊⱘ㾘㣗ˈгህᰃ߸ᮁ䖭⾡݇㋏ব࣪ᰃ৺ড়⧚DŽᇍ᭛ᄺ԰ ક䖯㸠Ӻ⧚ⷨおˈህᰃᇍ݊Ёݙ৿ⱘ⡍ᅮᯊҷⱘ⦄䈵䖯㸠ᅶ㾖ഄݡ⦄ˈЏ㽕ᣛ৥ ग़৆˗㗠᭛ᄺⱘ䘧ᖋⷨおᰃᇍ⦄䈵䖯㸠Џ㾖ⱘ䆘ӋˈЏ㽕ᣛ৥⦄೼DŽᑓНⱘ᭛ᄺ Ӻ⧚ⷨお㵡ড়䘧ᖋⷨおˈ಴Ў೼ড᯴⡍ᅮᯊҷ⦄䈵ⱘৠᯊˈᖙ✊Ӯᇍ݊䖯㸠䆘Ӌˈ ಴ℸгህ⎉Ⲫњ䘧ᖋⷨおDŽ ᇍ᭛ᄺ԰ક䖯㸠Ӻ⧚ⷨお݋᳝ϔᅮⱘ⧚䆎෎⸔DŽᄺ㗙Ӏ䅸ЎˈӺ⧚ᄺ԰Ўϔ

24 㿘㔼

⾡ⷨおᮍ⊩ˈৃҹᑨ⫼ࠄ᭛ᄺᡍ䆘乚ඳˈ಴Ўϸ㗙೼ⷨおᇍ䈵Ϟᄬ೼Ⳍ䗮П໘DŽ ℷབ㘖⦡䩞᠔䇈˖  Ӻ⧚ᄺⷨおⱘᰃ⦄ᅲ⼒ӮЁ৘⾡䘧ᖋ⦄䈵ҹঞ೼⼒Ӯ⌏ࡼ෎⸔Ϟᔶ៤ⱘҎϢҎ П䯈ⱘӺ⧚䘧ᖋ݇㋏੠䘧ᖋॳ߭ǃ㾘㣗ᑊ⫼䖭ѯॳ߭㾘㣗এᣛᇐҎⱘ㸠ࡼDŽ㗠 ⼒ࡽ㡎ᴃᛇ䈵੠㡎ᴃᦣݭᡞ⦄ᅲϪ⬠䕀࣪Ў㡎ᴃϪ⬠ᡞⳳᅲⱘҎ㉏׳᭛ᄺै Ӯ䕀࣪Ў㰮ᵘ੠㡎ᴃ⼒Ӯᡞ⦄ᅲЁⱘ৘⾡䘧ᖋ⦄䈵䕀࣪Ў㡎ᴃЁ৘⾡䘧ᖋ⶯Ⳓ ϢކさDŽ 㘖⦡䩞   ᤶহ䆱䇈ˈĀӺ⧚ᄺЏ㽕㾷އⱘᰃþ݇㋏ÿҹঞϢ䖭ѯ݇㋏Ⳍ݇ⱘþ⊩߭ÿㄝ䯂 乬DŽ᭛ᄺ߭ᰃ݇ѢҎϢҎǃҎϢ⼒ӮǃҎϢ㞾✊⫮㟇Ҏ㞾䑿ⱘ♉儖Ϣ㙝ԧㄝП 䯈݇㋏ⱘϔ䮼ᄺ䯂DŽĂĂ᭛ᄺ԰કЁড᯴ߎᴹⱘþ݇㋏ÿ Ӻ⧚ ঞ݊ᄬ೼ⱘþ⊩ ߭ÿ 䘧ᖋ ᅲ䰙ϞϢӺ⧚ᄺ᠔ⷨおⱘᇍ䈵ᰃϔ㟈ⱘDŽā˄Ш೑ᔎˈ˅᭛ ᄺӺ⧚ⷨおⱘḌᖗᰃ೼ᇍ԰કЁĀ㞾៥āϢĀҪ㗙āП䯈ⱘ݇㋏䖯㸠䕼䆕⧚㾷ⱘ ෎⸔Ϟˈ䗮䖛ߚᵤҎ⠽ⱘӺ⧚ೄᚥ੠䘧ᖋᡝᢽˈℷ⹂ഄᡞᦵ੠⧚㾷݇㋏ⱘথሩⓨ বˈҢ㗠᥼䆎ߎབԩᠡ㛑䖒៤Ā㞾៥āϢĀҪ㗙āП䯈݇㋏ⱘ੠䇤থሩDŽ䖭ህ㽕 ∖᮶㽕ᇍᇣ䇈ЁĀ㞾៥āⱘᇕ䯁䍟৥䖯㸠ߚᵤˈ䖬㽕೼݊Ёᡒࠄ┰೼ⱘ㾷އᮍ⊩ ϢᇍㄪDŽ ᴀ䆎᭛Џ㽕ゟ䎇Ѣ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈ⱘӺ⧚Џ乬ⷨおDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ៤䭓੠⫳⌏ⱘᯊ ҷˈℷᰃϪ⬠Ḑሔথ⫳Ꮌ໻ব࣪ⱘग़৆ᯊᳳDŽҪ҆䑿㒣ग़䖛៪㗙䯈᥹ഄԧӮࠄњ ϔѯ䞡໻ⱘग़৆џӊˈ՟བᣕ㓁᭄ᑈПЙⱘܼ⧗ᗻ㒣⌢໻㧻ᴵǃ㄀Ѡ⃵Ϫ⬠໻៬ ⱘ⟚থǃ⊩㽓ᮃЏНᇍ⢍໾Ҏⱘ䖿ᆇ੠ሴᴔǃᑓቯⱘḌ⟚⚌ǃໄ࢓⌽໻ⱘѝপ⇥ Џᴗ߽ⱘ䖤ࡼǃ㕢㢣П䯈䭓ᳳⱘދ៬ᇍክㄝㄝDŽৠᯊˈ⾥ᄺᡔᴃ䖙⣯থሩˈ㒣⌢ ᣕ㓁๲䭓ˈ䖭ѯ䛑㒭㕢೑Ҏ⇥੠Ҏ㉏৘⇥ᮣⱘ⫳⌏ᏺᴹᎼ໻ⱘব࣪DŽ೼䖭ḋⱘᯊ ҷ㚠᱃Пϟˈ԰Ў㨫ৡⱘ㕢೑⢍໾԰ᆊˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋϔⳈ㕂䑿Ѣ⢍໾᭛࣪Ϣ㕢೑᭛ ˈ࣪Ⳍ㵡ড়ⱘᅣ㾖᭛࣪㚠᱃ЁDŽҪⱘ԰ક⏅ܹഄ᥶おњ⢍໾᭛࣪Ӵ㒳ⱘ㊒⼲Ӌؐ ৠᯊгᇍ㕢೑⼒ӮⱘӋؐ㾖䖯㸠њ⏅䙗ⱘᗱ㗗ˈড᯴њҪᇍ⼒Ӯ⫳⌏ЁⱘϾԧϢ Ҫ㗙ǃϾԧϢ䲚ԧǃ⇥ᮣϢ⇥ᮣǃ⫮㟇Ҏ㉏Ϣ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳П䯈Ӻ⧚䯂乬ⱘ⏅ࠏডᗱDŽ ᴀ䆎᭛䗝প偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘಯ䚼䭓㆛ᇣ䇈lj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJ˄˅ǃlj෎䕙ᗼNJ ˄˅ǃlj᠓ᅶNJ˄˅੠ljϞᏱⱘᘽ䌤NJ˄˅䖯㸠ߚᵤDŽ䖭ಯ䚼ᇣ䇈ҷ㸼 偀ᢝ咬ᖋϡৠᯊᳳⱘ߯԰ᗱᛇ੠߯԰亢Ḑˈৠᯊгᰃ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᳔݋᳝ҷ㸼ᗻⱘ԰

25 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

કDŽҢҎ䰙Ӻ⧚ǃ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ǃ⇥ᮣӺ⧚੠⫳ᗕӺ⧚ಯϾᮍ䴶䖯㸠Џ乬䯤䞞ˈৃҹ 䴶ߚᵤ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈Ё㭈৿ⱘ⏅ࠏⱘӺ⧚ݙ⎉ˈ⏅ܹഄ᥶㋶੠䅸䆚݊Ёⱘᛣ㭈ܼ ੠Ҏ᭛ЏН㊒⼲DŽᴀ䆎᭛ᇚ㒧ড়ᅣ㾖ⱘӺ⧚ᡍ䆘ⱘ㾚㾦੠ᖂ㾖ⱘ᭛ᴀ㒚䇏ⱘᮍ ⊩ˈ਌㒇Ⳍ݇ⱘ᭛ᄺ੠᭛࣪⧚䆎ҹঞ݊Ҫᄺ㗙ⱘ㾖⚍ˈⴔ䞡ߚᵤ᭛ᴀЁЏҎ݀䴶 ЈⱘӺ⧚ೄ๗ˈ᥶䅼ҪӀ䍄ߎॅᴎǃᅲ⦄ᬥ䌢ⱘ䗨ᕘˈҢ㗠ሩ⦄偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈㭈 㮣ⱘӺ⧚ᗱᛇˈҹঞ䖭⾡Ӻ⧚ᗱᛇᇍ㕢೑ᔧҞ⼒Ӯǃ⫮㟇ܼҎ㉏ⱘਃ⼎੠ᣛᓩ԰ ⫼DŽೄ๗Ϣᬥ䌢ᰃ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈ড᯴ⱘ䞡㽕䯂乬ˈ㗠݊߯԰ⱘḌᖗЏ乬ᡬᇘⱘᰃ ᇍӺ⧚䘧ᖋⱘᗱ㗗DŽ 䆎᭛㄀ϔゴ᥶䅼њҎ䰙Ӻ⧚Џ乬DŽ೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋߎ⠜ⱘ㄀ϔ䚼䭓㆛ᇣ䇈lj໽⫳ ⫳˅Ёˈ਼ೈҎⱘϾҎЏНӋؐ㾖ᇍЏҎ݀Ầ⧗䖤ࡼਬ㔫ձѻⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJ˄ њᎼ໻ⱘᕅડDŽ೼䖭ѯҎӋؐ㾖ⱘ԰⫼ϟˈ㔫ձᔶ៤њབ⋾∈⣯ݑ㠀ⱘ℆ᳯDŽҪ DŽ⧗؛Ўњᅲ⦄ϾҎṺᛇˈ⒵䎇㞾Ꮕⱘ␈∖ˈ᥹ফ䌓䌖ⱘ䪅䋶ˈৠᛣ೼䌯എϞᠧ 䗴៤䖭ϔߛⱘḍᴀॳ಴ˈህᰃҪ೼Ҏ䰙Ѹᕔ䖛⿟ЁফࠄҪҎⱘᕅડˈֵ༝ᑊϨᅲ 䏉њϾҎЏНⱘӋؐ㾖DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䗮䖛㔫ձ䑿䖍Ҏⱘ԰⫼ˈ㾷䞞њ䖭ѯҎⱘӋؐ 㾖ᇍ㔫ձ䗴៤ⱘೄᡄDŽҪϢ਼ೈ޴Т᠔᳝Ҏ䛑༅এњⳈ᥹ᇍ䆱੠ֵӏⱘ෎⸔ˈᕐ ℸ䯈ᔶ៤њ⭣䖰੠ދ⎵ⱘ݇㋏ˈҢ㗠೼ϢҪҎѸᕔⱘ䖛⿟Ё䱋ܹњೄᚥ੠ॅᴎП ЁDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼䅸䆚ࠄӺ⧚ೄ๗ⱘৠᯊˈ≵᳝ᬒᓗᇏᡒߎ䏃ˈᨚ㜅ೄ๗ⱘৃ㛑DŽ ׳೼ᇣ䇈ⱘ㒧ሒˈ㔫ձ᳔㒜ᡯᓗњϾҎЏНⱘ䗑∖ˈᡓᢙ䍋䘧ᖋ䋷ӏDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ 㔫ձⱘ䕀বᣛߎˈা᳝೼݇⠅Ϣ䋷ӏⱘᓩ乚ϟˈϾԧᠡ㛑䍄ߎĀҹ㞾៥ЎЁᖗā ⱘϾҎЏНⱘೄᡄˈᓎゟϢҪҎП䯈ⱘ㡃ད݇㋏ˈᅲ⦄ᬥ䌢DŽ 䆎᭛㄀Ѡゴߚᵤњ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Џ乬DŽ೼lj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJПৢˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋথ㸼 њlj෎䕙ᗼNJ˄˅ㄝ԰કˈ䯤䞞њ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ᇍѢ⢍໾⇥ᮣⱘ䞡㽕ᛣНDŽ ೼lj෎䕙ᗼNJЁˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䗮䖛ग़৆Ϟⱘⳳᅲџӊˈݡ⦄њড⢍ЏН㚠᱃ϟ⢍໾ Ҏᙊࡷⱘ⫳ᄬ⦃๗DŽᇣ䇈ⱘЏҎ݀⢍໾Ҏ䲙᷃໿೼㒣ग़⫳⌏ⱘ㡄䕯ǃီ࿏ⱘ༅䋹 ⌕೑Ҏ㵡ܹࠄЏ֘ܙᇍ⢍໾ᬭֵӄѻ⫳њࡼᨛDŽҪ䆩೒ᡯᓗ⢍໾Ҏ䑿ӑˈݦˈৢ ⼒ӮDŽ䲙᷃໿೼㚠⾏⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈ㹿䇀䱋⢃њ䇟ᴔ㔾ˈ䑿ԧ੠㊒⼲Ϟ 䙁ফњ᳈ࡴ⮯㢺ⱘᡬ⺼ˈҪг಴ℸ䱋ܹೄᚥϢ䗋ᚬПЁDŽ㒣ग़њ⾡⾡㢺䲒Пৢˈ 䲙᷃໿᳔㒜䍄ߎњ㰮ᑏⱘϪ⬠DŽҪᓔྟ೼⫳⌏Ёᅲ䏉⢍໾Ӻ⧚ˈЎњ⢍໾⇥ᮣⱘ ⫳ᄬϢড⢍ЏН䖯㸠᭫ѝDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋҹℸ䇈ᯢˈ⢍໾Ҏা᳝മᅜᴀ⇥ᮣⱘ᭛࣪䑿

26 㿘㔼

ӑˈᡓᢙᇍ䲚ԧ੠⇥ᮣⱘ䋷ӏˈᠡ㛑೼ᓖඳⱘ᭛࣪⦃๗Ё䍄ߎ⫳ᄬೄ๗ˈ㦋ᕫᬥ 䌢DŽ 䆎᭛㄀ϝゴ䅼䆎њ⇥ᮣӺ⧚Џ乬DŽlj෎䕙ᗼNJПৢˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋথ㸼њlj᠓ᅶNJ ˄˅ˈ⍝ঞࠄњϡৠ⇥ᮣ೼Ѹᕔᯊབԩ໘⧚ᕐℸ䯈݇㋏ⱘ䯂乬DŽ೼䖭䚼ᇣ䇈 ЁˈЏҎ݀⢍໾ⱑҎ԰ᆊ㦅⨳੠咥Ҏ԰ᆊ࿕߽䛑䗋ᘟ߯԰ˈг䛑಴Ў≝⒎Ѣ߯԰ 㗠䱋ܹೄ๗ПЁDŽ⬅Ѣ⇥ᮣ᭛࣪ⱘᏂᓖˈҪӀ೼݅ৠ⫳⌏੠߯԰ⱘ䖛⿟Ёѻ⫳⶯ Ⳓˈ㗠Ϩ߯԰ᗱᛇ੠߯԰ᮍᓣⱘߚ℻㟈ՓҪӀП䯈ⱘކさϡᮁछ㑻ˈ⫮㟇থሩࠄ Ā⫳⅏᧣᭫āⱘഄℹDŽৠᯊˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䖬䆎䗄њᅲ⦄⇥ᮣ੠㾷ⱘৃ㛑ᗻDŽ೼ᇣ䇈 Ёˈ䖭ϔৃ㛑㸼⦄೼ϸԡ԰ᆊП䯈ⱘĀܘᓳᚙ䇞āϞDŽҪӀ᳒㒣೼⫳⌏੠߯԰Ё ⳌѦ݇✻ǃⳌѦ⃷䌣DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ⫮㟇䖬㰮ᵘњϸϾ⇥ᮣП䯈䗮ီⱘᚙ㡖ˈᴹᅲ⦄ ⇥ᮣⳌᆍⱘሔ䴶DŽᇣ䇈ⱘ㒧ሒˈ᠓ϰ୞ߎĀথথ᜜ᚆ৻āDŽ䖭হ䆱㸼ᯢњ偀ᢝ咬 ֱˈᖋⱘᗕᑺˈҪ䅸Ўˈϡৠ⇥ᮣ೼Ѹᕔⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈাֱ᳝ᣕⳌѦⱘᆑᆍ੠ԧ䇙 ˈ䆕ᕐℸⱘᑇㄝ੠ֵӏˈᠡ㛑ᨚ㜅Ā㞾៥ЁᖗЏНāⱘऩϔ⇥ᮣ㾚䞢ᏺᴹⱘೄᡄ ᅲ⦄⇥ᮣ੠䇤݅ᄬDŽ 䆎᭛㄀ಯゴߚᵤњ⫳ᗕӺ⧚Џ乬DŽljϞᏱⱘᘽ䌤NJ˄˅ᰃ偀ᢝ咬ᖋߎ⠜ⱘ ᳔ৢϔ䚼䭓㆛ᇣ䇈ˈ᥶䅼њҎ㉏Ϣ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳П䯈ⱘ݇㋏䯂乬DŽ೼䖭䚼ᆧ㿔ᇣ䇈Ёˈ ˈ㋏ࡽЏҎ݀⾥ᘽϢࡼ⠽П䯈䫭㓐໡ᴖⱘ݇׳偀ᢝ咬ᖋ㰮ᵘњϔϾ⛁ᏺᇣቯDŽҪ ᥶䅼њᇣቯϞ⫳ᗕӺ⧚ⱘᵘᓎ䖛⿟DŽ⾥ᘽᡞᇣቯ㾚Ў㞾ᏅⱘĀ乚ഄāˈᇍቯϞⱘ ϔߛ⫳ੑԧᅲᮑ᥻ࠊDŽҪᛮམ㤦䈀ⱘ㸠ЎϹ䞡ഄ䖱ডњ⫳ᗕӺ⧚⊩߭ˈ▔䍋ࡼ⠽ ⱘᗼᘼ੠ডᡫDŽቯϞⱘ⫳⌏㹿᧙ᕫᬃ⾏⸈⹢ˈᇐ㟈᳔㒜↕♁ᗻⱘৢᵰDŽৠᯊˈ偀 ᢝ咬ᖋг㸼ᯢ䖬ᄬ೼ᓎゟҎϢ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳П䯈੠䇤݇㋏ⱘৃ㛑ᗻDŽ೼ᇣ䇈Ёˈ䖭⾡ ℸ䯤ᯢ㞾Ꮕ׳㛑ᗻ䗮䖛ᇣቯϞ᳔߱〇ᅮϢ੠䇤ⱘ⫳ᗕ⦃๗㸼⦄ߎᴹDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋৃ ⱘ⫳ᗕӺ⧚ᗱᛇDŽҪЏᓴˈҎ㉏ᑨ䆹ᡓᢙ⫳ᗕӺ⧚䋷ӏˈ䙉ᕾ⫳ᗕӺ⧚⊩߭ˈ䖭 ḋᠡ㛑䍄ߎĀҎ㉏ЁᖗЏНāѻ⫳ⱘೄᡄDŽ೼⾥ᘽᓹ⬭П䰙ˈ໻⣽⣽Ш⊏ଅ䍋䌲 㕢䆫ˈЎҪ⼜⽋DŽ䖭ḋˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ᚆ࠻ⱘ⇯ೈЁਜ⦄њᇍ⫳⌏੠᳾ᴹⱘᳳᳯDŽ Ҫᣛߎ䖬ᄬ೼ᨚ㜅ೄ๗ˈᅲ⦄ݡ⫳ⱘৃ㛑DŽ ㅔ㗠㿔Пˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋヨϟⱘҎ⠽䛑Ӯ䱋ܹ⮯㢺Ϣ⺼䲒ⱘೄ๗ПЁˈԚᰃ偀ᢝ 咬ᖋྟ㒜ҹФ㾖ⱘᗕᑺᴹⳟᕙҎ⫳੠᳾ᴹˈ⹂ֵҎ㉏᳔㒜ৃҹᨚ㜅ೄ๗ˈ㦋ᕫᬥ 䌢DŽ

27 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

㄀ϔゴ lj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJЁⱘҎ䰙Ӻ⧚

 lj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJ˄˅ᰃ偀ᢝ咬ᖋߎ⠜ⱘ㄀ϔ䚼䭓㆛ᇣ䇈DŽᇣ䇈䯂Ϫৢˈ ᕫࠄњϔѯ䆘䆎ᆊⱘད䆘DŽ㧆߽᱂g᠈㓈ᮃ䅸Ўˈlj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJᰃϔ䚼ߎ㡆 ⱘᇣ䇈ˈᰃĀ㕢೑᳔ӳ໻ⱘẦ⧗ᇣ䇈ā˄Davis 101˅DŽજ㓈gᮃ⪺໮⿄䌲䆹䚼ᇣ䇈ˈ ᣛߎᅗ䖢ড়ĀҢ㉫֫ПҎࠄϧϮҎ຿āϡৠሖ⃵䇏㗙ⱘ䳔∖˄Swados 5˅DŽજ䞠g㽓 ᇨ࿕ᮃ⡍䅸ЎˈҢ䖭䚼ᇣ䇈ⱘ߯԰Ёˈৃҹⳟߎ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᰃϔԡĀ᳝䋷ӏᛳⱘॳ ߯԰ᆊā˄Davis 111˅DŽ㋶ᇨg䋱࿘߭ໄ⿄ˈlj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJⱘ↣ϔ义䛑⹂ᅮ᮴ ⭥ഄԧ⦄њĀϔԡⳳℷ԰ᆊⱘᱎ᜻੠᠟ヨā˄Davis 111˅DŽ lj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJ䆆䗄њЏҎ݀Ầ⧗䖤ࡼਬ㔫ձg䈾मᮃकбቕࠄϝकѨቕ ᳳ䯈Ҏ⫳ⱘ䍋䍋ӣӣDŽ㔫ձᰃϔৡ᳝ⴔ᚞Ҏ䖤ࡼ໽䌟ⱘẦ⧗䖤ࡼਬDŽҪकбቕᯊˈ ˈ䖰ݰᴥᴹࠄϰ䚼໻ජᏖ㡱ࡴહˈⳂⱘᰃ៤Ўߎ㡆ⱘẦ⧗䖤ࡼਬأҢ㕢೑㽓䚼ⱘ ᅲ⦄㞾ᏅⱘṺᛇDŽԚᰃˈҪ㒣ϡԣϔԡৡিજ߽඗⡍g⊶ᖋ咥㸷ཇᄤⱘ䇅ᚥˈ䍄 䖯ཌྷⱘ᠓䯈ˈ㒧ᵰ㹿ཌྷᓔᵾߏЁ㝍䚼DŽकѨᑈৢˈ㔫ձᴹࠄ㒑㑺Ā健຿ā䯳ˈᏺ 乚⧗䯳᥹䖲ϡᮁഄ䌶ᕫ↨䌯ⱘ㚰߽DŽ⧗䯳䍄ߎњ༅䋹ⱘ䰈ᕅˈҪг៤Ў݀䅸ⱘẦ ⧗㣅䲘DŽ✊㗠ˈ໘ѢџϮ᎙ዄⱘ㔫ձै೼ҪҎⱘ䇅ᚥ੠ϾҎЏНⱘ偅Փϟˈ≝⒎ Ѣ䗑∖ৡ߽ⱘ℆ᳯПЁˈ೼ϢҪҎѸᕔⱘ䖛⿟Ёг䱋ܹӺ⧚ᡝᢽⱘϸ䲒ೄ๗DŽ᳔ Ҏⱘ㡃ⶹ᳈Ў䞡㽕ˈ೼䘧ᖋП䏃خ㒜ˈ㔫ձᡯᓗњᇍৡ䁝੠䞥䪅ⱘ␈ᳯˈ䅸䆚ࠄ Ϟᓔྟ䍄৥㞾៥ᅠ୘DŽ

1 偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇚ㞾Ꮕ㄀ϔ䚼ᇣ䇈 The Light Sleeper ⱘ᠟〓ҬПϔ⚀ˈlj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJᰃҪ߯԰ ⱘ㄀Ѡ䚼ᇣ䇈DŽ ᔧ✊ˈг᳝ϔѯ䆘䆎ᆊᢅᗼlj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJЁ᳝ѯݙᆍ᰺⍽䲒ពˈ䅽Ҏ䲒ҹ⧚㾷DŽḐ݄ 2 㓈ᇨgᏠܟᮃ䅸Ўˈ䖭䚼ᇣ䇈᮴⊩㹿ⳟ԰ᰃϔϾᭈԧDŽҪ䖬ᣛߎˈᇣ䇈Ϣ偀ᢝ咬ᖋҹৢⱘ ߯԰≵᳝݇㘨˄Hicks 1963, 219˅DŽ೼Ꮰܟᮃⳟᴹˈ䖭䚼ᇣ䇈ᰃϔϾ䅽Ҏ䲒ҹ⧚㾷ⱘᓔッˈ ಴Ўᇣ䇈ⱘ㚠᱃ᰃ㕢೑Ầ⧗໻㘨ⲳˈ㗠偀ᢝ咬ᖋৢᴹⱘᇣ䇈≵᳝Ϣԧ㚆䖤ࡼⳌ݇ⱘDŽ঺໪ˈ ᇣ䇈Ё≵᳝⢍໾Ҏ⠽ˈ㗠偀ᢝ咬ᖋৢᴹᇣ䇈ЁⱘЏҎ݀䛑ᰃ⢍໾ҎDŽ㽓ᖋሐg䞠༛᳐䅸Ўˈ Ālj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJᰃ  Ϫ㑾  ᑈҷ᳔ҸҎೄᚥⱘᇣ䇈ПϔDŽབᵰ䆩೒ᡞᅗⳟ԰ᰃᡓ㺁 þᛣ㄀㒾᭛ᄺӴ㒳ⱘӳ໻⦄ᅲЏН԰ᆊÿⱘ԰કˈህ᳈Ӯᖗᄬ⭥ᚥā Richman1966, 28 DŽ 䇏㗙П᠔ҹӮᛳࠄᕜ䲒⧚㾷ˈᰃ಴Ў偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ᇣ䇈ЁՓ⫼䈵ᕕ੠⼲䆱ॳൟㄝ߯԰ᡔᎻˈ ᳝ᯊᕜ䲒ߚ䕼Ҫⱘⳳᅲᛣ೒DŽ೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ᠔᳝԰કЁˈ䖭䚼ᇣ䇈ⷨおⱘϡ໮ˈᇸ݊ᰃ೼ ೑ݙᄺᴃ⬠DŽ

28 ⭻䄜䍣  ᱗㳍㪛⭥䊬Ⱀ䊒᱘䐱⭥㦬カ㔸㏎

lj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJг䆌ϡᰃ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᳔དⱘ԰કˈԚᰃ೼ᇣ䇈ⱘ㒧ሒˈ㔫ձ Āᖗ⧚੠䘧ᖋⱘಲᔦāैԧ⦄њҎ㉏䘧ᖋ࡯䞣᠔݋᳝ⱘᬜ࡯DŽᰒ✊ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ݇ ⊼ⱘ䞡⚍ᰃЏҎ݀ⱘ៤䭓ग़⿟ˈ䖭೼ৢᴹⱘᇣ䇈Ёг᳝᠔ᰒ⼎DŽԚᰃˈৢᴹⱘᇣ 䇈ै≵᳝བℸⳈ᥹ഄ㸼ᯢЏҎ݀㽕ϢП᭫ѝⱘ࢓࡯ⱘᴀ䋼˄Richman 41˅DŽ偀ᢝ 咬ᖋᧁ⼎њ೼㔫ձϢҪҎѸᕔⱘ䖛⿟ЁˈϾҎЏНӋؐ㾖㒭Ҫᏺᴹⱘ㊒⼲ϞⱘᎼ ໻⮯㢺DŽৠᯊҪгᣛߎˈҎӀা᳝ᨚ㜅䖭⾡Ӌؐ㾖ⱘ㕕㒞ˈা᳝೼݇⠅Ϣ䋷ӏⱘ ᡓᢙЁˈᠡ㛑䍄ߎ㊒⼲ೄ๗ˈ᳔㒜䍄৥ϢҪҎᓎゟℷᐌ݇㋏ⱘ੠䇤П䏃DŽ  

㄀ϔ㡖 ℆ᳯП㌃

 偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ԰ક໻໮ሩ⦄ҎӀ೼⦄ᅲ⫳⌏Ёⱘೄ๗DŽ೼lj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJЁˈ 䖭ϔ⚍ԧ⦄ᕫ᳔ЎさߎDŽϾҎЏН㟈Փ㔫ձѻ⫳ᔎ⚜ⱘ℆ᳯˈᇐ㟈Ҫ೼Ҏ䰙Ѹᕔ ⱘ䖛⿟Ёѻ⫳㊒⼲ೄᚥˈᓩথᣕ㓁ϡᮁⱘᖗ⧚⛺㰥DŽ 㕢೑᭛࣪Ӵ㒳ⱘḌᖗᔎ䇗ϾҎЏНˈϔߛĀҹ㞾៥ЎЁᖗāˈ݊Ⳃᷛህᰃ䗑 ϾҎ߽ⲞDŽϾҎЏНӋؐ㾖᳔ᮽ⑤㞾Ⅺ⇥ഄᯊᳳⱘ㣅೑⏙ᬭᕦDŽ䖭ѯҎग़ሑ∖ ग䕯ϛ㢺ˈϡ䖰ϛ䞠ᴹ㕢⌆໻䰚ᅝᆊ㨑᠋DŽҪӀĀ㞾䅸ЎᰃϞᏱⱘþ⡍⅞ᄤ⇥ÿˈ ᛳࠄ᳝ϔ⾡ϡৃ᥼ौⱘ䋷ӏ੠Нࡵā˄⥟㧡ǃ⥟िᑇ˅ˈṺᛇ೼䖭⠛ᇮ᳾ ᓔൺⱘޘޝ㤦㡰ⱘೳഄϞˈᓎゟϔϾĀቅ᎙ПජāDŽЎњ៤ЎϔϾὰḋ⇥ᮣˈ മᖡϡᢨⱘᛣᖫ׳ϔϾ䅽ϪҎӄᜩ੠ӓᬜⱘ⇥ᮣˈҪӀ೼䰽ᙊⱘ⫳ᄬ⦃๗Ёˈ߁ ੠ϡሜϡᣴⱘ㊒⼲ˈ䕯ࢸࢇ԰ǃϹѢᕟᏅDŽ䖭⾡Ўњᅲ⦄㞾ᏅⱘṺᛇ㗠ࡾ࡯ǃ䆆 お߯䗴ᗻ੠ᅲ䰙ᗻⱘϾҎЏН㊒⼲ˈ៤Ў㕢߽മ⇥ᮣ݋᳝ⱘ⣀⡍ક䋼DŽ ˈߎњᎼ໻ⱘ䋵⤂DŽ↣Ͼ㕢೑ҎخϾҎЏНӋؐ㾖ᇍϾԧ੠㕢೑⼒Ӯⱘথሩ ϡㅵҪሲѢાϾ䰊㑻੠⾡ᮣˈ䛑Ꮰᳯձ䴴ࡾ࡯੠ࢸ༟ˈՓ㞾䑿┰೼ⱘ㛑࡯ᕫࠄথ ሩˈᅲ⦄㞾Ꮕⱘ⧚ᛇDŽҪӀⳌֵ㕢೑ᰃϔϾ⇥Џⱘ೑ᑺˈ䖭䞠≵᳝䰏ℶϾҎ䖯ℹ ⱘ䱰⹡ˈা㽕ࡾ࡯ǃࢸ༟ǃ᳝ᖫ৥ǃֵ᳝ᗉˈӏԩҎ䛑ৃҹ㦋ᕫ៤ࡳDŽ೼ҪӀⱘ

1 Āቅ᎙Пජā䖭⾡ᦤ⊩ᴹ㞾Ѣlj೷㒣gᮄ㑺NJЁЏ㘊⿷ⱘᬭᇐ˖“ජ䗴೼ቅϞˈᰃϡ㛑䱤 㮣ⱘDŽҎ⚍♃ˈϡ㽕ᬒ೼᭫ᑩϟˈ㽕ᬒ೼催໘ˈ✻҂ϔᆊҎDŽԴӀⱘܝг㽕䖭ḋ✻೼Ҏࠡˈ ˅িҪӀⳟࠄԴӀⱘད㸠Ўˈ֓ᇚ㤷㗔ᔦѢԴӀ೼໽Ϟⱘ⠊DŽ”˄lj೷㒣g偀໾⽣䷇NJ5˖14-16

29 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

㾖ᗉЁˈ࢛ᬶ੠䖯পⱘ㊒⼲ҹঞᡧԣᴎ䘛ⱘ㛑࡯ᰃؐᕫ⃷䌣੠䌲㕢ⱘˈгᰃপᕫ ៤ህⱘЏ㽕䗨ᕘDŽ ԚᰃˈϾҎЏНᗱᛇৠᯊгᏺᴹњ䋳䴶ⱘᕅડDŽϸ⃵Ϫ⬠໻៬Пৢˈ㕢೑ⱘ ೑ᆊᅲ࡯໻໻๲ᔎˈ䖯ܹњ㒣⌢থሩ੠⠽䋼⫳⌏ⱘ㐕㤷ᯊᳳDŽ㕢೑᭛࣪ЁⱘϾҎ ЏНݙ⎉гথ⫳њব࣪DŽҎӀᇍ㕢ད⫳⌏ⱘ৥ᕔˈϔℹℹഄⓨব៤Ўᇍ៤ࡳ੠䋶 ⫼ᆠⱘ␈∖DŽ೼䖭⾡Ӌؐ㾖ⱘᕅડϟˈϔߛ䛑៤ЎଚકӋؐѸᤶⱘ⦃㡖ˈ䛑ৃҹ 䞥䪅ᴹ㸵䞣DŽ㕢೑ҎᇍџϮǃ䋶ᆠ੠⠅ᚙⱘ℆ᳯ㹿▔থ䍋ᴹˈ䖯㗠䱋ܹњ㹿℆ᳯ 䇅ᚥⱘ⛺㰥ПЁˈᓩথӴ㒳ⱘ䘧ᖋ㾖ᗉথ⫳њব࣪DŽৠᯊˈᵕッⱘϾҎЏН䖛ߚ ᔎ䇗ϾҎⱘ䞡㽕ᗻˈЎњ䖒ࠄ៤ࡳⱘⳂⱘৃҹ䞛পϔߛᖙ㽕ⱘ᠟↉ˈᑊᐌᐌҹᤳ ᆇҪҎⱘ߽ⲞЎ㒧ሔˈ䖭ḋህོ⹡њҎӀП䯈݇㋏ⱘথሩDŽlj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJЁ ⱘ㔫ձህফࠄϾҎЏНӋؐ㾖ⱘᕅડDŽҪ೼џϮ੠⫳⌏Ё␈ᳯ㦋ᕫ៤ࡳˈ㦋পৡ 䁝ǃ䋶ᆠ੠⠅ᚙDŽ䖭⾡Ӌؐ㾖㒭Ҫ䗴៤њᎼ໻ⱘᖗ⧚य़࡯ˈ㟈ՓҪ೼Ϣ਼ೈҎ᥹ 㾺ᯊᐌᐌ໘Ѣ⶯Ⳓǃೄᚥ੠㑴㒧ПЁDŽ 㔫ձᇍџϮ੠⫳⌏ᣕ᳝∌ϡ⒵䎇ⱘ℆ᳯˈ䖭ᰃҪ䱋ܹҎ䰙Ӻ⧚ೄ๗ⱘϔϾЏ 㽕ॳ಴DŽ೼lj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJЁˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䆺㒚ഄࠏ⬏њ㔫ձⱘ℆ᳯҢᓔྟߎ⦄ˈ ⬋ࠄᵕᑺ㝼㚔ˈݡࠄϔᑺ᮴⊩᥻ࠊⱘ䖛⿟DŽकбቕⱘ㔫ձᰃϔϾߎ䑿䋿ᆦⱘе䯈 ᄽDŽҪスᑈᯊⱘᆊᒁ⫳⌏ᕜϡᑌ⽣˖⠊҆㱑✊⠅ҪˈᓩᇐҪҢџẦ⧗䖤ࡼˈԚᰃ ⠊҆ै≝䗋Ѣ䜫䜦ˈᇍ⫳⌏ᛳࠄ㒱ᳯ˗↡҆߭া݇ᖗ㞾ᏅˈཌྷĀϡ⠅ӏԩҎāDŽ ᖗϢ䖛এⱘއ೼㕢೑᭛࣪Ӌؐ㾖ⱘᕅડϟˈ㔫ձ៤ЎϾҎЏНⱘᖴᅲֵ༝㗙DŽҪ ϔߛᮁ㒱㘨㋏ˈᓔྟ㞾ᏅᮄⱘџϮ੠⫳⌏DŽҪ⏅⏅ഄ⛁⠅㞾ᏅҢџⱘẦ⧗䖤ࡼˈ ˈ໽ߚ׳㗠Ϩ䖬ᡞ䖭ϔ䖤ࡼ㾚Ўᅲ⦄⧚ᛇ੠䗑ᇏᑌ⽣⫳⌏ⱘϔ⾡䗨ᕘDŽҪⳌֵ߁ ݡࡴϞࡾ࡯੠༟᭫ˈৃҹ䗤⏤ഄ᥹䖥㞾ᏅⱘṺᛇDŽ㔫ձⱘੑ䖤ৠẦ⧗䖤ࡼ㋻ᆚഄ 㘨㋏䍋ᴹˈҪϢ䖭⾡䖤ࡼП䯈ᄬ೼ⴔᶤ⾡⡍⅞ⱘ㊒⼲Ϟⱘ݇㘨ˈ಴ℸ݋᳝᳈⏅ࠏ ⱘᛣ㭈DŽ 㔫ձ⹂ᅲᰃϔϾ݋᳝䍙㑻໽䌟ⱘẦ⧗䖤ࡼਬDŽҪএ㡱ࡴહ䆩䆁ˈ೼Ϣᚴ㥿 ⱘᇍᡫЁ㦋ᕫ㚰߽DŽПৢˈҪህᓔྟњ㞾ᏅⱘẦ⧗䖤ࡼ⫳⎃DŽ䖭ϔᚙ㡖݋᳝ϔᅮ ⱘ䈵ᕕᛣНˈ↨䌯Ёⱘᇍᡫᅲ䰙Ϟᣛ⍝㔫ձ೼䘧ᖋ៬എϞ㒣ফⱘ㗗偠ˈᛣੇⴔҪ

1 ⦄ҷẦ⧗䖤ࡼ䍋⑤Ѣ㕢೑ˈᰃ㕢೑Ҏ⇥᳔୰⠅ⱘ䖤ࡼПϔDŽẦ⧗↨䌯ϡҙ㒭㾖ӫ㾚㾝Ϟⱘ ѿফˈ㗠Ϩ䖬ᆘᆧⴔ㕢߽മ⇥ᮣ᠔⣀᳝ⱘ᭛࣪⧚ᗉˈሩ⦄њϾҎЏНⱘ䗑ᇏ䖭ϔ⣀⡍ⱘ᭛ ࣪Ӌؐ㾖˄Gretta 552˅DŽ ᇣ䇈ЁⱘҎ⠽DŽҪᰃ㕢೑Ầ⧗໻㘨ⲳ↨䌯Ё᳔ߎ㡆ⱘߏ⧗᠟ˈϝ⃵㦋ᕫ᳔᳝Ӌؐ⧗ਬ⿄োDŽ 2

30 ⭻䄜䍣  ᱗㳍㪛⭥䊬Ⱀ䊒᱘䐱⭥㦬カ㔸㏎

Ңℸҹৢˈ䱋ܹњᰃϢ䴲ǃ୘Ϣᙊⱘ⓽⍵ЁDŽᇍѢℸᯊⱘ㔫ձᴹ䇈ˈҎ⫳ⱘ㟾⿟ ᠡাᰃᓔњϔϾ༈ˈԚᰃҪⱘ℆ᳯᏆ㒣ਜ⦄߱ℹⱘ㧠㢑DŽ೼Ҫⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈϔߛ䛑 Āҹ㞾៥ЎЁᖗāDŽҪᛇߎҎ༈ഄǃࡳ៤ৡህˈ݊Ёгࣙ৿᳝⒵䎇ѿФⱘ℆∖DŽ ೼ϾҎЏНⱘ偅Փϟˈ㔫ձাᛇ߽⫼Ầ⧗䖤ࡼᕫࠄሲѢϾҎⱘৡ߽ˈাᡞ⊼ᛣ࡯ 䛑ᬒ೼བԩ⒵䎇㞾Ꮕⱘ℆ᳯϞDŽ⠊҆੠⅏এⱘ㧼ྚᇍҪᆘќ८ᳯˈ✊㗠ҪैҢ ᴹ≵᳝᳓ҪӀⴔᛇDŽҪϡ⧚㾷Ҏ⫳䗑∖ⱘᴀ䋼ˈ乚ᙳϡࠄᛇ㽕៤ЎẦ⧗㣅䲘ˈা ݋໛໽ߚᰃϡ໳ⱘˈ䖬ᖙ乏ᢹ᳝ዛ催ⱘҎ⫳⧚ᛇˈᡓᢙᑨ䆹ᢙ䋳ⱘ䘧ᖋ䋷ӏDŽҪ 㱑✊೼↨䌯Ё㦋ᕫ㚰߽ˈԚᰃै≵᳝㒣ফ䍋䘧ᖋⱘ㗗偠ˈ㹿જ߽඗⡍䇅ᚥˈՓᕫ 㞾Ꮕ䑿ফ䞡ӸDŽ℆ᳯ䅽㔫ձ≵᳝ᕜདⱘ߽⫼㞾Ꮕⱘ໽䌟ˈ↕ᥝњ㕢དⱘࠡ⿟DŽ㡱 ࡴહᰃҪṺᛇⱘ䍋⚍ˈг៤ЎҪṺᛇⱘ㒜㒧⚍DŽ कѨᑈৢˈϝकಯቕⱘ㔫ձㅒ㑺㒑㑺Ā健຿ā䯳ˈއᖗᓔྟᮄⱘ⫳⌏DŽҪ㄀ ϔ⃵খࡴ↨䌯ˈህ᳝ⴔߎ㡆ⱘ㸼⦄DŽҪ೼䌯എϞ䞡䞡ഄߏ⧗ˈĀ⧗ᢡ೼䰇ܝϟ䮾 さ✊䯈ህ㨑೼Ҫⱘڣ৥ᇍᮍ⧗䯳ⱘᡩ᠟ˈདކ㗔DŽĂĂ˄㹿ߏЁⱘ˅Ầ⧗੐ୌⴔ 㛮ϟDŽā˄Malamud1991ˈ80˅Пৢˈ㔫ձপҷ䙺᱂Ϟഎখࡴ↨䌯ˈҪⱘ㸼⦄ ˈ㞾Ꮕࠊ԰ⱘẦ⧗ᢡ׳᳈ࡴᅠ㕢DŽҪձ䴴䍙ҎⱘẦ⧗ᡔᴃǃ᮴ৃ↨ᢳⱘԧ࡯ˈݡ߁ পᕫϔഎഎ↨䌯ⱘ㚰߽DŽ⧗䯳೼Ҫⱘᏺ乚ϟ䍄ߎ༅䋹ⱘ䰈䴒ˈ೼㘨䌯Ёⱘᥦৡ ϡᮁϞछˈ⫮㟇᳝Ꮰᳯѝ༎ݴݯDŽ⧗䗋Ӏ䛑⊼ᛣࠄ䌯എϞⱘ䖭ᓴᮄ䴶ᄨˈ㔫ձг ϡݡ咬咬᮴䯏DŽҪᨚ㜅ᑈ啘ㄝϡ߽ᴵӊⱘᴳ㓮ˈҹ᚞Ҏⱘ䗳ᑺ᥹䖲ᠧ⸈䆄ᔩˈᕜ ᖿህ៤њ᳔᳝ৡ⇨ⱘẦ⧗䖤ࡼਬDŽ 㔫ձⱘẦ⧗џϮ䖯㸠ᕫ乎亢乎∈DŽҪ㦋ᕫ߱ℹⱘ៤ࡳˈⳟԐ䌶ᕫҎ⫳ⱘ䕝✠DŽ ˈⱘ䖭⾡℆ᳯ⫳ڀԚᰃˈ䱣ⴔৡ⇨ⱘ䖙䗳ϞछˈҪⱘ℆ᳯгᗹ࠻㝼㚔DŽϾҎЏН ݋᳝৥໪ⱘ䍙䍞ᗻˈ݊⡍⚍ᰃ໪೼ᗻǃ䰠⫳ᗻǃҪᗻ˄ᄭ৥᰼˅DŽ㔫ձህ㹿 䖭⾡℆ᳯᅠܼ֬㦋DŽҪ೼㰮㤷ᖗⱘ偅Փϟˈϡᮁഄ䗑∖ϾҎⱘṺᛇˈᅠܼ≵᳝㗗 㰥ᇍ⊶᱂ǃᇍ⧗䯳ǃᇍ⧗䗋ᑨ䆹ᡓᢙⱘ䘧ᖋ䋷ӏDŽ䖭ϔ⚍Ң㔫ձⱘ㿔䇜ВℶЁ ህৃҹⳟߎᴹDŽ⬅ѢҪ೼䌯എϞⱘߎ㡆㸼⦄ˈ⧗䗋ӀВ㸠њĀ㔫ձg䈾मᮃ㑾ᗉ ᮹āDŽҪথ㿔ᯊ㸼ᗕ䇈ˈ㞾ᏅӮᣐੑഄᠧ↨䌯DŽĀ៥Ӯチሑܼ࡯üü䈕ߎੑএü ü៤ЎẦ⧗䖤ࡼЁ᳝৆ҹᴹ᳔ӳ໻ⱘ⧗ਬDŽā˄Malamud1991ˈ114˅㔫ձᢹ᳝

1 ᇣ䇈ЁⱘҎ⠽DŽҪᰃϔৡ᯳᥶ˈথ⦄њ㔫ձⱘẦ⧗໽䌟DŽ 2 ᇣ䇈ЁĀ健຿ā䯳ⱘḌᖗ䯳ਬDŽ 3 ḍ᥂㔫ձⱘ䗄䇈ˈ䖭ϾẦ⧗ᢡᰃҪҢ⊇䖍㹿䳋⬉ߏ䖛ⱘᷥϞ៾প᳼ᴤˈ㞾Ꮕࠊ԰ⱘDŽ 4 ᇣ䇈ЁẦ⧗䯳ⱘ㒣⧚DŽ

31 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

Ầ⧗໽䌟ˈԚᰃ೼ϾҎЏНⱘᕅડϟˈҪⱘ⧚ᛇ໾݋ሔ䰤ᗻ˖कбቕᯊˈҪⱘṺ ᳔དⱘẦ⧗䖤ࡼਬ˗ϝकಯቕᯊˈҪⱘ䗑∖гাᰃ៤Ў᳔ӳ໻ⱘẦ⧗䖤ࡼخᛇᰃ ਬDŽ㔫ձ䑿໘Ѣ໡ᴖⱘ⼒Ӯ᭛࣪⦃๗ˈ᮴⊩⧚㾷Ҏ⫳ⱘⳳℷᛣНDŽҪ≵㛑ᇚϪ֫ ⱘ℆ᳯ࣪Ў㊒⼲䆝∖ˈ೼ϢҪҎѸᕔᯊ䱋ܹೄ๗ПЁˈᇐ㟈᳔ৢ೼䌯എϞⱘ༅䋹DŽ ೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋヨϟˈ㔫ձ਼ೈⱘҎֵ༝ᵕッⱘϾҎЏНDŽ㔫ձ೼䖭ѯҎⱘ䇅ᚥ ϟˈ䗤⏤᥹ফҪӀⱘӋؐ㾖ˈ䖭ᰃҪ䱋ܹҎ䰙Ӻ⧚ೄ๗ⱘϔϾ䞡㽕ॳ಴DŽ೼㕢೑ ҷ⼒ӮˈϾҎЏНᏆ㒣Ң⊼䞡㊒⼲ݙ⎉䕀বЎᔎ䇗⠽䋼ЏНDŽҎӀফࠄ䞥䪅੠⦃ 䋼䋶ᆠⱘ཈ᕍ੠偅ՓˈℷབḐ༹ᇨḐg㽓㕢ᇨ᠔䇈˖Ā䞥䪅䍞ᴹ䍞៤Ў᳝Ӌؐ⠽ ⱘ㒱ᇍܙߚⱘ㸼⦄ᔶᓣ੠ㄝӋ⠽ˈᅗ䍙䍞ᅶ㾖џ⠽ⱘ໮ḋᗻ䖒ࠄϔϾᅠܼᢑ䈵ⱘ 催ᑺDŽā˄㽓㕢ᇨˈ ℸᯊˈ䞥䪅੠⠽䋼䋶ᆠⱘऴ᳝䞣ˈ៤Ў⹂䅸ϾԧӋ ⫳ˈDŽ䖭ḋޚⱘ䞡㽕ᷛᖫˈгᰃ㸵䞣Ͼԧ៤ࡳϢ৺ঞ݊⼒Ӯഄԡ催ԢⱘЏ㽕ᷛؐ ѻ࡯ህϡݡᰃҎӀᓩҹЎ䈾ⱘџᚙˈ䞥䪅⍜䌍៤Ў᥼ࡼ⼒ӮথሩⱘЏ㽕ࡼ࡯DŽ೼ 䖭⾡⼒Ӯ⇯ೈЁˈᇍѢᇣ䇈Ёⱘ䆌໮Ҏᴹ䇈ˈҎ⫳ⱘⳂⱘህᰃᢹ᳝໻䞣䞥䪅ǃ⒵ 䎇⠽䋼⫳⌏ⱘ䳔∖DŽҪӀ䅸ЎˈЎњ㦋ᕫ䞥䪅Ϣ⠽䋼䋶ᆠˈৃҹ䞛পӏԩ᠟↉DŽ 㔫ձϡҙফࠄṺᛇ੠℆ᳯⱘ䇅ᚥˈ䖬䱋਼ܹೈҎЎҪ᠔䆒ⱘ೜༫Ёˈ䞥䪅੠ৡ߽ ៤ЎҪϢ䖭ѯҎথ⫳㘨㋏ⱘЏ㽕ၦҟDŽҪг䅸䆚ࠄ㞾Ꮕⱘ⫳ᄬ⢊ᗕߎ⦄њ䯂乬ˈ ԚᰃℸᯊҪ䖬᮴⊩ᡒࠄ㾷އⱘࡲ⊩ˈҪг಴ℸᛳࠄೄᚥ੠䗋㣿DŽ ⧗䯳㗕ᵓ⊩ᅬ⧁㒇ᇍ㔫ձѻ⫳њ䞡㽕ᕅડDŽ⧁㒇ᰃᵕッϾҎЏНⱘ㒱ᇍᢹᡸ ǃ᠟↉थ䛭ⱘᕟᏜˈৢᴹ៤Ў⊩ᅬˈ䖤⇨ህད䍋ᴹњDŽצ┺㗙DŽҪॳᴹᰃϔϾ䋿ೄ ⧁㒇ᴀ㛑ഄᛣ䆚ࠄ䖭Ͼ⼒Ӯϡҙ䞡㾚ϾҎЏНˈ㗠Ϩᅗⱘ⠽䋼ЏНᇚҎĀ⠽࣪āˈ ˈᡞҎ㾚Ўৃҹ᥻ࠊⱘ⠽કDŽҪ⏅ᙝ⼒ӮϞⲯ㸠ⱘ䖭⾡Ӌؐ㾖ˈЎњ㦋প⠽䋼䋶ᆠ ߭ˈ䖱㚠ℷН੠㡃ⶹDŽ⧁㒇ᢹ᳝⧗䯳㙵ӑⱘⱒߚПޚҎⱘخϡᢽ᠟↉ˈ⫮㟇᮴㾚 ݁कˈ᪡᥻⧗䯳੠䌯എϞⱘϔߛDŽԚᰃˈҪⱘⳂⱘাᰃЎњ䗑∖ϾҎ߽Ⲟˈ㗠ϡ ᰃ㦋প↨䌯ⱘ㚰߽˖೼Ҫⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈᴹ䌯എ㾖ⳟ↨䌯ⱘ㾖ӫাᰃĀ䋻Ꮥā˗ᔧ⊶ ᱂៤ЎҪ䇟∖䋶ᆠⱘ䱰⹡ᯊˈҪህ㽕䞛পϔߛ᠟↉ᇚ݊偅䗤˗⧗䯳䯳ਬгাᰃҪ 㦋প᳈໮䋶ᆠⱘᎹ݋㗠ᏆDŽ᳔݋䆑ࠎᛣੇⱘᰃˈҪЎњ㡖ⳕᓔᬃˈϢϔᆊཛѻए 䰶ㅒ㑺ˈ䅽ҪӀ䋳䋷䆞ᆳ䯳ਬⱘӸ⮙DŽҪ⫮㟇খϢ䌠⧗ˈЎњ䌶ᕫ䌠䞥ˈᛇᮍ䆒 ⊩䅽⧗䯳䕧ᥝ↨䌯DŽ㔫ձ೼⧗䯳ⱘ㭾䞥᮴⊩⒵䎇㞾Ꮕⱘ⫳⌏䳔∖DŽሑㅵҪ೼↨䌯 Ё㸼⦄ߎ㡆ˈᐂࡽ⧗䯳᥹䖲㦋㚰ˈԚᰃ⧁㒇䖬ᰃᣝ✻ড়ৠⱘ㾘ᅮˈᢦ㒱㒭ќҪ᳈

32 ⭻䄜䍣  ᱗㳍㪛⭥䊬Ⱀ䊒᱘䐱⭥㦬カ㔸㏎

໮ⱘ㭾∈DŽ೼⧁㒇ⳟᴹˈĀ䋻Ꮥ㒣⌢Ϣ⧚ᗻ᪡᥻ϔߛ㹿ݙ೼ഄ㘨㒧೼ϔ䍋ˈ೼ᇍ ҎᇍџⱘᗕᑺϞˈᅗӀ䛑ᰒᕫࡵᅲˈ㗠Ϩ䖭⾡ࡵᅲᡞϔ⾡ᔶᓣϞⱘ݀ℷϢދ䝋᮴ ᚙⳌ㒧ড়DŽā˄㽓㕢ᇨ ˈ˅Ҫ䖬㒭ߎ䆌໮⧚⬅ˈЎ㞾Ꮕ䕽㾷DŽҪᇍ 㔫ձ䇈˖Āᇍ䞥䪅ⱘ䋾℆ᰃϔߛ䙾ᙊⱘḍ⑤DŽĂĂϔϾҎབᵰ≝⒎Ѣ℆ᳯПЁˈ ህⳌᔧѢᇚߔᶊ೼ଢ଼੭ϞDŽā˄Malamud1991ˈ99-101˅Ҫᣛߎˈ㽕ᢉࠊϔߛ䙾ᙊ ⱘᗉ༈DŽ⧁㒇೼Ϣ㔫ձѸᕔⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈ᭸᭸䅵䕗ˈ㗗㰥ⱘᰃ㛑໳㒭㞾Ꮕᏺᴹ໮ᇥ ߽ⲞӋؐDŽ 䌠⧗㒣㑾Ҏԑᮃᇍ㔫ձѻ⫳њϔᅮⱘᕅડDŽԑᮃгᰃϔϾ݌ൟⱘᵕッϾҎЏ ⒵ゲѝ੠ݦ䰽ˈ㦋প䪅䋶ϡҙ㽕䴴ࡾ࡯੠㡖ׁˈ䖬䳔㽕ᖗܙН㗙DŽ㕢೑⦄ҷ⼒Ӯ 㙴ߊ⢴ˈ᠟↉↦䕷DŽ೼䖭Ͼ⼒Ӯ䞠ˈҎӀⳟ䞡ⱘᰃϾҎЏНˈⲯ㸠ⱘᰃ߽ᏅЏН ੠ᢰ䞥ЏНˈᇥ᭄Ҏⱘ៤ࡳ䗮ᐌᰃҹᤳᆇҪҎ߽Ⲟǃ↕♁ᓖᏅЎ㒧ሔDŽԑᮃ߽⫼ Ҏⱘᔅ⚍੠䋾℆ᴹথ䋶㟈ᆠDŽҪ⛁㹋ѢᡩᴎфपˈᡞҎⳟ԰ᰃ⫼ᴹ⠳߽ⱘଚકDŽ Ҫⱘ℆ᳯህᰃবᕫ᳈ࡴᆠ᳝ˈ᮴䆎߽⫼ԩ⾡ᮍᓣDŽҪ೼໰ᘏӮЁ᳒㒣ᇍ㔫ձ䇈䖛 䖭ḋϔ⬾䆱˖Ā˄៥Ӏ˅೼ӏԩҎ៪㗙ӏԩџ⠽Ϟ˄䛑ৃҹϟ䌠⊼˅DŽ៥Ӏৃҹ䌠 ᡩᦋⱘད⧗ǃᡩᦋⱘണ⧗ǃᅝᠧǃ䎥൦ǃҹঞ↣ሔ੠ᭈഎ↨䌯ⱘᚙމDŽā ˄Malamud1991ˈ108˅Ҫਞ䆝㔫ձˈ⫳⌏ⱘⳂⱘህᰃЎњ䞥䪅ˈЎњᅲ⦄䖭ϔ ᛣ೒ˈҪৃҹ೼ϔߛџ⠽Ϟ䖯㸠䌠⊼DŽԑᮃ䞛⫼㕢೑ଚϮ䖤㧹Ёᛃ⫼ⱘᙊ↦᠟↉ˈ Ⳃⱘᰃޣᇥᛣ໪ⱘথ⫳ˈҢ㗠ᥠ᥻㞾Ꮕⱘ䖤⇨ˈ䌮প᳈໮ⱘ䪅䋶DŽҪᮽᏆ㒣៤Ў Ā䋶ᆠ੠䞥䪅ⱘ཈䲊ˈ䗑∖ᆠ㺩ᛣᖫⱘ཈䲊ā˄߿ᇨ௝㘊໿˅DŽҪ⫮㟇བৠ ĀӞ⬌ುⱘ㲛āϔḋˈ䇅ᚥǃℎ偫੠䌓䌖㔫ձDŽ 㔫ձ䗑∖ⱘཇট䖜㥿gᏩ䞠ᮃᇍҪѻ⫳њ㟇݇䞡㽕ⱘᕅડDŽ䖜㥿ᅲ䰙Ϟгᰃ ᵕッϾҎЏНⱘֵ༝㗙DŽཌྷ᳒㒣খࡴ䗝㕢↨䌯ˈ㦋ᕫݴݯDŽৢᴹˈཌྷࠄད㦅ലথ ሩˈ಴ЎϞ䬰ⱘᬜᵰϡᰃᕜདˈ≵᳝㹿ᔩ⫼DŽ䖜㥿ֵ༝ϾҎЏН੠ᢰ䞥ЏНˈ㔎 ᇥⳳᣮⱘᚙᛳ੠ℷⳈⱘક䋼DŽཌྷ׵ᇐѿФⱘ⫳⌏ˈϡҙҙᰃϡফ䋿ೄ࿕㚕ˈ㗠ᰃ ⦄ҷ⼒Ӯ᱂䘡䅸ৃⱘᅝ䘌⫳⌏DŽ೼ཌྷⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈĀ᭛࣪ℷᔧᗻᏆ㒣⬅ѿФЏНপ ҷˈेҹᖿФЎ⫳⌏ᮍᓣā˄䋱ᇨ DŽ㗠Ϩˈཌྷ䅸Ўီ࿏ᰃϔ⾡᳝ӋḐৃ䇜 ⱘଚકˈৃҹ԰Ўㅍⷕˈ䅽ཌྷ䖛Ϟᑌ⽣ⱘ⫳⌏DŽཌྷᏠᳯ䗮䖛ီ࿏ⱘᮍᓣˈ㛑໳ᡞ 㞾ᏅपϾདӋ䪅ˈᤶপ䙷ѯ䅽ཌྷ䖛Ϟ༶՜⫳⌏ⱘϰ㽓DŽཌྷᇍ㔫ձ䇈ˈཌྷᳳᳯᇚᴹ

1 㔫ձ೼ᇣ䇈ЁᡞҪ⿄԰ “wormy”DŽ

33 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ⱘϜ໿ৃҹ䅽㞾Ꮕ䖛ϞṺᛇⱘ⫳⌏DŽĀ៥ᆇᗩ䖛䋿かⱘ⫳⌏DŽĂĂ៥ᰃ䙷⾡䳔㽕 ˈϾ཈䲊Ԑⱘ⫳⌏DŽ៥㽕᳝㞾Ꮕⱘ᠓ᄤڣḋ⫳⌏ⱘҎDŽ៥ϡᛇڣ߿Ҏ䌘ࡽˈ䖛Ϟ ϔϾᐂ៥ᑆ⌏ⱘཇҚˈϔ䕚ϡ䫭ⱘ≑䔺կ៥䌁⠽Փ⫼ˈހ໽ދᯊ㛑こϞ↯Ⲃ໻ 㸷DŽĂĂ៥އᖗ㽕ᢹ᳝䖭ѯϰ㽓DŽā˄Malamud1991ˈ199-200˅ᇍ䖜㥿㗠㿔ˈཌྷ 䳔㽕䖭ѯϰ㽓DŽ䖭ϡҙ಴ЎᅗӀᰃ⦄ҷ⼒ӮཇҎ⫳⌏Ёⱘᖙ䳔કˈ㛑໳⒵䎇ᴀ㛑 ⱘ⫳⧚䳔∖ˈ᳈Џ㽕ⱘॳ಴ᰃՓ⫼䖭ѯϰ㽓ǃऴ᳝ᅗӀˈৃҹ⒵䎇ཌྷᇍ㰮㤷੠ৡ ߽ⱘ℆ᳯDŽ䖜㥿䅸Ўˈ೼㾷އњབԩ⫳ᄬ䖭ϔ䯂乬Пৢˈ㽕䖛Ϟᯊ傺੠ᅝ䘌ⱘ⫳ ⌏ˈ䋶ᆠᰃᖙ乏ⱘDŽ ೼䖜㥿ⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈ⧚᠔ᔧ✊ⱘǃଃϔৃ㸠ⱘ⫳⌏ᮍᓣህᰃᡞऴ᳝ⳟ԰ᰃ⫳ᄬ ⱘⳂᷛDŽ䖭⾡ऴ᳝প৥ᰃĀ㽓ᮍᎹϮ⼒ӮⱘҎⱘ⡍ᕕDŽ೼䖭Ͼ⼒Ӯ䞠ˈ⫳⌏ⱘЁ ᖗህᰃᇍ䞥䪅ǃ㤷䁝੠ᴗ߽ⱘ䗑∖ā˄ᓫ㔫ྚ˅DŽ䖜㥿᠔䗑∖ⱘϡᰃ䳔∖㗠ᰃ℆ ∖ˈ䖭⾡℆∖Ā䍙䖛њ⫳⧚ᴀ㛑ˈ䖯ܹᖗ⧚ሖ⃵ˈᅗ಴㗠ᰃ᮴䰤ⱘ㽕∖DŽ⼒Ӯг ϡݡ㹿ⳟ԰ᰃҎⱘ㞾✊㒘ড়ĂĂ㗠៤њऩ⣀ⱘϾҎ৘㞾䗑ᇏ㞾៥⒵䎇ⱘഎ᠔ā ˄䋱ᇨ DŽᇍ䖜㥿ᴹ䇈ˈ⦄᳝ⱘ⫳⌏Ꮖ㒣⒵䎇њ⫳ᄬⱘ䳔㽕ˈৃᰃ᮴⊩ᅲ⦄ 㞾Ꮕⱘ㛑࡯фϡ䍋༶՜ⱘϰ㽓ˈԚᰃৃҹ䗮䖛ီ࿏ⱘၦ׳ཌྷⱘ℆ᳯDŽཌྷ䅸Ўˈ߁ ҟ㦋ᕫDŽཌྷৠᛣ੠㔫ձ㒧ီˈϡ䖛ࠡᦤᰃˈҪ㽕ᢹ᳝䎇໳ⱘ䞥䪅DŽཌྷϡᛇ੠㔫ձ 䖛䙷⾡か᮹ᄤˈཌྷᢙᖗᇚᴹⱘ⫳⌏ˈ಴Ў䖤ࡼਬⱘ㘠Ϯ⫳⎃䴲ᐌⷁ᱖DŽЎњ⹂ֱ 㛑໳䖛Ϟ䈾ढⱘ⫳⌏ˈ䖜㥿㽕∖㔫ձᓘࠄ䎇໳ⱘ䞥䪅ˈ䌁фϔᆊ݀ৌⱘ㙵ӑDŽ䖭 ḋˈҪ䗔ᕍৢህৃҹᔧϞ㗕ᵓˈ㗠ϡাᰃᓔϔᆊ佁ᑫDŽᇣ䇈ⱘ㒧ሒˈ䖜㥿⢖ᗦ ഄ᭹䋷㔫ձˈϡ䆌ҪӸᆇԑᮃDŽཌྷ䇈ˈ䖭ᰃ಴ЎĀҪ˄ԑᮃ˅ⱘ䑿ӋᰃԴ˄㔫ձ˅ Ҏ⠽Пষˈᡍ䆘䖜㥿䖭㉏Ҏⱘ׳DŽā˄Malamud1991ˈ235˅偀ᢝ咬ᖋסⱘϔⱒϛ 䘧ᖋӋؐ㾖DŽཌྷ䗑∖Ϫ֫ⱘ༶ढ⫳⌏ˈӄᜩৡ߽੠䋶ᆠⱘ儙࡯ˈҹѿФⱘ⫳⌏Ў 㤷ˈ⫮㟇⠅ᚙ੠ီ࿏гফࠄ䞥䪅੠䋶ᆠⱘࠊ㑺DŽ ೈҎֵ༝ⱘϾҎЏН੠⠽䋼ЏН㒭㔫ձᏺᴹњᎼ໻ⱘय़࡯੠Ӹᆇˈᇐ㟈Ҫ਼ ৢᴹѻ⫳њᢰ⠽ЏНⱘᗱᛇDŽҪᓔྟ䅸ৠ䞥䪅੠䋶ᆠⱘЏᇐ԰⫼ˈ䖭⾡ব࣪ᰃϔ ⾡᮴༜ⱘ≝≺ˈৠᯊгՓᕫҪ೼Ϣ਼ೈҎѸᕔⱘ䖛⿟Ё䱋ܹೄ๗ПЁDŽ㔫ձᴀᴹ ᰃϔϾᵕ݋Ầ⧗໽䌟ⱘҎˈ䖭⾡໽⫳ⱘ㛑࡯ՓᕫҪ㛑໳೼↨䌯Ёᣪᥬ㞾䑿ⱘ┰ ࡯DŽԚᰃৢᴹˈ೼Ҫⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈᇍџϮⱘ୰⠅Ϣ䗑∖⠽䋼ЏНᰃѦϡކさⱘˈᇐ

1 ೼㕢೑ˈẦ⧗䖤ࡼਬ䗔ᕍৢˈ㒣㧹佁ᑫᰃϔ⾡Ӵ㒳ⱘ䇟⫳ᮍᓣDŽ

34 ⭻䄜䍣  ᱗㳍㪛⭥䊬Ⱀ䊒᱘䐱⭥㦬カ㔸㏎

㟈ĀҪЎ㤷䁝ᠧẦ⧗ˈ㗠ϡᰃЎњစФā˄Ш೑ᔎˈ˅DŽ㔫ձᛇ៤ЎẦ⧗ 㣅䲘ˈ䖭᮶ᰃҪⱘџϮ⧚ᛇˈгᰃҪⱘ䇟⫳ᮍᓣDŽҪᏠᳯձ䴴೼↨䌯Ёⱘߎ㡆㸼 ⦄ˈ㚃ᅮ㞾Ꮕⱘ㛑࡯ˈ㦋ᕫ៤ህᛳDŽৠᯊˈҪгᛇ䗮䖛䖭⾡ᮍᓣ䌮প䎇໳ⱘ䪅䋶ˈ ⒵䎇㞾Ꮕᇍ⠽䋼ЏН⫳⌏ⱘ℆ᳯDŽ㔫ձ䅸Ўˈ䖭⾡䖤ࡼ໽ߚ᮶㛑໳ᐂࡽ㞾Ꮕ೼Ầ ⧗乚ඳЁ㦋ᕫ៤ࡳˈгৃҹՓ㞾Ꮕ䖛Ϟ䙷⾡␈ᳯⱘ⫳⌏DŽ 㔫ձॳᴹⳟ䞡㊒⼲䗑∖੠⧚ᛇЏНˈৃᰃ೼⦄ᅲϪ⬠⠽䋼㟇Ϟⱘ⧚ᗉ䴶ࠡˈ ḋⱘ⼐⠽ˈ䇋ཌྷএ໰ᘏӮˈএ਀䷇ФӮˈԚ䖭ڣҪবᕫВℹ㓈㡄DŽҪᛇ䗕㒭䖜㥿 ѯ䛑䳔㽕䎇໳ⱘ䞥䪅ֱ䆕ᠡ㛑ᅲ⦄DŽℸࠏˈ㔫ձህᏆ㒣㸼⦄ߎᇍ⠽䋼䋶ᆠⱘᔎ⚜ ℆ᳯˈҪ␈ᳯ⠽䋼ЏНⱘ⫳⌏ᮍᓣˈᢹ᳝ⓖ҂ⱘ㸷᳡ǃ䈾ढⱘ≑䔺੠㕢БⱘཇҎDŽ 䗑∖⠽䋼ЏНⱘ℆ᳯ֗Փ㔫ձᛇሑࡲ⊩䌮䪅ˈѿফ䋶ᆠᏆ㒣៤ЎҪⱘ⫳⌏ⳂᷛDŽ ৠᯊˈ䖭⾡ᇍ⠽䋼ЏНⱘ⢖⛁䗑∖г㒭㔫ձᏺᴹњᎼ໻ⱘೄᡄDŽҪ≵᳝മᅜ㞾Ꮕ Ҏॳ߭DŽҪ৥༶䴵ⱘ⼒Ӯ⦄ᅲሜ᳡Ԣ༈ˈ᥹ফњخⱘ䘧ᖋゟഎˈ≵᳝ᤡि㞾Ꮕⱘ 䌓䌖Ҫⱘ䞥䪅DŽℷབӞᮃवg༹ᇨ⡍᠔䇈˖Āᇍ䞥䪅ⱘ␈ᳯᰃ˄㔫ձ˅෩㨑ⱘЏ 㽕ॳ಴ˈ↦ᆇњ԰Ўþ೑⧗ÿⱘԧ㚆䖤ࡼЁ㒃ޔⱘ⧚ᛇЏНā˄Alter 1981ˈ4˅DŽ 㔫ձ೼џϮ⧚ᛇϢ䞥䪅䋶ᆠП䯈䗝ᢽњৢ㗙DŽ㒧ᵰˈҪⱘ䖤ࡼ໽ߚ㤵✊᮴ᄬˈ䖤 ࡼ⫳ੑህℸߦϞњহোDŽ㔫ձ᮴⊩៤ЎⳳℷⱘẦ⧗㣅䲘ˈ಴ЎĀҪҢϾҎЏНⱘ 㾦ᑺˈПৢজҢ⠽䋼ЏНⱘ㾚㾦ˈ䯤䞞㞾Ꮕᇍ㣅䲘ⱘ⧚㾷ā˄Alter 1981ˈ86˅DŽ ᔎ⚜ⱘ⠅℆ⱘ䇅ᚥᰃ㔫ձ೼ϢཇᗻѸᕔᯊ䱋ܹೄ๗ⱘϔϾЏ㽕ॳ಴DŽ㔫ձ␈ ᳯϢཇᗻᓎゟ҆ᆚⱘ݇㋏ˈ⒵䎇㞾Ꮕᚙᛳⱘ℆ᳯDŽ㥋݄૆ᄺᆊᏈ剕䌿gᮃᆒ䇎㥢 ᳒䆎䗄ᚙᛳ੠℆ᳯᇍҎⱘᕅડDŽҪ䅸ЎˈҎϔᮺফࠄ㞾Ꮕᚙᛳ੠℆ᳯⱘ᥻ࠊ੠ ᬃ䜡ˈህᵕᆍᯧ໘Ѣᚙᛳⱘ཈ᕍПϟDŽҪ䇈˖Ā៥ᡞҎ೼᥻ࠊ੠ܟࠊᚙᛳϞⱘ䕃 ᔅ᮴࡯⿄Ў཈ᕍˈ಴ЎབᵰϔϾҎЎᚙᛳ᠔ᬃ䜡ˈ㸠Ў֓≵᳝㞾ЏᴗˈҪ֓া㛑 خӏ߁ੑ䖤ⱘᆄࡆDŽ೼ੑ䖤ⱘ᥻ࠊПϟˈ᳝ᯊҪ㱑ᯢⶹҔМᰃ୘ˈԚᕔᕔ㹿䖿এ ᙊџDŽā˄ᮃᆒ䇎㥢˅Ўњ䖯ϔℹ䇈ᯢҎ≺Ўᛳᚙ੠℆ᳯⱘ཈䲊Пৢⱘ⢊ᗕˈ Ҫ䖬ᓩ⫼њ㔫偀䆫Ҏ䰓㓈ᖋⱘ䆫হˈĀⳂᳯℷ䘧݂ˈᖗⶹ݊୘˗ᢽᙊ㗠㸠݂ˈ ᮴ҹ㞾䕽DŽā˄ᮃᆒ䇎㥢˅ᮃᆒ䇎㥢ᣛߎˈᔎ⚜ⱘᚙᛳ੠℆ᳯӮѻ⫳ϔᅮⱘॅ ᆇˈՓҎ㚠⾏䘧ᖋॳ߭DŽ೼ᶤѯᚙމϟˈᯢ⹂ⶹ䘧ϔѯ㸠Ўৃҹᏺᴹ୘㡃੠㕢ད

1 Ꮘ剕䌿·ᮃᆒ䇎㥢˄Baruch Spinozaˈ1632-1677˅ᰃ㽓ᮍ䖥ҷ૆ᄺ৆Ϟ䞡㽕ⱘ⧚ᗻЏН૆ᄺ ᆊDŽҪߎ⫳Ѣ䰓ྚᮃ⡍ЍϔϾᆠ㺩ⱘ⢍໾ᆊᒁDŽҪⱘ⼪ܜҢ㽓⧁⠭ᴹࠄ㥋݄DŽ 㒚㡖খ㾕㔫偀䆫Ҏ䰓㓈ᖋ “Matamorphoses”˄বᗕ˅ⱘ㄀ϗゴˈ㄀Ѡक㡖ҹϟⱘݙᆍDŽ 2

35 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

DŽ঺ϔᮍ䴶ˈ䑿໘Ѣ䙾ᙊПЁˈैϡ㛑㞾ᢨDŽخⱘ㒧ᵰˈԚᰃैϡ㛑এ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ߯԰ফࠄᮃᆒ䇎㥢ᗱᛇⱘᕅડDŽҪ೼ᇣ䇈Ёϸ⃵ࠏ⬏њ㔫ձফࠄ ᔎ⚜ⱘᚙᛳ੠⠅℆ⱘ䇅ᚥDŽ㄀ϔ⃵ᰃ⼲⾬ⱘཇᄤજ߽඗⡍g⊶ᖋDŽᇍѢ㔫ձϢજ ߽඗⡍ⱘ㄀ϔ⃵㾕䴶ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ㒭ќњ⫳ࡼ㒚㟈ⱘᦣ䗄DŽ䖭ᰃϔϾ䅽Ҏ݈༟ⱘ᱈ જ߽඗⡍೼ㄝ䔺ᯊˈދⱘ䔺キDŽሑㅵ⏙᰼䖬ᕜᆦޝޘ䴴೼ϔϾذᳫⱘᮽ᰼ˈ☿䔺 ैᇚ໪㸷ᨁ೼㛇㝞ϞDŽĀཌྷᆍ䉠ߎӫˈ㜌㡆⮆ᚿˈ᳝ѯ㢡ⱑDŽજ߽඗⡍ⱏϞ☿䔺ˈ 㔫ձⳟࠄཌྷこⴔሐ啭䭓㹰ⱘ㕢㝓ˈᖗ䏇ⱘ䗳ᑺࡴᖿњDŽā Malamud1991ˈ14 જ ߽඗⡍㸷᳡Ϟⱘϔᴉⱑ㡆⥿⩄㢅ᥝ೼ഄϞˈ㔫ձᡞ㢅ᣒ䍋ᴹ䗦㒭ཌྷˈཌྷᵕ᳝݈䍷 ഄⴕ໻ⴐ⴯ⳟњ㔫ձϔⴐDŽ㔫ձ㾝ᕫ䖭⾡ⳌѦᇍ㾚ᇍҪᴹ䇈⡍߿䞡㽕ˈᑊϨᛳ㾝 ࠄĀ⫳ੑЁⱘᎼ໻␈ᳯāDŽ䖭⾡ⴐ⼲Ѹ⌕㸼ᯢˈҪӀП䯈Ꮖ㒣ѻ⫳དᛳ੠ᱻ᯻П ᚙˈ䈵ᕕⴔ㔫ձᇍ⠅℆ⱘཹणˈг乘⼎ⴔҪӀП䯈ᖙᇚӮথ⫳໡ᴖⱘᚙᛳ㑴㨯DŽ 㔫ձ㹿જ߽඗⡍਌ᓩˈϔᮍ䴶಴Ўજ߽඗⡍ⱘ䇅ᚥDŽℷབ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᠔䇈ˈཌྷ ህབৠĀᡁ᳆ⱘᷥā˄Malamud1991ˈ16˅ϔḋˈ䈵ᕕⴔ䙾ᙊⱘ℆ᳯDŽ঺ϔᮍ䴶 г⑤Ѣ㔫ձ㞾䑿ᖗ⧚ᮍ䴶ⱘॳ಴DŽ㔫ձ೼ゲѝЁᠧ䋹ᚴ㥿ˈ䌶ᕫજ߽඗⡍ⱘ݇⊼DŽ 䖭⾡⠅℆ⱘ᥹㒇ˈ䅽Ҫᛳࠄ䴲ᐌ݈༟ˈܙߚ๲ᔎњҪⱘ㞾ᇞᖗDŽҪᯢᰒᛳ㾝ࠄજ ߽඗⡍ᇍ㞾Ꮕⱘ⠅ᜩˈ䅸Ў㞾Ꮕᇍཌྷ᳝ⴔ䎇໳ⱘ਌ᓩ࡯DŽ೼䖭⾡ᵕϡℷᐌⱘ℆ᳯ ⱘ᥻ࠊϟˈ㔫ձᕜᖿህϻ༅њᑨ᳝ⱘ⧚ᱎˈবᕫᯣ༈ᯣ㛥DŽℷབ֘೑૆ᄺᆊሐস ᢝg߿ᇨ௝㘊໿᠔䇈ˈĀ⠅℆ⱘ䇅ᚥᰃᕅડ᳔໻ⱘ䇅ᚥā˄߿ᇨ௝㘊໿˅ˈᰃ ˈ㹿⠅℆偅ࡼϔḋڣϔ⾡ᵕ໻ⱘ⽌ᆇDŽ㔫ձϡ乒㧼ྚĀᦤ䰆䰠⫳Ҏāⱘ䄺ਞˈད ഄًً㾖ᆳજ߽඗⡍DŽ೼Ϣજ߽඗⡍䅸䆚ⱘᔧ໽ˈᔧ☿䔺䗮䖛䱻䘧ᯊˈҪህذϡ ⫼㛇㝞᧖ԣཌྷⱘ㙽㝔DŽҪ⫮㟇೼乴㈌ⱘ㸠䖯Ёˈ䱣ᛣഄᇚ᠟ᬒ೼ཌྷЄ⒵ⱘ㛌ϞDŽ 䳢ᯊ䯈ˈϔ㙵᥻ࠊϡԣⱘކࡼ⑶⒵Ҫⱘܼ䑿DŽ䖭ѯ㸠ЎՓᕫ㔫ձ儖ϡᅜ㟡ˈᖗ⼲ ▔㤵ˈ᮴⊩᥻ࠊ㞾Ꮕⱘ⧚ᱎ੠ᚙᛳDŽ ԚᰃˈĀþ⠅℆ÿⱘᴀ䋼ϡᰃ㒧ড়ˈ㗠ᰃϔ⾡ߚ⾏ˈϔ⾡∌᮴ৃ㛑ᅠܼ㵡ড়ⱘ 㒧ড়DŽे֓ᰃ೼⠅℆᳔Ў҆ᆚⱘ݇㋏ЁˈþҪ㗙ÿⱘþⳌᓖᗻÿгϡӮ⍜༅ā˄ᄭ ৥᰼˅DŽ೼㔫ձⱘ⫳⌏Ёˈજ߽඗⡍থ᣹ⱘህᰃ⍜ᵕⱘþҪ㗙ÿ԰⫼DŽ 㔫ձࠄ䖒㡱ࡴહৢˈ᥹ࠄજ߽඗⡍ⱘ⬉䆱DŽҪ䖿ϡঞᕙഄࠡᕔཌྷⱘ᠓䯈ˈԚᰃㄝ ᕙҪⱘैᰃϔᡞ䮾䮾থ҂ⱘ᠟ᵾDŽᇣ䇈ⱘ㄀ϔ䚼ߚҹજ߽඗⡍ᠷࡼᡇᴎˈߏЁ㔫 ձⱘ㝍䚼㒧ᴳDŽજ߽඗⡍ᛇ㽕↕ᥝ㔫ձˈॳ಴ᰃཌྷॠᙊ㔫ձাᛇ៤Ў᳔ߎ㡆Ầ⧗

36 ⭻䄜䍣  ᱗㳍㪛⭥䊬Ⱀ䊒᱘䐱⭥㦬カ㔸㏎

䖤ࡼਬⱘϾҎЏН⧚ᛇDŽѢᰃˈཌྷ߽⫼㔫ձ᳔㛚ᔅⱘϔ䴶ˈ▔䍋Ҫᇍ⠅Ϣᗻⱘ℆ ᳯˈ䍕ᴎ৥ҪᓔᵾDŽৠᯊˈ㔫ձгᲈ䴆њ㞾ᏅᗻḐⱘ㔎䱋DŽҪ᳝㛑࡯ˈै≵᳝ዛ 催ⱘҎ⫳⧚ᛇDŽҪাᛇ⒵䎇ϾҎⱘ㰮㤷੠℆ᳯˈሜҢѢ⠅℆ⱘ䇅ᚥˈ᮴⊩៤Ўⳳ ℷⱘ㣅䲘DŽ㔫ձ㹿⠅℆䗋ᚥˈ༅এњ䕼߿੠߸ᮁⱘ㛑࡯DŽҪ䱋ܹ℆ᳯⱘ≳ລПЁˈ ↕ᥝњ㞾ᏅⱘџϮࠡ⿟DŽ 㔫ձㅒ㑺㒑㑺Ā健຿ā䯳ৢˈ೼Ϣ঺ϔԡཇᗻ䖜㥿Ѹᕔᯊˈг䱋ܹೄ๗ПЁDŽ 䖜㥿ৡᄫⱘᄫ䴶ᛣᗱᰃĀ䆄ᖚā੠Ā⡍⋯Ӟ⥟āˈᰒ㗠ᯧ㾕ˈཌྷ೼ᇣ䇈䞠ᣛҷ ⱘᰃᗻᛳǃᵕ݋䇅ᚥ࡯ⱘཇᗻDŽ೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋヨϟˈ䖜㥿ᰃϔ⾡⠅℆ⱘ䈵ᕕˈ݋᳝ ᕜ໻ⱘ䗋ᚥᗻDŽ㔫ձᇚཌྷⳟ԰ᰃĀⳳℷⓖ҂ⱘ⋟࿗࿗āˈফࠄཌྷⱘ㟈ੑ䇅ᚥDŽ⬅ Ѣ䙺᱂ⱘᬙᛣᅝᥦˈ㔫ձϢ䖜㥿᳝њϔ໰ᚙDŽПৢˈ㔫ձ⏅⏅⬭ᗉ䖭⃵ⷁ᱖ⱘ҆ ᆚ᥹㾺DŽҪ೼ℸৢⱘ⫳⌏Ёˈϡᮁ㒣ग़ⴔ⠅℆੠ᗻ℆ⱘᡬ⺼ˈ៤њ⠅Ϣᗻⱘ཈䲊DŽ Ҫ᳒㒣Ṻ㾕㞾Ꮕ೼  Ā䞥㡆ⱘ∈Ёˈ␌䖛⌾༈ˈᡒᇏ䖭ᴵþ㕢Ҏ剐ÿˈ៪㗙䇈þ⍋ཪÿDŽĂĂҪࠄ໘ᇏ ᡒཌྷ䙷䮾ⴔ㑶㡆ⱘ䑿ᔶˈⳈࠄ⍋∈বᕫ䍞ᴹ䍞⌧ǃ䍞ᴹ䍞咥ˈϔߛ䛑বᕫ咥ⓚⓚ ⱘˈҪ㞾Ꮕгϡⶹ䘧ᰃ೼ાܓDŽĂĂҪಯ໘⣯ކˈ㱑✊᳝ᯊⳟ㾕ཌྷ㓓㡆ⱘሒᏈ೼ 䮾ܝˈԚᰃࠄ໘䛑ᰃⓚ咥ϔ⠛DŽā˄Malamud1991ˈ73˅  㔫ձ⒵㛥ᄤᛇⱘ䛑ᰃ䖜㥿DŽҪ䅸Ўˈ㞾Ꮕህᰃ䯁Ϟⴐ⴯ˈг㛑ᡒࠄཌྷDŽཌྷህ೼Ҫ ⱘ㛥⍋䞠DŽ 䖜㥿೼㔫ձⱘ⫳⌏Ёˈ㞾ྟ㟇㒜䛑ᡂⓨⴔĀҪ㗙āⱘ㾦㡆DŽཌྷ⏅⏅ഄᗔᗉ⅏ এⱘ䙺᱂ˈ䅸Ў㞾ᏅাሲѢ䙺᱂DŽཌྷᱫ㞾থ䁧ˈ㽕↕ᥝ㔫ձˈЎ䙺᱂᡹қDŽ㔫 ձᇍ䖜㥿ⱘ℆ᳯ䴲ᐌᔎ⚜ˈ䖭ϔ⚍ҢҪⱘ亳℆Ϟህৃҹԧ⦄ߎᴹDŽ㔫ձ᮴⊩ᕫࠄ ⒵䎇ⱘ⠅℆ˈᇐ㟈Ҫবᕫ䴲ᐌᑐ⿮ˈᇍ亳⠽ѻ⫳њϔ⾡␈∖DŽ೼݇䬂↨䌯ⱘࠡ໩ˈ 䖜㥿Вࡲњϔഎⲯ໻ⱘᆈӮˈ䙔䇋㔫ձ੠݊Ҫ䯳ਬখࡴDŽཌྷᓩ䇅㔫ձৗњ໻䞣ⱘ ڣ亳⠽DŽԚᰃˈ㔫ձै᳝ϔ⾡༛ᗾⱘᛳ㾝DŽҪৗⱘ亳⠽䍞໮ˈህ䍞㾝ᕫ伹体ˈད ೼ᇏᡒ᮴⊩ᡒࠄⱘϰ㽓DŽҪⶹ䘧ϡᑨ䆹ݡ໮ৗњˈৃᰃै᮴⊩᥻ࠊ㞾ᏅDŽ߿ᇨ௝

1 ཌྷৡᄫⱘ㣅᭛ᰃ Memo ParisDŽ ᮃᏈ䖒ⱘ⥟ৢ⍋ӺᰃӴ䇈ЁⱘসᏠ㜞㕢ཇˈཌྷ㹿⡍⋯Ӟ೑⥟ Paris ً䍄њDŽᮃᏈ䖒⥟कߚ 2 ᛸᗦˈথ䁧㽕༎ಲ⍋Ӻˈঠᮍ▦Ј៬ѝⱘ䖍㓬DŽ䖭ӊџⳈ᥹ᇐ㟈⡍⋯Ӟ៬ѝⱘ⟚থDŽ 3 㱑✊㔫ձϡᰃᇐ㟈䙺᱂⅏ѵⱘⳈ᥹ॳ಴ˈԚᰃ䙺᱂ᰃЎњ䖢ߏҪথߎⱘ⧗ˈথ⫳ᛣ໪㗠⅏ ѵDŽ

37 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

˅㔫ձњ䆌໮Ҏ⫳ⱘϡᑌDŽā˄߿ᇨ௝㘊໿⫳ڀˈ㘊໿᳒㒣䇈䖛˖Āᗻᡬ⺼Ҏ ህЎℸ䙁ফњ䑿ԧϞⱘ⮯㢺DŽᆈӮ㒧ᴳৢˈᔧҪ೼䖜㥿ⱘ᠓䯈᥹䖥ཌྷᯊˈさ✊ᛳ 㺖ᓔϔḋˈህབৠϔ䘧䅽Ҏ៬ᷫⱘ䮾⬉DŽ㔫ձڣࠄϔ䰉㝍⮯㺁ᴹDŽҪᛳ㾝㝍䚼ད ᮴⊩㒻㓁খࡴ↨䌯ˈҪг಴ℸ䱋ܹೄ๗ПЁˈࠡ䗨␎㣿DŽℷབ剡ྚᏈ䌿᠔䇈ˈĀ㔫 ձ㹿䫭䇃ⱘ⠅℆ᨻ↕њDŽҪሜҢѢ℆ᳯˈϡᕫϡ㟡ᓗ㞾ᏅⱘџϮࠡ䗨DŽā ˄Baumbach 443˅ ೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋヨϟˈ䖜㥿㹿ࠏ⬏៤Ā㓓ⴐ⴯⍋ཪāDŽ⍋ᇨ⡍᳐᳒㒣ᣛߎˈ䖜㥿 ੠જ߽඗⡍ϔḋˈ䛑ᰃĀ䇅ᚥ⬋ҎⱘཇᄤāDŽཌྷӀ߽⫼㞾Ꮕⱘ儙࡯ˈ࣒ᓩ㔫ձˈ ᇍҪᮑࡴᕅડˈՓҪĀ༅এ⬋Ҏⱘ⇨䋼ā˄Helterman1985ˈ28˅DŽ㔫ձᅠܼ㹿䖜 㥿ⱘ㢅㿔Ꮋ䇁䗋ᚥˈϱ↿ϡ乒ঞ⊶᱂ⱘ䄺ਞüüĀཌྷӮࠞޣԴⱘ࡯䞣āDŽᔧҪথ ⦄䖜㥿Ϣ⧁㒇⊩ᅬ੠ԑᮃⳌѦ࣒㒧Пৢˈᇍཌྷⱘ⠅℆г≵᳝ϱ↿ޣᇥDŽԚᰃˈ㔫 ձᇍ䖜㥿ⱘ℆ᳯᰃϡӮᕫࠄ⒵䎇ⱘˈҪӀП䯈ⱘ䎱⾏ϡৃ㛑⍜䰸ˈᕜ䲒䖒ࠄ੠䇤 㒳ϔⱘ⢊ᗕDŽ䖭ᰃ಴ЎˈĀ℆ᳯЏԧ੠℆ᳯᇍ䈵П䯈ⱘ݇㋏ᴀ䋼Ϟᰃϡⶹ䎇ⱘˈ ݊䯈ⱘ䎱⾏ϡ㛑⍜䰸ˈ䖭⾡ߚ⾏Փ㵡ড়੠㒳ϔ៤Ўϡৃ㛑DŽā˄ᄭ৥᰼˅㔫ձ ᕜ⏙Ἦˈ㞾ᏅϢ䖜㥿ⱘ⠅ᚙϡӮ᳝㕢⒵ⱘ㒧ሔˈԚᰃҪैᠻ䗋ϡᙳDŽҪ೼䖜㥿ⱘ ࠊ㞾Ꮕⱘ℆ᳯˈ⍜㗫ሑњܟ⫣DŽ㔫ձ᮴⧗؛ᨚᏗϟˈ᥹ফ䌓䌖ˈৠᛣ೼↨䌯Ёᠧ 㞾Ꮕⱘ࡯䞣ˈҪⱘџϮ੠Ҏ⫳гህℸ↕ᥝњDŽ 㔫ձϡ䯈ᮁⱘ⌕ࡼⱘ⫳⌏⢊ᗕᰃҪ䑿໘ೄ๗ⱘϔ⾡䞡㽕㸼⦄DŽ㕢೑᭛᳝࣪ϔ ⱘ⿏ࡼЁˈ㹿⿄ЎذዛᇮĀ⌕ࡼᗻāⱘ⡍⚍ˈग़৆Ϟⱘ㕢߽മ⇥ᮣᘏᰃ໘೼ϡ⾡ Ā䖕⿏Ёⱘ⇥ᮣāDŽ㕢೑Ҏϔ৥ডᇍ䭓ᳳ೎ᅜ೼ϔϾഄᮍˈ಴Ў䖭ḋⱘ⼒ӮᰃĀ⬅ ϔ㕸ᗻ䋼Ⳍৠˈ޴Т↿᮴ϾᗻⱘҎӀᵘ៤ˈ䖭ѯҎ᳝ⴔϔḋⱘӋؐ㾖ˈϔḋⱘ㸠 ⅏ᵓ〇ᅮā˄㔫ԃ䗞˅DŽҪӀ䅸Ўˈ䖭ḋⱘ⫳⌏ᛣੇⴔֱᅜǃ⌏⫳ˈޚЎᷛ ⒲ϡࠡˈӮོ⹡⼒ӮⱘথሩDŽབᵰҎӀ⫳⌏೼䖭ḋⱘ⦃๗ЁˈህӮ༅এذ㨑ৢǃ 㞾ᏅⱘϾᗻDŽ೼㔫ձⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈ⌕ࡼⱘ⫳⌏㛑໳ᏺᴹ᳈໮ⱘᴎ䘛ˈᏺᴹ៤ࡳⱘᏠ ᳯDŽҪৃҹ೼⌕ࡼⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈᇏᡒࠄ᳈䗖ড়⫳ᄬথሩⱘ⦃๗DŽ಴ℸˈҪҢ㽓䚼ᴹ ࠄϰ䚼ˈҢᆊеⱘݰᴥᇣ䬛ᴹࠄњ໻ජᏖ㡱ࡴહDŽ㔫ձࠡᕔϰ䚼ⱘᮙ⿟ˈৃҹ㹿 ⳟ԰ᰃϔ⾡ੑ䖤ⱘ䈵ᕕDŽҪᇍℸܙ⒵ᭀ⬣੠␈ᳯˈैজ᮴⊩ᡞᦵˈህབৠ䗮䖛☿ 䔺䔺にⳟࠄⱘᖿ䗳ᥴ䖛ⱘ亢᱃ϔ㠀DŽ㔫ձফӸПৢˈ᮴⊩ҢџẦ⧗䖤ࡼˈ䖛ⴔሙ ⱘ䖕⿏੠䗑ᇏ៤Ў㔫ձЏ㽕ⱘذ᮴ᅮ᠔ǃࠄ໘ⓖ⊞ǃ䴴ᠧ䳊Ꮉᴹ㓈ᣕⱘ⫳⌏DŽϡ

38 ⭻䄜䍣  ᱗㳍㪛⭥䊬Ⱀ䊒᱘䐱⭥㦬カ㔸㏎

⫳⌏ᮍᓣDŽ ೼ᶤ⾡⿟ᑺϞˈ⌕ࡼⱘ⫳⌏Փᕫ㔫ձѻ⫳ᔎ⚜ⱘ℆ᳯ੠ᚙᛳˈ䖭೼ϸϾᮍ䴶 ⒵Ꮰᳯ੠Ṻᛇ˗঺ϔᮍ䴶ˈҪ೼ݦܙ᳝᠔ԧ⦄˖ϔᮍ䴶ˈᮄⱘग़⿟䅽㔫ձᇍ᳾ᴹ 䰽੠ሙ᮴ᅮ᠔ⱘ⫳⌏㒣ग़Ёˈᛳ㾝ࠄ㞾Ꮕᰃ໻᮴⬣ⱘ㣅䲘ˈϡӮ䕏ᯧ৥ੑ䖤Ԣ༈ 䅸䕧DŽ㔫ձࡾ࡯ᅲ⦄៤Ўӳ໻䖤ࡼਬⱘṺᛇˈᬍব㞾Ꮕⱘ⫳ᄬ⢊މDŽҪ㒜Ѣ೼ϝ कಯቕᯊˈㅒ㑺㒑㑺Ā健຿ā䯳ˈ៤Ўϔৡߏ⧗᠟DŽ㄀ϔ⃵Ϣ⊶᱂㾕䴶ᯊˈ㔫ձ ህ㒭Ҫ⬭ϟ䖭ḋⱘॄ䈵ˈĀ㱑✊Ҫ˄㔫ձ˅ത೼䖭ܓˈ೼䖭Ͼৄ䰊ϞˈԚᰃҪै ℶⱘ߫䔺Ϟ˅DŽҪⱘ㞾៥੠༈㛥ྟ㒜೼ذҡ೼⿏ࡼПЁDŽҪ೼㸠䖯ПЁ˄೼Ң᳾ ϟᴹ䖛ˈ಴ЎҪ䖬᳾᳒ࠄ䖒DŽāذ༨䎥ПЁˈҪ㾝ᕫ㞾Ꮕ᮴䆎এા䛑᳾ ˄Malamud1991ˈ47˅Пৢˈ㔫ձ໻䚼ߚᯊ䯈䛑㢅䌍೼䍊䏃ǃএᠧ↨䌯ⱘ㸠⿟П ഄذЁDŽℷབ᠈㓈ᮃ᠔䇈˖ĀҪ˄㔫ձ˅ᘏᰃ䑿໘Ѣ亲䗳㸠偊ⱘ☿䔺Ϟˈᘏᰃϡ ᴹপҷ䗳ᑺˈݏ⎉ৗϰ㽓DŽҪᰃ㸠ࡼПҎˈ≵᳝㊒⼲Ϟⱘ㿔䇁㸼䖒ǃ㔎ᇥݙ೼ⱘ ੠䳔∖ˈҪ໘Ѣ㞾៥⍜㗫ПЁDŽā˄Davis 105˅া᳝ᔧ㔫ձᛇ䍋ᆊеᯊˈᠡӮ᳝ ϔ⾡ᅝܼᛳˈᠡӮ೼ⓖ⊞ПЁѻ⫳ϔ⾡䕏ᵒⱘᛳ㾝ˈՓᕫ⌕ࡼЁ䙷⾡⬅䲘ᖗᢅ䋳 ذѻ⫳ⱘ䳛᪐䑿ԧⱘᩲߏ᳝᠔㓧㾷DŽԚᰃˈҪᏆ㒣∌䖰⾏ᓔњ䙷䞠DŽ㔫ձ໘೼ϡ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ݊Ҫ԰કⱘЏҎ݀ϔḋˈ䛑⊓㺁ϔ⾡῵ᓣˈेĀҢ᳔ڣⱘ⌕ࡼПЁˈҪ ❳ᙝⱘ⦃๗䖕⿏ࠄ䰠⫳ⱘ๗䘛Ёā˄Helterman1985ˈ24˅DŽ䖭⾡⌕ࡼⱘ⫳⌏῵ ᓣϢṺᛇ੠℆ᳯ᳝ⴔᆚߛⱘ݇㘨ˈՓᕫ㔫ձ೼Ҏ䰙ѸᕔЁˈྟ㒜᮴⊩ᨚ㜅ೄぬⱘ ⢊ᗕDŽ 㔫ձ䑿䱋ೄ๗ⱘॳ಴ˈϔᮍ䴶೼Ѣ਼ೈҎⱘ⼒ӮӋؐ㾖ᇍҪѻ⫳ⱘᕅડ˗঺ ϔᮍ䴶г೼ѢҪ㞾䑿ⱘᗻḐ㔎䱋DŽ㔫ձ᳝ⴔ᮴䰤ⱘ℆ᳯˈᇍ䋶ᆠ੠ৡ߽ㄝᢅ᳝䋾 ှⱘǃ∌ϡ⒵䎇ⱘ䗑∖ˈᇐ㟈Ҫᖙᇚϔℹℹഄ䍄৥䘧ᖋ≺ϻⱘഄℹDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᣛ ߎˈ㔫ձⱘᗻḐ㔎䱋ᰃҪ⮯㢺੠ೄ๗ⱘॳ಴᠔೼ˈ㗠ҪҎⱘ⼒ӮӋؐ㾖߭ࡴ࠻њ 䖭⾡㢺䲒DŽ㔫ձ⫳⌏ⱘᯊҷˈ㕢೑Ꮖ㒣ᰃথ䖒ⱘᎹϮ࣪೑ᆊDŽ⼒Ӯ䋶ᆠᗹ࠻๲䭓ˈ ජᏖ࣪䖯⿟Ꮖ㒣ᅠ៤ˈ䋿ᆠᏂ䎱䍞ᴹ䍞໻DŽ೼䖭ḋⱘ⼒Ӯ᭛࣪⦃๗ЁˈҎӀⱘᑌ ⽣㾖ᣛ৥ᰃҹ⒵䎇᮴䰤ⱘ℆ᳯЎᷛޚDŽ㔫ձ਼ೈⱘҎ␈∖ᢹ᳝໻䞣ⱘ䞥䪅੠䋶 ᇚᴹⱘ⫳⌏ᠡֱ᳝䱰DŽᑌ⽣㾖ᴀˈܗᆠˈ՟བ䖜㥿ህ䅸ЎˈҪӀ䳔㽕㟇ᇥѨϛ㕢 ᑨ䆹ᰃҹĀЏԧᗻⱘᅲ⦄Ϣথሩҹঞ㞾✊ᴀᗻⱘড়⧚⒵䎇ā˄⥟∳ᵒ˅ЎḌ ˈᖗˈ⦄೼ैⓨব៤Ў⒵䎇ҎӀⱘ᮴䰤℆ᳯDŽ㔫ձᏆ㒣㹿䖭ѯҎⱘ⼒ӮӋؐ㾖։㱔

39 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

㹿℆ᳯ偅ࡼˈ≵᳝њ䘧ᖋ䋷ӏᛣ䆚DŽҪᴀᑨ䆹ᢹ᳝᳈催ሖ⃵ⱘ㊒⼲䗑∖ˈ⦄೼ै 㹿⫳⧚℆ᳯ੠⠽䋼ЏН䳔∖᠔পҷDŽ೼⼒Ӯ᭛࣪໻⦃๗ⱘᕅડϟˈ㔫ձ೼ϢҪҎ Ѹᕔⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈ䗝ᢽњ℆ᳯǃ䞥䪅ǃ㚠য੠ϡ䋳䋷ӏˈ≵᳝থ᣹ϔϾⳳℷẦ⧗㣅 䲘ⱘ԰⫼DŽ  

㄀Ѡ㡖 ೄ๗Ёⱘᡝᢽ

 ⫳Ầ⧗໽䌟ˈ䖛Ϟ㞾Ꮕ␈ᳯⱘ׳㔫ձЎњᇏ∖Ṻᛇˈᴹࠄ໻ජᏖDŽҪ䆩೒߁ ⌏DŽৃᰃˈҪै೼џϮ੠⠅ᚙϞ䛑䱋ܹњҪҎᏗϟⱘ䰈䇟Ёˈ៤Ў㹿߽⫼ⱘᇍ䈵DŽ 㔫ձ໘Ѣ໡ᴖⱘҎ䰙ѸᕔЁˈ᮴⊩ϢҪҎᓎゟ҆ᆚⱘ݇㋏ˈ≺ܹೄ๗ПЁ˖Ҫᛇ 㽕៤Ў᳔ӳ໻ⱘẦ⧗䖤ࡼਬˈ㗠⧁㒇ⱘⳂⱘᰃ䗮䖛↨䌯㦋ᕫ᳔໻ⱘᬊⲞˈҪӀ≵ ᳝݅ৠⱘџϮ⧚ᛇ˗Ҫᛇ㽕ⱘᰃ〇ᅮⱘᆊᒁီ࿏⫳⌏ˈ㗠䖜㥿䗑∖ⱘᰃ㰮㤷੠ѿ ফˈҪӀ≵᳝݅ৠⱘҎ⫳㾖ǃӋؐ㾖੠䘧ᖋ㾖DŽ㔫ձЎњ䗖ᑨජᏖⱘ⫳⌏ˈЎњ ᕫࠄ⠅ᚙǃ⏽ᱪ੠݇⠅ˈ≵᳝⋕䑿㞾⠅DŽҪߎप㞾Ꮕⱘ㡃ᖗˈ㚠য㞾ᏅⱘҎḐˈ Ϣ⧁㒇੠䖜㥿П⌕ৠ⌕ড়∵DŽ ᔧ✊ˈ䖭⾡⦄䈵ⱘ㚠ৢᄬ೼ⴔ⏅ࠏⱘ⼒Ӯ੠᭛࣪ᮍ䴶ⱘॳ಴ˈᑊϨ೼ϡৠ⿟ ᑺϞ᯴ᇘњ㕢೑⼒Ӯ⫳⌏ЁⱘϾҎЏН੠⠽䋼ЏНᗱᛇDŽ Ϫ㑾  ᑈҷⱘ㕢೑ˈ ϸ⃵Ϫ⬠໻៬ⱘ⟚থᇐ㟈ᑓ໻⇥ӫⱘᖗ♉ফࠄњϹ䞡ⱘӸᆇˈҎӀӴ㒳ⱘ䘧ᖋޚ ˈ∖ߏDŽৠᯊˈᇍϾҎЏН੠⠽䋼ЏНⱘ䖛ߚ䗑ކ߭੠Ӌؐ㾖ᗉ䙁䘛ࠄњᵕ໻ⱘ ⫳ᇐ㟈㊒⼲࡯䞣䖙䗳ࠞᔅˈᇍᖗ♉Ϫ⬠䗴៤њᎼ໻ⱘय़࡯DŽҎӀⱘӋؐ㾖੠ᚙᛳ ⌏㹿㕂ѢϾҎЏНⱘᕅડПЁˈᕐℸП䯈ϡᰃ᥼ᖗ㕂㝍ǃⳳᖗᕙҎˈ㗠ᰃᕐℸℎ 偫ǃѦⳌ߽⫼DŽϾԧϢҪҎП䯈༅এњⳈ᥹ᇍ䆱੠ֵӏⱘ෎⸔ˈࡴ໻њᕐℸ䯈ⱘ 䰠⫳ᛳ੠⭣䖰ᛳDŽ ⍋ᇨ⡍᳐᳒㒣ᣛߎˈĀ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈㸼䖒ⱘЏ乬ᔎ䇗Ҏ⫳ⱘᛣНˈ䖭⾡ᛣН ᓎゟ೼偀ϕgᏗԃⱘþ៥üüԴÿ݇㋏෎⸔ПϞDŽā˄Helterman 1985ˈ8˅Ꮧԃ೼ ݊ৡ㨫lj៥ϢԴNJЁˈᦤߎњⳌ䘛૆ᄺⱘ㾖⚍DŽҪᡞҎϢҎП䯈ⱘ݇㋏ߚЎϸ⾡˖ ݊ϔˈĀ៥üüᅗā݇㋏ᰃϔ⾡ЏᅶԧП䯈ⱘ݇㋏DŽ೼䖭⾡݇㋏ЁˈϔߛҹĀ៥ā

40 ⭻䄜䍣  ᱗㳍㪛⭥䊬Ⱀ䊒᱘䐱⭥㦬カ㔸㏎

ЎЁᖗˈϢĀ៥āѻ⫳݇㘨ⱘҪҎ䛑㹿⠽࣪ˈᰃĀ៥ā᠔߽⫼ⱘᇍ䈵ˈ៤Ўϔ⾡ Ꮉ݋ˈЎ⒵䎇Ā៥āⱘ߽Ⲟǃ䳔㽕੠℆ᳯ㗠᳡ࡵDŽ䖭ḋˈĀ៥āϢҪҎП䯈֓ϡ ৃ㛑ᓎゟⳳℷᑇㄝǃѦ߽ǃⳈ᥹ǃᇍ䆱ⱘ݇㋏˗݊ѠˈĀ៥üüԴā݇㋏ᰃϔ⾡ ҹᇞ䞡᠔᳝ҎⱘӋؐЎ෎⸔ⱘℷᐌ݇㋏DŽ೼䖭⾡݇㋏Ёˈঠᮍ䛑ᰃЏԧDŽĀ៥ā ੠ĀԴāⳌѦᑇㄝˈϸ㗙Ⳍ䘛ˈ≵᳝݊ҪⱘⳂⱘǃӕ೒៪℆ᳯǃ␈∖ˈ㗠ᰃᕐℸ ⳌѦֵӏǃҹ㟇䆮ПᖗᕙҎDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ߯԰ফࠄᏗԃᗱᛇⱘᕅડˈҪ೼ᇣ䇈Ё ሩ⼎ⱘ㾖⚍ˈϢᏗԃⱘⳌ䘛૆ᄺⱘ㾕㾷ϡ䇟㗠ড়DŽџᅲϞˈ㔫ձ೼㒑㑺ⱘ⫳⌏ᇚ Ҫߚ㺖៤њϸϾĀ㞾៥ā˖ϔϾᰃ೼⧁㒇੠䖜㥿ⱘᕅડϟˈѻ⫳ߎᴹⱘĀ㞾៥āDŽ 䖭ϾĀ㞾៥āϪ֫㗠ᅲ䰙ǃᇍ⫳⌏ᢅ᳝ϾҎЏНⱘᗕᑺ˗঺ϔϾᰃ೼㡒Бᮃⱘ ⡎ᐂࡽϟˈ៤䭓䍋ᴹⱘĀ㞾៥āDŽ䖭ϾĀ㞾៥āֵӄӴ㒳ⱘӺ⧚䘧ᖋǃᆠѢ㞾៥ ⡆ǃᬶѢᡓᢙ䘧ᖋ䋷ӏDŽ㔫ձ㒣ग़њҢࠡϔϾĀ㞾៥āࠄৢϔϾĀ㞾៥āⱘব࣪ 䖛⿟ˈгህᰃҢĀ៥üüᅗā݇㋏ࠄĀ៥üüԴā݇㋏ⱘ䕀বDŽ ೼ᇣ䇈ЁҎ⠽ⱘ䑿ϞˈᵕッⱘϾҎЏНᗱᛇ㸼⦄Ў㞾⾕ǃ䰠⫳ǃދ䝋ⱘᔶ䈵 ੠ᗻḐ⡍ᕕDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䗮䖛䖭ѯ㸼䈵ˈሩ⼎㔫ձ䙁䘛ⱘय़࡯ǃೄ๗ˈҹঞҪϢ਼ さDŽᑈ䕏ᯊⱘ㔫ձᛇ㽕ᅲ⦄ϾҎӋؐDŽҪϡ乒ϔߛˈ⣀㞾এ㡱ކೈϪ⬠ⱘᇍゟ੠ ࡴહ䯃㤵DŽ㔫ձ߱⃵䘛ࠄજ߽඗⡍ⱘᯊ׭ˈ᳒㒣ষষໄໄ䇈ˈ㞾Ꮕህᛇ៤ЎϔϾ ӳ໻ⱘ㘠ϮẦ⧗䖤ࡼਬDŽ⬅ѢṺᛇ੠℆ᳯⱘ偅ՓˈҪ᮴⊩ϢҪҎᓎゟ҆ᆚⱘҎ䰙 ݇㋏DŽৢᴹˈ㔫ձࡴܹĀ健຿ā䯳DŽ೼⧁㒇੠䖜㥿ⱘ᪡᥻ϟˈ䖭⾡ᵕϡ㵡⌑ⱘǃ ⱘҎ䰙݇㋏ᕜᖿ֓ᕫࠄњ䖯ϔℹথሩDŽ⓴ދ ⱘҎ䰙݇㋏ˈ⧗䯳㗕ᵓ⓴ދϾҎЏНӋؐ㾖㟈Փ㔫ձϢ਼ೈҎП䯈ˈᔶ៤њ ⧁㒇೼䖭݊Ёᡂⓨⴔ䴲ᐌ䞡㽕ⱘ㾦㡆DŽџᅲϞˈ⧁㒇ⱘᗱᛇ੠㸠Ў⏅ࠏഄԧ⦄њ ҷ㕢೑⼒ӮⱘӋؐ㾖ˈড᯴њϾҎЏН੠⠽䋼ЏНⱘ䞡㽕ᕅડDŽϾҎЏНЏᓴ⦃ ĀϔߛҢþᅲ߽ÿǃþৃ㸠ÿ੠þᬜ⫼ÿߎথˈᴹ㗗㰥ϔߛϢҎ⫳੠⼒ӮⳌ݇ⱘ ᇍ䈵ǃ⌏ࡼǃ݇㋏ā˄ϛ֞Ҏ˅DŽ䖭ϔ⚍೼⧁㒇䑿Ϟᕫࠄњ䴲ᐌᔶ䈵ⱘ䯤䞞DŽ ҔМџᚙˈ䛑ᰃҹপᕫ߽Ⲟ੠ᬜᵰЎ᳔㒜ⳂⱘDŽ⧁㒇ϡৃ㛑ϢخᇍҪᴹ䇈ˈ᮴䆎 ҪҎᓎゟ㡃དⱘ݇㋏DŽҪᰃϔϾĀ⊍⒥ⱘཌଚāˈ↣ϾҎ䛑ᰃҪ߽⫼ⱘᇍ䈵DŽ⊶ ᱂ⱘϸϾܘᓳ݅ৠ㒣㧹ϔᆊ⍖᭭ॖˈ䖭ᆊᎹॖⱘ䖤㧹ߎ⦄њ䌘䞥Ϟⱘೄ䲒DŽ⊶᱂ ℸᯊᙄད⫳⮙ˈЎњ⊏⮙೼ए䰶㢅ᥝњ໻ヨⱘए⭫䌍⫼DŽҪ೼䫊㸠Ꮖ㒣䗣ᬃˈҢ

1 ᇣ䇈Ё㔫ձⱘ঺ϔৡཇটDŽ

41 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ᅮ䍕އ֓ˈࠄϔߚ䪅ˈ಴ℸ䱋ܹњ䋶ᬓϞⱘॅᴎDŽ⧁㒇ᕫⶹℸџৢ׳䙷䞠ϡӮݡ ᠧࡿDŽҪ䗮䖛ࡱ䇈ˈҙ⫼ϔ⚍⚍䌘䞥ˈ֓Ң⊶᱂䙷䞠㦋পⱒߚПकⱘ㙵ӑDŽ㗠☿ Ϩˈ㊒ᯢⱘ⧁㒇ᑊ≵᳝Ⳉ៾њᔧഄ䇈ᯢ㞾Ꮕⱘᛣ೒DŽҪᬙᛣ㺙ߎϔࡃ㙱㚚մНⱘ ῵ḋˈ䅽⊶᱂䅸ЎˈҪᬥњ㞾Ꮕⱘੑˈᐂњ㞾Ꮕⱘ໻ᖭDŽ ⧁㒇ϡৃ㛑ЎӏԩҎᦤկⳳℷⱘᐂࡽDŽᔧ㔫ձ৥Ҫᇏ∖䞥䪅Ϟⱘ䌘ࡽᯊˈ䙁 ࠄњދ䝋᮴ᚙⱘᢦ㒱DŽҪᇍᭈϾ⧗䯳г㸼⦄ߎދ⓴੠⅟䝋ⱘϔ䴶DŽᅲ䰙ϞˈҪҢ ᳔ᓔྟˈህ䆒䅵೜༫Ң⊶᱂䙷䞠༎䍄њ⧗䯳ㅵ⧚ⱘއᅮᴗDŽҪᮽህ䅵ߦདˈᡞ⧗ ষߎଂ↨䌯䮼⼼ⱘᬊܹˈ᮴׳䯳੠䌯എ԰Ў㞾Ꮕ䗑∖⠽䋼䋶ᆠⱘ᠟↉੠䗨ᕘDŽҪ ⊩㓈ᣕ⧗䯳䖤㧹ˈ䇈᳡⊶᱂ৠᛣᇚ䯳Ёⱘߎ㡆⧗ਬ੠Ḍᖗ⧗ਬ䕀䅽ࠄ݊Ҫ⧗䯳ˈ ҹℸᴹ䌮䪅DŽҪϢ⊶᱂ㅒ䅶ण䆂ˈޚ䆌Ҫᇚ↨䌯എഄᇍ໪ߎ⾳ˈВࡲ≑䔺↨䌯ǃ Ӯ䆂ǃ䌯⢫↨䌯ㄝㄝᴹ䌮䪅ˈ㗠Ҫা㒭⊶᱂ⱒߚПѨⱘᬊⲞDŽ⧁㒇߽⫼⾡⾡᠟↉ 䌮䪅ˈḍᴀϡ㗗㰥⧗䯳䖤㧹ㄝᖙ㽕ⱘџᚙˈᇐ㟈ᭈϾ⧗䯳Ҏᖗ⍷ᬷDŽ೼Ҫⱘ㾖ᗉ Ёˈ᳔䞡㽕ⱘџᚙህᰃ㽕മއ㓈ᡸ㞾Ꮕⱘ߽ⲞDŽ㟇Ѣ⊶᱂᳝໮М␈ᳯᏺ乚䯳ӡ㦋 ᕫݴݯ˄Ўњ㛑໳ᅲ⦄䖭ϔṺᛇˈ⊶᱂ᇚ↩⫳ⱘᖗ㸔䛑ᡩܹࠄ⧗䯳ПЁ˅ǃҪⱘ ᠔԰᠔Ўᇍ⧗䯳ⱘӸᆇˈ䖭ѯ䛑ϡ೼Ҫ㗗㰥ⱘ㣗ೈП߫DŽ 㔫ձ೼䌯എϞ㸼⦄ߎ㡆ˈ⧗䯳পᕫ䖲㓁㚰߽DŽ⧁㒇ᛳࠄ䴲ᐌϡᅝˈ಴Ў⧗䯳 ᳝Ꮰᳯ༎ᕫݴݯDŽ䙷МˈҪӕ೒䅽⊶᱂ᬒᓗ⧗䯳ⱘ㒣㧹ᴗˈ㞾Ꮕᅠܼᥠ᥻ⱘ䅵ߦ ህৃ㛑㨑ぎDŽѢᰃˈҪއᅮϢԑᮃ੠䖜㥿࣒㒧ˈ߽⫼㔫ձ䌠⧗ˈ䖭ḋҪৃҹ㦋ᕫ ᑊϨ䇈ᯢ㞾Ꮕᰃ೼ሑ࡯ᐂࡽҪˈᰃҢˈ⧗؛᳈໻ⱘད໘੠߽ⲞDŽ⧁㒇ࡱ䇈㔫ձᠧ 㔫ܜᠧㅫDŽ⧁㒇⫮㟇䖬Ў㞾Ꮕᡒߎ޴Ͼ⧚⬅ˈҪᣛߎ˖佪خᇚᴹⱘ㾦ᑺߎথЎҪ ձ⦄೼ⱘ䑿ԧ⢊މˈ᮴⊩ᡓফ▔⚜ⱘ↨䌯DŽ㟇Ѣ㽕ᏺ乚Ā健຿ā䯳পᕫ㚰߽ˈг াᰃᖗ᳝ԭ㗠࡯ϡ䎇˗݊⃵ˈҪ㒭㔫ձⱘ䖭ѯ䪅ˈ䎇ҹ䅽㔫ձ੠䖜㥿䖛ϞҪӀᛇ 㽕ⱘ⫳⌏ˈ⒵䎇䖜㥿ⱘ༶ढ℆∖˗᳔ৢˈҪНℷ㿔䕲ഄ৥㔫ձ㸼⼎ˈҪⱘߎথ⚍ ℸᴎӮˈ䅽ҪӀݡгϡᬶҢ׳ᰃདⱘDŽҪᰃЎњ㒭䙷ѯ䌠⧗ⱘҎϔϾᬭ䆁ˈৃҹ џ䌠⧗⌏ࡼˈҢ㗠ᇚҪӀᕏᑩ䫆䰸DŽҪᇍ㔫ձ䇈˖Āヺড়䘧ᖋޚ߭ⱘ⢊މˈг䆌 Ӯᇐ㟈ᅠܼⳌডⱘ㒧ሔDŽĂĂ㗠ⳟϞএ䙾ᙊⱘџӊˈैৃ㛑Ӯᓔߎ㒃ޔ㕢БП㢅ā ˄Malamud1991ˈ205-206˅DŽ⧁㒇ⱘ㸼⦄䴲ᐌ㞾⾕੠ދ䝋DŽ೼Ҫⴐ䞠ˈབᵰϔ ӊџᚙᇍ㞾Ꮕ᳝Ⲟˈህϡ㛑ࡴҹᢦ㒱DŽ䖭ህᰃϾҎЏН㗙ᣕ᳝ⱘӺ⧚ޚ߭DŽ⧁㒇 ⱘ᠔԰᠔Ў㸼ᯢˈ೼Ҫⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈĀҎϢҎݙ೼ᚙᛳⱘ㓈㋏㹿ҎϢ䞥䪅⠽䋼ⱘᢑ

42 ⭻䄜䍣  ᱗㳍㪛⭥䊬Ⱀ䊒᱘䐱⭥㦬カ㔸㏎

⭣䖰њā˄㽓㕢ᇨ ˈ˅DŽ೼Ҫצ䈵ⱘ݇㋏পҷˈҎϢ䪅᳈҆䖥њˈҎ䎳Ҏড ⱘᕅડϟˈ㔫ձϔⳈ໘Ѣ⢍䈿ϡއⱘϸ䲒໘๗˖Ҫᛇ䌶ᕫ↨䌯ˈᡓᢙᇍ⧗䯳ⱘ䘧 ᖋ䋷ӏ˗ৠᯊˈҪгᳳᳯ㦋ᕫ⠽䋼䋶ᆠˈ䖛Ϟ༶ढѿФⱘ⫳⌏DŽ㔫ձ಴ℸ䱋ܹ㊒ ⼲Ϟⱘ⮯㢺๗ഄDŽ 㔫ձϢཇট䖜㥿П䯈ⱘދ⓴݇㋏ˈг㸼ᯢњҪೄぬⱘ⫳⌏⢊މDŽ䖜㥿䴧Б䗋 ҎǃᠡᱎߎӫˈԚৠᯊгᰃϔϾ㞾⾕㞾߽ǃᅝѢѿФⱘཇҎDŽཌྷᑊϡᰃⳳᖗ⠅㔫 ձˈᖗ䞠ϔⳈᛇᗉⴔ⅏এⱘ䙺᱂DŽཌྷ䅸Ўˈ㔫ձ᮴⊩Ϣ䙺᱂Ⳍᦤᑊ䆎DŽĀҪ˄䙺 ᱂˅㒚ᖗ䇼ᜢˈܙ⒵⌏࡯DŽԴ˄㔫ձ˅ᡞẦ⧗ᔧ԰Ꮉ԰üü᳝ᯊ⫮㟇ⳟ䍋ᴹᄸ⊼ ϔᦋˈৃᰃᇍѢҪᴹ䇈ˈẦ⧗ᰃစФᗻⱘ䖤ࡼDŽā˄Malamud1991ˈ118˅ᓔྟˈ ಴Ў䖜㥿ⱘދ⓴੠ᢦ㒱ˈᇍ㔫ձᴹ䇈ˈཌྷㅔⳈህᰃϡৃӕঞDŽ䙺᱂এϪৢˈ㔫ձ ᏺ乚Ā健຿ā䯳೼↨䌯Ё䖲㓁㦋㚰DŽҪⱘџϮ᳝᠔থሩˈ䖜㥿г䗤⏤ᇍҪѻ⫳ད ᛳDŽҪӀП䯈ⱘ݇㋏ᄬ೼┰೼ⱘৃ㛑ˈৃҹ䖯ϔℹথሩ៤Ў҆ᆚⱘᘟҎDŽ㔫ձᇍ ⠅ᚙⱘ␈∖⏙᱄㗠Ϩᔎ⚜ˈᳳᳯ㛑໳Ϣ䖜㥿᳝ᆚߛⱘѸᕔDŽ಴ℸˈᔧ䖜㥿ㄨᑨϢ Ҫϔ䍋␌⥽ᯊˈҪ䙷୰ϡ㞾⽕ⱘᖗᚙᰒ㗠ᯧ㾕DŽ䖜㥿гಲᑨ㔫ձⱘᚙᛳˈཌྷⱘ҆ ਏ䅽㔫ձ݈༟ϡᏆDŽ✊㗠ˈ䖭⾡݈༟᳈໮ⱘᰃ㙝ԧ℆ᳯⱘ䋾ှˈ㗠ϡᰃ㊒⼲␈ᳯ ⱘᛝᙺ˗ᰃҪᕕ᳡⠅ᘟⳂᷛৢⱘ⢖୰ˈ㗠ϡᰃᕐℸ䯈ᚙ⏅Ԑ⍋ⱘ⠅ᚙ˗ᰃϾҎ㞾 ষˈᢦ׳៥⒵䎇ⱘ䱊䝝ˈ㗠ϡᰃϢ⠅Ҏⱘ㒃ⳳߚѿDŽ䖜㥿᳔㒜гҹ㛌䚼ⱘ⮒⮙Ў 㒱䖯ϔℹথሩϢ㔫ձⱘ݇㋏DŽѢℸৠᯊˈ䖜㥿䖬Ϣԑᮃ݇㋏ᱻ᯻DŽԑᮃᕜᆠ᳝ˈ ৃҹ䅽ཌྷ䖛Ϟᇏ⃶ᘷФⱘ⫳⌏DŽԑᮃ೼ཌྷᖗ䞠ⱘԡ㕂ৃ㛑↨㔫ձ᳈䞡㽕DŽ㔫ձϢ 䖜㥿П䯈ⱘᛳᚙ෎⸔ᰃϡᑇ㸵ⱘˈা㛑ㅫ԰ᰃ㔫ձᇍ䖜㥿ⱘऩᘟDŽҪᇍ䖜㥿ⱘؒ ᜩ੠䗑∖ˈϡৃ㛑㒭Ҫᏺᴹᑌ⽣ˈাӮՓҪ᳈ࡴ⮯㢺DŽ 㔫ձᇍ〇ᅮⱘᆊᒁ⫳⌏᳝ⴔ⏅ߛⱘ␈ᳯˈৃᰃҪⱘ䖭⾡ᜓᳯ೼䖜㥿䑿Ϟ䲒ҹ ᅲ⦄DŽ㔫ձᳳᳯ೼ܙ⒵⠅Ϣ੠䇤ⱘᆊᒁЁˈϢྏᄤ੠ᄽᄤ⫳⌏೼ϔ䍋DŽ᳝ᯊҪᛇ خ䈵㞾ᏅӮ᳝Ͼᆊˈ᳝Ͼᄽᄤˈ䖜㥿ᰃҪⱘྏᄤˈᄽᄤⱘ↡҆DŽ↣໽١ᰮˈཌྷӮ དᰮ佁ˈ੠ᄽᄤϔ䍋ㄝҪಲᆊDŽ䖭ᰃҪ⧚ᛇЁⱘᆊᒁ῵ᓣDŽ✊㗠ˈ䖜㥿ϡᰃ䖭ḋ ⫳ⱘཇҎDŽཌྷߎ䑿ѢֵӄӴ㒳Ӻ⧚㾖ⱘᆊᒁˈ҆ⴐ㾕ࠄњ㞾Ꮕⱘ↡҆ˈ೼䋿ೄⱘ ⌏Ёབԩ༝⤂㞾Ꮕǃ⡎⡆㞾ᏅDŽԚᰃཌྷϡޚ໛ᬜӓ↡҆ˈ಴ЎཌྷⳂⵍњ↡҆ⱘ⫳ ⌏ˈⶹ䘧䖭⾡⫳⌏䅽ཌྷ໛ফᡬ⺼DŽ䖜㥿ᛇ䖛ϔ⾡ܼᮄⱘ⫳⌏ˈཌྷϡᠧㅫ䙉ҢӴ㒳 ⱘӺ⧚ॳ߭DŽཌྷϡӮܼ䑿ᖗᡩܹࠄϢ㔫ձⱘᘟ⠅Ёˈгϡৃ㛑ሑྏᄤ੠↡҆ⱘ㘠

43 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

䋷ˈ೼ᆊᒁЁᡓᢙ㞾Ꮕⱘ䘧ᖋ䋷ӏDŽཌྷᑊ䴲ⳳᖗഄ⠅㔫ձˈᇍ㔫ձাᰃ䗶എ԰៣ 㗠ᏆDŽཌྷ᳈ϡৃ㛑䎳㔫ձ䖯ܹီ࿏ⱘ↓ූˈ಴ЎҪ᮴⊩⒵䎇ཌྷᇍ༶ढ⫳⌏ⱘ䳔∖DŽ ᇣ䇈ⱘ㒧ሒˈཌྷᇍ㔫ձ䇈ˈĀԴ䖭ϟ⌕ⱘҎ⏷ˈҢԴᆇњ䙺᱂ⱘ䙷ϔ໽䍋ˈ៥ህ ᇍԴᘼПܹ偼DŽā˄Malamud1991ˈ236˅䇈ࠄᑩˈ䖜㥿ⱘ᠔԰᠔Ўাᰃϔ⾡䇅ᚥ 㔫ձⱘㄪ⬹DŽཌྷᮑሩ㞾Ꮕ催ᯢⱘ䗋ᚥҎⱘ᠟↉ˈϢ㔫ձֱᣕ҆ᆚ㘨㋏ˈ݊Ⳃⱘᰃ Ўњ䅽㔫ձߚᖗˈ᮴⊩೼䌯എϞᠧད↨䌯DŽཌྷᇍ㔫ձৃҹ䇈ᰃ䰈䰽㰮Ӿˈ䅽Ҫ೼ џϮ੠⠅ᚙ⫳⌏Ё䛑ᛳࠄ⮯㢺੠ೄᚥDŽ 㔫ձྟ㒜᮴⊩ᨚ㜅ᇍ䖛এⱘձ䌪ˈԚᰃ䖜㥿ै᮴⊩ᐂࡽҪℷ⹂ഄ⧚㾷㞾Ꮕҹ ᕔⱘ㒣ग़DŽᇍ㔫ձᴹ䇈ˈҪП᠔ҹ⬭ᘟᕔᯨǃ䗋ᘟᑈ䕏ⱘᯊҷˈᰃ಴ЎҪ␈ᳯֱ ᣕ䙷ᯊⱘ໽ⳳ᮴䙾ǃㅔऩ䋼ᴈ੠㒃⋕୘㡃DŽҪᑈ䕏ᯊⱘ⫳⌏䅽Ҏᛳࠄ䏣ᅲˈҪᏠ ᳯ㞾Ꮕᇥᑈᯊҷⱘ⫳⌏㛑໳ᣕ㓁᳈䭓ⱘᯊ䯈DŽ೼ᇣ䇈ⱘᓔྟˈ㔫ձ೼☿䔺Ϟህⳟ 㗠ᏆDŽڣ㾕䔺に໪᳝ϔϾ⬋ᄽ೼ᠧẦ⧗DŽ݊ᅲˈ䙷াϡ䖛ᰃҪᇍ㞾ᏅスᑈⱘϔϾᑏ ᴹࠄ㒑㑺Пৢˈ೼↨䌯ПԭˈҪᳳᳯ㛑໳೼Āܓᯊ⫳⌏ⱘᇣ䬛䭓ᯊ䯈ⱘӥᙃDŽ೼ 䙷ܓˈҪৃҹ੠↯㤌㤌ⱘ⣢⢀ϔ䍋⃶ᖿഄ䎥䖛ᷥᵫDŽҪ㛑໳䍄ࠄỂᵫ᳔⏅ᑑᆖ䴭 П໘DŽ䙷䞠㒱ᇍᅝ䴭ˈ⫮㟇ᡩϔ乫⷇ᄤˈ䛑ৃ㛑ᠧ⸈䖭⾡ᆖ䴭DŽҪৃҹ≝⍌೼ᅕ 䴭ПЁˈⳈࠄ⢫িໄ૸䝦Ҫā˄Malamud1991ˈ52˅DŽҪ䖬Ꮰᳯ㞾Ꮕⱘ⠅ᚙгথ⫳ ℶˈ䖭ḋҪৃҹ䗑⒃䖛এˈಲᖚ੠ذ೼䖛এ⫳⌏ⱘе䯈DŽҪ⫮㟇ᳳᳯᯊ䯈㛑໳ ڣ䰶ᑺ䖛ⱘቕ᳜DŽ䙷ᯊˈҪ⫳⌏೼ᏠᳯПЁDŽܓϔ䍋⫳⌏ⱘ᮹ᄤˈ៪㗙೼ᄸ↡⼪ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ໻໮᭄ⱘЏҎ݀ϔḋˈᇍ㔫ձᴹ䇈ˈĀা᳝⧚㾷䖛এⱘᕅડˈᠡ㛑᳈ད ഄ乚Ӯ⦄೼ā˄Abramson 1993ˈ17˅DŽ䖜㥿ᓔ䔺Ϣ㔫ձϔ䍋ࠡᕔ⍋䖍␌⥽ˈҪӀ ⱘеᴥ䏃Ϟᖿ䗳㸠偊DŽ㔫ձ⹂ֵˈ䖜㥿ᩲϞњϔϾ⬋ᄽ੠ϔা⢫DŽܝ♃೼≵᳝ Ԛᰃ䖜㥿ैമއ৺䅸ˈཌྷ䅸Ў䙷াᰃ䏃ϞⱘᶤϾϰ㽓ˈ៪㗙ĀህᰃԴāDŽ偀ᢝ咬 ࡽ䖭ϔᚙ㡖䇈ᯢˈ䖜㥿↕ᥝњ㔫ձᇍ䖛এ੠㒃ⳳⱘṺᛇDŽ㔫ձྟ㒜≵᳝ⳳℷ׳ᖋ ഄᖬ䆄㞾Ꮕⱘスᑈˈ≵᳝ᖬ䆄Ҫ儖⡉Ṻ㒩ⱘ೼㽓䚼еᴥⱘᬙеDŽҪг≵᳝䴲ᐌ⹂ ᅮഄ᥹ফϾҎЏНⱘӋؐ㾖ˈ಴Ў䖭ѯϢҪ೼еᴥ᠔᥹ফⱘᬭ㚆ᰃϡৠⱘDŽ㔫ձ ੠䖜㥿೼ϔ䍋ˈ㞾Ꮕⱘ㊒⼲䗑∖੠ᚙᛳᆘᠬ䛑᮴⊩ᅲ⦄DŽҪྟ㒜᮴⊩ᨚ㜅ೄᚥ੠ 䗋㣿ⱘ⢊ᗕDŽ 䖜㥿䖬Ϣ⧁㒇੠ԑᮃ࣒㒧ˈ䇅ᚥᑊϨ߽⫼㔫ձˈՓᕫ㔫ձ䱋ܹ᳈ࡴೄ㢺ⱘ๗

1ᇣ䇈ⱘᓔ㆛ህਞ䆝䇏㗙ˈ㔫ձ≵᳝᠟㸼DŽৢᴹˈҪᠧ⧗ᯊˈ䖬ߏ⹢њ↨䌯എഄⱘᯊ䩳DŽ 2 䖭ᰃ⧗䗋Ӏ䗕㒭㔫ձⱘϔ䕚༨偄䔺DŽ

44 ⭻䄜䍣  ᱗㳍㪛⭥䊬Ⱀ䊒᱘䐱⭥㦬カ㔸㏎

䘛ПЁDŽ㔫ձ䗤⏤៤ЎĀ健຿ā䯳ⱘḌᖗ⧗ਬDŽ೼Ҫⱘᏺ乚ϟˈ⧗䯳⦄೼៤Ў༎ ⫼ݴⱘ໻⛁䮼DŽҪ೼Ā健຿ā䯳гᢹ᳝ϔᅮⱘഄԡ੠ໄᳯˈ䖭ѯℷᰃҪৃҹ㹿߽ ߱ᘟⱘᇥཇ䙷ḋˈϡ乒ৢᵰڣⱘӋؐ᠔೼DŽ䖜㥿೼⼒ӮϞ⏋џ໮ᑈˈཌྷᔧ✊ϡӮ ഄ⠅Ϟ㔫ձˈ੠Ҫ㒧ီDŽཌྷথሩϢ㔫ձ݇㋏ˈᅲ䰙Ϟህᰃⳟࠄњ㔫ձ݋᳝ৃҹ㹿 ߽⫼ⱘӋؐDŽҢҪӀϔᓔྟѸᕔˈ䖜㥿ህ㗗㰥བԩ߽⫼㔫ձˈᐂࡽ⧁㒇੠ԑᮃ㦋 ᕫ᳈໻ⱘ߽ⲞDŽ㔫ձⱘ↨䌯⢊ᗕއᅮњҪӀП䯈݇㋏ⱘ҆ᆚ⿟ᑺDŽᔧ㔫ձ໘ѢԢ ╂ᯊᳳˈҪߏϡࠄ⧗ǃ៪㗙໻໮᭄䖤⧗䛑≵᳝࿕㚕࡯ˈ䖭ᯊ䖜㥿ህӮ⭣䖰ҪDŽ㔫 ձᴀҎ੠⊶᱂䛑᳒㒣ᗔ⭥ˈ䖜㥿ᰃ৺ህᰃᇐ㟈ҪӀ༅䋹ⱘҎDŽ䖜㥿Ϣ⧁㒇੠ԑᮃ 䆒ϟ೜༫ˈ⬅ԑᮃߎ䪅ˈ೼⧗䯳ेᇚ㦋ᕫݴݯⱘࠡ໩ˈᦤࠡВࡲϔϾᑚࡳӮDŽ䖜 㥿䋳䋷ᓩ䇅㔫ձৗϟ໻䞣ⱘ亳⠽ˈ䖭ḋҪህৃ㛑ᙷϞ㚗㙴⮒⮙᮴⊩Ϟഎᠧ⧗DŽĀ健 ຿ā䯳༅এњ㔫ձˈህᕜ䲒䌶ᕫ↨䌯ⱘ㚰߽DŽ䖭ḋˈ⧁㒇੠ԑᮃህৃҹ䗮䖛᪡㒉 ↨䌯ⱘ㒧ᵰˈ೼䌠⧗Ё໻䌮ϔヨDŽབᵰ㔫ձৃҹ㒻㓁খࡴ↨䌯ˈ䖜㥿䖬ৃҹ䇅ࡱ Ҫˈ䅽Ҫ᥹ফ䌓䌖ˈৠᛣ೼݇䬂↨䌯Ёϡথ᣹㞾Ꮕⱘᅲ࡯ˈҪӀгৃҹᦤࠡ⹂ᅮ ↨䌯ⱘ㒧ᵰˈ߽⫼䌠⧗䌮প䪅䋶DŽᅲџ∖ᰃഄ䇈ˈ㔫ձ䳔㽕ⱘᑊϡᰃ䖜㥿䖭ḋⱘ Ҫ᳾خཇটˈ㗠ᰃϔϾ䙉ᅜӴ㒳Ӻ⧚ˈ㛑໳ᑇㄝഄৠҪ䖯㸠≳䗮੠Ѹ⌕ⱘཇᄤᴹ ᴹⱘྏᄤDŽ䖜㥿ᰒ✊ϡሲѢ䖭ϔ㉏ൟˈཌྷ೼ᮍᮍ䴶䴶䛑᮴⊩Ϣ㔫ձ䖒៤ϔ㟈DŽཌྷ াᰃᡞ㔫ձⳟ៤ཌྷ㽕᡹໡ⱘϔϾᇍ䈵ˈཌྷ೒䇟߽⫼ⱘϔӊᎹ݋㗠ᏆDŽ೼䖜㥿ⱘࡱ ᇐ੠䇅ᚥϟˈ㔫ձ᳔㒜৥⠽䋼ЏНሜ᳡DŽ㔫ձϢ䖜㥿Ѹᕔ༅䋹ⱘॳ಴೼ѢˈҪӀ ྟ㒜᮴⊩䘒䍞ϾҎЏН੠⠽䋼ЏНⱘሔ䰤ˈ㞾✊ᕜ䲒䖒៤҆ᆚ੠䇤ⱘ݇㋏DŽ 㔫ձྟ㒜᮴⊩⧚㾷⠊҆˄ࣙᣀ㊒⼲П⠊˅ˈϡ㛑໘⧚དϢ⠊҆ⱘ݇㋏ˈ䖭г ᰃҪ⫳⌏೼ೄ๗ПЁⱘϔϾ䞡㽕ᷛᖫDŽ㔫ձᇍ㞾Ꮕⱘ҆⫳⠊҆ᣕ᳝໡ᴖⱘᗕᑺDŽ 佪ܜˈҪᇍ⠊᳝҆ⴔϔ⾡ዛᢰⱘᖗᗕDŽℷབ㽓Ḑ㩭ᖋgᓫ⋯Ӟᖋ᠔䇈˖໻໮᭄Ҏ Ā䛑᳝ዛᇮᴗ࿕ⱘᔎ⚜䳔㽕ˈҪӀ䳔㽕ϔ⾡㛑໳ዛᢰǃ㛑໳ᔦ乎ⱘᴗ࿕ˈҹ֓ফ Ҫ㒳⊏ˈ⫮㟇ফҪ㰤ᕙˈĂĂ䙷⾡ҎӀ㞾ᑐህ݋᳝ⱘᇍ⠊҆ⱘ␈ᳯˈгᰃᇍӴ䇈 Ё哧਍ⱘᏆ㹿㣅䲘Ӏᠧ䋹ⱘ⠊҆ⱘ␈ᳯā˄ᓫ⋯Ӟᖋ˅DŽ㔫ձᇍẦ⧗ⱘ⛁⠅ˈ ೼ᕜ໻⿟ᑺϞ⑤Ѣ⠊҆ⱘਃ㩭੠ᣛᇐDŽ⠊҆⹂ᅲᐌᐌ೼໣໽ᏺҪߎএˈᬭҪབԩ ᡯ⧗DŽৠᯊˈ㔫ձϢ⠊҆П䯈гᄬ೼⶯Ⳓ੠ކさDŽ䌿ԃ⡍g偀ᇨᑧา᳒㒣ᣛߎˈ ᇍѢ䆌໮Ҏᴹ䇈ˈĀϾҎϢ⼒ӮП䯈ੑЁ⊼ᅮⱘކさ佪ܜᰃ䗮䖛ᇍᡫ⠊҆㗠ሩᓔ ⱘDŽā˄偀ᇨᑧา ˈ˅㔫ձᡓ䅸ˈ᳝ᯊҪ⹂ᅲᛇĀᭆ⠊҆ⱘ㛥໇āˈ಴Ў

45 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

⼪↡এϪПৢˈ⠊҆೼Ꮉ԰ᯊˈᐌᐌᡞҪᠨ೼ϔϾজϔϾܓス⽣߽䰶DŽ Ңᶤ⾡ᛣНϞ䇈ˈ᯳᥶㧼ྚᰃ㔫ձⱘ㊒⼲П⠊DŽҪॳᴹⱘᎹ԰ᰃ㘠ϮẦ⧗䖤 ࡼਬDŽ䗔ᕍৢˈҪࠄ໘ᣪᥬ᳝Ầ⧗䖤ࡼ┰䋼ⱘҎDŽৢᴹˈҪথ⦄њ㔫ձDŽ㧼ྚᇍ ᕙ㔫ձབৠᏅߎˈᇍҪ⡍߿݇⠅DŽҪӀϔ䍋Ь☿䔺ˈএ㡱ࡴહ䆩䆁DŽ㧼ྚമᣕ㞾 Ꮕത⹀ᑻ䔺ॶˈ㗠䅽㔫ձⴵ೼ऻ䫎䔺ॶDŽҪ䖬⡍߿݇✻߫䔺Ьࡵਬˈϡ㽕ᠧᡄ㔫 ձӥᙃˈ಴ЎҪࠄ㡱ࡴહৢህ㽕ᓔྟᠧ⧗ˈ䳔㽕ֱᣕ㡃དⱘԧ࡯DŽ㧼ྚᅕৃ㞾Ꮕ ৗ㢺ˈгϡᛇ䅽㔫ձফ໾໮ⱘྨሜDŽϡ䖛ˈ᳈Ў䞡㽕ⱘᰃҪᇍ㔫ձ೼Ầ⧗䖤ࡼᮍ 䴶ⱘᬃᣕǃᐂࡽ੠ᣛᇐDŽҪ㞾ᏅᏆ㒣ϡ㛑ᅲ⦄༎পݴݯⱘṺᛇˈ֓ᡞᏠᳯ䛑ᆘᠬ ೼㔫ձ䑿ϞDŽ✊㗠ˈџᚙᘏᰃџϢᜓ䖱ˈҪӀП䯈ⱘ҆ᆚ݇㋏≵㛑ᣕ㓁໮ЙDŽ೼ Ϣᚴ㥿ⱘ↨䌯Ёˈ㔫ձᠧߎⱘ⧗ᛣ໪ߏЁ㧼ྚˈᇐ㟈㧼ྚফࠄ㟈ੑⱘӸᆇ㗠⅏ѵDŽ 㔫ձϢ㞾Ꮕ᳔䞡㽕ⱘ㊒⼲П⠊⊶᱂П䯈ˈг᮴⊩ᓎゟ҆ᆚⱘ݇㋏DŽ⊶᱂ᴀҎ ᇍẦ⧗䯳᳝ⴔ⏅८ⱘᛳᚙDŽҪ㢅ᥝ໮ᑈⱘ⿃㪘ˈ䌁ф⧗䯳ⱘ㙵ӑˈ␈ᳯ㛑໳ᏺ乚 䯳ˈ༎ᕫẦ⧗໻㘨ⲳ↨䌯ⱘݴݯDŽԚᰃˈ⧗䯳䴶ЈⱘैᰃϔϾ៤㒽㊳㊩ⱘ䌯ᄷDŽ⧗ ℷབ⊶᱂ᴀҎ᠔ᣛߎⱘ˖Ā䖭ᰃϔϾ䆹⅏ⱘᑆᯅⱘᄷ㡖DŽϔ⚍ܓ䲼г≵ϟDŽ䭓೼ ໪എⱘ㤝ᶃ㧢њˈ㗠ݙഎ˄ⱘೳഄ˅г䛑㺖ᓔњDŽ៥ⱘᖗᚙህབৠᇬ♄ϔḋᶃチDŽ ៥೼䌯എϞᑺ䖛䖭М໮ᑈˈै≵᳝ҔМؐᕫሩ⼎ⱘDŽā˄Malamud1991ˈ45˅偀ᢝ 咬ᖋ೼ᇣ䇈Ё䖤⫼њ೷ᵃӴ䇈ⱘ݌ᬙDŽ⊶᱂བৠӴ䇈Ёⱘ⏨⥟ˈ಴Ў⫳⮙ˈՓ ݊⥟೑೑ೳᑆᯅˈব៤㤦ॳDŽ㔫ձህⳌᔧѢ健຿ˈग़㒣ഢോᇏᡒ೷ᵃˈⳂⱘᰃ ᬥ⊏⏨⥟ˈՓ໻ഄᘶ໡⫳ᴎDŽབᵰ≵᳝㔫ձࡴܹĀ健຿ā䯳ˈ䖭ᬃ⧗䯳ᘤᗩ∌ 䖰᮴⊩䍄ߎೄ๗ˈ᳈ϡӮ᳝Ꮰᳯ༎পݴݯDŽᔧ㔫ձ೼↨䌯Ёথ᣹㞾Ꮕᅲ࡯ᯊˈҪ ህӓԯ៤њ䙷Ͼᇏᡒ೷ᵃⱘ健຿DŽҪᡞᭈϾ⧗䯳ಶ㒧೼㞾Ꮕ਼ೈˈপᕫϔഎഎ↨ 䌯ⱘ㚰߽ˈ೼㊒⼲Ϟ㒭ќ⊶᱂ᖙ㽕ⱘᬃᣕDŽ

1 ೷ᵃᣛⱘᰃ㘊⿷ফ䲒ᯊˈ⫼ᴹⲯᬒ㘊⿷剰㸔ⱘ೷令ᵃDŽ 2 ⊶᱂ৡᄫⱘ㣅᭛ Fisher Ϣ⏨⥟ϔ㟈DŽ 3 ೼Ӵ䇈Ёˈ⏨⥟಴Ў≵᳝䙉ᅜϞᏱⱘᮼᛣˈ᠔ҹϞᏱ䰡㔾ѢҪˈ䅽Ҫᙷњ䰇⯓˄sexual impotency˅DŽᭈϾ⥟೑г៤њϔ⠛㤦ॳˈᑘ【乫㉦᮴ᬊˈҎ⇥⌕⾏༅᠔DŽা᳝ᡒࠄ೷ᵃˈ ᒋˈ໻ഄᠡ㛑䞡ᮄ㙹≗䍋ᴹˈҎ⇥ᠡ㛑㦋ᕫᣃᬥDŽ᠔ҹϔᡍ健຿ݦ䰽এᇏع⏨⥟ᠡ㛑ᘶ໡ ᡒ೷ᵃDŽ 4偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᳒㒣ᇍᇣ䇈Ёⱘ⼲䆱ॳൟ䖯㸠䆘䗄DŽҪ䇈˖ĀẦ⧗䖤ࡼ਌ᓩ៥ˈᇸ݊ᰃ݊୰࠻ⱘ ᮍ䴶DŽԚᰃˈⳈࠄ៥ᡞ䖭乍䖤ࡼ䕀ᤶЎ⼲䆱ⱘ῵ᓣˈ៥ᠡ߯԰ᅠ៤䖭䚼݇Ѣ䖤ࡼⱘᇣ ,儨ᴃ㸼ⓨϔḋᬍবњ䖭乍䖤ࡼā˄Abramson1993ڣ䇈ĂĂDŽӴ䇈⼲䆱ЄᆠњẦ⧗䖤ࡼˈህ 10˅DŽৢᴹˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋজᣛߎˈ㞾Ꮕ䯙䇏њӬ⾔԰ᆊ߯԰ⱘ݇ѢẦ⧗ⱘ᠔᳝ᇣ䇈DŽҪ㾝ᕫˈ 䖭ѯᇣ䇈᳝ѯऩ㭘ˈ䅽Ҏᛳࠄ䘫ធDŽẦ⧗䖤ࡼᴀ䑿ϡ݋᳝䞡㽕ⱘᛣНˈ᠔ҹҪއᅮ೼ᇣ䇈 ЁՓ⫼䈵ᕕᡔᎻ˄Davis 104˅DŽ

46 ⭻䄜䍣  ᱗㳍㪛⭥䊬Ⱀ䊒᱘䐱⭥㦬カ㔸㏎

⊶᱂ᡞ㔫ձⳟ៤㞾Ꮕⱘᄽᄤˈ݇⊼ҪⱘџϮ੠⠅ᚙ⫳⌏ˈ㒭Ҫᦤߎߛᅲ᳝ᬜ ⱘᓎ䆂DŽҪᇍ㔫ձ䇈ˈĀԴᠧ⧗䍋ℹ↨䕗ᰮüü೼Դ䖭Ͼᑈ㑾ˈ៥԰ЎЏ࡯⧗ਬ Ꮖ㒣᳝कѨᑈњDŽབᵰԴᛇདད੠໻ᆊⳌ໘ˈህ㽕㑺ᴳ㞾ᏅˈᑊϨሑܼ࡯ᠧད⧗ā ˄Malamud1991ˈ59˅DŽҪ䖬ࡱ䇈㔫ձˈ㽕Ҫ⾏ᓔ䖜㥿DŽҪᣛߎˈ䖜㥿ᘏᰃϡⶹ 䎇DŽབᵰϔϡᇣᖗˈཌྷህӮ䅽㔫ձ㑴㒧Ѣཌྷⱘ咏⚺ПЁˈ䙷ӮߚᬷҪⱘ㊒࡯ˈՓ Ҫⱘ࡯䞣ফࠄࠞᔅDŽ⊶᱂Ҏ⫳䯙ग़ЄᆠˈҪⱘ䆱ᇍ㔫ձᴹ䇈ˈⱘ⹂ᰃߛᅲৃ㸠ⱘ ᖴਞDŽԚᰃˈ㔫ձैϡ乒⊶᱂ⱘࡱਞˈ㒻㓁Ϣ䖜㥿ѸᕔDŽ㔫ձⱘ㸠ЎՓ᳝߮߮䍋 㡆ⱘ⧗䯳জ䱋ܹೄ๗ПЁˈ⊶᱂Ꮖ㒣Ӹ⮩㌃㌃ⱘᖗ♉гݡ⃵ফࠄњᵕ໻ⱘӸᆇDŽ 䖭Ң偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍ⊶᱂໪䉠ⱘᦣ䗄ህৃҹⳟߎᴹˈĀҪ≵᳝ࠂ㜌ˈ㜌Ϟ⦄ߎ♄ⱑ㡆 ⱘ㚵㤀ˈՓҪⳟ䍋ᴹ᳝ܿकቕⱘᑈ㑾DŽҪ⯺ࠞⱘ䑿ᔶ㴋㓽៤ϔಶˈᎺⴐ⬅Ѣ⮆׺ ⫼ϔḋᇍᕙ㔫ձˈԚᰃ㔫ձै҆⠊ڣᖂᖂ䯁ᢶDŽā˄Malamud1991ˈ214˅⊶᱂ህ ⅟䝋ⱘ⦄ᅲˈӸᆇњ⊶᱂DŽ Ўњ䅽㔫ձ㛑໳ᨚ㜅Ҏ䰙ѸᕔЁⱘೄ๗ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ᇣ䇈Ё䖬ล䗴њϔԡϢ 䖜㥿ᇍゟⱘཇᗻҎ⠽㡒БᮃDŽ೼ᶤ⾡⿟ᑺϞˈ䖭гᰃЎњᓹ㸹㔫ձ೼䖜㥿䙷䞠䙁 ফࠄⱘᚙᛳ᣿ᡬDŽ㡒Бᮃ䙉ᕾӴ㒳ⱘӺ⧚ޚ߭DŽཌྷ᳝䋷ӏᛳˈᇍᆊᒁ⫳⌏ᢅ᳝ᣮ ⠅ⱘᚙᛳDŽཌྷᰃϔԡড়Ḑⱘ↡҆ˈгᰃϔԡᗻḐമᔎⱘཇᗻDŽཌྷकϗቕᯊˈህ៤ њ᳾ီⱘऩ䑿↡҆DŽԚᰃˈཌྷϡ಴Ўᄽᄤᏺᴹⱘ咏⚺㗠ᗼ໽ᇸҎDŽཌྷᅕৃ㞾Ꮕৗ 㢺ˈг㽕䅽ཇܓᖿФ៤䭓DŽЎњᅲ⦄䖭ϔⳂᷛˈཌྷ䕯㢺Ꮉ԰ǃ᮹໰᪡ࢇˈᡓᢙњ ԰Ў↡҆ⱘ䋷ӏDŽཇܓᇍཌྷᴹ䇈ˈ᮶ᰃ㊒⼲ᬃ᷅ˈгᰃ⫳⌏Ф䍷ⱘᴹ⑤DŽℷབཌྷ ᇍ㔫ձ᠔䇈ⱘˈᄽᄤᇍཌྷᴹ䇈ᛣੇⴔϔߛˈᄽᄤ䅽ཌྷᛳࠄᑌ⽣DŽ㔫ձ೼㡒Бᮃⱘ ᕅડϟˈ䗤⏤䕀ব㞾ᏅⱘӋؐ㾖ˈࡾ࡯ᓎゟϢҪҎП䯈ⱘ੠䇤݇㋏DŽ 㡒Бᮃᐂࡽ㔫ձ䞡ᓎֵᖗˈࡾ࡯䍄ߎџϮⱘԢ䈋DŽ㡒Бᮃ೼ᇣ䇈Ё㄀ϔ⃵ߎ ⦄ˈ㔫ձህ⊼ᛣࠄњⳟৄϞⱘ㡒Бᮃ˖ཌྷこⴔ㑶㺭ᄤˈ㛌ࠡᏺⴔϔᴉⱑ㡆⥿⩄㢅DŽ 㔫ձ೼↨䌯Ёথ᣹ϡདˈҪߏ⧗ᯊˈ㡒Бᮃད޴⃵キ䍋ᴹˈЎҪࡴ⊍ˈሩ⼎ᇍҪ ᛇ䇈ѯҔМDŽПৢˈҪ᳝Ͼᛇ⊩ϔڣⱘᬃᣕDŽ㔫ձᛳ㾝ཌྷ೼ᇍ㞾ᏅᖂュˈĀཌྷད

㽓ᮍᄺ㗙ᇍᇣ䇈Ёⱘ⼲䆱ॳൟ䖯㸠њ䆺㒚ⱘߚᵤDŽҪӀ᱂䘡䅸Ўˈ㒑㑺Ā健຿ā䯳ⱘ䌯 എህᰃ⦄ҷⱘĀ㤦ॳāˈ԰ЎĀ健຿āⱘ㔫ձ೼݊Ёࡾ࡯ᡒᇏˈ࡯೒ᅲ⦄㞾៥ⱘ䘧ᖋӋؐDŽ ᄺ㗙Ӏ໻໮ᇍ⼲䆱ⱘ䖤⫼ᗔ᳝⌧८ⱘ݈䍷ˈҪӀᡞ㔫ձⳟ԰ᰃ⼲䆱㣅䲘DŽԚᰃˈҪӀैᕜ Ầ⧗䖤ࡼ⼲䆱ˈ㸼⦄ЏҎ݀ᗻḐⱘᴀ䋼⡍ᕕˈሩ⦄ЏҎ݀ⱘ䘧ᖋ׳ᇥ䆎ঞ偀ᢝ咬ᖋབԩ߁ ៤䭓ग़⿟DŽᅲ䰙Ϟˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ᇣ䇈Ёҹ⼲䆱ᆧ㿔ⱘ῵ᓣˈ৥䇏㗙㸼ᯢњ䘧ᖋᮍ䴶ⱘ㋻䖿 ᛳˈ䖭ϔ⚍㽕↨Ҫৢᴹⱘ᠔᳝ᇣ䇈㸼⦄ⱘ䛑᳈ࡴ⏙Ἦ Richman1966, 30 DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᠔᥶ 䅼ⱘϡҙҙᰃ⼲䆱䯂乬ˈҪ㽕䯤ᯢⱘᰃЏҎ݀ᗻḐ⡍ᕕⱘⓨব䖛⿟DŽ

47 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

䮾㗠䖛DŽཌྷキ೼䙷䞠ˈЎⱘᰃ㸼䖒ᇍҪⱘֵᖗDŽā˄Malamud1991ˈ145˅㔫ձ䅸 䖭ḋⱘџᚙˈ䖭ҸҪᕜخЎˈཌྷᇍ㞾Ꮕⱘᬃᣕ㸼ᯢњᇍ㞾ᏅⱘֵӏDŽ㛑᳝ҎЎҪ ᛳࡼDŽ㔫ձ೼ཌྷⱘਤ୞੠ࡽ࿕ϟˈᠧߎњᴀ൦ᵓDŽẦ⧗こ䖛ᇍᮍᅜ൦ਬⱘ᠟ᣛˈ ϔ乫ⱑ㡆ⱘ᯳᯳ˈ亲৥ϔϾস㗕ⱘ᯳ᑻā˄Malamud1991ˈ147˅DŽڣĀ ᯢᰒϢ䖜㥿ϡৠ˖㔫ձ⢊ᗕϡདᯊˈ䖜㥿ᘏᰃ䒆ⴔϡ㾕Ҫ˗㡒⫣خ㡒Бᮃⱘ ࠄⱘџᚙDŽ㡒Бᮃ㸼䖒њᇍ㔫خ⫣њᮕҎ᮴خБᮃ㱑✊ᰃϔϾ䰠⫳ҎˈैЎ㔫ձ ձⱘֵӏˈཌྷ䅽㔫ձⶹ䘧ˈ䖬᳝ҎⳌֵҪDŽཌྷᇍ㔫ձ䇈˖Ā៥㾝ᕫˈབᵰԴᛣ䆚 ࠄ䖬᳝ҎⳌֵԴˈԴህӮ䞡ᮄ㦋ᕫ࡯䞣DŽ䙷ህᰃ៥ЎҔМキ೼ⳟৄϞⱘॳ಴DŽ៥ DŽ䖭ᰃᕜ㞾✊থ⫳ⱘџᚙDŽᔧ✊ˈ៥гᛳࠄ᳝ѯለخ೼ᴹПࠡˈҢᴹ≵ᛇ䖛䖭М ѯџᚙDŽāخሀˈԚᰃ៥䅸Ўˈা᳝ᬒᓗ㞾Ꮕⱘᶤѯϰ㽓ˈᠡ㛑ЎҪҎ ѯџᚙDŽᇍخMalamud1991ˈ155˅ཌྷ݇⊼㔫ձˈ䅸ЎҪ᳝㛑࡯ˈৃҹЎҪҎ˄ Ѣ㔫ձᴹ䇈ˈ㡒Бᮃᰃଃϔ㛑໳㒭Ҫᏺᴹᑌ⽣੠ᖿФⱘཇᗻDŽཌྷথ᣹ⱘᰃᬭᇐ੠ ᣃᬥⱘ԰⫼ˈ೼݇䬂ⱘ㗗偠ЁᤑᬥњҪDŽℷབ༹ܟ㧻ᘽ᠔䇈˖Ā㡒Бᮃᰃ偀ᢝ咬 ᖋᇣ䇈Ёⱘ㄀ϔϾཇᗻҎ⠽ˈཌྷϢЏҎ݀ⱘᚙᛳ៤䭓Ⳍ㘨㋏DŽ೼ᶤѯᮍ䴶ˈཌྷᰃ њ㾷ЏҎ݀ⱘϔ⫳DŽāڣ᳔ᅠ㕢ⱘཇᗻˈᰃ໻ഄП↡DŽཌྷ᮴⾕ഄ༝⤂㞾Ꮕˈད Ochshorn 22˅㔫ձ೼㡒Бᮃⱘᐂࡽϟˈ䗤⏤ᘶ໡њֵᖗˈᡓᢙ䍋ᇍ⧗䯳ᑨሑ˄ ⱘ䘧ᖋ㘠䋷DŽ 㔫ձ੠㡒Бᮃৃҹ䇜ᕫᢶˈҪ䎳㡒Бᮃ䆆䍋㞾Ꮕ䖛এ⢃ϟⱘ䖛䫭DŽҪӀϔ䍋 ᓔ䔺ߎ␌ˈࠡᕔᆚ㢣䞠␪䖍DŽĀᮄ᳜೼㪱㡆ⱘ໽ぎϞ䍞छ䍞催ˈ⋦ϟⱘ᳜ܝབৠ 䲼∈ϔḋDŽĂĂᖂ亢ᕤᕤˈ␪∈㤵┒ā˄Malamud1991ˈ153˅DŽ೼ᙀ䴭ᗵҎⱘ᱃ Ҫ䅸Ўⱘڣ㡆Ёˈ㔫ձ㄀ϔ⃵৥ҪҎ䆝䇈㞾Ꮕ䖛এⱘ䱤⾕DŽҪথ⦄ˈ䇈ߎᴹϡ 䙷ḋೄ䲒DŽ㡒Бᮃ㘚਀Ҫⱘ㢺䲒䙁䘛ˈᝄ㮝Ҫᖗ♉Ϟⱘ߯ӸDŽཌྷᣛߎˈ䆌໮Ҏ䛑 ᳝ϸϾҎ⫳DŽҢܓスᯊᳳࠄ䴦ᑈᯊҷⱘ៤䭓ग़⿟Ёˈ⬅Ѣᶤѯॳ಴ˈҎӀᐌᐌӮ ߎϔѯ䫭џDŽ䙁䘛༅䋹ПৢˈህӮ䖯ܹ㄀ѠϾҎ⫳DŽ೼㢺䲒ПЁᔶ៤៤❳ⱘӋخ ߚഄ⧚㾷ܙ㾖ˈ⏤⏤䭓໻៤ҎDŽ㡒БᮃϢ㔫ձ᳝ⴔ㉏Ԑⱘ㢺䲒㒣ग़ˈ᠔ҹ㛑໳ؐ 㔫ձDŽཌྷϢ㔫ձজ᳝᠔ϡৠˈཌྷᡞ㞾Ꮕⱘ䴦᯹ᑈढ䛑㢅䌍೼✻乒ཇܓ䑿Ϟˈ㗠㔫 ձै㤦ᑳњ㞾Ꮕⱘᑈ䕏ቕ᳜DŽ㡒Бᮃ⫼㞾Ꮕⱘ㒣ग़䇈ᯢˈ೼⦄ҷ⼒Ӯⱘ⫳ᄬ⦃๗ ЁˈҎӀৃҹথ᣹㞾Ꮕⱘ┰㛑ˈ㛑໳೼㢺䲒Ёᅲ⦄᳈᳝ᛣНⱘҎ⫳DŽ㔫ձ੠㡒Б

1 㔫ձ੠䖜㥿г᳒㒣ϔ䍋ᓔ䔺ߎ␌ˈԚᰃ਼ೈⱘ᱃㡆ै໻ϡⳌৠDŽᔧᯊˈ໽ぎРѥᆚᏗˈ䔺 䴴ⱘ⊇∈䖍䖬᳝ਞ⼎ˈᦤ䝦⊇∈᳝∵ᶧDŽذᄤ

48 ⭻䄜䍣  ᱗㳍㪛⭥䊬Ⱀ䊒᱘䐱⭥㦬カ㔸㏎

ᮃ৥ᕐℸᬲᓔᖗᗔˈϸϾҎП䯈Ѹ⌕ⱘሣ䱰⍜䰸њˈ䖭ḋ᳝ࡽѢᔶ៤҆ᆚ᮴䯈ⱘ ݇㋏DŽ 㡒Бᮃ䅸Ўˈ㔫ձᰃϔϾ㣅䲘DŽཌྷᳳᳯˈ㔫ձ㛑໳ᡞ᳔ᅠ㕢ⱘ䚼ߚਜ⦄ߎᴹˈ Ўℸˈཌྷ⫮㟇ৃҹ༝⤂㞾ᏅDŽཌྷᇍ㔫ձ䇈ˈĀ៥ϡᛇⳟࠄ㣅䲘༅䋹ˈ㣅䲘໾ᇥ ˈѯҔМџā˄Malamud1991خњˈĂĂ≵᳝㣅䲘ˈ៥Ӏ䛑ᰃᑇᐌҎˈϡⶹ䘧㛑 154˅DŽ䖜㥿ⱘⳂⱘᰃ㽕䅽㔫ձ䅸䆚ࠄˈ㣅䲘ϡҙҙ㽕ᠧ⸈䆄ᔩˈ䖬ᖙ乏߽⫼㞾Ꮕ ˈߎὰḋDŽԚᰃˈℸᯊⱘ㔫ձ䖬᮴⊩⧚㾷ཌྷ䆱䇁Ёⱘ⏅ሖ৿Нخⱘ㛑࡯ˈЎҪҎ ᮴⊩ពᕫ݊Ё㭈৿ⱘ䘧ᖋݙ⎉DŽҪ䖬ϡ݋໛៤Ў㣅䲘᠔ᖙ乏݋໛ⱘᖋ㸠ˈ≵᳝ᬒ ᓗԢ䌅ⱘᴀ㛑ކࡼDŽ㔫ձ೼䖜㥿Ϣ㡒БᮃП䯈䗝ᢽњࠡ㗙DŽ 㔫ձᇍ㡒БᮃⱘᗕᑺˈҢҪӀ߮䅸䆚䍋ህᕜ⏙ἮDŽҪ㹿㡒Бᮃⱘᆍ䉠਌ᓩˈ ৠᯊҪгᛳࠄ᳝ѯ༅ᳯˈ಴Ў㡒Бᮃ↨Ҫᛇ䈵Ёⱘ㽕᳈Є⒵ϔѯDŽҪᖗ䞠ϔⳈᛇ ⴔ䖜㥿DŽҪП᠔ҹ੠㡒Бᮃ㑺Ӯˈাᰃ಴Ў䖜㥿ϔⳈ䒆䙓ҪDŽ㡒Бᮃাϡ䖛ᰃ䖜 ⱘDŽҪϢ㡒Б؛㥿ⱘ᳓ҷક㗠ᏆDŽᔧ✊ˈгϡ㛑䇈㔫ձᇍ㡒Бᮃⱘᛳᚙᅠܼᰃ㰮 ᮃ҆ᆚ᥹㾺Пৢˈ᳒㒣ᛳࠄϔ⾡ࠡ᠔᳾᳝ᑌ⽣ᛳ੠ᬒᵒᛳ⑶⒵ܼ䑿DŽԚᰃˈҪⱘ 䖭⾡ᛳ㾝াᰃ᱖ᯊⱘˈᑊ≵᳝ᣕ㓁ᕜ䭓ᯊ䯈ˈҪজᛇ䍋њ䖜㥿DŽ㔫ձᇍ㡒Бᮃⱘ ᗕᑺϡᰃⳳℷⱘ⠅ᚙDŽҪাᰃᡞϢ㡒Бᮃⱘᚙџˈᔧ԰Ϣ䖜㥿П䯈ᛳᚙⱘϔ⾡䇗 ˈ㞾ᏅⱘᚙҎDŽҪϔᮺ䍄ߎџϮⱘԢ䈋خ᭭੠ࡽ᥼ࠖˈҪ⫮㟇≵᳝ᛇࠄ䅽㡒Бᮃੇ 䞡ᮄ㦋ᕫ࡯䞣ˈ៤ЎĀ健຿ā䯳ⱘĀᬥϪЏāˈህӮ⭣䖰㡒БᮃDŽ㔫ձϢ㡒Бᮃ П䯈ᴀᴹৃҹ㒻㓁থሩⱘ੠䇤݇㋏ˈ㹿⿔䞞ᕫབৠⱑ∈ϔḋDŽ 㔫ձϢϸϾཇটⱘ݇㋏ሩ⦄њϸ⾡ᇍ↨剰ᯢⱘཇᗻᔶ䈵˖㡒Бᮃᆠ᳝⠅ᖗǃ 䋷ӏᛳ੠⡎⡆㊒⼲˗䖜㥿߭䋾ှǃ㞾⾕ǃ༶՜DŽ৆㩖᭛g剕ᆒ᳒㒣ᣛߎˈĀ偀ᢝ 咬ᖋヨϟⱘཇᗻҎ⠽ᐌᐌᰃþᬥϪЏÿ៪㗙↕♁㗙ⱘᔶ䈵DŽ䖭⾡Ꮒ߿೼lj໽⫳ⱘ ˈ䖤ࡼਬNJЁ᳈ࡴᯢᰒDŽā˄Rubin 20˅㡒Бᮃ䅽㔫ձĀⳟࠄⱘᰃዛ催ⱘ㊒⼲Ӌؐā 㗠䖜㥿Ā߭ᡞҪ᥼৥෩㨑੠䙾ᙊⱘ⏞㮂ā˄࢛ٙ 2011ˈ3-4˅DŽ೼ᶤ⾡⿟ᑺϞˈᇍ 㔫ձᴹ䇈ˈ㡒Бᮃᰃ⦄ᅲ⫳⌏ЁⱘᇐᏜˈ㗠䖜㥿߭াᰃᑏᛇⱘ㓨䗴㗙DŽ џᅲϞˈ㔫ձᇍ⠅ᚙ੠ီ࿏ⱘ䗑∖ҹ༅䋹㗠ਞ㒜ˈ䖭ϔ⚍ᰃᕜᆍᯧ⧚㾷ⱘDŽ ҪϔⳈ␈ᳯ㒃ⳳП⠅ˈԚᰃैҢᴹ≵᳝ⳳℷഄ⧚㾷䖭⾡⠅DŽҪᕜ೼ᛣ䖜㥿ⱘᑈ䕏ǃ ⓖ҂DŽϢ䖜㥿Ⳍ↨ˈ㡒Бᮃϡҙᰃϔԡ↡҆ˈ䖬ᔧњ໪⼪↡ˈ䖭ህՓᕫ㡒Бᮃⱘ ᔶ䈵೼ҪᖗЁ໻ᠧᡬᠷDŽ㔫ձབᵰϢ㡒Бᮃ㒧ড়ˈ䙷ህᛣੇⴔˈҪϡҙ៤ЎϜ໿ˈ

49 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

㗠Ϩ䖬ᖙ乏㽕ᡓᢙ⠊҆੠໪⼪⠊ᑨ䆹ᢙᔧⱘ䋷ӏDŽԚᰃˈҪϔⳈĀҹ㞾៥ЎЁᖗāˈ ᇍ䋷ӏ੠Нࡵ≵᳝ᖗ⧚ޚ໛ˈ᠔ҹ䗝ᢽњ᳈ࡴᑈ䕏䉠㕢ⱘ䖜㥿DŽ඗ᖋ⏽g㡒Ḑ᳒ 㒣ᇍ㔫ձⱘ䖭ϔ㸠Ў԰ߎ㾷䞞ˈҪᣛߎ˖Ā԰Ў᳾ီ↡҆ˈ㡒БᮃϔⳈϢ㢺䲒Ⳍ ԈDŽཌྷϡᛇ䱤ⵦ㞾Ꮕⱘ䖛এˈമᣕᡞ㘏䖅ⱘ䆄ᖚᏺࠄ㞾Ꮕ੠㔫ձⱘ⦄ᅲ⫳⌏Ёˈ 䖭ᰃҪϡ୰⃶㡒Бᮃⱘⳳℷॳ಴DŽā˄Eigner 95˅ৃ㾕ˈ㔫ձ≵᳝䅸䆚ࠄˈᛳᚙϡ ҙ䳔㽕▔ᚙˈгᛣੇⴔᡓᢙ䋷ӏDŽℷᰃ䖭ϔ⚍䰏⹡㔫ձϢ㡒БᮃП䯈݇㋏ⱘথሩDŽ 㔫ձᴀᑨ䆹㛑໳Ϣ⊶᱂੠㡒Бᮃᓎゟ㕢ད੠䇤ⱘ݇㋏DŽҪӀⳌѦ⧚㾷ˈⳌѦ ᖗDŽԚᰃˈ⬅ѢϾҎЏНӋؐ㾖ⱘሔ䰤ˈҪӀП䯈ⱘ݇㋏ྟ㒜≵㛑䖒ࠄᅠ㕢੠݇ ℆ϟˈ㔫ձϔੇഄ䗑∖㞾ᏅⱘṺᛇ੠މ䇤ⱘ⢊ᗕDŽ೼䖭⾡Ӌؐ㾖ऴЏᇐഄԡⱘᚙ ∖ˈᔶ៤њ㞾⾕㞾߽ⱘ㾖ᗉˈᑊϨ䖭⾡㾖ᗉ㫧ᓊࠄҪ⫳⌏ⱘᮍᮍ䴶䴶DŽᇣ䇈Ё᭄ ⃵ᦤࠄ㔫ձ᮴⊩ᡓᢙ䘧ᖋ䋷ӏDŽ՟བˈҪ಴Ў㚗㙴⮒⮙ˈ೼⧗䯳ᣛᅮⱘཛѻए䰶 䖯㸠⊏⭫DŽ䙷䞠᳝䆌໮߮߮៤Ў⠊҆ⱘ⬋ᄤDŽ㔫ձ೼䖭䞠ᛳࠄ᮴᠔䗖Ңˈއᅮ⾏ ᓔए䰶ˈএ䆁㒗എⳟⳟDŽᔧᯊˈℷᰃୖݏ၈ܓⱘᯊ䯈ˈҪ೼ϔ㕸⾏ᓔए䰶ⱘ⠊҆ Ё䯈ˈًًഄ⑰ߎ໻ὐDŽ݊Ҫ⬋ᄤℷ೼ᡓᢙϜ໿੠⠊҆ⱘ䋷ӏˈ㔫ձैϢҪӀᔶ ៤剰ᯢⱘᇍ↨ˈҪ≵᳝ྏᄤ੠ᄽᄤ䅽㞾Ꮕ⡉ᣖˈѻ⫳њϔߛĀҹ㞾៥ЎЁᖗāⱘ ⧚ᗉDŽℷབ㡒ᏗᢝྚỂ᠔ᣛߎⱘˈĀ㞾⾕ᐌᐌᰃҪ˄㔫ձ˅᳔Џ㽕ⱘ䖛䫭DŽབᵰ Ҫϡᬍব㞾ᏅⱘᗕᑺˈᇚӮফࠄϹढ़ⱘᚽ㔮DŽā˄Abramson1993ˈ9˅㔫ձ䅸Ўˈ ᇍ㞾Ꮕ߽Ⲟⱘ݇⊼ᰃ佪㽕㗗㰥ⱘџᚙDŽҪᢹ᳝៤ЎẦ⧗㣅䲘ⱘ㛑࡯ˈԚᰃҪⱘⳂ ᷛҙҙᰃᠧ⸈䆄ᔩˈ៤Ў᳔དⱘẦ⧗䖤ࡼਬDŽҪ೼џϮ䗑∖ⱘ䖛⿟ЁˈাᰃᏠᳯ 㦋ᕫϾҎ㤷㗔੠ϾҎৡ߽ˈ≵᳝᳡ࡵҪҎⱘᛣ೒ˈг≵᳝᳈催ⱘҎ⫳ⳂᷛDŽ㔫ձ ϧ⊼Ѣ⧚ᛇⱘᅲ⦄੠℆ᳯⱘ⒵䎇ˈ޴Т಴ℸ䝓៤໻䫭ˈ⌾䌍њ䴦᯹ቕ᳜DŽফࠄ䖜 㥿ⱘ䇅ᚥПৢˈҪজ↕ᥝњ㞾ᏅⱘџϮࠡ⿟DŽ ⒵ᔎ⚜ܙ㔫ձ⫳⌏೼ೄ๗ПЁˈॳ಴Џ㽕೼ѢҹϟϸϾᮍ䴶˖݊ϔˈҪݙᖗ ⱘᚙᛳ੠℆ᳯDŽЎњ⠅ᚙˈҪᖗ⫬ᚙᜓഄ᥹ফ䖜㥿ⱘ偅Փ˗݊Ѡˈ԰Ў⦄ҷ㕢೑ Ӯⱘϔৡ៤ਬˈҪᖙ✊ফࠄњऴЏᇐഄԡⱘϾҎЏН੠⠽䋼ЏНӋؐ㾖ⱘᕅ⼒ ˈ៤њϢ䖭⾡Ӌؐ㾖ᆚߛⳌ݇ⱘϔѯકᗻDŽ㔫ձ≵᳝᥹㒇㡒Бᮃⱘ⠅ᚙݏડˈ⫮㟇 Ҫϡᬶᡓᢙ䋷ӏ੠НࡵDŽҪ䗝ᢽњ䖜㥿ˈгህ䲒ҹᇍ㞾Ꮕⱘ㘠Ϯ੠⫳⌏ᣕ᳝ℷ⹂ ⱘᗕᑺˈ䑿ϡ⬅Ꮖഄ䱋ܹĀৡ߽എāⱘࣙೈПЁDŽ㔫ձ᮴⊩ܟ᳡㞾Ꮕⱘ㟈ੑ㔎⚍ˈ ᠔ҹ᳔㒜Ϣ䖜㥿П⌕ཹणDŽ

50 ⭻䄜䍣  ᱗㳍㪛⭥䊬Ⱀ䊒᱘䐱⭥㦬カ㔸㏎

೼㔫ձⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈӴ㒳ⱘӺ⧚㾖ձ✊থ᣹ⴔ԰⫼DŽ㔫ձⱘ⫳⌏ϔⳈ໘Ѣ乴≯ ⌕⾏ⱘ⢊ᗕПЁˈҪ␈ᳯ㛑໳ᅝ乓ϟᴹˈᢹ᳝㞾Ꮕ୰⠅ⱘџϮ੠〇ᅮᑌ⽣ⱘᆊᒁDŽ ˈߎњ᳔໻ⱘࡾ࡯DŽ㔫ձᏆ㒣䖛њ䖤ࡼਬⱘ咘䞥ᑈ啘䰊↉خЎњᅲ⦄䖭ϔⳂᷛˈҪ ಴ℸˈҪ೼Ā健຿ā䯳㽕ሑᖿ㦋ᕫ⊶᱂ᇍ㞾Ꮕⱘֵӏˈ㦋ᕫϞഎ↨䌯ⱘᴎӮDŽҪ ᡞܼ䚼㊒࡯䛑ᬒࠄњẦ⧗䖤ࡼ䖭乍џϮϞˈᖗ⫬ᚙᜓᖡফ䙺᱂ⱘދఆ⛁䆑੠ҎḐ ւ䖅ˈ≵᳝㒻㓁䗑おҪᠧㅫ㽕↕ᥝ㞾ᏅẦ⧗ᢡⱘӕ೒DŽҪሑ᳔໻ࡾ࡯ˈ䜡ড়݊Ҫ 䯳ਬ䖯㸠䆁㒗DŽ 㔫ձ೼ီ࿏Ϟгᣕ᳝↨䕗Ӵ㒳ⱘ㾖ᗉDŽҪ䅸Ўီ࿏㽕ҹ⠅ᚙЎ෎⸔ˈᘟҎП 䯈ᑨ䆹ѦⳌᇞ䞡ˈѦᭀѦ⠅DŽҪЎњ䌶ᕫ䖜㥿ⱘ㢇ᖗˈϡᮁഄ৥ཌྷ䘧ℝˈ䅽ཌྷϡ ݡ䆄ᘼ㞾ᏅDŽҪ⫮㟇Ңᖂ㭘ⱘ㭾∈Ё᣸ߎ䪅ᴹˈ㒭䖜㥿䗕䌎वǃ㊪ᵰˈҹঞ݊Ҫ Џ㽕ᰃ಴ЎҪخϔѯ⼐⠽ˈⳂⱘᰃ䅽ཌྷҢ䙺᱂ᛣ໪এϪⱘᚆӸЁ䍄ߎᴹDŽҪ䖭ḋ ӏԩџᚙˈ⫮㟇䗤ℹ᥹ফཌྷ᠔䅸ৠⱘ⠽䋼ЏНⱘخᜓ⫭䖜㥿ˈ᠔ҹЎњཌྷˈҪ⠅ 䘧ᖋ㾖DŽ㔫ձᇍ䖜㥿Ҭߎњⳳᚙˈࡾ࡯䗖ᑨཌྷⱘ⫳⌏ᮍᓣˈሑ࡯㓽ᇣᕐℸП䯈ⱘ 䎱⾏DŽҪৢᴹ䅸ৃ⧁㒇ⱘ䰈䇟ˈ᳔Џ㽕ⱘॳ಴ህ೼ѢˈҪ䅸Ў㞾Ꮕᇍ᳾ᴹⱘྏᄤ ᚙএ⠳প߽⠅׳᳝ϔ⾡Нࡵˈ㽕䅽ཌྷ䖛Ϟ⧚ᛇЁⱘ⫳⌏DŽ㔫ձҢᴹ≵᳝ᛇ䖛ˈ߁ ⲞˈԚᰃ䖜㥿ै߽⫼њ㔫ձᇍཌྷⱘᛳᚙDŽ DŽҪᓔྟডⳕ㞾Ꮕⱘ㸠Ўˈ޴Тϡ⧗؛೼㔫ձⱘݙᖗ⏅໘ˈҪḍᴀϡᜓᛣᠧ ᬶⳌֵ㞾Ꮕⱘ᠔԰᠔ЎDŽҪ䅸Ўˈབᵰ㞾Ꮕ䖬ᑈ䕏ˈࠡ䗨䖬᳝ᏠᳯˈህϡӮᇚ㚂 㛣ⱘ᠟Ԍ৥䖭ᅫѸᯧDŽ೼݇䬂ⱘއᅮ↨䌯㚰䋳ⱘ䌯എϞˈ㔫ձᛳࠄ࡯ϡҢᖗDŽĀ˄Ҫ ୬ᙃⱘ㪌≑ᴎϔḋ࠻⚜ഄ䏇ࡼˈ༈ӓԯ㹿䩝೼ϔϾ⚍Ϟˈ㘇哧䱚䱚ഄڣⱘ˅ᖗ㛣 䞡⠽ϔḋൖϟᴹDŽāڣℷ೼਀ⴔ໻⍋⍋ᑩ˄ⱘໄ䷇˅ˈϸা᠟㞖ህڣ䳛ࡼˈህད ˄Malamud1991ˈ218˅ҪᏆ㒣᮴⊩ᏺ乚⧗䯳ˈডߏᇍ᠟ⱘ䖯ᬏDŽĀ健຿ā䯳ℸࠏ ⱘ㸼⦄гҸҎ༅ᳯDŽ䯳ਬӀಯᬷᓔᴹˈ㔫ձᗔ⭥ˈҪӀᰃ৺䛑㹿⧁㒇⊩ᅬф䗮DŽ ᭈᬃ⧗䯳Ꮖ㒣ϻ༅᭫ᖫˈϔߏे⑗DŽ㔫ձফࠄ㡃ᖗⱘ䈈䋷ˈⳳℷ䅸䆚ࠄ㞾Ꮕⱘ䗝 ᢽᰃ䫭䇃ⱘDŽ䘧ᖋϞⱘݙ⭮ᛳ֗ՓҪᓔྟডᗱ㞾៥ǃџϮ੠⠅ᚙㄝ䯂乬DŽҪ㞾䋷 㞾Ꮕ䋾ᘟཇ㡆੠ᅝ䘌ⱘ⫳⌏ˈЎњ⒵䎇䖜㥿ⱘ⠽䋼℆∖ˈㄨᑨњ⧁㒇ⱘ䅵䇟ˈᆇ ᕫ⧗䯳᮴⊩থ᣹ߎᑨ᳝ⱘ∈ᑇDŽҪ㾝ᕫ㞾Ꮕᑨ䆹ᇍℸ䋳䋷DŽ೼⧗䗋ⱘਤ୞੠ࡽ࿕ ໄЁˈ೼⊶᱂ⱘ哧ࢅϟˈҪ⫮㟇᳝њᬒᓗϢ⧁㒇ⱘ㔾ᙊ࣒ᔧⱘᗉ༈DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ ˖ᦣ䗄㔫ձℸᯊⱘᖗᚙᯊˈ䖭ḋݭ䘧

51 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

 Ҫ䍄䖥⧗൦DŽҢ↨䌯ᓔྟህϔⳈൖⳈ✻ᇘѥᔽⱘ໾䰇ˈ᳔ৢ㒜Ѣކ⸈ѥሖˈ ᭈϾ⧗എ≤⍈೼䞥㡆ⱘܝ㡦Ёˈᓩ䍋Ҏ㕸ϔ䰉偮ࡼDŽ䰇ܝᱪᱪഄ✻೼㔫ձ䑿Ϟˈ Ҫᛳࠄଢ଼੭ϔ䰉૑ઑDŽҪⱘঠ㝓ϡݡ㰮ᔅˈᖗ㛣〇ℹ䏇ࡼˈ࢛⇨ᕫࠄњᔎ࣪DŽҪ മᅮഄǃ↿ϡࡼᨛഄキ೼䌯എϞDŽҪᏆ㒣ᘶ໡њॳ᳝ⱘᑌ⽣ᛳˈ㱑✊䖭Ͼᛇ⊩䅽 ⱘخⱘӏԩџᚙˈབᵰҪᛇخࠄᛇخҪ㞾Ꮕ১њϔ䏇DŽĂĂҪ㾝ᕫ㞾Ꮕৃҹ ˅ߎњᡓ䇎ˈҪさ✊ᛳࠄᕜ⮯㢺DŽ˄Malamud1991ˈ222-223خ䆱DŽĂĂ㞾Ꮕᇍ⊩ᅬ  㔫ձ䞡ᮄᘶ໡њ࡯䞣ˈҪ೼↨䌯എϞⱘ᭫ᖫজϔ⃵㹿▔䍋DŽҪ⫼࡯ߏ⧗ˈ↣ ϔᵓ䛑ৃ㛑ᰃᴀ൦ᵓDŽԚᰃ಴Ў唤᱂ⱘఆ䆑ˈҪϡᮁᠧߎ⬠໪⧗ˈ⌾䌍њϔϾ জϔϾⱘᴎӮDŽ᳔ৢϔϾ⬠໪⧗ᠧ೼њ㡒Бᮃⱘ㜌ϞDŽ㔫ձᕫⶹ㡒БᮃᏆ㒣ᗔᄩˈ 㞾Ꮕेᇚ៤Ў⠊҆DŽҪ㒜Ѣᛣ䆚ࠄ㞾Ꮕাᰃ㹿䖜㥿੠⧁㒇߽⫼ⱘᎹ݋㗠ᏆˈᰃҪ Ӏ㦋প߽Ⲟⱘൿ㛮⷇DŽ㔫ձ䭓ᳳফࠄय़ᡥⱘӴ㒳ⱘ䘧ᖋӋؐ㾖㹿૸䝦њˈᛣ䆚ࠄ ⠅⒵ᇍཌྷ੠ᄽᄤⱘܙˈњ⠅Ϣ䋷ӏⱘ䞡㽕ᛣН੠ӋؐDŽҪ҆ਏ㡒Бᮃമᤎⱘ㝍䚼 ᘟDŽҪਞ䆝㡒БᮃˈЎњཌྷ੠ᄽᄤˈг㽕䌶ᕫ↨䌯ⱘ㚰߽DŽҪ᥹ফ⠊҆ⱘ㾦㡆ˈ 䖭ህᛣੇⴔҪᡓᢙ㞾Ꮕⱘ䋷ӏˈҢĀҹ㞾៥ЎЁᖗā䕀বࠄ᮴⾕༝⤂DŽ㔫ձಲࠄ 䌯എˈ䖭ᯊҪᏆ㒣៤Ў䘧ᖋϞᮄ⫳ⱘҎDŽԚᰃˈҪᏆ㒣⌾䌍ᥝ໾໮ⱘᴎ䘛ˈ᮴࡯ ᡁ䕀↨䌯ⱘሔ䴶ˈা㛑ᡓফ༅䋹ⱘ㢺ᵰDŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼߯԰Ёᐌᐌ߽⫼㢺䲒ˈ԰Ўล䗴Ҏ⠽ⱘϔϾ᠟↉DŽlj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼ ਬNJ䖭䚼ᇣ䇈ህ݇⊼њĀ㔫ձᡓফⱘ㢺䲒ǃҪᇍ㢺䲒ⱘಲᑨˈҹঞҪϔᯊ᮴⊩⧚ 㾷ⱘᖙ乏݋໛ⱘ᮴⾕ક䋼ā˄Abramson1993ˈ16˅DŽ೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋⳟᴹˈ㢺䲒ᰃ㕢 ೑⦄ҷ⼒Ӯ᱂䘡ᄬ೼ⱘϔ⾡⦄䈵DŽҪ䅸Ўˈ೼⠽䋼ЏН⊯Ⓓⱘ⼒ӮˈҎӀ೼㒣ग़ ৘⾡๗䘛ⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈ䙁ফࠄњࠡ᠔᳾᳝ⱘ⫳ᄬೄ๗DŽϾԧ໘೼ᓖ࣪ⱘ⫳ᄬ⢊ᗕˈ ᮴⊩䙓ܡഄ៤Ўফ䲒㗙DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᳒㒣೼䞛䆓Ё䇜ࠄ㞾Ꮕᇍ㢺䲒ⱘⳟ⊩ˈҪ䇈˖ Ā៥ডᇍ㢺䲒ˈԚᰃ᮶✊㢺䲒থ⫳њˈЎҔМ㽕⌾䌍䖭⾡㒣ग़ਸ਼˛ā˄Stern 1996ˈ 19˅Ҫᣛߎˈ᮶✊Ҏ⫳ϡᰃϔᏚ亢乎ⱘˈ㢺䲒гᰃ᮴⊩䙓ܡⱘˈ䙷МᇍҎӀᴹ䇈ˈ 䞡㽕ⱘህᰃ㽕೼㢺䲒ⱘ๗䘛Ёˈ᥶ᇏҎ⫳ⱘᛣНDŽ㔫ձ᳔㒜⌕ϟњᙨᘼⱘ⊾∈ˈ Ҫ䅸䆚ࠄˈ㞾ᏅҢ᳾೼䖛এⱘ㒣ग़Ё਌পᬭ䆁ˈ⦄೼ϡᕫϡݡ⃵ᡓফ㢺䲒DŽ㔫ձ ग़㒣㢺䲒ˈ㒱ഄ䗶⫳ˈᕏᑩ䄺䝦њDŽҪᔦ䖬䌓䌖Ҫⱘ䪅䋶ˈಲࠄњ㡒Бᮃⱘ䑿䖍DŽ ҪᠧㅫϢཌྷ੠ᄽᄤϔ䍋ˈᓔྟᮄⱘ⫳⌏DŽ

1 唤᱂ᰃ䙺᱂ⱘᖴᅲ⧗䗋DŽҢ㔫ձᓔྟ೼Ā健຿ā䯳ᠧ⧗ˈҪህ೼㾖ⳟ↨䌯ⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈϡᮁ ഄ䅹䆑੠༮㨑㔫ձDŽ

52 ⭻䄜䍣  ᱗㳍㪛⭥䊬Ⱀ䊒᱘䐱⭥㦬カ㔸㏎

偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䅽㔫ձᨚ㜅ϾҎЏН੠⠽䋼ЏНᏺᴹⱘೄᡄ੠ᡬ⺼DŽ㔫ձ᳔㒜೼⠅ Ϣ䋷ӏПЁˈᡒࠄњᬥ䌢ⱘ䗨ᕘˈᅠ៤䘧ᖋ៤䭓ⱘ㊒⼲ग़⿟DŽℷབ剡ྚᏈ䌿᠔䇈˖ Ā೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘᇣ䇈Ёˈ⠅ᰃଃϔⱘᣃᬥ࡯䞣ˈᰃ᳔催ᇮⱘ㕢ᖋDŽā˄Baumbach 㔫ձᓔྟᯊⱘ᠔԰᠔Ўˈ㔎ᇥ㣅䲘᠔݋᳝ⱘ䘧ᖋક䋼DŽҪݙᖗ㔎У⠅ˈᕜ˅439 ᇥᛇࠄ㽕೼џϮ੠⠅ᚙ⫳⌏Ёᡓᢙ䋷ӏDŽҪⱘ㸠Ўг㒱ᇍϡ㛑㹿⿄Ўᰃ᳝䋷ӏ ᛳDŽ㔫ձ㒣ग़㢺䲒ৢˈᅲ⦄њ䞡⫳ˈ᳔㒜ᇏ㾙ࠄњҎ⫳ⱘᛣНDŽҪ⧚㾷њ⠅Ϣ䋷 ӏⱘ䞡㽕ᗻˈ䅸䆚ࠄ㞾Ꮕᑨ䆹ᡓᢙ䍋䋷ӏˈгህℸᡒࠄњҎ⫳ⱘӋؐ᠔೼DŽ⬅ℸ ৃ㾕ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍҎ⫳ⱘⳟ⊩ᑊϡᚆ㾖DŽҪᇍ݊ヨϟⱘҎ⠽ᆘҹৠᚙˈ䅽ҪӀ೼ 㒣ग़㢺䲒Пৢˈ㦋ᕫᣃᬥˈ䏣Ϟ䘧ᖋಲᔦП䏃DŽ 䱣ⴔ᳔ৢϔഎ↨䌯ⱘ༅䋹ˈᇣ䇈ԐТгᏆ㒣㒧ᴳDŽᅲ䰙Ϟˈ䖭ᑊϡᰃᇣ䇈ⱘ 㒧ሒDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ߯԰Ⳃⱘˈᐌᐌϡҙҙሔ䰤ѢℸDŽҪᇣ䇈ⱘ㒧ሒᐌᐌ݋᳝ϡ⹂ ᅮᗻˈ䖭гᰃҪ߯԰ᡔᎻⱘ⡍⚍ПϔDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᳒㒣ᣛߎˈĀ԰Ўϔৡ԰ᆊˈ៥ 䳔㽕ⱘᰃϡ⹂ᅮᗻDŽ䖭ᰃ⫳⌏ⱘϔ䚼ߚDŽ៥ᛇ㽕ⱘᰃ䇏㗙ϡ⹂ᅮⱘϰ㽓DŽ䖭⾡ϡ ⹂ᅮᗻѻ⫳њ៣࠻ᗻˈ䖭ᇍ៥ᴹ䇈कߚ䞡㽕DŽϔϾདⱘ԰ᆊᰃϔϾ᳝ᛇ䈵࡯ⱘ԰ ᆊDŽā˄Frankel1991ˈ39-40˅lj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJ䖬䱤৿ⴔ݊ᅗⱘ㒧ሒDŽ㔫ձⱘẦ⧗ ᢡ೼䌯എϞᡬᮁњDŽҪᡞᅗඟ೼ೳ䞠ˈᏠᳯᅗ㛑໳⫳ḍˈ䭓៤ϔỉ໻ᷥDŽ䖭↉ᦣ ݭ㸼ᯢˈ೼㔫ձⱘݙᖗ⏅໘ˈ䖬ᄬ೼ⴔᏠᳯDŽҪ䅸Ўˈ㞾Ꮕ䖬ৃҹ㦋ᕫᮄ⫳DŽᇣ 䇈ⱘ᳔ৢˈ㔫ձϔϾҎ䍄೼㸫༈ˈᢀ᠟᪺এ䕯䝌ⱘ⊾∈DŽџᅲϞˈ䖭ᠡᰃᇣ䇈ⳳ ℷⱘ㒧ሒDŽ㔫ձ೼ग़㒣⺼䲒Пৢˈᑊ≵᳝ᇍ⫳⌏ϻ༅ֵᖗˈҪ㒜ѢᯢⱑњҎ⫳ⱘ Ӌؐˈϡᛇ㒻㓁≝≺ϟএDŽҪᏠᳯ䍄ߎĀҹ㞾៥ЎЁᖗāⱘሔ䰤ˈᡓᢙ䋷ӏˈᨚ 㜅ೄ๗DŽ㔫ձᓔྟ䞡ᮄᅲ䏉Ҏ⫳ⱘᛣНˈ⿃ᵕ㗠ЏࡼഄЎ㞾ᏅǃЎ⠅Ҏ੠ᄽᄤⱘ ᇚᴹ㗠༟᭫DŽҪ䌯എϞⱘ㘠Ϯ⫳⎃ҹ༅䋹㗠ਞ㒜ˈԚᰃै೼䘧ᖋП䏃Ϟ䗤ℹᅠ୘ 㞾៥DŽ ೼lj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJЁˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋሩ⼎њ㕢೑⦄ҷ⼒ӮЁᙪ䆎ⱘ᭛࣪Ӌؐ㾖DŽ 㔫ձ೼໘⧚ϢҪҎⱘ݇㋏ᯊˈϔⳈফࠄӴ㒳ⱘ䘧ᖋӋؐ㾖੠ϾҎЏНᗱᛇⱘᕅ ߎᡝᢽ˖ϔᰃЎњᅲخડDŽҪ㞾ྟ㟇㒜䛑ೄᡄ೼䖭ϸ⾡ⳌᙪⱘӋؐ㾖Ёˈϡᕫϡ 㞾៥༟᭫ˈ㦋ᕫ៤ࡳˈ៤Ў㊒⼲ᛣНϞⱘẦ⧗㣅䲘˗ѠᰃЎњ䖛Ϟ׳ᛇˈ߁⧛⦃ ѿФⱘ⫳⌏ˈ㦋প䞥䪅ǃഄԡ੠ৡ䁝ˈ䖱㚠ℷН੠䘧ᖋޚ߭ˈপᕫ⠽䋼ᛣНϞⱘ ៤ࡳDŽ䖭ᰃϸ⾡ᅠܼϡৠǃⳌѦ⶯Ⳓⱘ⧚ᗉDŽ㔫ձ໘Ѣ䖭ϸ㗙П䯈ˈҪ೼䗝ᢽᯊ

53 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ᐌᐌ䱋ܹೄ๗ПЁDŽ᳔ৢˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䅽㔫ձ䅸䆚ࠄˈ⫳⌏೼ϾҎЏНⲯ㸠ⱘ⼒Ӯ ֓ेˈ⫳䞠ˈгৃҹֱᣕ催ᇮⱘ㊒⼲䗑∖DŽ೼㢺䲒ⱘ⫳⌏Ёˈ䳔㽕࢛ᬶഄ䴶ᇍҎ 䙁䘛ࠄ⮯㢺੠᣿䋹ˈгᑨ䆹ᤃ԰㊒⼲ˈമᅮ৥ࠡDŽ ೼lj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJЁˈϾҎЏН੠⠽䋼ЏНⱘⲯ㸠ՓᕫҎϢҎП䯈㔎У⧚ 㾷੠Ѹ⌕ˈ䗴៤ҎӀᖗ⧚ⱘᡁ᳆DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᦤߎњ㾷އ䯂乬ǃᨚ㜅ೄ๗ⱘᮍ⊩ˈ 䙷ህᰃ⫼݇⠅Ϣ䋷ӏᴹপҷ䰠⫳ǃދ⓴ⱘҎ䰙݇㋏DŽ⠅ৃҹ䅽ҎӀᕐℸ⧚㾷ˈⳌ Ѧ݇ᖗ˗ᡓᢙ䋷ӏ㛑໳䅽ҎӀП䯈ⱘ݇㋏᳈ࡴ੠䇤ˈ⫳⌏᳈ࡴᑌ⽣DŽ೼⠅Ϣ䋷ӏ ࠄϡা݇⠅㞾Ꮕˈ᳈Ӯ݇ᖗخ߭ˈህৃ㛑ޚ⧛ⱘ࡯䞣ϟˈҎӀህӮ䙉ᕾ⼒ӮⱘӺ ℸᔎ䇗ˈҎӀᢹ᳝催䌉ⱘ䘧ᖋક䋼ˈ݋᳝⠅㞾Ꮕǃ⠅ҪҎⱘ㛑׳ҪҎDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ࡯DŽ㔫ձᡓফњ⾡⾡䙁䘛੠䰏⹡ˈ᳔㒜䅸䆚ࠄ⠅Ϣ䋷ӏⱘӳ໻࡯䞣DŽҪᨚ㜅㊒⼲ 㔫ձⱘ㒣׳ᴎ੠ೄᡄˈᡓᢙ䍋䘧ᖋ䋷ӏˈᅠ៤њ㊒⼲᥶㋶ⱘग़⿟DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ߁ॅ ग़ᣛߎˈ೼Ҏ㉏ⱘ㊒⼲Ϫ⬠Ёˈ⠅Ϣ䋷ӏህ⢍བᣛ䏃ᯢ♃ˈᣛᓩҎӀ䍄ߎೄ๗ˈ ೼Ҏ⫳П䏃Ϟ㒻㓁ࠡ㸠DŽ 䞠༛᳐᳒㒣ᣛߎˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᠔᳝ⱘ԰ક䛑⊓㺁њϔϾ䖲㓁ⱘথሩ῵ᓣDŽ㒧ড় 偀ᢝ咬ᖋৢᴹⱘ԰કᴹⳟˈlj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJሲѢ䖭ϔ῵ᓣ˄Richman1966, 29˅DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼䖭⾡߯԰῵ᓣЁˈᇚЏҎ݀㕂Ѣ㢺䯋੠ᄸ⣀ⱘ⫳⌏๗䘛ЁˈԚᰃҪӀ ҎⱘᇞϹˈ䗑∖㕢خ䛑㛑໳៬㚰㢺䲒ˈ䆕ᯢ⫳ᄬⱘӋؐDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘЏҎ݀ᔎ䇗 དⱘ⫳⌏ˈ᳔㒜䛑㛑៤Ў᳈ࡴ୘㡃ǃ᳈᳝䘧ᖋⱘҎDŽ

54 ⭻ⱟ䍣᱗〚ⶉ䊚᱘䐱⭥䇭㲌㔸㏎

㄀Ѡゴlj෎䕙ᗼNJЁⱘ⢍໾Ӻ⧚

lj෎䕙ᗼNJ(1966)ᰃ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ߯԰Ёᳳⱘҷ㸼԰ˈ㦋ᕫњ 1967 ᑈⱘ᱂߽ㄪ༪ ੠೑ᆊ೒к༪DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᳒㒣䇜ࠄ䖛䖭䚼ᇣ䇈ⱘ߯԰ⳂⱘDŽҪ㸼⼎ˈ㞾Ꮕᛇ㽕 ݇⊼ⱘᰃ㕢೑⼒Ӯⱘϡ݀ℷ⦄䈵DŽ20 Ϫ㑾 50ǃ60 ᑈҷˈ㕢೑咥Ҏ䖯㸠њ໻㾘῵ ⱘѝপ⇥Џᴗ߽ⱘ䖤ࡼˈ䑿Ўᇥ᭄ᮣ㺨԰ᆊⱘ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍℸ᳝ߛ䑿ⱘԧӮDŽҪ䅸 Ў˖ĀЎϞᏱ᠔䰡⽣ⱘ㕢೑䖰䴲ᅠ㕢᮴㔎ˈ䖬ᕫ⫼᭫ѝএѝপℷН੠⾽ᑣˈᣛߎ 䖭ϔ⚍ˈᑊ䴲໮ԭDŽā˄የ䘧ᗵǃᴅӳ 151˅偀ᢝ咬ᖋއᅮ㽕߯԰ҹᬓ⊏៪㗙⼒Ӯ 㒣ग़Ў乬ᴤⱘᇣ䇈ˈ㸼⦄ĀѝপℷН੠⾽ᑣāⱘЏ乬DŽҪᇏᡒⳌ݇ⱘ߯԰㋴ᴤˈ ಲᛇ䍋⠊҆䆆䗄ⱘṙ㒇⍋ྚg䮼ᖋᇨg䋱䞠ᮃ(Menahem Mendel Beilisˈ1874-1934) џӊDŽṙ䋱䞠ᮃᰃ⢍໾Ҏˈ⫳⌏೼≭ⱛ㒳⊏ᯊᳳⱘ֘೑DŽ1911 ᑈˈҪ೼෎䕙㹿 䘒䍞㡖2 ᯊৗⱘ᳾خˈスˈ⫼⅏㗙ⱘ剰㸔ܓ䄺ᆳ⾬ᆚ䘂ᤩDŽҪ㹿ᣛ᥻䇟ᴔ෎ⴷᬭ থ䝉䴶ࣙˈҢџ⢍໾ᅫᬭҾᓣ⌏ࡼDŽϸᑈञৢˈҪ㹿᮴㔾䞞ᬒDŽlj෎䕙ᗼNJⱘᬙ џᚙ㡖Џ㽕ᴹ⑤Ѣ䖭ϔḜӊDŽ Ԛᰃˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᑊ≵᳝⣀ゟഄⳟᕙ䖭ϔग़৆џӊˈ

1lj෎䕙ᗼNJᰃ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ߯԰ᡔᎻ䍄৥៤❳ⱘЏ㽕ᷛᖫПϔDŽᇣ䇈থ㸼Пৢˈゟࠏ䌶ᕫњ䆘 䆎⬠ⱘϔ㟈ད䆘DŽḐ݄㓈ᇨgᏠܟᮃ䅸Ўˈlj෎䕙ᗼNJᰃĀ៬ৢ᳔ߎ㡆ⱘᇣ䇈Пϔā˄Hicks 1966, 37˅DŽ㔫ԃ⡍g༹ᇨ⡍ᣛߎˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼lj෎䕙ᗼNJЁࡴܹњग़৆಴㋴ˈᑊϨ䖤⫼ᛇ 䈵࡯ˈਜ⦄⢍໾ᗻⱘὖᗉDŽҪໄ⿄ˈ䖭ᰃϔ䚼㒧ᵘϹ䇼ⱘᇣ䇈ˈ෾⿄ᰃĀ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᳔᳝ᕅ ડ࡯ⱘ԰કā Alter 1966, 76 DŽᶹᇨᮃgา㓾ᇨᮃ䅸Ўˈlj෎䕙ᗼNJᵘᗱ㊒Ꮋˈᇍᑓ䯨ⱘ ⼒Ӯ੠ᬓ⊏എ᱃䖯㸠њ⏅ࠏⱘࠪᵤDŽĀᇣ䇈ⱘߎ⠜䖢ড়њ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ䳔∖ˈ假᭹њ䙷ѯ䅸 ЎҪ߯԰乚ඳ⣁じⱘ䋼⭥ā˄Samuels I 16.2˅DŽ䆘䆎ᆊӀ᱂䘡䅸Ўˈlj෎䕙ᗼNJЁ㰮ᵘᗻϢ ⳳᅲџӊП䯈ⱘ㋻ᆚ㘨㋏ˈՓ݊Ϣ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᮽᳳ߯԰ⱘ԰ક໻ϡⳌৠDŽгህᰃ䇈ˈ೼ᶤ⾡ ⿟ᑺϞˈℷᰃ಴Ўᇣ䇈ᇍ⼒Ӯ⦄ᅲЁᬓ⊏Ϣग़৆乬ᴤⱘ݇⊼ˈᠡᓩ䍋ҎӀᇍ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘᵕ ໻݈䍷ˈгЎҪ䌶ᕫњ໻䞣ⱘ䇏㗙DŽ 2 䘒䍞㡖ᰃ⢍໾ᬭⱘЏ㽕㡖᮹Пϔˈ䗮ᐌ೼䰇ग़ⱘಯ᳜DŽḍ᥂ljᏠԃᴹ೷㒣NJⱘ䆄䕑ˈ ϞᏱᣛᓩ㡆߫Ҏߎ඗ঞˈ㒭඗ঞҎ㄀कϾ♒䲒DŽ♁ੑⱘՓ㗙೼ߏᴔ༈⫳ⱘᄽᄤ੠⡆⬰ ᯊˈĀ䍞䖛āњ䮼Ϟ⍖њ㕞㸔ⱘᏠԃᴹҎⱘᆊᒁDŽ⢍໾⇥ᮣⱘ䘒䍞㡖ህᰃЎњ㑾ᗉ⼪ ܜҢ඗ঞ㹿ᬥ䌢ߎᴹDŽ ⠊ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ϔ⃵䆓䇜Ё᳒㒣䇜ࠄᇣ䇈㋴ᴤⱘᴹ⑤DŽҪ䇈˖Āᔧ៥䖬ᰃϔϾᄽᄤⱘᯊ׭ 3 ҆ህ㒭៥䆆䗄њ䖭ϾᬙџDŽ޴Т  ᑈ䖛এњˈ៥䖬䆄ᕫ䖭ӊџDŽĂĂ䖭Ͼџӊࣙ৿њᵘ ᓎᇣ䇈Џ乬Ϣভ䗄᠔䳔㽕ⱘ᠔᳝ᖙ䳔㽕㋴DŽ៥⫮㟇䅸Ўˈ䛑≵᳝ᖙ㽕䞡ᮄ㒘㒛ǃ៪㗙᳈ᤶ 㒧ᵘDŽā˄Stern 1996, 18˅ৢᴹˈҪ೼䇜ࠄᇣ䇈ⱘ߯԰ᯊ䇈˖Ā៥䆄ᕫüü៥∌䖰гᖬϡ ⣅њĂĂDŽ䙷Ͼᬙџ䅽៥䳛ࡼˈг䅽៥ᘤᜠDŽĂĂ៥ᇚҪⱘϔѯ㒣ग़ݭ䖯ᇣ䇈ЁDŽĂĂⲥ Ёⱘ㒣ग़䅽Ҫথ⫳䕀বˈ䖭ህᰃᇣ䇈ⱘᚙ㡖DŽā˄Cheuse and Delbanco ed. 88-89˅ 䡈њ݊Ҫϔѯग़৆џӊDŽĀ䰸њҪ˄䋱׳ৠᯊˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋгᡓ䅸ˈҪ߯԰䖭䚼ᇣ䇈ᯊˈ䖬

55 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

㗠ᰃ೼䗑ᖚⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈ䅽ЏҎ݀⢍໾Ҏ䲙᷃໿g剡ܟ㒣ग़њҢ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᛣ䆚㔎༅ ࠄಲᔦ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ⱘ䖛⿟DŽҪᇚ䖭ϔџӊϢᭈϾ⢍໾⇥ᮣⱘ⫳ᄬ㘨㋏䍋ᴹˈҢ 㗠Փ䆹䚼ᇣ䇈݋᳝⏅ࠏⱘᆧᛣDŽ ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᛣ䆚ᰃ⢍໾᭛࣪ⱘ䞡㽕㒘៤䚼ߚПϔˈгᰃ⢍໾⇥ᮣ⫳ᄬⱘࡼ࡯੠ ㊒⼲Ϟⱘᬃ᷅DŽ೼ᓖඳⱘ⫳ᄬ⦃๗Ёˈ⢍໾ҎⳌᇍᴹ䇈↨䕗䲚Ёഄሙԣ೼ϔ䍋DŽ ҪӀ໻䛑ᇍЏ⌕᭛᳝࣪ⴔᔎ⚜ⱘĀ䰠⫳ᛳāˈϡ໾㊒䗮᠔೼ഄⱘ䇁㿔ˈᇍ᠔೼ഄ ⱘњ㾷гৃҹ䇈ᰃⶹП⫮ᇥDŽ಴ℸˈҪӀᴀ㛑ഄ㘮ሙ೼ϔ䍋ˈ䖭ḋ᮶๲⏏њᅝܼ ᛳˈг᳝߽Ѣ㒻㓁ֱᣕ⢍໾⇥ᮣӴ㒳ⱘ᭛࣪੠ᅫᬭֵӄDŽৠᯊˈ⢍໾Ҏ೼⫳⌏ⱘ 䖯⿟Ёˈϡৃ㛑ᅠܼϡϢ໪⬠থ⫳㘨㋏DŽᙊࡷⱘ⫳ᄬ๗䘛ᐌᐌՓҪӀ䙁ফ⮯㢺ⱘ ᡬ⺼ˈ䆌໮Ҏ֓䍄ߎњ⢍໾ҎሙԣऎDŽԚᰃˈ೼ϢЏ⌕⼒Ӯ᥹㾺ⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈ⢍໾ Ӻ⧚ᛣ䆚ै⏅⏅ഄḍỡѢ⢍໾Ҏⱘ㊒⼲Ϫ⬠䞠DŽ೼lj෎䕙ᗼNJЁˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍℸ 䞛প䅸ৠⱘᗕᑺDŽҪ䅸ЎˈᇍѢ⢍໾Ҏᴹ䇈ˈᇍ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᛣ䆚ⱘമᅜˈ䖰䖰↨㞾 䑿ⱘĀ⫳ᄬā䯂乬᳈䞡㽕DŽᤶ㿔Пˈ⢍໾Ҏা᳝೼ᴀ⇥ᮣⱘഄԡᕫࠄᡓ䅸ⱘᚙމ ϟˈᠡৃ㛑㗗㰥⫳ᄬⱘ⦄ᅲ䯂乬DŽᇣ䇈Ёⱘ䲙᷃໿᳔㒜ᡒಲᇍ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ⱘ䆄 ᖚDŽҪ⧚㾷њ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᛣ䆚೼⢍໾⇥ᮣ⫳ᄬ੠থሩ䖛⿟Ёⱘ䞡㽕ᗻˈ䅸䆚ࠄಲᔦ ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ᰃ⢍໾Ҏᝄ㮝ᖗ♉ǃᨚ㜅⫳ᄬೄ๗ⱘଃϔ䗨ᕘDŽ བᵰ䇈ˈlj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJ䆆䗄њϔϾ㕢೑Ầ⧗䖤ࡼਬ೼Ҏ䰙Ѹᕔⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈ ᨚ㜅ϾҎЏН੠⠽䋼ЏНⱘᴳ㓮ˈ䍄ߎೄ๗ǃᅲ⦄䘧ᖋᬥ䌢ⱘᬙџ˗䙷Мˈlj෎ 䕙ᗼNJ߭ᰃথ⫳೼ϔϾ⢍໾ׂ⧚Ꮉ䑿ϞⱘᬙџDŽᅗ䗄䇈њ⢍໾Ҏ೼ড⢍ЏН࢓࡯ 䖿ᆇϟˈᨚ㜅ೄ๗ǃಲᔦ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ⱘ䘧ᖋ៤䭓ग़⿟DŽབᵰ䇈ˈlj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼ ਬNJ㸼ᯢњ⠅Ϣ䋷ӏᰃϾԧ䍄ߎೄ๗ˈ㦋ᕫᬥ䌢ⱘЏ㽕䗨ᕘ˗lj෎䕙ᗼNJ߭䇈ᯢ њ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᛣ䆚೼⢍໾⇥ᮣᨚ㜅⫳ᄬೄ๗ˈᅲ⦄ᬥ䌢䖛⿟Ёথ᣹ⱘ䞡㽕԰⫼DŽৢ 㗙ⱘ⇥ᮣ䲚ԧᛣ䆚পҷࠡ䴶ⱘϾҎᛣ䆚ˈ៤Ўᇣ䇈㸼䖒ⱘЏ㽕ݙᆍDŽ

Ϫ㑾᳿⊩೑ग़৆ϞϔḽݸḜⱘফᆇ䞠ᮃ˅೼⣅Ёⱘᅵ߸䖛⿟ˈ៥䖬ࡴܹњᖋ㦅ᓫᮃ˄ Ḝⱘফᆇ㗙˅ḜӊЁⱘϔѯᚙ؛㗙˅੠ϛ⋑ᦤ˄ Ϫ㑾  ᑈҷ㕢೑䬛य़ᎹҎ䖤ࡼЁϔḽ ⊐㡖DŽ᳔㒜ˈᅠ៤ⱘ԰કࠏ⬏њ  ᑈࠡথ⫳೼֘೑ⱘড⢍ЏНDŽ䖭䚼԰કᱫᣛᏠ⡍ࢦ㒳 ϟ⢍໾Ҏⱘ㢺䲒DŽā˄Frankel 1966ˈ39˅偀ᢝ咬ᖋᔎ䇗ˈlj෎䕙ᗼNJϡᰃӴ䆄ˈᰃϔ䚼㰮ᵘ ⱘᇣ䇈DŽᅗ䆄䕑ⱘϡᰃग़৆џӊˈгϡᰃḜӊ䇗ᶹDŽҪাᰃ߽⫼њ䋱߽ᮃ䙁ফⱘ㢺䲒㒣ग़ˈ ձ䴴㞾Ꮕⱘᛇ䈵࡯ˈ߯԰ߎ䖭䚼ᇣ䇈DŽ ˅偀ᢝ咬ᖋᰃϔϾݭ԰ᗕᑺϹ䇼ⱘ԰ᆊˈĀ᳝ᯊ׭ˈⷁ㆛ᇣ䇈ⱘ㒚㡖䛑ӮՓҪ˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ᛳࠄ㢺ᙐDŽҪӮ䇋ᬭҪҎᐂࡽˈᕕ䆶ҪҎᛣ㾕DŽĂĂˈݭᅠlj෎䕙ᗼNJПৢˈҪ᳒㒣এ֘ ೑ᮙ㸠DŽಲᴹПৢˈҪै≵᳝ᇍ䆹䚼԰ક䖯㸠ׂᬍDŽā˄Avery 32˅гህᰃ䇈ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ 䖭䚼ᇣ䇈Ёˈⳳᅲഄݡ⦄њ⢍໾Ҏ೼ড⢍ЏН⣪⤫ⱘग़৆㚠᱃ϟⱘᚆᚼ๗䘛DŽ

56 ⭻ⱟ䍣᱗〚ⶉ䊚᱘䐱⭥䇭㲌㔸㏎

㄀ϔ㡖 ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᛣ䆚ⱘ㔎༅

 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼lj෎䕙ᗼNJЁล䗴њϔϾ⫳⌏೼㢺䲒Ёⱘ֘೑⢍໾Ҏᔶ䈵DŽᇣ ⫳䇈ᓔ㆛ህᣛߎˈ䲙᷃໿дᛃୱϡᬒ㊪ⱘ㤊DŽĀ䖭㤊ୱ䍋ᴹੇᰃ㢺ⱘDŽҪ֓ඟᗼ ⌏DŽā˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˅䲙᷃໿ᰃϔϾᄸܓˈ⫳ϟᴹᠡकߚ䩳ˈ↡҆ህ⅏њDŽ ˈҪ䖬ϡࠄϔቕᯊˈ⠊҆ህ೼䍊䏃ᯊ㹿ϸϾ䝝䞎䞎ⱘ֘೑຿݉ᓔᵾᴔњDŽ⠊↡ঠѵ 䰶䞠ᑺ䖛њ㢺䲒ⱘスᑈDŽग़ሑ㡄䕯䭓໻៤ҎৢˈҪ䴴ׂ⧚Ꮉⱘ᠟㡎ˈᠧܓҪ೼ᄸ 䳊Ꮉᑺ᮹ˈ⫳⌏䋿ᆦDŽϢ⢍໾ྥ࿬ᢝӞ㥢㒧ီѨᑈञˈཌྷϡ᳒⫳㚆DŽҪ㾝ᕫ≵᳝ 㜌㾕Ҏˈᓔྟދ㨑ཌྷDŽৢᴹˈᢝӞ㥢᮴⊩ᖡফҪⱘދ⓴ˈ䎳ⴔ೼ᇣᮙ佚䘛ࠄⱘϔ Ͼ⢍໾Ҏ⾕༨њDŽ䲙᷃໿ᛳࠄᵕ݊ⱘ㕲㘏੠ᛸᗦˈѢᰃއᅮߎप䋶ѻҔ⠽ˈ⾏ᓔ ā෎䕙ދ໾Ҏ㘮ሙⱘᇣ䬛DŽҪ㽕ᨚ㜅⢍໾Ӵ㒳ⱘᴳ㓮ˈࠄᔧᯊĀ֘೑ⱘ㘊䏃ᩦ⢍ ᇏ∖ᴎ䘛DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋヨϟⱘ䲙᷃໿ˈ䆩೒೼ড⢍ЏН⣪⤫ⱘࡼ㤵Ϫ⬠Ёᡒࠄ⫳ᄬⱘゟ䎇 ˈ೑Ҏ֘ܙᅮ㽕ᡯᓗ⢍໾Ҏ䑿ӑˈݦއDŽ㒣ग़⫳⌏ⱘ㡄䕯ǃီ࿏ⱘ༅䋹ৢˈҪ⚍ 㵡ܹࠄЏ⌕⼒ӮПЁDŽ䲙᷃໿⫳⌏೼≭ⱛ㒳⊏ᯊᳳⱘ֘೑ˈ䑿໘೼ঠ䞡⼒Ӯ᭛࣪ 㒧ᵘЁ˖೼Ҫⱘᗱᛇᛣ䆚Ёˈҹ⢍໾᭛࣪੠Ӵ㒳ЎЏᇐⱘ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᛣ䆚ձ✊ऴ᥂ ⴔ䞡㽕ԡ㕂˗ৠᯊˈ޴ⱒᑈᴹ֘೑Ҏᔶ៤ⱘᇍ⢍໾Ҏⱘ䅸ⶹᗕᑺǃ֘೑ᔧᯊⱘᬓ ⊏Ϣ㒣⌢⢊މㄝ಴㋴ˈᇍҪ⹂ゟ㞾Ꮕⱘ᭛࣪䑿ӑгѻ⫳䞡㽕ⱘᕅડDŽℷབ⥟ᅕᬭ ᥜ᠔䇈˖ĀϔϾҎⱘ⇥ᮣ੠᭛࣪䑿ӑᅠܼ᳝ৃ㛑ᰃঠ䞡ⱘ⫮㟇ᰃ໮䞡ⱘā˄⥟ᅕ ˅DŽ䖭ᰃ಴Ўˈ᭛࣪䑿ӑϔᮍ䴶Ā䆝䇌᭛ᄺ੠᭛࣪ⷨおЁⱘ⇥ᮣᴀ䋼⡍ᕕ ੠ᏺ᳝⇥ᮣॄ䗍ⱘ᭛࣪ᴀ䋼⡍ᕕā˄⥟ᅕ ˈ˅˗঺ϔᮍ䴶ˈ᭛࣪䑿ӑгᏺ ᳝⡍ᅮ⼒ӮЁĀ᭛࣪䅸ৠāⱘ⡍ᕕDŽ䲙᷃໿೼⢍໾᭛࣪䖭ϔݙ೼಴㋴੠֘೑᭛࣪ ໪䚼ᕅડ࡯ⱘ᥻ࠊϟˈ֓݋᳝ঠ䞡᭛࣪䑿ӑ˖⢍໾䑿ӑ੠֘೑䑿ӑDŽᔧ᭛࣪䑿ӑ

1偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼lj෎䕙ᗼNJЁˈᇚফ㢺ফ䲒ⱘ⢍໾ᇣҎ⠽԰Ўভ䗄ⱘᇍ䈵DŽ䖭䚼ᇣ䇈г಴ℸ㹿 Fisch 䅸ЎᰃĀফᆇ㗙ᇣ䇈āˈĀþ᳓㔾㕞ÿህᰃ䲙᷃໿೼⢍໾⼒ऎ੠֘೑⼒ӮЁᡂⓨⱘ㾦㡆ā 162 DŽ㧆߽᱂g㔫ᮃ᳒㒣䆘䗄䖛䲙᷃໿ⱘ㢺䲒㒣ग़DŽҪ䅸Ўˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍᇍ㢺䲒ⱘᦣ䗄䖛 Ѣ䆺㒚ˈ᳾ܡ᳝ѯ⅟ᖡDŽҪᣛߎˈ೼Ҫ᠔ⶹ䘧ⱘϹ㙗԰ᆊⱘ԰કЁˈ䖬≵᳝ϔ䚼ᇣ䇈བℸ 䆺㒚ǃབℸ䭓㆛ᐙഄ䆄ᔩϔϾҎ᠔䙁ফⱘ⅟ᲈ䖿ᆇ੠ℎय़ւ䖅ˈгҢᴹ≵᳝ϔԡ԰ᆊˈ⫼ ϔᭈ䚼ᇣ䇈ᴹࠏ⬏⅟䝋ⱘय़䖿㗙བԩℎ䖅ϔϾ↿᮴ডᡫ㛑࡯ⱘ⏙ⱑПҎ˄Roth 1975, 235˅DŽ ⊼݇ˈᅲ䰙Ϟˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䗮䖛䆺㒚ᦣ䗄䲙᷃໿䙁ফⱘ㢺䲒ˈᧁ⼎ҪݙᖗӺ⧚㾖থ⫳ⱘ䕀ব Ҫ㦋ᕫᮄ⫳ⱘग़⿟DŽ

57 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

Ϣ⢍໾ϾԧП䯈ֱᣕ㒳ϔᗻⱘ݇㋏ᯊˈ⢍໾Ҏህ᳝њ⹂ᅮⱘ䑿ӑˈህӮѻ⫳䑿ӑ 䅸ৠⱘᅝܼᛳ˗㗠ᔧऴЏᇐഄԡⱘ᭛࣪ᇍ⢍໾᭛࣪ᣕᬠ㾚ᗕᑺᯊˈ⢍໾ҎህӮѻ ⫳䑿ӑ䅸ৠⱘॅᴎDŽ೼ড⢍ЏН࢓࡯ⱘय़䖿ϟˈ䲙᷃໿ϡ⹂ᅮ㞾Ꮕⱘ䑿ӑˈЎ㞾 Ꮕⱘ䑿ӑ㗠㢺ᙐDŽҪ䑿Ϟⱘ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᛣ䆚ਜ⦄㔎༅ⱘᗕ࢓ˈҪгϔⳈ⫳⌏೼य़࡯ǃ ॅᴎǃ㢺䯋੠ೄᚥПЁˈ䖭೼޴Ͼᮍ䴶᳝᠔ԧ⦄DŽ ⢍䖭ϔџᅲ䇈ᯢˈ䖭ᰃҪ׳䲙᷃໿ϡᜓᛣᡓ䅸㞾Ꮕⱘ⢍໾Ҏ䑿ӑˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ໾Ӻ⧚ᛣ䆚㔎༅ⱘ䞡㽕㸼ᕕDŽϔ㠀䇈ᴹˈ݋᳝⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᛣ䆚ⱘҎˈᑨ䆹ᰃϔϾ᳝ ८⢍໾ᚙ㒧ǃࡾ࡯㓈ᣕ㞾Ꮕⱘ⢍໾䑿ӑǃ⿃ᵕᗱ㗗⢍໾䑿ӑӋؐⱘҎDŽᇣ䇈Ё⏅ ⱘ䲙᷃໿ैᑊ䴲བℸDŽ೼ᇣ䇈ⱘᓔ༈޴ゴˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᔎ䇗ⱘህᰃ䲙᷃໿བԩ৺ᅮ 㞾Ꮕⱘ⢍໾䑿ӑDŽྏᄤ䎥ᥝৢˈҪࠂᥝњ䈵ᕕ⢍໾Ҏⱘᖂᖂথ㑶ⱘⷁ㚵乏DŽኇ⠊ ˈњDŽ䖬᳝ϡℶϔϾ⢍໾Ҏ༮㨑Ҫܜ⼪㞾Ꮕⱘڣᮃ㥿ᇨ಴ℸ䄺ਞҪˈ䅸ЎҪϡ Ͼ⢍໾ҎDŽৃ䖭ѯҎⱘ䆱᮶≵㒭Ҫᏺᴹ⮯㢺ˈг≵㒭Ҫᏺᴹ⃶ФDŽڣ䇈Ҫⳟ䍋ᴹϡ Ңᇣ䇈ⱘ㒚㡖ᦣݭЁৃҹⳟߎˈ䲙᷃໿ᑊϡ೼ᛣ⢍໾Ҏⱘ䑿ӑDŽ ˈ໾Ҏ⧚ᑨֱᣕ⢍໾Ҏⱘᴀߚˈᑨ䆹ᖗᄬϞᏱDŽᇍѢプֵϞᏱⱘ⢍໾Ҏᴹ䇈⢍ ⢍໾ᬭⱘᬭН੠ᬭ㾘⏫䗣೼ҪӀⱘ᮹ᐌ⫳⌏ЁDŽ⢍໾ᕟ⊩㾘ᅮˈ⢍໾Ҏϡ㛑ᬒᓗ 㞾Ꮕⱘ⢍໾Ҏ䑿ӑDŽ⢍໾Ҏ⧚ᔧ䇼䆄Āᨽ㽓क䆿āˈϹḐ䙉ᅜϢϞᏱᅮϟⱘⲳ㑺DŽ Ԛᰃ䲙᷃໿⾏ᆊПᯊˈैᬙᛣ䘫ᖬᥝ㒷᳝Āक䆿āᄫḋⱘᏗࣙDŽᏗࣙ䞠䴶㺙᳝⢍ ໾Ҏ⼜⽋ᯊ⫼ⱘĀ䆄䕑⢍໾㒣হⱘ㕞Ⲃ㒌ⱘ㒣ࣷˈ䖬᳝ϔᴵᬭᕦⱘ༈Ꮢ੠ϔᴀlj೷ 㒣NJā˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˅DŽҢ䲙᷃໿ⱘ㸠ЎЁˈ៥Ӏϡ䲒ⳟߎˈҪ┰ᛣ䆚ഄᏠ ᳯ㞾Ꮕ㛑໳ᕏᑩᨚ㜅⢍໾Ҏ䑿ӑDŽ䖭ḋˈҪৃҹᓔྟ䗑∖ϔ⾡ܼᮄⱘ⫳⌏DŽ೼Ҫ ⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈ⢍໾Ҏ䑿ӑᰃӊϡܝᔽⱘџˈ᠔ҹҪチሑܼ࡯ഄᛇ㽕ಲ䙓ǃ⫮㟇ᖬᥝ 㞾Ꮕⱘ⢍໾䑿ӑDŽ 䲙᷃໿Ꮖ㒣ϟއᖗ㜅⾏⢍໾Ҏ⼒ऎˈ㵡ܹࠄҹ෎ⴷᕦЎЏⱘЏ⌕⼒Ӯ⫳⌏П ЁDŽ㄀㘖ԃ⊇ᰃϔᴵ⬠⊇ˈᅗᡞ⢍໾ᇣ䬛੠෎䕙ߚ䱨ᓔᴹDŽ⊇䖭䖍ⱘ⢍໾ᇣ䬛ⳟ 䞡ⱘᰃ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ˈ⊇ᇍኌⱘ෎䕙߭ᰃҹ෎ⴷᕦЎЏⱘᓖᬭϪ⬠DŽ䲙᷃໿ᗹѢ ᨚ⏵䌍ˈϞњ⏵㠍䖛⊇DŽ㗕خ䖛⊇ˈѢᰃҪᇚҢᮃ㥿ᇨ䙷䞠ᤶᴹⱘ㗕偀ᢉ㒭㠍໿ 偀㒭ᣈ೼⊇ኌϞˈⴐᏈᏈഄⳟⴔҪӀ⾏ᓔDŽ䖭ऍ㗕偀гᰃ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ⱘ䈵ᕕˈ ˅DŽ䲙᷃໿ᇚҷ Ͼ⢍໾㗕Ҏā˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋڣℷབ԰㗙偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᠔䇈˖Āᅗ

1 ᇣ䇈Ё䲙᷃໿ⱘኇ⠊DŽ 2 䲙᷃໿ⱘኇ⠊ᮃ㥿ᇨথ⦄ৢˈᦤ䝦䲙᷃໿ᏺϞᏗࣙDŽ

58 ⭻ⱟ䍣᱗〚ⶉ䊚᱘䐱⭥䇭㲌㔸㏎

㸼⢍໾Ӵ㒳ⱘ㗕偀⬭೼⢍໾ᇣ䬛ˈᛣੇⴔҪᬒᓗњᇣ䬛੠㗕偀᠔䈵ᕕⱘ⢍໾Ӵ 㒳DŽ㠍໿ᰃϾ෎ⴷᕦˈҪᇍ⢍໾Ҏ䖯㸠њᙊ↦ⱘᬏߏDŽҪ䖬ձ✻෎ⴷᕦⱘᮍᓣˈ ೼㛌ࠡ⬏њϾकᄫDŽ䲙᷃໿ᆇᗩᲈ䴆㞾Ꮕ⢍໾Ҏⱘ䑿ӑˈϡᕫϡ䎳ⴔ㠍໿⬏Ͼक 䪙ഫϔḋᕔϟ≝DŽāڣˈ⊆ᄫDŽ䖭ᯊˈĀҪ㹟ᄤ䞠ⱘlj೷㒣NJᠥ䗮ϔໄᥝ䖯њ㄀㘖ԃ ˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˅䲙᷃໿ᡯᓗњ೼⢍໾ᬭᬭНЁऴ᥂ḌᖗഄԡⱘljᏠԃᴹ೷ 㒣NJDŽҪᢦ㒱⢍໾Ҏⱘ䑿ӑˈᏠᳯ㛑᳝ϔϾܼᮄⱘ֘೑࣪ⱘ㞾៥ˈҢ㗠៤ЎϔϾ ⳳℷⱘ֘೑ҎDŽ 䲙᷃໿ϡԚН᮴ড乒ഄ⾏ᓔњ⢍໾ᇣ䬛ˈ㗠Ϩᇍ෎䕙ⱘ⢍໾Ҏሙԣऎгܙ⒵ њᗼ㿔DŽҪᢅᗼ䇈˖Ā⢍໾Ҏԣᅙऎ޴ⱒᑈᴹ䖬ᰃ㗕ḋᄤˈԣ᠓ᢹ᣸ϡ෾ˈ㟁⇨ ކ໽DŽᅗϪ㺁ⱘ䋶ѻህᰃ㊒⼲䋶ᆠDŽā˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˅Ҫ㾝ᕫ㞾Ꮕ㽕᳝⚍ߎ ߎ䗝ᢽDŽҪ㽕⾏ᓔᒪ᮴⫳ᴎⱘ⢍໾Ҏԣᅙऎˈᡩ䑿ࠄ෎䕙ⱘ㐕ढ⫳⌏Ёخᙃˈ㽕 এDŽѢᰃˈҪЬ≵Ҏ⊼ᛣᯊˈ䍄ߎ⢍໾ҎሙԣऎDŽ䲙᷃໿ᗹѢᨚ㜅⦄⢊ˈҪϢ⢍ ໾ֵӄ੠⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳П䯈ⱘ䎱⾏Ꮖ㒣䍞ᴹ䍞䖰DŽ ೼≭ⱛ㒳⊏ᯊᳳⱘ֘೑ˈ⢍໾⇥ᮣϔⳈ㹿㾚Ўࡷㄝ⇥ᮣDŽ⢍໾Ҏⱘ⼒Ӯ੠ᬓ ⊏ഄԡԢϟˈҪӀফ⊩Ҹⱘ䰤ࠊˈা㛑೼⢍໾Ҏሙԣऎ⌏ࡼDŽ䲙᷃໿೼෎䕙㦋ᕫ њᬊܹ乛ЄⱘᮄᎹ԰DŽЎњሑᖿᨚ㜅ぬೄⱘ⫳⌏⢊މˈ㵡ܹЏ⌕⼒ӮˈҪ໻㚚ഄ ֘ˈᅮ㒻㓁䱤ⵦ㞾Ꮕⱘ䑿ӑˈ೼䴲⢍໾Ҏሙԣऎᅝ䑿ϟᴹDŽ䲙᷃໿᠔໘ⱘᯊҷއ ˈ೑ℷ໘೼Ā֘᮹៬ѝāПৢⱘ咥ᱫ㒳⊏ᯊᳳDŽ⇥ӫ㒣ᐌВ㸠໻㾘῵ⱘ㔶Ꮉ੠ᲈࡼ 㸼䖒ᇍᬓᑰᔧሔⱘϡ⒵੠ᛸᗦDŽ≭֘ᬓᑰ᮴⊩ᥠ᥻ሔ࢓ˈг≵᳝᳝ᬜⱘᮍ⊩ᴹᥦ 㾷⇥ӫⱘϡ⒵DŽ⢍໾Ҏህ㹿ᔧ៤᳔ড়䗖ⱘⳂᷛˈᴹ䕀႕ᔧᯊⱘ⼒ӮॅᴎDŽ⢍໾Ҏ ϔᮺݦ⢃֘೑ҎˈᇚӮ㒭ᭈϾ⇥ᮣᏺᴹ♒䲒DŽ ೼䖭⾡໡ᴖⱘ⼒Ӯ⢊މϟˈ⫳⌏೼䴲⢍໾Ҏሙԣऎⱘ䲙᷃໿ᇍ㞾Ꮕ䖯㸠њܼ ᮍԡⱘᬍ䗴ˈᡯᓗњ᠔᳝⢍໾Ҏⱘ⡍ᕕDŽҪᬒᓗњ݌ൟⱘ⢍໾ྦྷ⇣ˈᬍњϔϾ᳈ ˈ݋᳝֘೑⡍㡆ⱘৡᄫˈ䲙᷃໿gӞ޵䇎㓈༛g໮㔫স䲾໿DŽྦྷৡᇍѢ⢍໾Ҏᴹ䇈 ϡҙҙᰃϔ⾡ヺোˈ᳈䈵ᕕⴔϔ⾡᭛࣪䑿ӑDŽℷབᨽ䖾߃gᓔ᱂݄᠔䇈˖ĀϔϾ Ҏ᠔䍋ⱘৡᄫᴀ䑿ህᏺ᳝᭛࣪Ϟⱘ৿Н੠㘨ᛇˈᑊ಴ℸ㗠ᡞ䖭ϾҎߦܹњϔ⾡⡍ ᅮⱘ᭛ᯢПЁDŽā˄ᓔ᱂݄˅䲙᷃໿ᬒᓗ⼪䕜ⱘྦྷ⇣ˈ䖭ᛣੇⴔҪ࡯೒ᡯᓗ⢍ ֘⫼໾䑿ӑˈᡞ㞾Ꮕᔦܹ֘೑᭛࣪ПЁDŽৠᯊˈҪ䖬߽⫼ϔߛഎড়ࡾ࡯ᄺд੠Փ њ䆌໮֘䇁䇁⊩㒗дᑊϨ໻ໄᳫ䇏DŽҪᬍব㞾Ꮕⱘこⴔᠧᡂˈࡾ࡯Փ㞾Ꮕخˈ䇁

59 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ⳟϞএϢ֘೑Ҏ≵ҔМϸḋDŽ䲙᷃໿ሑ࡯ᬍব㞾Ꮕⱘϔѯ໪೼⡍ᕕˈ՟བྦྷৡǃ 䇁㿔ǃ᳡佄ǃ㿔䇜ВℶㄝㄝDŽҪⱘⳂⱘᰃ㦋ᕫሙԣഄЏ⌕᭛࣪ⱘ䅸ৠˈ㵡ܹЏ⌕ ПЁDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䖭ḋᦣݭ䲙᷃໿ᔧᯊⱘᛇ⊩ˈĀҪ㾝ᕫ㞾Ꮕ䱤ৡओྦྷˈこⴔ⌏⫳ ˅DŽ 㔫ᮃҎⱘ໻㸷ˈ᠈Ϟ֘㔫ᮃҎⱘᐑᄤˈҎᆊ䅸ϡߎᴹā˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ֘ ᓩ䍋ҪӀⱘқܡҪሑ䞣Փ㞾Ꮕⱘ⫳⌏ᮍᓣϢᔧഄ֘೑Ҏⱘ᭛࣪д֫Ⳍ䗖ᑨˈ䙓 㾚DŽ⍋ᇨ⡍᳐᳒㒣ᣛߎ˖Ā೼ᇣ䇈ⱘࠡϝߚПϔ䚼ߚˈ䲙᷃໿ᣪぎᖗᗱᛇ㽕䰸এ 㞾Ꮕⱘ⢍໾䑿ӑDŽā˄Helterman 1985ˈ67˅䲙᷃໿ϡᜓᛣ੠⢍໾ҎᡃϞ݇㋏ˈ޴ ТϢ⢍໾Ӵ㒳ᮁ㒱㘨㋏DŽ 䑿؛䲙᷃໿チᖗሑ࡯ᛇ㽕ᖬै㞾Ꮕⱘ⢍໾㸔㒳DŽҪࡾ࡯ՓҪҎ䅸ৃ㞾Ꮕⱘ ӑˈҪᛇ䗮䖛䖭⾡䑿ӑˈ䖛Ϟ㞾ᏅṺᛇⱘᮄ⫳⌏DŽҪᇍᮄ⫳⌏᳝ⴔ㕢དⱘ৥ᕔˈ ḋⱘ⫳⌏ˈ䙷ህᰃ៥༟᭫ⱘⳂڣĀ⦄೼ˈ៥㽕এ෎䕙䆩䆩DŽབᵰ៥೼䙷䞠㛑䖛ⴔ ˈߎ⡎⡆ˈ⿃⚍䪅ˈࠄ䰓ྚᮃ⡍Ѝത㠍এ㕢೑DŽᘏ㗠㿔ПخⱘDŽབᵰϡ㸠ˈ៥Ӯ ៥ᴀ䪅ϡ໮ˈԚ៥᳝䆌໮ᠧㅫDŽā˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˈ˅䲙᷃໿Џࡼᬒᓗ㞾Ꮕⱘ ⢍໾䑿ӑDŽ೼߿Ҏⳟᴹˈ䖭ѯ䛑ᰃ⫳⌏Ёϔѯ᮴᠔䇧ⱘᇣџᚙDŽԚᰃˈᇍ⢍໾Ҏ ᴹ䇈ˈैᰃϔ⾡ᡯᓗ♉儖ⱘ㸠ЎDŽ䲙᷃໿೼ЎᓖᬭᕦᎹ԰ⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈህ㒣ग़њ⮯ ⧛㢺㗠ᘤᚻⱘ㊒⼲ग़⿟DŽҪⱘݙᖗᚙᛳгᰃ໡ᴖ໮বⱘDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍҪℸࠏⱘᖗ ব࣪䖯㸠њ⫳ࡼ㒚㟈ⱘᦣݭ˖Āᖿ⚍এᡞ䙷ӑᏂџᑆᅠˈᡞ䪅ᣓಲᴹDŽㄝԴᡞ䪅 㺙䖯ষ㹟њˈህ∌䖰⾏ᓔ䙷Ͼഄᮍˈ∌䖰ᖬᥝᅗDŽ䖭↩コাᰃϾᏂџˈ៥ᑊ≵᳝ ߎप㞾Ꮕⱘ♉儖DŽ៥ᑆᅠњህ⋫⋫᠟䍄њDŽā˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˈ˅䲙᷃໿ϔ ϔϾ⢍໾Ҏā䅽Ҫᛳࠄᕜ⒵ᛣDŽڣᖗᛇখϢࠄЏ⌕⼒Ӯⱘ⫳⌏ЁএˈĀⳟ䍋ᴹϡ ԚᰃˈҪϡԚ≵᳝䖛Ϟ㞾Ꮕᳳᳯⱘ⫳⌏ˈড㗠೼㊒⼲Ϟ䱋ܹ᳈ࡴೄ㢺ⱘ๗ഄDŽ᳔ ҪҎˈᏠᳯ䗮䖛䖭⾡ᮍᓣ߯䗴ᴎ䘛ˈ䖛ܙҪ㒜Ѣ䅸䆚ࠄˈ㞾Ꮕ᳒㒣ᛮ㷶ഄݦˈৢ Ϟ㕢དⱘ⫳⌏ˈԚᰃ㒧ᵰैᙄᙄⳌডDŽҪᛣ䆚ࠄˈ䙷ᰃϾ䫭䇃ⱘᴎ䘛ˈҪЎℸҬ ߎњᎼ໻ⱘҷӋDŽ 䲙᷃໿ᇍ⢍໾ᬭֵӄѻ⫳ࡼᨛˈ䖭ᰃҪ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᛣ䆚㔎༅ⱘϔϾ䞡㽕㸼⦄DŽ ⇥໾ᬭֵӄϢ⢍໾⇥ᮣ⫳ᄬ੠থሩⱘग़৆㋻ᆚഄ㘨㋏೼ϔ䍋DŽӫ᠔਼ⶹˈ⢍໾⢍ ᮣ೼ग़৆Ϟ㒣ग़䖛ϡ෾ಲ佪ⱘ㢺䲒ˈ⢍໾Ҏ⇥䙁ফ䖛᮴⊩ᡓফⱘ⮯㢺ᡬ⺼DŽ݀ܗ ࠡ  ᑈˈ⢍໾Ҏⱘ㄀ϔ೷↓䙁ࠄ↕♁DŽ೼䖭എ♒䲒Ёˈ⢍໾Ҏ≺ЎњĀᏈ↨Ӻ

60 ⭻ⱟ䍣᱗〚ⶉ䊚᱘䐱⭥䇭㲌㔸㏎

໾Ҏⱘ㄀Ѡ೷↓㹿↕ᥝњDŽҪ⢍ˈދᑈˈ㔫偀ݯ䯳ᬏ䱋㘊䏃ᩦ  ܗПಮāDŽ݀ Ӏ೼ডᡫЁ䙁ࠄњ༅䋹ˈ໻㑺᳝  ϛҎ䘛ᆇDŽ⡍߿䳔㽕ᣛߎⱘᰃˈ೼⦄ҷ⼒Ӯˈ ⃻⌆⢍໾Ҏৠḋ⮯㢺ϡ෾DŽ䆌໮೑ᆊ᥼㸠ড⢍ЏНᬓㄪˈ⢍໾Ҏ㒣ᐌ䙁ফ৘⾡䇀 䱋ˈ⫮㟇ᰃ⋃♁ҎᗻⱘᴔᆇDŽ㄀Ѡ⃵Ϫ⬠໻៬ᳳ䯈ˈᖋ೑㒇㊍ᇍ⢍໾Ҏ䖯㸠њᚼ 㒱Ҏᇄⱘ⾡ᮣ⏙⋫ˈⳈ᥹ᇐ㟈њ  ໮ϛ⢍໾Ҏ㹿ሴᴔDŽ ሑㅵ♒䲒੠ሜ䖅ྟ㒜Ԉ䱣ⴔ⢍໾⇥ᮣˈԚᰃ⢍໾Ҏᑊ≵᳝⬣ᚻϡࠡDŽ䖲㓁ϡ ᮁⱘ䲚ԧ䖿ᆇ੠໻ሴᴔᑊ≵᳝ՓҪӀⱘᛣᖫথ⫳ࡼᨛˈҪӀҡ✊ҹ乑ᔎⱘ⫳ᄬ㛑 ࡯ቍゟѢϪ⬠DŽ㢺䲒Ёⱘ⢍໾ҎП᠔ҹ㛑໳⫳ᄬϟᴹˈҪӀ㊒⼲ᬃᣕ੠⫳ᄬ࡯䞣 ˖᠔䇈ܟⱘᴹ⑤ህᰃ⢍໾ᬭֵӄDŽℷབ༹߽gᢰ  Ā㱑✊⢍໾ᬭ㒣ग़䖛䲒ҹ㿔䇈ⱘ㢺䲒ˈⳟࠄ䖛ᅗⱘֵӫ䙁ফᵕᑺ⮯㢺ⱘᡬ⺼ˈᅗ އ᳾⑂♁ᇍҎⱘ⠅ǃᇍᬠҎⱘ⠅DŽᙄᙄ೼᳔ҸҎᘤᗪⱘᯊᳳˈ⢍໾ᬭ᳔ᔎ᳝࡯ഄ 㸼ᯢњᅗᇍҎⱘ⠅DŽ೼ফ䖿ᆇ᳔࠻⚜ⱘᯊᳳˈ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᄺ㨫԰⌕㸠ˈ㗠ᅗӀⱘ԰ ˅ܟϡӮ᳝Ҏএ䇏䖭ѯкDŽā˄ᢰއ㗙⹂ֵ䰸њ㞾Ꮕⱘᅫᬭৠ㚲  ⢍໾Ҏᘾᅜ⢍໾ᬭᬭНⱘ⊩㾘੠៦ᕟˈӴᡓ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᗱᛇЁⱘ䘧ᖋ㾖ᗉ੠㸠Ўޚ ߭ˈᑊϨ䗮䖛䖭ѯӺ⧚䘧ᖋᷛޚᴹ㾘㣗Ҏⱘ㸠ЎDŽ⢍໾⇥ᮣП᠔ҹ݋᳝ᔎ໻ⱘ⫳ ᖗ㘮࡯ˈ䛑ᰃϢ⢍໾ᬭֵӄᰃᆚϡৃߚⱘDŽ㗠Ϩ⢍໾ޱੑ࡯ˈ⢍໾ҎП᠔ҹ㛑໳ ߎ䇗ᭈˈҹ䗖ᑨᯊҷথሩⱘ䳔㽕DŽ೼ᔧخᬭᗱᛇϢ⦄ᅲ⫳⌏㋻ᆚⳌ䖲ˈᑊϨϡᮁ Ҟ⼒Ӯˈ⢍໾Ӻ⧚䘧ᖋᷛޚҡ✊থ᣹ⴔ㟇݇䞡㽕ⱘ⦄ᅲ԰⫼DŽ ⶹӀ䇈ⱘ䆱ˈ䅸ЎϞᏱܜ໾⇥ᮣ᳝ⴔ䴲ᐌമᅮⱘ⢍໾ᬭֵӄDŽ⢍໾Ҏ⧚㾷⢍ П㿔ᇍҪӀᴹ䇈ᰃϔ⾡ⳳℷⱘਃ⼎DŽĀ䲙৘ᆊǃҹ㡆߫ᆊϔߛԭ࠽ⱘˈ㽕਀៥㿔˖ þԴӀ㞾Ң⫳ϟˈህ㩭៥ֱᢅ˗㞾Ңߎ㚢ˈ֓㩭៥ᗔᢅDŽⳈࠄԴӀᑈ㗕ˈ៥ҡ䖭 ḋ˗ⳈࠄԴӀথⱑˈ៥ҡᗔᢅDŽ៥Ꮖ䗴԰ˈгᖙᗔᢅˈ៥ᖙᗔᢅˈгᖙᣃᬥDŽÿā ˄lj೷㒣gҹ䌯ѮкNJ˅⢍໾Ҏമއሹ㸠Ӻ⧚ϔ⼲ᬭⱘᗱᛇDŽℸ໪ˈ⢍໾ᬭ ⱘ㒣݌Āᨽ㽓क䆿āǃljᠬᢝNJˈҹঞ⢍໾ᬭⱘ⊩݌ljศ᳼ᖋNJㄝгՓᕫ⢍໾Ҏ

1݀ܗࠡ  ᑈ㟇݀ܗࠡ  ᑈᳳ䯈ˈᮄᏈ↨Ӻ⥟೑೑⥟ሐᏗ⬆ሐᩦѠϪ᳒㒣ϸ⃵ᬏ䱋㘊䏃 ᩦދDŽ໻ᡍ⢍໾⇥ӫǃᎹࣴǃ⽁ৌ੠⥟ᅸ៤ਬ㹿ᦇᕔᏈ↨Ӻˈ䖭ѯҎ㹿⿄ЎᏈ↨ӺПಮ˄਼ ⟂㮽˅DŽ 2 ሙԣ೼඗ঞⱘ⢍໾Ҏ೼ᨽ㽓ⱘᏺ乚ϟ䖨ಲᬙеDŽᨽ㽓೼㽓༜ቅϟ⼜⽋ˈ䇋∖㘊੠ढЎҪ ੠ᮣҎᣛᯢ䘧䏃DŽѢᰃˈϔাⳟϡ㾕ⱘ᠟üüϞᏱП᠟üü೼㽓༜ቅⱘ዁ຕϞࠏߎњकᴵ ៦ᕟDŽ㄀ϔᴵ˖Ā៥ᰃ㘊੠ढüüԴⱘϞᏱˈ᳒ᇚԴҢ඗ঞഄЎ཈Пᆊ乚ߎᴹˈ䰸њ ҔМᔶ䈵خгϡৃˈڣي៥П໪ˈԴϡৃ᳝߿ⱘ⼲DŽā㄀Ѡᴵ˖ĀϡৃЎ㞾Ꮕ䲩ࠏ

61 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ⱘֵӄϡᮁᕫࠄᔎ࣪DŽ⢍໾Ҏ㞾ྟ㟇㒜䛑䅸ЎˈҪӀ㙽䋳ⴔ⡍䗝ᄤ⇥ⱘ䞡ӏDŽҪ Ӏᡞ⫳⌏Ёⱘ⾡⾡㢺䲒ⳟ԰ᰃϞᏱⱘ㗗偠ˈᰃ䖒ࠄ䖺फ㽕ҬߎⱘҷӋDŽĀþϞᏱ ᅴᑌҹ㡆߫ҎˈЎℸҪ㒭њҪӀϔ䚼ЄᆠⱘljᠬᢝNJ੠ӫ໮ⱘ៦ᕟDŽÿᅗӀҹ∌ 㨚⫳ᴎⱘֵᴵࡾ࡯ՓҎ䍙䍞थᖂ੠ᑇᒌˈᣛ⼎㒭Ҫ⼲೷ⱘ⧚ᛇˈ૸䝦Ҫݙᖗ⛁ߛ 㗠জ⃶⃷ⱘ㾝ᙳˈՓҪ∌䖰キ೼ϞᏱⱘ䴶ࠡDŽā˄ᢰܟ˅⢍໾Ҏ䖬⡍߿ᔎ䇗ˈ ᑨ䆹ᡞӺ⧚ᗱᛇ㵡ܹ݌㈡ПЁDŽℷབา㓾ᇨg⾥Ѽ᠔䇈˖Ā⢍໾ᬭҹ݊Ӻ⧚ϔ⼲ ᬭⱘ⡍ᕕᇚ䘧ᖋ੠ᅫᬭ䖭ϸ㗙ϡৃߚࡆഄ㒧ড়೼ϔ䍋DŽĂĂ⢍໾ᬭⱘ෎⸔ᰃ⢍໾ Ӻ⧚ˈĂĂড䖛ᴹ䆕ᯢњ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ⱘ෎⸔ᰃ⢍໾ᬭDŽĂĂҢ㒃Ӻ⧚ⱘ㾦ᑺߎথˈ ⢍໾ᬭৃҹ㹿㾚Ўᰃϔ⾡䘧ᖋӴ㒳ˈԚ݊ᴀ䋼䍙䍞њ䘧ᖋā˄⾥Ѽ˅DŽ⢍ ໾ ᬭമᣕϡវഄ䇚䇚ᬭ㚆ᑈ䕏ϔҷˈ೼ҪӀ䑿Ϟড໡☠䕧ᴀ⇥ᮣⱘֵӄ੠Ӵ㒳д ˈDŽ಴ℸˈ㸵䞣⢍໾Ҏ⢍໾ᬭֵӄⱘ䞡㽕ձ᥂ˈህᰃⳟҪᰃ৺њ㾷⢍໾ᬭֵӄ֫ ᰃ৺೼᮹ᐌ⫳⌏Ё䌃ᕏ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӌؐ㾖ᗉˈᑊϨ㛑໳ҢЁ᳝᠔ਃথǃ᳝᠔乚ᙳDŽ ⌏⫳䲙᷃໿Ўњ䗑∖㞾⬅੠ᑌ⽣ⱘ⫳⌏ˈᇍ⢍໾ᬭֵӄѻ⫳њࡼᨛDŽҪ䭓ᳳ ೼㢺䲒ПЁˈᇍ⢍໾ᬭ੠⢍໾ҎᖗⳂЁⱘϞᏱҢֵӄࠄ༅ᳯˈݡࠄ᳔ৢⱘ㒱ᳯDŽ Ҫᡞ⢍໾ᬭֵӄⳟ԰ᰃϔ⾡ᴳ㓮ˈᇍҕ᜜ⱘϞᏱᦤߎᔎ⚜䋼⭥DŽҪ䇈ˈĀᓖᬭᕦ ˈᘏᰃϡֵ䖭ϾϞᏱˈএֵ঺ϔϾϞᏱˈৃϸ㗙៥䛑ϡ㽕DŽ៥Ӏԣ೼ϔϾϪ⬠Ϟ ᯊ䩳ⓈㄨⓈㄨഄ䍄ⴔˈ㗠ϞᏱैԣ೼≵᳝ᯊ䯈䰤ࠊⱘቅϞ䘹ᳯⴔ໾ぎDŽҪⳟϡࠄ ៥Ӏˈ㗠Ϩᇍ៥Ӏ⓴ϡ݇ᖗDŽҞ໽៥㽕ⱘᰃϔӑ䴶ࣙˈ㗠ϡᰃϞ໽ූএDŽā˄偀ᢝ 咬ᖋ ˈ˅䲙᷃໿ᡓ䅸ˈ㞾Ꮕᑊϡकߚњ㾷⢍໾ᬭⱘᬭНDŽ݇Ѣ⢍໾ᕟ⊩ˈ Ҫពᕫϡ໮ˈ⢍໾⊩݌ˈҪⶹ䘧ᕫ᳈ᇥDŽҪ䇈ˈ㞾Ꮕা䯙䇏Ңкᑫфⱘϔᴀ֓ᅰ ⱘljᮃᆒ䇎㥢ⱘϔ⫳NJǃϔᴀㅔⷁⱘᕐᕫ໻ᏱⱘӴ䆄ҹঞϔ㆛݇Ѣ㸔㜹䬛य़⢍໾

гϡৃџ༝ᅗˈ಴Ў៥ˈڣӓԯϞ໽ǃϟഄˈ੠ഄᑩϟǃ∈Ёⱘⱒ⠽DŽϡৃ䎾ᢰ䙷ѯ 㘊੠ढüüԴⱘϞᏱᰃᖠ䙾ⱘϞᏱDŽᘼ៥ⱘˈ៥ᖙ䗑䅼Ҫⱘ㔾ˈ㞾⠊ঞᄤˈⳈࠄϝಯ ҷ˗⠅៥ǃᅜ៥៦ੑⱘˈ៥ᖙ৥ҪӀথ᜜⠅ˈⳈࠄगҷDŽā㄀ϝᴵ˖Āϡৃམ⿄㘊 ੠ढüüԴϞᏱⱘৡ˗಴Ўམ⿄㘊੠ढৡⱘˈ㘊੠ढᖙϡҹҪЎ᮴㔾DŽā㄀ಯᴵ˖ ԴⱘᎹˈԚ㄀ϗ᮹ᰃ৥㘊੠ढüüԴϞᏱخĀᔧ䆄ᗉᅝᙃ᮹ˈᅜЎ೷᮹DŽ݁᮹㽕ࢇ⹠ ᔧᅜⱘᅝᙃ᮹DŽ䖭ϔ᮹Դ੠ԴⱘܓཇǃҚံǃ⡆⬰ˈᑊԴජ䞠ᆘሙⱘᅶᮙˈ᮴䆎ԩᎹ ಴Ў݁᮹Пݙˈ㘊੠ढ䗴໽ǃഄǃ⍋ˈ੠݊Ёⱘϛ⠽ˈ㄀ϗ᮹֓ᅝᙃˈ᠔˗خ䛑ϡৃ ҹ㘊੠ढ䌤⽣Ϣᅝᙃ᮹ˈᅮЎ೷᮹DŽā㄀Ѩᴵ˖Āᔧᄱᭀ⠊↡ˈՓԴⱘ᮹ᄤ೼㘊੠ ढüüԴϞᏱ᠔䌤ԴⱘೳഄϞᕫҹ䭓ЙDŽā㄀݁ᴵ˖ĀϡৃᴔҎDŽā㄀ϗᴵ˖Āϡ ˖㾕䆕䱋ᆇҎDŽā㄀कᴵ؛خཌ⎿DŽā㄀ܿᴵ˖ĀϡৃًⲫDŽā㄀бᴵ˖Āϡৃৃ Āϡৃ䋾ᘟҪҎⱘ᠓ሟ˗гϡৃ䋾ᘟҎⱘྏᄤǃҚံǃ⠯偈ˈᑊҪϔߛ᠔᳝ⱘDŽā˄lj೷ 㒣gߎ඗ঞ䆄NJ˖˅Āᨽ㽓क䆿ā᮶ᰃ⢍໾ᕟ⊩ⱘ෎⸔ˈгᰃ⢍໾ᬭӺ⧚ⱘ 㒆乚ˈ⢍໾Ҏ⫳⌏ⱘḍ෎DŽ 1 䖺फᰃ⢍໾ҎᖗⳂЁⱘ೷ഄˈ㹿㾚Ўᰃ“⌕ⴔཊ੠㳰”ⱘഄᮍDŽ

62 ⭻ⱟ䍣᱗〚ⶉ䊚᱘䐱⭥䇭㲌㔸㏎

ҎⱘᬙџDŽ೼ҪⳟᴹˈϢᮃᆒ䇎㥢ⱘᗱᛇⳌ↨ˈ⢍໾ᕟ⊩੠⊩݌ϡᰃᕜ䞡㽕DŽ䲙 ⱘ৺ᅮDŽҪ䅸ЎˈϪ֫ⱘ֘೑ᠡᰃ᳔䞡㽕ⱘˈ಴Ўއ᷃໿ᇍ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᗱᛇќҹമ 䖭㟇ᇥৃҹ䅽ҪᖗᄬᏠᳯˈᨚ㜅ぬೄⱘ⫳⌏๗䘛DŽℷབ඗ᖋ⏽g㡒Ḑ᠔䇈˖ĀҪ ˄䲙᷃໿˅䅸ЎˈेՓϞᏱᄬ೼ˈ೼䯙䇏њᮃᆒ䇎㥢ⱘ㨫԰ৢˈϞᏱгӮ⍜༅ˈ ব៤ϔ⾡ᢑ䈵ⱘὖᗉā˄Eigner˖100˅DŽ䲙᷃໿᨜ᓗњ⢍໾ᬭֵӄⱘϞᏱ੠⢍໾ Ӻ⧚ᛣ䆚ˈҪ㞾䅸Ўᰃϔԡ⦄ҷⱘ㞾⬅ᗱᛇ㗙ˈ 䲙᷃໿Ꮰᳯ㜅⾏⢍໾ग़৆ˈ㛑໳ᢹ᳝䴲⢍໾Ҏⱘ㞾⬅DŽҪ䇈˖Ā៥䎳ग़৆᳝ ݇ˈজ䎳ग़৆᮴݇ˈҢᶤϾ㾦ᑺᴹⳟˈ៥㜅⾏њग़৆ˈᅗҢ៥䑿䖍⍜䗱DŽ䖭おコ ᰃདਸ਼ˈ䖬ᰃ៥ᗻḐϞ㔎УҔМ˛䖭Ͼ䯂乬ᦤᕫདʽᔧ✊ᰃ㔎УҔМˈৃᰃ៥᳝ ˈ˅Ҫⱘݙᖗথ⫳њব࣪ˈ೼ᚙᛳ⧚ᗉǃᗱᛇ ҔМࡲ⊩ਸ਼˛ā˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ӄ੠Ӌؐ㾖ㄝᮍ䴶ᬒᓗњ⢍໾ᬭֵӄDŽҪӓᬜᮃᆒ䇎㥢ˈ䍄ߎ⢍໾ᇣ䬛ˈⳂⱘֵ ᰃᨚ㜅⢍໾Ӵ㒳ⱘᴳ㓮ˈᢹ᳝㞾⬅DŽ䲙᷃໿䅸Ўˈ㞾ᏅϡᰃϔϾĀᬓ⊏Ҏ⠽āˈ ϡᰃϔϾᰃĀᬭᕦāˈ㗠ᰃϔϾĀ㞾⬅ᗱᛇⱘҎāDŽ 䲙᷃໿䆩೒䗮䖛ᇏ∖㞾⬅ˈᡒࠄϔϾᮄϪ⬠ˈҢ⫳⌏ⱘೄ๗Ё㾷㜅ߎᴹDŽԚ ᰃˈҪᇏ∖㞾⬅ⱘ㒧ᵰैᰃҹ㹿䘂ᤩǃ݇䖯ⲥ⣅ǃ䙁ফ᳈໮ⱘ㢺䲒԰Ў㒧ሔDŽҪ ׳೼㚠⾏⢍໾ᬭֵӄⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈ䑿ԧ੠㊒⼲Ϟ䙁ফњ᳈ࡴ⮯㢺ⱘᡬ⺼DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ℸ䯤ᯢњ㞾Ꮕⱘ㾖⚍˖ᇍ⢍໾Ҏᴹ䇈ˈϡㅵ⫳ᄬ๗䘛໮МᙊࡷˈҪӀᖙ乏മᣕ⢍ ໾ᬭֵӄ˗ᡯᓗ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ॳ߭ˈᅠܼৠ࣪ⱘ⫳⌏ᰃ㚠য⢍໾⇥ᮣⱘग़৆ˈ䖭ᇚӮ Փ⢍໾Ҏ∌䖰⫳⌏೼Ā⌕ᬷāⱘೄ๗Ё˗া᳝⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ᠡ㛑䅽ҪӀᨚ㜅⫳ᄬ ೄ๗ˈ㦋ᕫ䘧ᖋᬥ䌢DŽ 䲙᷃໿ᇍӴ㒳ⱘ⢍໾ᆊᒁӺ⧚㾖≵᳝ܼ䚼᥹ফˈ䖭ᰃҪ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᛣ䆚㔎༅ⱘ জϔϾ䞡㽕ᷛᖫDŽҢ⢍໾ग़৆੠⢍໾ᬭⱘᬭНᴹⳟˈ⢍໾⇥ᮣकߚ䞡㾚ᆊᒁ݇㋏DŽ Ӵ㒳ⱘ⢍໾ҎϔⳈᡞᆊᒁ㾚Ўᰃ⼲೷ⱘDŽҪӀ䅸Ўˈ᠔᳝ⱘᆊᒁ䛑ᰃ೼⼲ⱘᮼᛣ ϟ㒧ড়䍋ᴹⱘDŽℷབ⾥Ѽ᠔䇈˖Ā⢍໾Ҏⱘᆊᒁϡҙᓎゟ೼㒣⌢੠⫳⧚ㄝⱘ㗗㰥 Ϟˈ㗠Ϩᓎゟ೼ᅫᬭⱘ෎⸔ϞDŽþ⾏ᓔњཇҎˈ⬋Ҏህ᮴⊩⫳ᄬ˗⾏ᓔњ⬋Ҏˈ ཇҎг᮴⊩⫳ᄬ˗བᵰ≵᳝㟡䞥㒇ˈ⬋ཇ䛑᮴⊩⫳ᄬDŽÿā ⾥Ѽ ီ࿏݇ ㋏ⱘĀ⼲೷࣪āᰃ⢍໾ᆊᒁӺ⧚㾖ⱘЏ㽕⡍⚍ПϔDŽ೼⢍໾Ҏⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈĀီ࿏ ϡҙᖙ乏ᓎゟ೼⫳⧚ᴀ㛑ⱘ෎⸔Ϟˈ䖬ᖙ乏ᓎゟ೼䇌བ␈ᳯԈշǃᛳᚙঞ⠅П㉏

1㟡䞥㒇˄Shekinah˅ⱘᛣᗱᰃ˄⢍໾ᬭⱘ˅⼲ⱘᰒ⦄ˈॳᛣᰃᣛ⼲ᰒ⦄ᯊৃҹⳟ㾕ⱘܝ㡦 ಯᇘⱘѥDŽ

63 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ⱘᖗ⧚಴㋴ⱘ෎⸔ϞDŽĂĂီ࿏݇㋏㹿⿄Ў⼲೷ⱘⲳ㑺DŽā˄⾥Ѽ˅ৃ㾕ˈ⢍ ໾⇥ᮣकߚ⦡㾚ᆊᒁ੠ီ࿏⫳⌏ˈ⢍໾Ҏチሑܼ࡯㓈ᡸᆊᒁ੠ီ࿏ⱘᅠᭈ੠ᑌ ⽣DŽ ᆊᒁᰃ⢍໾⇥ᮣ⫳⌏ⱘ෎⸔ˈᆊᒁⱘ〇ᅮгᰃ㓈ᡸ⢍໾⼒ಶᅝᅮⱘϔϾ䞡㽕 ⫳಴㋴DŽ೼⢍໾⇥ᮣথሩⱘग़৆䖯⿟Ёˈ⢍໾Ҏྟ㒜ֱᣕⴔಯ⾡ֵӄˈ㓈ᡸᆊᒁ ⌏ⱘޱ㘮࡯ᰃ݊Ё᳔Ў䞡㽕ⱘϔᴵDŽ೼Ϫ⬠Ϟ᠔᳝ⱘ⇥ᮣЁˈ⢍໾⇥ᮣ᳔䞡㾚 ᆊᒁ⫳⌏੠҆ᚙ݇㋏DŽ⢍໾Ҏമֵˈᑌ⽣㕢⒵ⱘᆊᒁᰃ⼲೷ⱘǃ㟇催᮴ϞⱘDŽ໿ ㋏ߎϔѯ⸈ണᆊᒁᑌ⽣ⱘџᚙˈ᳈ϡЏᓴ⾏ီDŽҪӀ೼ီ࿏݇خྏঠᮍ䛑ϡᑨ䆹 Ё໘Ѣᇍㄝⱘഄԡˈᑨ䆹ᄺӮĀᤶԡᗱ㗗āˈгህᰃ㽕ҹᇍᮍⱘ㾦ᑺ੠ゟഎˈএ 㗗㰥ᇍᮍⱘᛳফDŽা᳝ⳌѦ⧚㾷੠ᇞ䞡ˈᠡ㛑⍜䰸ီ࿏⫳⌏ЁҹϾԧЎЁᖗⱘؒ ৥ˈᓎゟ䍋੠䇤ᑌ⽣ⱘ໿ྏ݇㋏DŽℷབ⾥Ѽ᠔䇈˖  ⢍໾ᬭ᮶䈈䋷㒉℆ЏНˈг䈈䋷⮙ᗕⱘ⽕℆ЏНˈᅗᑊϡ䅸Ўᗻᴀ㛑ᰃϔ⾡ ᙊˈĂĂ⬅Ѣᗻᴀ㛑ᰃ⾡ᮣ⫳ᄬ੠㐕㸡ⱘ㞾✊᠟↉ˈᅗᕫࠄњljᠬᢝNJⱘ⼱⽣DŽ ီ࿏ϡᑨ㹿ⳟ԰ᰃᇍ㙝ԧⱘ㒃㊍䅸ৃˈ㗠ᑨ㹿ⳟ԰ᰃ⬅⼲⹂ᅮⱘࠊᑺDŽĂĂሑㅵ ီ࿏ⱘ佪㽕Ⳃⱘᰃ㐕㸡ৢҷˈԚᗻ⒵䎇гৠḋ㹿㾚Ўီ࿏ⱘⳂⱘПϔDŽཛཇᑊϡ ҙҙᰃ⫳ܓ㚆ཇ㗙ˈ䖬ᰃϔϾᗻӭԈDŽĂĂ໿ྏ݇㋏ᖙ乏ҹ䗮ᚙ䖒⧚ǃ⏅ᗱ❳㰥 Ў݊⡍ᕕDŽ˄⾥Ѽ ˅  ᴵӊˈ⑤㞾Ѣ⬋ཇঠᮍ৘㞾އܜᤶহ䆱䇈ˈ⢍໾ᬭമֵˈ㒘ᓎᆊᒁ੠ီ࿏݇㋏ⱘ ⫳⧚ᮍ䴶ⱘ㞾✊䳔∖ˈҹঞᇍᆊᒁ੠⠅ᚙ⫳⌏ⱘ␈ᳯDŽ໿ྏⱘ㒧ড়ᑨ䆹ᰃҹ⠅ǃ ҹᖗ♉ⱘ㞾⬅䞞ᬒЎ෎⸔DŽ ᮃڣ䲙᷃໿೼໘⧚㞾Ꮕⱘᆊᒁ੠ီ࿏䯂乬ᯊˈᅠܼ㚠⾏њ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳DŽህ 㥿ᇨ᠔ᣛߎⱘˈҪᇍᕙྏᄤᘏᰃ㔎У᜜ᚆDŽ䲙᷃໿䗝ᢽϢᢝӞ㥢㒧ီˈ಴ЎҪ䅸 Ў㞾Ꮕ䳔㽕ᡒϾ㗕ယˈ㗠ᢝӞ㥢䳔㽕ᡒϾϜ໿DŽҪⳌֵˈᓎゟᆊᒁህ㛑໳䅽Ҫ䖛 Ϟ〇ᅮⱘ⫳⌏DŽᅲ䰙Ϟˈ〇ᅮⱘᆊᒁ⫳⌏ⱘᅲ⦄ˈ݇䬂䖬೼Ѣ໿ྏঠᮍĀⳌѦᇍ ㄝā੠ĀⳌѦֵӏāⱘ݇㋏DŽ䲙᷃໿ϢᢝӞ㥢㒧ီ໮ᑈг≵㛑⫳㚆ᄽᄤDŽҪᇍ ˖ℸ໻Ўϡ⒵ˈѢᰃϡݡ⧚ⵀྏᄤˈᓔྟⷨ䇏ᑊϨ䗋Ϟњᮃᆒ䇎㥢ⱘ԰કDŽҪ䇈 Ā៥ᓔྟ໮䇏⚍кDŽ៥䖭䞠᧲޴ᴀˈ䙷䞠ᓘ޴ᴀˈ᳝޴ᴀᰃًⱘDŽ៥೼⊍♃ϟ䇏 ⴔDŽད޴ಲ៥䇏кৢ֓೼ॼ᠓ⱘ߇ᄤϞⴵⴔњDŽ៥䇏ᮃᆒ䇎㥢ⱘкᯊˈ䖲㓁޴Ͼ

ᅗϝ⾡ֵӄߚ߿Ўᇍ㞾䑿ᅫᬭӴ㒳ⱘᖴ䆮ǃᓹ䌯Ѯֵӄ੠⢍໾Ҏᖙ乏ᅠ៤ⱘՓੑП⛁ᗅ݊ 1 ˄ᴢ㧡˅DŽ

64 ⭻ⱟ䍣᱗〚ⶉ䊚᱘䐱⭥䇭㲌㔸㏎

ᰮϞᓔ໰䔺DŽā˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˈ˅ৢᴹˈҪህⴵ೼ॼ᠓䞠ˈϢྏᄤ䖛ⴔߚሙ ⱘ⫳⌏DŽ೼ᆊᒁ⫳⌏Ёˈ໿ྏᰃᕐℸⱘԈշDŽҪӀП䯈ⱘ݇㋏ᑨ䆹҆ᆚ᮴䯈ˈⳌ Ѧ݇ᖗˈⳌѦԧ䌈ˈ݅ৠᡓᢙ㢺䲒DŽϜ໿䳔㽕ᭀ䞡㞾ᏅⱘྏᄤˈĀ಴Ў䖭ḋԴᠡ 㛑Єᆠ㞾ᏅDŽ⬋Ҏ㽕ᯊࠏ㒭ќྏᄤᑨᕫⱘᇞᭀˈ಴ЎᆊЁⱘϔߛᑌ⽣䛑᳝䌪Ѣྏ ⱘϔߛˈ䛑ᰃҹ㞾៥ⱘ䳔∖ЎЁᖗDŽҪϡ乒خᄤDŽā˄⾥ᘽ˅Ԛᰃˈ䲙᷃໿᠔ ᰃ৺ӮӸᆇཌྷⱘᛳᚙˈᰃ৺ӮᇍᆊҎ䗴៤Ϲ䞡ⱘ⫣خྏᄤⱘᛳফˈϡ㗗㰥㞾Ꮕⱘ ᕅડDŽҪⱘ᠔԰᠔Ўᅠܼ䖱㚠⢍໾Ӻ⧚ॳ߭DŽ ೼⢍໾ᆊᒁӺ⧚ᛣ䆚Ёˈᡓᢙ䋷ӏᰃ䴲ᐌ䞡㽕ⱘDŽ⢍໾Ӻ⧚㾖䅸ЎˈϔϾҎ ᇸ݊㽕ᇍ㞾ᏅⱘᆊҎ䋳䋷ˈ㗠Ϩ↣Ͼᆊᒁ៤ਬ䛑᳝㞾Ꮕⱘ䋷ӏ੠НࡵDŽᮃ㥿ᇨҷ 㸼ⱘᰃӴ㒳⢍໾Ҏⱘ㾖⚍DŽҪ᮴⊩⧚㾷䲙᷃໿ⱘ㸠Ўˈമᣕ䅸Ў䲙᷃໿ᑨ䆹ᇍྏ ˈњ䲙᷃໿໮ᑈⱘ䋸ྏDŽ↣⃵䲙᷃໿䘛ࠄњϡᑌخᄤ੠ᆊᒁ䋳䋷DŽҪᣛߎˈᢝӞ㥢 ᢝӞ㥢䛑ЎҪߚᢙњDŽ✊㗠ˈ䲙᷃໿ैಲ䙓㞾Ꮕᇍྏᄤǃᇍኇ⠊ǃᇍᆊᒁⱘ䋷ӏDŽ Ҫᇚᆊᒁ㾚Ў䰤ࠊ㞾Ꮕ㞾⬅ⱘߥ݋ˈᴳ㓮㞾Ꮕ⫳⌏ⱘᶋ䫕DŽҪ㽕ࡾ࡯ᨚ㜅ぬ䖿ⱘ ⫳⌏⦄⢊ˈৠ咏⚺ⱘᆊᒁⳌ㜅⾏DŽ䲙᷃໿⭣⾏њྏᄤˈ䖭㸼ᯢҪ᳝ᛣᨚ㜅⢍໾ᆊ ᒁӺ⧚㾖ᇍ㞾Ꮕⱘ㑺ᴳˈ⢍໾Ӵ㒳⦡㾚ⱘᆊᒁ҆ᚙ݇㋏г䱣П㹿ࡆᮁDŽ lj෎䕙ᗼNJЁˈ䲙᷃໿᮴⊩⧚㾷ኇ⠊ˈ≵㛑໘⧚དϢኇ⠊П䯈ⱘĀ⠊ᄤ݇㋏āˈ 䖭ᰃҪ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᛣ䆚㔎༅ⱘϔϾ䞡㽕ᮍ䴶DŽ䲙᷃໿Ϣᮃ㥿ᇨП䯈≵᳝㸔㓬݇㋏ˈ Ԛᰃᮃ㥿ᇨϔⳈϢ䲙᷃໿໿ཛ⫳⌏೼ϔ䍋DŽ೼ᶤ⾡⿟ᑺϞˈҪܙӏњ䲙᷃໿㊒⼲ Ϟⱘ⠊҆DŽĀ⠊ᄤ݇㋏āᰃ⢍໾ᬭⱘЏ㽕ḍ෎Пϔˈ⢍໾Ҏⱘ⫳ᄬձ䴴䖭⾡㘨㋏DŽ ⢍໾ᬭ䅸Ўˈ⠊҆ᰃᆊᮣⱘ乚㹪ˈᆊᒁ㒻ᡓᣝ✻⠊ᴗ⾽ᑣᴹ䖯㸠DŽlj೷㒣gᮻ㑺NJ Ёˈ㘊੠ढህ᳒㒣ᇍᨽ㽓䇈˖ĀԴᰧ䇩ҹ㡆߫ҎˈҢҪӀ᠟ϟপᴪˈ↣ᬃ⌒ϔḍDŽ ҢҪӀ᠔᳝ⱘ佪乚ˈᣝⴔᬃ⌒ˈ݅প  ḍDŽā˄lj೷㒣g⇥᭄䆄NJ˅೼⢍໾Ҏ ⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈ⠊҆ᐌᐌᰃϔᆊП䭓ˈᰃ⢍໾⇥ᮣӴ㒳ⱘҷ㸼ˈ䑿䋳Ӵᡓ⢍໾᭛࣪ⱘ ⱘҷ㸼㗙DŽҪӀৃҹᇍᄤཇϟޚ䞡ӏDŽ⠊҆ᕔᕔᰃᶤ⾡ᴗ࿕ǃ㾘ゴᕟҸ੠Ӌؐᷛ 䖒ੑҸˈৃҹ᭹䋷ᄤཇ⢃ϟⱘ䫭䇃੠䖛༅DŽᇍѢᄤཇᴹ䇈ˈҪӀᇍ⠊҆ⱘᴗ࿕ᐌ ᐌᢅ᳝ዛᇮⱘᖗᗕDŽ೼ҪӀᖗЁˈ⠊҆ህབৠϞᏱϔḋ᮴᠔ϡ㛑DŽ䖭ᰃϔ⾡Ā≵ ᳝⼪ܜዛᢰᚙމϟⱘϞᏱዛᢰˈՓϞᏱዛᢰৠ⠊҆ዛᢰⳌ㘨㋏ā˄乒ᰧ号˅DŽ ⢍໾Ҏ᥼ዛ⠊҆ⱘᴗ࿕ˈ䳔㽕䖭⾡ᴗ࿕䅽ҪӀዛᢰǃᔦ乎ˈᑊϨ㒳⊏ҪӀDŽৠᯊˈ

ⱘዛᢰDŽڣيᢉࠊᇍއ໾ᬭᰃϔ⾡ϔ⼲䆎ᅫᬭˈ䅸Ў⼲া᳝ϞᏱϔϾˈമ⢍ 1

65 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ⱘࠊ㑺ˈҪӀᐌᐌᛳࠄ㞾៥Ӌؐᕜ䲒ᅲޚѢᄤཇফࠄ⾡⾡㾘ゴᕟҸ੠Ӌؐᷛ⬅ ⦄ˈᛳ㾝ϡ㞾⬅DŽ㒧ᵰˈ⠊ᄤ䯈ⱘކさᕜ䲒䙓ܡDŽℷབᶹ⧚gԃ⡍᳐᠔䇈˖Ā೼ ⢍໾ҎЁ䯈гᄬ೼ⴔˈᑊϨྟ㒜ᄬ೼ⴔ৘ҷҎП䯈ⱘކさDŽā˄ԃ⡍᳐˅ 㞾Ңlj೷㒣gᮻ㑺NJЁⱘѮᔧ಴Ў䖱㚠໽⠊㘊੠ढⱘੑҸˈًৗ⽕ᵰ㗠㹿䍊 ߎӞ⬌ುᓔྟˈ⢍໾᭛ᄺЁᇍ⠊ᄤ䯈⶯Ⳓ੠ކさⱘᦣ䗄Вϡ㚰Вˈ⫮㟇Ꮖ㒣៤Ў ϔ⾡߯԰↡乬ˈ㹿䆌໮԰ᆊᑓЎՓ⫼DŽlj෎䕙ᗼNJЁˈ䲙᷃໿Ϣኇ⠊ᮃ㥿ᇨП䯈 ህᄬ೼ⴔߚ℻੠ᓖ䆂DŽ佪ܜˈҪӀ೼໪䉠Ϟህ᳝ⴔᎼ໻ⱘᏂᓖDŽᮃ㥿ᇨᰃϾ㰨䆮 ⱘ⢍໾ᬭᕦˈ䖭ҢҪⱘ㺙ᴳϞህৃҹⳟߎᴹ˖Ā༈Ϟ᠈ⴔ䙷乊⹀ᐑᄤˈᰃҪҢ䰘 䖥ⱘᇣ䬛ⱘൗഒṊ䞠ᢷᴹⱘˈϔ⎠∫ህ㉬೼༈ϞDŽԚᰃˈ԰ЎϔϾᬭᕦˈҪᑊϡ ೼ТDŽℸ໪ˈҪ䖬こⴔᨲ⒵㸹ϕⱘ䭓㹡ˈϔঠᑆ⯾ⱘ᠟Ң䭓㹡䞠䴆ߎᴹDŽҪⱘ䵟 ᄤᕜ㙹໻DŽҪ≵᳝䵈ᄤˈ䎥䏃こ䖭Ͼˈࠄ໘⌕ばгこⱘ䖭ϾDŽā˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˈ ˅Ϣᮃ㥿ᇨϡৠˈ䲙᷃໿߭ҹ䖹✊ϡৠⱘᔶ䈵ሩ⦄೼䇏㗙䴶ࠡDŽҪᰃϾĀ⯺⯺ 催催ⱘᖤᖥϡᅝⱘҎDŽҪこⴔᵒᬷⱘ㸷᳡ˈᏺⴔᇪᇪⱘᐑᄤDŽҪⱘ㘇ᴉ໻໻ⱘˈ ঠ᠟জ㛣জ⹀ˈ㙽㝔ᆑᆑⱘˈ⒵䴶ᛕᆍˈ♄㡆ⱘⴐ⴯᳝⚍䮾䮾҂ˈ༈থᰃẩ㡆ⱘˈ ˈ˅Ҫ೼໪㸼ϞᏆ㒣 DŽā˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋڣ໾Ҏⱘ唏ᄤˈ᳝ᯊैϡ⢍ڣ唏ᄤ᳝ᯊ ⳟϡߎ⢍໾Ҏ᠔݋᳝ⱘ⡍⚍DŽ 䲙᷃໿੠ᮃ㥿ᇨ⫳⌏೼⢍໾Ҏ㘮ሙⱘᇣ䬛ϞˈԚᰃᇍҪӀᴹ䇈ˈⳌৠⱘ⫳ᄬ ⦃๗ैѻ⫳њ໻ϡⳌৠⱘᛳফDŽ䲙᷃໿ᇚᇣ䬛ᔶᆍЎള๧ϔḋⱘഄᮍDŽҪ䇈ˈĀ⢍ ໾Ҏԣⱘᇣ䬛ᰃϾⲥ⣅ˈҢܟṙᇨሐ⡍ᮃ෎ᯊҷࠄ⦄೼ˈҔМব࣪г≵᳝DŽ䖭Ͼ ᇣ䬛㹄㨑њˈ⢍໾Ҏг೼ᇣ䬛䞠㹄㨑њDŽ䖭䞠ˈ៥Ӏܼᰃಮ⢃DŽĂĂ៥᳔ৢއᅮˈ ࠄ߿ⱘഄᮍ⺄⺄䖤⇨DŽā˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˈ˅⢍໾ᇣ䬛䈵ᕕⴔ⢍໾Ӵ㒳ˈ೼䲙᷃ ໿ⴐ䞠ˈ䖭䞠ⱘ⢍໾Ҏ㹿⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᴳ㓮ˈ≵᳝㞾⬅ˈ䛑ᰃĀಮ⢃āDŽҪ䅸Ўˈ㽕 㦋ᕫ㞾⬅ˈᨚ㜅Āⲥ⣅āⱘଃϔᮍᓣህᰃ⾏ᓔ䖭䞠DŽᮃ㥿ᇨᇍ⢍໾Ӵ㒳ᗔ᳝⏅८ ⱘᛳᚙˈҪ୰⃶ᇣ䬛DŽҪ᳝㞾Ꮕⱘ⧚㾷ˈĀ໪ഄᗢМḋˈ៥Ӏ䖭Ͼᇣ䬛гᗢМḋ˖ ᳝䆌໮Ҏˈ᳝ҪӀⱘ㢺䲒੠ᖻᛕˈ᳝৘⾡৘ḋⱘᚙމDŽԚᰃˈ䖭䞠ˈ㟇ᇥϞᏱৠ ៥Ӏ೼ϔ䍋DŽā˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˈ˅೼Ҫⱘᛣ䆚䞠ˈ⢍໾ᇣ䬛ህᰃϔ⾡᭛࣪䕑 ԧˈা᳝೼䖭䞠ˈ⢍໾Ӵ㒳ᠡ㛑㹿ᅠֱܼ⬭੠ӴᡓϟএDŽᔧᮃ㥿ᇨᕫⶹˈ䲙᷃໿ 㽕এᇍ⢍໾Ҏᴹ䇈ॅ䰽䞡䞡ⱘ෎䕙ᯊˈҪϔ䘡জϔ䘡ഄࡱ䇈䲙᷃໿ϡ㽕⾏ᓔᇣ 䬛DŽҪᣛߎˈ೼⢍໾ҎሙԣऎП໪ˈ⢍໾Ҏᛇ㽕ᓘࠄሙԣ䆕ᰃϡᆍᯧⱘDŽা᳝䙷

66 ⭻ⱟ䍣᱗〚ⶉ䊚᱘䐱⭥䇭㲌㔸㏎

ѯ᳝䪅ⱘ⢍໾Ҏˈҹঞ䙷ѯ᳝ᡔᴃⱘ⢍໾Ҏᠡ㛑ᓘࠄDŽҪϡ⧚㾷ˈ䲙᷃໿ЎҔМ 㽕এ෎䕙ˈ䙷ᰃϔϾॅ䰽ⱘජᏖˈ䙷䞠᳝䆌໮ডᇍ⢍໾ҎⱘҎDŽ さˈЏ㽕㸼⦄೼Ӌؐ㾖੠᭛࣪ކlj෎䕙ᗼNJЁ䲙᷃໿Ϣᮃ㥿ᇨП䯈ⱘ⶯Ⳓ੠ প৥ϞⱘᏂᓖDŽĀ㊒⼲П⠊āᮃ㥿ᇨമᅜǃᤡिӴ㒳ⱘ⢍໾Ӻ⧚㾖ˈ԰ЎĀܓᄤā ⱘ䲙᷃໿߭䆩೒ᨚ㜅Ӵ㒳ⱘᴳ㓮ˈ䗑∖㞾⬅ⱘ⫳⌏DŽᮃ㥿ᇨϔⳈࡱ䇈䲙᷃໿ˈ䅽 ϾᓖᬭڣҪֱᣕᇍϞᏱⱘᖴᅲֵӄDŽҪ䇈˖Āৃ߿ᖬњԴⱘϞᏱDŽϡ㽕䇈䍋䆱ᴹ ᕦ䙷ḋDŽֱᣕϔϾ⢍໾Ҏⱘᴀߚ৻ʽ䲙᷃໿ˈϡ㽕ᬒᓗᇍϞᏱⱘֵӄDŽā˄偀ᢝ咬 㽕ᨚ㜅⢍໾ᬭֵӄⱘᴳ㓮ˈҪ㽕⾏ᓔ⢍໾ᇣ䬛ˈᠻއˈ˅䲙᷃໿߭മ ᖋ ᛣএ෎䕙䯃ϔ⬾໽ഄDŽᮃ㥿ᇨ㒭Ҫᦤߎᓎ䆂ˈ㽕Ҫ↣᯳ᳳ݁এ෎䕙⊶໮ᇨऎⱘ⢍ ໾ᬭූDŽҪ䄺ਞ䲙᷃໿ˈ⫳⌏೼ᓖᬭᕦⱘϪ⬠㽕गϛᇣᖗˈ᳔᳝ᬜⱘࡲ⊩ህᰃ⼜ ϞᏱⱘֱᡸDŽ∖ ᅲ䰙Ϟˈᮃ㥿ᇨⱘࡱ䇈ᇍ䲙᷃໿ᴹ䇈≵䍋ࠄӏԩᬜᵰDŽ೼ϸϾҎⱘѸ䇜Ёˈ 䲙᷃໿ϡᮁഄ䆝䇈㞾ᏅᰃϾ᳝䳔∖ⱘҎˈ㽕ࠄ໪䴶এ䆩䆩䖤⇨DŽҪϡ਀ᮃ㥿ᇨⱘ ࡱਞˈϔᛣᄸ㸠DŽҪ䅸Ўˈг䆌೼෎䕙㞾Ꮕৃҹথᆊ㟈ᆠDŽབᵰ䇈ˈ⢍໾ᇣ䬛೼ ᶤ⾡⿟ᑺϞᰃӴ㒳Ӻ⧚ᛣ䆚ⱘҷ㸼ˈ䙷М෎䕙߭䈵ᕕⴔᓖᬭⱘϪ⬠ˈᛣੇⴔϢ⢍ ໾Ӵ㒳ⱘ⭣⾏DŽ䲙᷃໿ⱘ㸠Ў㸼ᯢˈҪ䆩೒ࡆ㺖Ϣ⢍໾Ӵ㒳П䯈ⱘ㘨㋏ˈᛇ㽕䗮 䖛ᡯᓗ⢍໾Ӵ㒳ⱘᮍᓣˈ䏣Ϟᮄ⫳⌏ⱘᕕ⿟DŽ㦅ᮃ߽g㧆ᇨᖋ᳒㒣ᇍ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ԰ કЁⱘĀᮄ⫳⌏Џ乬ā䖯㸠њ䯤䞞DŽҪᣛߎ˖Ā䖭⾡ᮄ⫳⌏ⱘЏ乬ˈਜ⦄њϔ⾡ ᖗ⧚ব࣪ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ߽⫼䖭⾡ব࣪ՓᕫҎ⠽݋᳝њ㄀Ѡ⃵ࠡ䖯ⱘᴎӮDŽԚᰃˈ᳝ ᯊ䖭⾡ᮄ⫳⌏ӮϢҢࠡⱘ⫳⌏䚼ߚⳌৠˈ⫮㟇ᅠܼ䞡䐜㽚䕭ĂĂDŽā˄Field 1970ˈ 22˅䲙᷃໿އᅮ೼Āᓖඳāⱘ⼒ӮЁᓔྟᮄ⫳⌏ˈԚᰃˈҪ㞾ྟ㟇㒜䛑᮴⊩ᨚ㜅 ⫳ᄬⱘೄ๗DŽҪЎњ⫳ᄬˈ⿃ᵕЏࡼഄᬍব㞾ᏅDŽ✊㗠ˈ᳔㒜Ҫϡҙᕜ䲒䖯ܹЏ ⌕⼒Ӯˈ㗠Ϩᇍᴀ⇥ᮣⱘ䆄ᖚবᕫ⎵⓴ˈ䱋ܹ᳈ࡴ⮯㢺ⱘ๗ഄDŽᰒ✊ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ 䅸ЎˈᇍѢ⢍໾Ҏᴹ䇈ˈ㱑✊䑿໘ĀᓖඳāˈԚᰃϡ㛑ᬒᓗ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ˈϡ㛑 ⇥ᛣੇⴔ⢍໾ˈ⫣خᅠܼᢍᴔ㞾Ꮕ⇥ᮣ⫳⌏ⱘॄ䆄ˈ৺߭ৢᵰᰃϹ䞡ⱘDŽ䖭ḋⱘ ᮣ᭛࣪ᴀ⑤ⱘᶃチ੠↕♁ˈҢ㗠ⳳℷᕏᑩഄ៤ЎĀҪ㗙āˈ᮴⊩䍄ߎೄ㢺ⱘ⫳ᄬ ๗䘛DŽ 䲙᷃໿೼ೄ㢺ⱘ⫳ᄬ๗䘛Ё㚠⾏⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ˈ䖭೼ᕜ໻⿟ᑺϞᰃ⬅֘೑ᔧ

67 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ᯊⱘড⢍ЏНؒ৥䗴៤ⱘDŽড⢍ЏН㓬䍋Ѣ෎ⴷᬭ੠⢍໾ᬭП䯈ⱘߚ℻ˈҹঞ ⬅ℸѻ⫳ⱘ᭛࣪䇃䇏DŽৢᴹ䖭Ͼᴃ䇁㹿ҎӀᑓ⊯Փ⫼ˈᣛҷϔߛᬠ㾚⢍໾Ҏⱘ ᗱᛇ੠⌏ࡼDŽĀҢᑓН㗠㿔ˈ᠔䇧ড⢍ЏНᣛⱘᰃϔߛॠᙊǃᝢᘼǃᥦ᭹ǃқ㾚 ⢍໾Ҏⱘᗱᛇ੠㸠ЎDŽĂĂे䅸Ў⢍໾ҎҢᴀ䋼Ϟǃग़৆Ϟǃ⾡ᮣϞǃ㞾✊ሲᗻ ϞህᰃϔϾ㛑࡯Ԣϟǃ䙾ᙊǃϡᑨϢПѸᕔǃ⧚ᑨফࠄ䈈䋷៪ϔ㋏߫䖿ᆇⱘࡷㄝ ⇥ᮣDŽā˄ᕤᮄ˅⬅Ѣ೼᭛࣪ǃᅫᬭǃग़৆੠㒣⌢ㄝᮍ䴶ᄬ೼Ꮒᓖˈ⢍໾⇥ᮣ೼ Ϣ݊Ҫ⇥ᮣ᥹㾺ⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈϡৃ䙓ܡഄӮথ⫳ϔѯ⶯Ⳓ੠ކさDŽ㗠Ϩˈϡ᱃⇨ⱘ 㒣⌢੠ࡼ㤵ⱘሔ࢓ㄝ⍜ᵕ⼒Ӯ಴㋴ˈᕔᕔӮՓކさࡴ࠻ǃ⶯Ⳓ▔࣪DŽ ⃻⌆ग़৆Ϟⱘড⢍ЏН⬅ᴹᏆЙDŽ೼ЁϪ㑾ⱘ⃻⌆໻䰚ˈড⢍ЏНЏ㽕ҹ䩜 ᇍ⢍໾Ҏⱘᅫᬭᬠ㾚੠⾡ᮣ䖿ᆇ԰ЎЏ㽕ⱘᔶᓣ੠ݙᆍDŽϔѯ߿᳝⫼ᖗⱘҎᐌᐌ 㲞ᚥҎᖗˈᅷᡀ⢍໾⬋ᄤ䳔㽕෎ⴷᕦⱘ剰㸔ˈᠡ㛑ᘶ໡಴Ўࡆ⼐㗠༅এⱘܗ⇨DŽ スˈᑊ೼䘒䍞㡖⫼݊剰㸔ࠊ԰᳾থ䝉䴶ࣙDŽ֘೑ⱘܓᔧᯊⲯӴ⢍໾Ҏ⅟ᆇ෎ⴷᬭ ড⢍ЏНḍ⏅㩖೎DŽᮽ೼  ᑈˈ≭ⱛӞ޵ಯϪህ乕Ꮧ⊩Ҹˈ⽕ℶ⢍໾Ҏ೼֘ ˈ ᑈˈ≭ⱛᬓᑰ䆒ᅮĀ⢍໾Ҏᣛᅮሙԣऎāᛣˈ䖱ড⊩Ҹ㗙Ӯ㹿໘⅏DŽ⫳خ೑ 䰤ࠊ⢍໾Ҏሙԣ੠⌏ࡼⱘ㣗ೈDŽ ᑈˈ≭ⱛѮग़ቅ໻ϝϪ乕Ꮧ⽕Ҹˈ⽕ℶ⢍  ᑈˈ≭֘ᬓᑰ䞡⬇⢍໾Ҏ䳔໾Ҏ䌁фೳഄ˗䰤ࠊ⢍໾Ҏ䖯ܹЁᄺ੠໻ᄺDŽ ⢍ˈ㽕䖕ሙࠄ㽓䚼䖍䖰ഄऎⱘĀ⢍໾ҎሙԣऎāDŽ≭֘ᬓᑰᯢ⹂ഄ㸼ᯢড⢍ゟഎ ˈ໾Ҏ៤Ў㹿ᬏߏⱘᇍ䈵DŽϪ㑾߱ˈ֘೑䌉ᮣড⢍ЏН㗙㒘៤њĀ咥㡆ⱒҎಶā ҪӀᐌᐌᣥ䍋џッˈ⅟䝋ഄ㺁ߏ੠ᴔᆇ᮴䕰ⱘ⢍໾ҎDŽ ग़৆Ϟⱘϡৠᯊᳳ੠䰊↉ˈড⢍ЏН೼㸼⦄ᮍᓣ੠ݙᆍϞᄬ೼ⴔᏂᓖDŽlj෎ 䕙ᗼNJЁⱘড⢍ЏНЏ㽕೼ҹϟ޴Ͼᮍ䴶㸼⦄ߎᴹDŽ佪ܜˈড⢍ЏН㗙ᇚ⢍໾Ҏ 㾚ЎᰃϢ儨儐㒧ⲳⱘҎˈᡞ⼒Ӯ䯂乬ᔦ੢Ѣ⢍໾Ҏⱘᄬ೼DŽlj೷㒣gᮄ㑺NJЁ㘊 ⿷㹿⢍໻ߎपˈ䩝೼कᄫᶊϞˈ෎ⴷᕦ಴ℸህᡞ⢍໾Ҏ㾚Ў儨儐ˈᰃ䖿ᆇҪӀⱘ 㔾儕⽌佪DŽᇣ䇈Ё䆌໮ড⢍ЏН㗙䛑㸼䖒њ䖭ḋⳟ⊩DŽ䲙᷃໿ᗹѢ⏵䖛㄀㘖ԃ⊇ˈ Ҫ≵᳝㸼ᯢ㞾Ꮕⱘ⢍໾Ҏ䑿ӑˈ㒧ᵰ਀ࠄњ㠍໿ᇍ⢍໾Ҏⱘ䆘Ӌ˖

1偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᳒㒣ᣛߎˈᇣ䇈Ёⱘড⢍ЏНড᯴њ  Ϫ㑾  ᑈҷ㕢೑⼒ӮЁ᱂䘡ᄬ೼ⱘϡℷ Н⦄䈵ˈ՟བ⾡ᮣЏН੠ড⢍ЏНㄝ䯂乬DŽ 2 ড⢍ЏН೼ग़৆Ϟ⬅ᴹᏆЙˈԚᰃ䖭ϔᴃ䇁᳔ᮽᰃ⬅ᖋ೑Ҏ࿕ᇨ⍋ྚg偀ᇨ˄Wihelm Marr˅ ೼  ᑈᓔྟՓ⫼ⱘDŽ 3 ḍ᥂ljᏠԃᴹ೷㒣NJ䆄䕑ˈ⢍໾⇥ᮣⱘ⬋ᄤ೼⫳ϟᴹⱘ㄀ܿ᮹䛑㽕ফࡆ⼐ˈ䖭ᰃϞᏱⱘᮼ ᛣDŽࡆ⼐Ҿᓣᰃֵ༝⢍໾ᬭⱘᷛᖫˈ㸼ᯢϢϞᏱ㒧ϟњ༥㑺DŽ 4 䖭ህᰃĀᷙᷣऎāࠊᑺⱘᓔྟDŽ

68 ⭻ⱟ䍣᱗〚ⶉ䊚᱘䐱⭥䇭㲌㔸㏎

 ϡㅵᗢМ䇈ˈϞᏱֱԥ៥Ӏ໻ᆊϡফ㸔㜹ⱘ⢍໾ҎⱘᴔᆇˈҪӀᰃ催唏ᄤˈ໻ 咏ᄤˈ偫ᄤˈ਌㸔儐ˈᆘ⫳㰿ʽབᵰৃ㛑ˈҪӀ䖲䰇ܝгϡ㒭៥ӀDŽҪӀ⫼ҪӀ 䙷থ㟁ⱘ䑿ԧ੠੐ߎⱘ㟁⇨᧙хњ໽ぎ੠໻ഄDŽҪӀӴ᪁ⱘ⮒⮙ᡞ֘೑᥼৥⅏ ѵˈ䰸䴲៥Ӏᡞᅗ⍜♁ᥝDŽ⢍໾Ҏᰃ儨儐ˈ䖭ᰃሑҎⱚⶹⱘџᅲDŽ˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˈ ˅  ⢍ߎӏԩডᑨDŽҪᢙᖗӮᲈ䴆㞾Ꮕⱘخᔧᯊˈ䲙᷃໿১ᕫ᳝⚍乸ᡪˈԚᰃҪϡᬶ ໾䑿ӑˈҪᖗ䞠ᛇˈ䅽Ҫሑㅵ䇈এ৻DŽ೼㠍໿䖭ѯҎⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈ୘㡃ǃ᮴䕰ǃᖴ 䆮ⱘ෎ⴷᕦ䙁ফ㢺䲒ˈህᰃ಴Ў⢍໾Ҏⱘ㓬ᬙDŽ㠍໿䅸Ўˈ⢍໾Ҏϔ໽໽։㱔֘ ೑ˈ㽕ᣃᬥ㞾Ꮕⱘ⼪೑ˈଃϔⱘࡲ⊩ᰃ⍜♁ҪӀDŽҪᣛߎˈᑨ䆹োী֘೑ৠ㚲Ӏ ϔ䍋䞛প㸠ࡼˈ⫼ϔߛ℺఼℺㺙䍋ᴹˈ৥⢍໾Ҏሙԣऎথ䍋䖯ᬏDŽ㠍໿݊ᅲᰃ೼ ˈᛣˈ⢍໾Ҏᰃ֘೑Ҏ䙁ফ㢺䲒ⱘॳ಴᠔೼DŽ೼෎ⴷᬭᗱᛇऴЏᇐഄԡⱘ⼒ӮЁ⼎ 䖭ᰃϔ⾡᱂䘡ᄬ೼ⱘⳟ⊩DŽℷབ⃻᭛g䈾᠔䇈˖Āা㽕෎ⴷᬭᄬ೼ˈড⢍⦄䈵֓ ϡৃ䙓ܡDŽ෎ⴷᕦᇍ䙷ѯᢦ㒱䎳䱣㘊⿷ⱘ⢍໾Ҏþ䖯㸠䆙੦ⱘӴ㒳ÿˈᏆ៤Ў៥ Ӏ᭛࣪⼲ᄺⱘϔϾ㒘៤䚼ߚˈϔҷϔҷഄ⌕ӴϟᴹāDŽ˄䈾ˈ˅偀ᢝ咬ᖋ 䗮䖛㠍໿ⱘ㿔䆎ˈ៪ᯢ៪ᱫഄᧁ⼎њ⢍໾ᗱᛇ੠෎ⴷᬭᗱᛇⱘ⶯Ⳓˈ⢍໾ҎϢড ⢍ЏНП䯈ⱘކさDŽҪᣛߎˈ೼䖭Ͼড⢍ЏН㗙ܙ᭹ѢϪⱘජᏖˈ䲙᷃໿᠔䴶Ј ⱘህᰃᬠᛣ੠࿕㚕DŽ ড⢍ЏН㗙䖬᱂䘡ᣕ᳝ϔ⾡ⳟ⊩ˈ䅸Ў⢍໾Ҏ≵᳝ⳳℷⱘᗱᛇ੠ᛳᚙDŽḍ᥂ ҪӀⱘ㾖⚍ˈ⢍໾ҎĀ೼㙝ԧϞǃᱎ࡯Ϟ੠䘧ᖋϞ䛑ᰃकߚԢϟⱘā˄ᕤᮄ˅DŽ ߎϔѯخᅮⱘDŽ⢍໾ҎᐌᐌӮއ䖭ᰃҪӀ⫳ᴹህ᳝ⱘ⡍⚍ˈᰃ⬅ҪӀⱘ⢍໾㸔㒳 䖱⊩ⱘǃϡ䘧ᖋⱘџᚙDŽ䖭ᰃ⢍໾Ҏ݌ൟⱘᴀ䋼⡍ᕕˈ಴ЎĀᑊ䴲䘧ᖋԧ㋏Փ⢍ ໾Ҏবണˈ㗠ᰃ⢍໾ҎՓ䘧ᖋԧ㋏বണā˄䌍㟡ᇨ˅DŽ㹿ᆇᇣ⬋ᄽ෎ሐѮⱘ↡ ҆⥯ढህᰃϔϾ݌ൟⱘড⢍ЏН㗙DŽཌྷᣛ䋷䙷ѯ⢖⛁ⱘ⢍໾Ҏˈ䇈ҪӀ䇟ᴔ෎ⴷ ᕦᇣᄽˈᑊᢑᑆҪᅱ䌉ⱘ剰㸔DŽཌྷ䖬᥹ⴔᣛߎˈ⢍໾Ҏᇨ㰲៥䆜ˈҪӀӮ䆜偫Ҏˈ 䖭ᰃҪӀⱘᴀᗻDŽ㗠Ϩ⢍໾Ҏ⫳ᴹህᰃ㔾⢃ˈҪӀ䍄⾕ǃᡶࡿǃ䋽पًᴹⱘ䋻⠽DŽ ཌྷ᭹䋷䲙᷃໿ˈ䅸ЎҪ䖬ᑆњ߿ⱘ⎿⣹ⱘџᚙDŽৃ㾕ˈড⢍ЏНᗱᛇ⏅⏅ഄᕅડ 㾕੠ϡ݅᠈໽ⱘқᘼDŽ೼䖭ѯḍ⏅㩖أढDŽཌྷᇍ⢍໾Ҏᢅ᳝៤㾕ˈ㗠Ϩ䖬ᏺ᳝⥯ خ೎㾖ᗉⱘᕅડϟˈ⥯ढ䅸Ўᇚཌྷ੠ᚙ໿ⱘ⢃㔾㸠Ў䕀႕㒭⢍໾Ҏᰃ᳔ড়䗖ⱘ ⊩DŽ

69 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ᇣ䇈Ёⱘ໽Џᬭ⼲⠊гᰃ䖭ḋϔϾড⢍ЏН㗙DŽҪໄ⿄ˈ⢍໾Ҏ∌䖰ᬠ㾚෎ ⴷᕦDŽҪⳌֵˈ⢍໾Ҏ䇟ᴔֵ෎ⴷᬭⱘᇣᄽˈᑊ⾕ߚҪⱘ剰㸔DŽ಴Ўᇍ⢍໾Ҏᴹ 䇈ˈ෎ⴷᕦⱘ㸔᳝䆌໮⫼໘˖  ˈ⠽↦᯹㥃੠↦ᶧ∈ѩˈ⊼ܹϔ⚍㟈ੑⱘخˈҪ⫼ᅗᴹ᧲ཪᴃ੠ᎿᴃⱘᅫᬭҾᓣ Փ⯳⭿ҢϔϾ೑ᆊӴ᪁ࠄ঺ϔϾ೑ᆊˈᇚ㹿ᴔᆇⱘ෎ⴷᕦⱘ㸔੠ҪӀ⢍໾Ҏ㞾Ꮕ ⱘሓǃ↦㲛ⱘ༈੠㹿㒥ᶊⱘ㒭Ӹ⅟ⱘ៥Џ෎ⴷ剰㸔⎟ⓧⱘ䑿䒃⏋೼ϔ䍋DŽ᥂䆄䕑ˈ ϔߛ⢍໾Ҏ䛑䳔㽕⫼෎ⴷᕦⱘ㸔ᴹᓊ䭓ҪӀⱘ⫳ੑˈ৺߭ҪӀህ༁ᡬᮽ⅏DŽ㗠Ϩ 䘒䍞㡖خᔧᯊҪӀ䅸Ў៥Ӏⱘ㸔ᰃҪӀ⊏⮙ⱘ᳔Շ㥃⠽ˈĂĂҪӀ⫼៥Ӏⱘ㸔এ ⱘ亳કDŽ˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˈ˅  ߎ৘خҪ䅸Ўˈ޴ϾϪ㑾ҹᴹˈℷᰃ䖭⾡㸔ⱘໄ䷇ᣛᓩ⢍໾Ҏএ҉⏢෎ⴷᕦˈএ ⾡ϡৃ㿔ஏⱘᘤᗪ㸠ЎDŽ 㾕DŽҪӀ䅸Ўˈ⢍໾Ҏ⢃᳝⒨໽ⱘأড⢍ЏН㗙ᇍ⢍໾Ҏᣕ᳝ᬠᛣ੠ᙊ↦ⱘ 㔾㸠ˈ՟བ⎿㤵ᗻǃ⾡ᮣ䇑䇸ǃᴔᆇᄽスᴹ⽁⼲ǃ҉⏢೷ԧǃᕔѩ䞠ᡩ↦ㄝㄝDŽ џᅲϞˈ䖭ѯҎ㞾ᏅᏆ㒣ϻ༅њ䘧ᖋᷛޚDŽҪӀⱘড⢍ЏН㿔䆎↿᮴䘧⧚ৃ㿔ˈ ᇍ䲙᷃໿ⱘᣛ᥻г䛑ᰃ䇢㿔DŽ䇟ᴔḜᅲ䰙Ϟᰃ⥯ढ੠ཌྷⱘᚙ໿䙷ϔᐂ⢃Ҏ੠ᡶࡿ ⢃ᑆⱘˈ಴Ў෎ሐѮ㽕ᧁথҪӀⱘ㔾ᙊ⌏ࡼDŽ䇗ᶹᅬ↨↨⾥໿ህᣛߎˈ⥯ढᰃϾ ണཇҎDŽཌྷ᮶ᛮ㷶জ⢵⤒ˈ㗠Ϩ䘧ᖋ䋹ണˈᰃϾ⅏ᖗ䏣ഄⱘཧཇDŽཌྷЎњֱܼ㞾 Ꮕⱘᗻੑˈᤣ䗴џᅲˈ᥻ਞ䲙᷃໿ЎњᅫᬭҾᓣᴔҎᓘ㸔DŽ⼲⠊гᰃϾ偫ᄤDŽҪ ಴Ўϔѯϡ㾘ⶽⱘ㸠Ўˈ㹿࠹༎њ⼲㘠DŽҪݭњডᇍ⢍໾Ҏⱘᇣݠᄤˈ᠔ҹ䌉 ᮣ䰶ᇍҪᕜ䌣䆚ˈᗖᙓҪএ䱋ᆇ䲙᷃໿DŽ ᬓᑰ߭ᡞ䲙᷃໿ᔧ԰Ā᳓㔾㕞āˈ䅽Ҫᡓᢙ⼒Ӯॅᴎ੠ࡼхⱘ㔾䋷ˈᑊ֘≭ ষˈᇍҪ䖯㸠䖿ᆇDŽ Ϫ㑾߱ˈ֘೑ℷ໘೼᮹֘៬ѝ༅䋹ৢⱘ咥ᱫ׳ϨҹℸЎ ⿏㒳⊏ᯊᳳˈ೑ݙ৘⾡⶯Ⳓϡᮁ▔࣪DŽ≭֘ᬓᑰ䖿ߛ䳔㽕ϔাĀ᳓㔾㕞āˈᴹ䕀 ⶯ⳒDŽ䭓Йҹᴹˈ⢍໾ҎϔⳈ䛑೼ᡂⓨⴔ䖭ḋⱘ㾦㡆DŽᇣ䇈ЁⱘẔᆳᅬህᣛߎˈ ໾Ҏᰃᬓ⊏࿕㚕DŽҪ㾝ᕫˈҪӀ㽕᥼㗏֘೑ⱘড়⊩ᬓᑰˈ಴ℸᖙ乏ᧁ䴆ҪӀⱘ⢍ 䰈䇟DŽҪ䇈˖Ā⢍໾Ҏᬃ䜡ⴔܼϪ⬠ˈ៥Ӏ㾝ᕫ㞾ᏅফࠄҪӀⱘᴳ㓮DŽ៥ϾҎ䅸 Ў㞾Ꮕ໘೼⢍໾Ҏⱘय़࡯Пϟā˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˈ˅DŽᅲ䰙ϞˈẔᆳᅬᰃϾ䗑 ৡ䗤߽ǃ䞢ᖗࢗࢗǃ㾕亢Փ㠉ⱘҎDŽҪЎњᶤ⾡ᬓ⊏ӕ೒ˈᡞ䲙᷃໿㾚Ў䇟ᴔḜ

1 ϡ㾘ⶽⱘ㸠ЎᣛⱘᰃˈҪৃ㛑䋾∵њᬭූⱘ෎䞥DŽ

70 ⭻ⱟ䍣᱗〚ⶉ䊚᱘䐱⭥䇭㲌㔸㏎

⢍ষˈᣥ䍋ϔഎ䩜ᇍ⢍໾Ҏⱘ໻ሴᴔDŽ≭ⱛгᣛ䋷׳ⱘĀ᳓㔾㕞āˈӕ೒ҹℸЎ ໾Ҏˈ䅸ЎҪӀᑨ䆹ᡓᢙ⼒Ӯࡼ㤵ⱘ㔾䋷DŽҪᣛߎˈҪӀᰃ݅⌢Ӯ៤ਬ੠䴽ੑܮ Ҏˈ䏉䏣⊩ᕟˈ䌓䌖䄺ᆳˈՓҪӀ㜤࣪෩㨑ˈ⫮㟇೼෎ⴷᕦᇣᄽⱘ䑿Ϟᢑপ剰㸔DŽ ˈⱛ≵᳝ሑ㞾Ꮕⱘ㘠䋷এᬍব֘೑ⱘࠡ䗨ੑ䖤ˈᬍ୘Ҏ⇥ⱘ⫳⌏DŽҪϡ㚃ᡓ䅸≭ 㞾Ꮕᑨ䆹ᇍ䖭Ͼ⃻⌆᳔䋿かǃ᳔ডࡼⱘ೑ᆊ䋳䋷ˈैᡞ᠔᳝ⱘ䖛䫭䛑᥼ࠄ⢍໾Ҏ 䑿ϞDŽ 䲙᷃໿ϔⳈ໘೼ড⢍ЏНߚᄤⱘࣙೈПЁDŽℷབ䲙৘g⨲ᖋg偀ᑧᮃ᠔䇈˖ 㾕ПЁˈᕜᇥ᳝෎ⴷᕦϡ᳒䕏㾚䖛Ѯԃᢝ㔩ⱘᄤᄭDŽā˄偀أĀ⢍໾ҎϔⳈ⫳⌏೼ ᑧᮃ˅⬅Ѣড⢍ЏН㗙ⱘ㸠ᕘˈ䲙᷃໿⫳⌏೼⮯㢺੠⺼䲒ПЁˈ䑿ᖗ໛ফᡬ DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋࠏ⬏њҪⱘϡᅝܼᛳ੠ᘤᚻᖗ⧚˖೼ᇣ䬛ϞˈҪЎ߿Ҏׂ㸹⠽કП⺼ ৢˈᐌᐌᢙᖗ㞾Ꮕᰃ೼ⱑᑆ⌏DŽҪᆇᗩ䖲ϔⲬ䴶ᴵ䛑ᓘϡᴹ˗೼⾏ᓔᇣ䬛ǃࠡᕔ ⒵ᘤᚻˈᆇᗩ㽕ࠄϔϾ䰠⫳ⱘජᏖDŽҪᕜᇥ䭓䗨ᮙ㸠ˈ᠔ܙ෎䕙ⱘ䏃ϞˈҪݙᖗ ҹҪгᚻᗩᮙ㸠˗೼ⷪॖᑆ⌏ᯊˈҪᢙᖗ䙁ࠄ߿Ҏⱘ℻㾚ˈ⫳⌏೼ᖤᖥϡᅝПЁDŽ ˗ᇨᛇ䍋ⱘ♒䲒ي㾝ᕫ᳝Ҏ㽕ᆇҪDŽҪᆇᗩⱑ໽ڣҪⴵϡད㾝ˈञ໰䝦њПৢˈད ೼ⲥ⣅ⱘಮᅸЁˈҪᖗ䞠ᐌᐌܙ⒵њᇍ⅏ѵⱘᘤᚻˈⴵ⳴гᰃ೼ᘤᚻⱘ⇯ೈЁᑺ 䖛ⱘDŽ⬅ℸৃ㾕ˈড⢍ЏНϡҙᇍ䲙᷃໿ⱘ䑿ԧǃ᳈ᇍҪⱘᖗ⧚䗴៤њᎼ໻ⱘӸ ᆇDŽ⢍໾⇥ᮣ㒣ग़њ޴गᑈⱘ㢺䲒⫳⌏ˈѻ⫳њ䖭⾡݌ൟⱘ⇥ᮣᖗ⧚DŽेՓᰃ೼ ⫳ᄬᴵӊ〇ᅮПᯊˈ䖭⾡ᛳ㾝гӮᐌᐌԈ䱣ⴔ⢍໾ҎDŽ೼ফࠄᓖᮣ᭛࣪ⱘ࿕㚕੠ ᘤ১ᯊˈ䖭⾡ᖗ⧚᳈ӮᕅડҪӀⱘ㊒⼲੠ᚙᛳDŽ೼ড⢍ЏНⱘ࿕㚕ϟˈ䲙᷃໿㚠 ⾏⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳DŽҪᆇᗩᡓᢙӺ⧚䋷ӏˈ䱣П㗠ᴹⱘᰃ᮴ৃ༜ԩˈᰃҪ᮴⊩⧚㾷 ⱘǃ⮯㢺ⱘ⫳ᄬ⢊ᗕDŽ 䲙᷃໿ϔⳈ᮴⊩ಲ䙓Ҫᰃ⢍໾Ҏ䖭ϔџᅲDŽਚ೼ऎ⊩䰶⠶᠓ⱘ᳔߱޴໽䞠ˈ ҪҹЎᇍ㞾Ꮕⱘ᥻ਞϡ㛑៤ゟˈ಴Ў䖭ӊџ䎳Ҫⱘ⫳⌏੠㸠Ў≵᳝ӏԩ㘨㋏DŽ䖭 ᯊˈ䲙᷃໿䴶ᇍϡৃ䙓ܡⱘੑ䖤ǃ᮴⊩ᡓফⱘ♒⽌ᯊˈ㸼⦄ᕫᴳ᠟᮴ㄪDŽ೼㹿݇ ᢐᳳ䯈ˈҪϡҙ䙁ফ䑿ԧϞⱘᡬ⺼ˈ䖬㹿ⳟ៤ᰃ䆵䅵໮ッǃཪ儨ϔ㠀ⱘ⢍໾ҎDŽ 䲙᷃໿䙁ফⱘ㢺䲒੠⺼䲒ˈݡ⦄њড⢍ЏН㚠᱃ϟ⢍໾Ҏⱘⳳᅲ⫳ᄬ׳偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ⢊މDŽ䲙᷃໿԰ЎĀ᳓㔾㕞āॳൟˈᰃ೼᳓⢍໾Ҏǃ⫮㟇Ҏ㉏ᡓᢙ䋷ӏǃᡓফ㢺 䲒DŽ䖭ᰃҪⱘᆓੑˈгᰃ⢍໾Ҏ⊼ᅮⱘੑ䖤DŽ ೼䲙᷃໿ಲᔦ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈড⢍ЏНг䍋ࠄњ㟇݇䞡㽕ⱘ԰⫼DŽ

71 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ড⢍ЏНߚᄤϡᮁഄᦤ䝦䲙᷃໿Ҫⱘ⢍໾䑿ӑDŽҪг䗤⏤䅸䆚ࠄˈ೼䖭ϔḜӊЁˈ ᬓ⊏䰈䇟੠ᅫᬭ䖿ᆇⳌѦѸ㒛೼ϔ䍋ˈ಴ℸ᳈ࡴ䫭㓐໡ᴖDŽℷབ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ᇣ䇈 Ё᠔䇈˖  ࠄ䙷⋲䞠⦄എখ㾖ҹৢˈҪህϡݡ㗗㰥ҔМ៤ゟϡ៤ゟˈⳳⳌ੠Ӿ䆕ⱘџ њDŽḍᴀ᮴Ā⧚āৃ䆆ˈҪӀাᰃডᇍϔϾ⢍໾Ҏˈ៪㗙ӏԩ⢍໾Ҏⱘ䰈䇟DŽҪ ✊㹿䗝Ϟⱘ⡎⡆કDŽҪӮ㹿ᅵ߸ⱘˈ಴Ў᥻ਞᏆ㒣䖯㸠њDŽϡ䳔㽕᳝ҔМ߿يᰃ ⱘ⧚⬅ˈ⢍໾Ҏᴀ䑿ህᛣੇⴔҪ೼⫳⌏Ёᰃᆍᯧ䙁⅗ⱘˈࣙᣀग़৆Ϟ䝓៤ⱘ᳔Ϲ ✊ᗻ੠ग़৆ⱘᖙ✊ᗻ೼䲙᷃໿䑿ϞѸ㒛೼ϔ䍋ˈ㗠ҪҢ≵ᛇ䖛ҪӮي䞡ⱘ䫭䇃DŽ 㒭⡉䖲䖯এDŽ䖭⾡⡉䖲ˈ⫼঺ϔ⾡䇈⊩ˈᑊ䴲䩜ᇍҪϾҎˈԚᅗⱘᕅડ᠔䗴៤ⱘ क़䖤੠⮯㢺ैᑊ䴲བℸDŽ˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˈ˅  ೼㢺䲒ⱘ๗䘛Ёˈ䲙᷃໿᳔㒜䅸䆚ࠄ䯂乬ⱘϹ䞡ᗻDŽ䖭ӊџϡা݇ТҪϾҎⱘݸ ሜˈ䖬⍝ঞࠄᭈϾ⢍໾⇥ᮣⱘ⫳⅏ᄬѵDŽҪᛣ䆚ࠄˈ԰Ў⢍໾ҎˈҪ㽕ᇍᭈϾ⇥ ᮣ䋳䋷ˈҪ㽕⫼ᖡফ⮯㢺ⱘᮍᓣᴹᤶপ⢍໾⇥ᮣⱘ⫳ᄬDŽ䲙᷃໿ᇍ㞾Ꮕ䙁ফⱘ㢺 䲒᳝њ᳈⏅ࠏⱘ⧚㾷DŽҪ䅸䆚ࠄˈফ䲒ᛣੇⴔᡓᢙ䋷ӏˈড䖛ᴹ䇈ˈᡓᢙ䋷ӏг ᛣੇⴔফ䲒DŽĀ䗮䖛ϔϾҎ㞾䑿ⱘফ䲒ᴹ䅸䆚ࠄҪⱘ䋷ӏˈҪᇚ䴶Јϔ⾡ᮄⱘফ 䲒ᔶᓣˈ䖭⾡ᮄⱘফ䲒⑤㞾ѢᇍҪҎ䋳ᢙⱘᡓᢙDŽ೼䖭ᮍ䴶ˈফ䲒ᰃ䋳ᢙϞछⱘ ᖙ㽕䚼ߚˈ಴Ўᅗ⑤㞾ᇍӏࡵⱘᡓᢙˈℷНⱘҎᇚӏࡵᡓᢙ೼㞾Ꮕ䑿ϞDŽā˄਼⍋ 䞥˅䲙᷃໿ᇍ⢍໾Ҏⱘ䋷ӏ㾖ⱘᗕᑺথ⫳њᕏᑩⱘব࣪DŽ೼䖭ϔ䖛⿟Ёˈড ⢍ЏНᰃҪ䙁ফ㢺䲒ⱘॳ಴ˈৠᯊг▔থњҪⱘ⇥ᮣᛣ䆚DŽ䲙᷃໿⧚㾷њ㞾Ꮕ䕏 㾚ⱘ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ⱘᛣН੠ӋؐDŽҪ㒜Ѣ៤䭓䍋ᴹˈᡓᢙ䍋㞾Ꮕᇍ⢍໾⇥ᮣⱘӺ⧚䋷 ӏDŽ   ㄀Ѡ㡖 ಲᔦ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳

 Ўњᨚ㜅㢺䲒ⱘ⫳⌏ˈ㦋ᕫЏ⌕⼒Ӯⱘ䅸ৠˈ䲙᷃໿ሑϔߛࡾ࡯ˈᬒᓗ㞾Ꮕ ⱘ⢍໾Ҏ䑿ӑDŽ✊㗠ˈ㒧ᵰै㹿䇀䱋⢃њ䇟ᴔ㔾ˈ೼ⲥ⣅䞠䙁ফњ᳈ࡴ⮯㢺ⱘᡬ ⺼DŽ㒣ग़њ⾡⾡㢺䲒Пৢˈ䲙᷃໿䍄ߎњ㰮ᑏⱘϪ⬠ˈ䞡ᮄ䅸䆚㞾៥ҹঞ㞾Ꮕⱘ

72 ⭻ⱟ䍣᱗〚ⶉ䊚᱘䐱⭥䇭㲌㔸㏎

ⳳᅲ໘๗DŽҪ᥹ফ⦄ᅲⱘ⫳⌏⢊މˈಲᔦ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳DŽҪৠড⢍ЏН࢓࡯䖯㸠 മއⱘ᭫ѝˈᑊϨ㦋ᕫ᳔㒜ⱘ㚰߽DŽ ⧛ࠄࡆ㟡⢍໾Ӻخᅲ䰙Ϟˈ䲙᷃໿᮴䆎೼ᖗ⧚Ϟ䖬ᰃ೼ᚙᛳϞˈ䛑᮴⊩ⳳℷ ᛣ䆚DŽҪг䅸䆚ࠄˈ㞾Ꮕḍᴀϡ㛑ᕏᑩ㚠⾏⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳DŽᇍѢ⢍໾Ҏᴹ䇈ˈ䙷 ᰃĀϔϾḍ⏅㩖೎ⱘӴ㒳ˈϔϾ᭛࣪ǃ⠅ད੠дᛃⱘԧ㋏ˈϔ⾡ৠҪⱘ⇥ᮣϔḋ স㗕ⱘ㾖ᗉˈᅗᰃ⾡ᮣ੠⦃๗೼Ҫ䑿Ϟ݅ৠ԰⫼ⱘѻ⠽ā˄䈾˅DŽ ⢍໾⇥ᮣⱘĀ䲚ԧ᮴ᛣ䆚ā⏅⏅䫁ࠏ೼䲙᷃໿ᖗЁˈ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ᘏᰃ┰ᛣ 䆚ഄᕅડҪⱘϔѯ㸠ЎDŽ⢍໾Ӻ⧚㾖䅸ЎˈҎӀᑨ䆹ᡓᢙᇍᕐℸⱘ䋷ӏDŽℷབ඗ 偀㒑඗ᇨgࢦ㓈㒇ᮃ᠔䇈ⱘˈĀԴϡҙҙᰃ㞾⬅ⱘˈԴ䗮䖛㞾⬅៤Ў݅ৠ䋳䋷ⱘDŽ Դᇍ᠔᳝ⱘҎ䋳䋷DŽԴⱘ㞾⬅гᰃम⠅ⱘDŽā˄ࢦ㓈㒇ᮃ˅䲙᷃໿⾏ᓔ⢍໾ᇣ 䬛ᯊˈᮃ㥿ᇨЎҪ䗕㸠DŽᔧᮃ㥿ᇨ⍜༅೼䖰໘ᯊˈ䲙᷃໿さ✊㾝ᕫᖗ䞠䴲ᐌ⮯㢺ˈ ಴ЎҪᖬњᙘᙘา㒭ᮃ㥿ᇨϔϸϾशᏗDŽ䲙᷃໿ᛳࠄ⮯㢺ⱘॳ಴ᕜㅔऩˈᮃ㥿ᇨ ೼צೄ㢺ˈҪЎ㞾Ꮕ≵㛑㒭ќᮃ㥿ᇨᖙ㽕ⱘᐂࡽ㗠ᛳࠄৢᙨDŽ䲙᷃໿থ⦄䝝⌏⫳ ೼䲾ഄ䞠ሐসᢝg偀ܟ㽓ྚ㥿㓈༛DŽሑㅵҪᇍሐসᢝ≵᳝ӏԩ䋷ӏ੠Нࡵˈ㗠Ϩ ሐসᢝ䑿Ϟ䖬᳝咥㡆ⱒҎಶⱘᷛᖫˈԚҪ䖬ᰃᬥњሐসᢝˈᑊϨᐂࡽҪⱘཇܓ෎ ࿰ᡞҪ䗕ಲᆊDŽ䲙᷃໿ⱘ䖭ϔ㸠Ўгᱫ⼎ˈҪ԰Ў⢍໾Ҏˈ⇥ᮣⱘӺ⧚㾖ᮽᏆ䫁 ࠏ೼ᖗњDŽ೼⢍໾Ҏⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈĀ↣Ͼ㛑ᣃᬥফᆇ㗙ैϡএᨁᬥⱘҎˈ䛑䖱㚠њ lj೷㒣NJ݇ѢþԴϡᑨ೼Դ䚏ሙ⌕㸔ᯊ㹪᠟ᮕ㾖ÿⱘ៦ᕟDŽā˄ᴢ㧡˅⢍ ໾Ӻ⧚㾖Џᓴⱘᅲᮑ୘㸠ⱘᗱᛇˈ⏅⏅ഄḍỡѢ䲙᷃໿ⱘӺ⧚ᛣ䆚ПЁDŽ᠔ҹ Ҫ㛑໳ᡓᢙ㞾ᏅⱘӺ⧚䋷ӏˈЎҪҎᦤկ᳝ᬜⱘᐂࡽࣙᣀ㞾Ꮕⱘ҆Ҏˈ⫮㟇䰠 ⫳Ҏ੠ᬠҎDŽ 䲙᷃໿䅸Ўˈ㞾ᏅᏆ㒣ᇚ⢍໾ᕟ⊩ᗑ⬹њˈৃҹᕜ䕏ᵒᆍᯧഄᬒᓗ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ Ӵ㒳ˈ✊㗠᳔㒜ैথ⦄ˈ㽕ᨚ㜅ᅗϡᰃ䙷М䕏ᵒⱘDŽℷབ㔫ԃ⡍gาᇨ㣼᳒㒣ᣛ ߎⱘ˖⢍໾Ӻ⧚ĀϔⳈֱᣕৠϔᗻ䖭ϔ㊒傧ˈ಴Ўℷᰃ䴴ৠϔᗻˈᅗᠡֱ᳝㞾Ꮕ ⱘ┰࡯ǃӋؐ੠⌏࡯ā˄าᇨ㣼 ˅DŽгℷᰃ䖭⾡ৠϔᗻˈՓᕫ䲙᷃໿⏅䇭⢍໾ᕟ ⊩ⱘⳌ݇㾘ᅮ੠䆁䆿DŽ෎࿰ᓩ䇅ҪˈҪ޴Т乎Ңњཌྷⱘ䇅ᚥDŽৢᴹˈҪথ⦄ཌྷℷ ໘೼㒣ᳳˈѢᰃҪᮁ✊ᢦ㒱DŽ෎࿰䅸Ўˈ䖭ᯊᰃ᳔ֱ䰽ⱘᯊ׭ˈ಴Ўৃҹ⹂ֱϡ ˈⱘDŽ೼⢍໾Ҏⱘᛣ䆚ЁخӮᗔᄩDŽԚᰃᇍ䲙᷃໿㗠㿔ˈ䖭ḋⱘ㸠Ўᰃϛϛϡৃҹ ໘Ѣ᳜㒣ᳳⱘཛཇᰃϡ⋕ޔⱘDŽlj೷㒣gᮻ㑺NJᯢ⹂㾘ᅮˈĀϡৃ҆䖥ℷ೼㸠㒣ⱘ

73 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ᰃҪϡৃˈخ˅DŽ᠔ҹˈ䲙᷃໿䇈ˈ߿Ҏ㛑䙷ḋཛཇā˄lj೷㒣g߽᳾䆄NJ˖ ⳟ԰ᰃϔ⾡䏉㸠⢍໾ᕟ⊩ⱘ㸠Ўˈ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᗱᛇˈ⫣خ㸠DŽ៥Ӏৃҹᡞ䲙᷃໿ⱘ ೼Ҫ䑿Ϟᕫࠄњ䕗Ўさߎⱘԧ⦄DŽ 䲙᷃໿ⱘ⫳⌏ᮍᓣ੠ЎҎ໘Ϫⱘॳ߭ˈг┰⿏咬࣪ഄফࠄ⢍໾Ӵ㒳ⱘᕅડDŽ ᇣ䇈Ёⱘ㒚㡖ᦣݭৃҹ䆕ᯢ䖭ϔ⚍DŽ䲙᷃໿೼ⷪॖᑆ⌏ᯊˈⳟ㾕޴Ͼ⬋ᄽↈᠧϔ Ͼ⢍໾㗕ҎDŽҪᡞ⬋ᄽӀ䍊ᓔˈᡞ㗕ҎᏺࠄҪⱘᆓ㟡ӥᙃDŽ㗕ҎҢষ㹟䞠পߎ޴ ⠛᳾থ䝉ⱘ䴶ࣙˈᑊϨᓔྟ⼜⽋DŽҪᛣ䆚ࠄˈᑨ䆹ᰃ⢍໾Ҏⱘ䘒䍞㡖ᖿࠄњDŽҪ ᛳ㾝㞾Ꮕ㹿ϔ㙵ᔎ⚜ⱘᚙᛳ᠔ᠧࡼњDŽৢᴹˈ䲙᷃໿೼ṺЁϢ㗕ҎⳌ㾕DŽҪṺ㾕 㗕Ҏ䋼䯂Ҫˈ䯂ҪЎҔМ䒆೼䖭䞠DŽᅲ䰙Ϟˈ䖭ᰃ䲙᷃໿೼䋷䯂㞾ᏅˈЎԩᵕ࡯ 䱤㮣㞾Ꮕⱘ⢍໾䑿ӑ੠ⳳᅲᚙᛳDŽ䲙᷃໿䅸Ўˈ㞾ᏅᏆ㒣ᬒᓗ⢍໾Ӵ㒳ˈԚᰃ䙷 ࠄⳳℷⱘࡆ㟡DŽخ⫣াᰃ໪೼⡍ᕕⱘᬍ༈ᤶ䴶DŽ೼ݙᖗ⏅໘ˈҪ᮴ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䖬߽⫼Ḝӊⱘ䇗ᶹᅬ↨↨⾥໿ˈ䅽䲙᷃໿ᛣ䆚ࠄˈ㽕ᡓᢙᇍ⢍໾⇥ ᮣⱘӺ⧚䋷ӏDŽ↨↨⾥໿ᰃ≭֘ᬓᑰᅬਬˈԚᰃҪϡⳌֵЎᅫᬭҾᓣ㗠䇟ᴔⱘ䇈 ⊩DŽҪḍ᥂ᥠᦵⱘ䆕᥂ˈ䅸Ў䲙᷃໿ᇍ䖭џӊⱘᦣ䗄ᰃᅲᚙDŽҪ䖬ᦤߎ䆎䆕ˈ࡯ ೒㾷䰸ᇍ䲙᷃໿ⱘᣛ᥻DŽ䲙᷃໿೼Ϣ↨↨⾥໿ⱘϸ⃵䇜䆱Ёˈ䛑ᕫࠄњᣛᓩ੠ਃ থDŽ೼㄀ϔ⃵䇜䆱ЁˈҪⱘᗱᛇህѻ⫳њᎼ໻ⱘব࣪DŽ↨↨⾥໿ᣛߎˈ೼ᮃᆒ䇎 㥢ⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈĀ⼒ӮϞϔϾ㞾⬅ⱘҎᑨ䆹⿃ᵕ㟈࡯Ѣ๲䖯Ҫⱘৠ㚲ⱘᑌ⽣੠ⶹ䆚 Ϟⱘ㾷ᬒā˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˈ˅ˈ㗠Ϩˈ㕢དⱘ⫳⌏ᰃ䗮䖛ᬓ⊏᧲ߎᴹⱘDŽ↨ ໿ⱘ䆱⏅⏅ഄ㾺ࡼњ䲙᷃໿ݙᖗⱘᚙᛳDŽ೼↨↨⾥໿ⱘਃথϟˈҪᇍ֘೑ᔧ⾥↨ ᯊⱘᬓ⊏੠⼒Ӯ⢊މ᳝њ߱ℹⱘњ㾷DŽҪ䅸䆚ࠄˈড⢍ЏНᏆ㒣⏅ࠏഄᕅડњᔧ ഄ⢍໾Ҏⱘ⫳⌏ˈҪ㞾Ꮕህᰃ೼ড⢍ЏН࢓࡯ⱘ偅Փϟˈ⏤⏤䖰⾏⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳DŽ ೼↨↨⾥໿ⱘᕅડϟˈ䲙᷃໿䗤⏤ᨚ㜅Āফ䲒āᖗ㒧DŽҪгᛣ䆚ࠄˈ㞾Ꮕᬍৡᄫ ⱘ㸠ЎᰃϾᕜ᢭ࡷⱘ偫ሔˈ䖭ЎҪৢᴹಲᔦ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳༴ᅮњ෎⸔DŽ ϝϾ᳜ৢˈ䲙᷃໿೼⣅Ё᳔ৢϔ⃵㾕ࠄњ↨↨⾥໿DŽ↨↨⾥໿㸼ᯢˈҪӮチ ሑܼ࡯ֱᡸ䲙᷃໿ˈ䖭䅽䲙᷃໿ⳟࠄњᏠᳯDŽҪ䅸Ўˈ↨↨⾥໿㛑໳ᐂࡽ㞾ᏅҢ ⲥ⣅䞠ߎᴹˈᘶ໡㞾⬅DŽ䖭ḋˈҪৃҹᨚ㜅䙷ৃᗩⱘ᥻ਞ੠㔾ৡˈҢЎҪ䆒ϟⱘ 䱋䰅Ё㾷㜅ߎᴹDŽ䖭ѯᛇ⊩䅽Ҫᛳࠄ⃷ᝄDŽҪ㾝ᕫˈ䖬᳝Ҏℷ೼ᐂࡽҪDŽ೼Ҫⱘ ᐂࡽϟˈᅵ߸ᯊˈ㞾ᏅӮ㹿߸އ᮴㔾DŽৢᴹˈ↨↨⾥໿䖬ߎ⦄೼䲙᷃໿ⱘṺЁˈ ᇍҪ䇈ˈབᵰҪ㛑໳䆒⊩ߎ⣅ˈᖙ乏䆄ԣ㞾⬅ⱘⳂⱘᰃĀЎ߿Ҏ߯䗴㞾⬅āDŽ೼

74 ⭻ⱟ䍣᱗〚ⶉ䊚᱘䐱⭥䇭㲌㔸㏎

↨↨⾥໿ⱘᣛᓩϟˈ䲙᷃໿ⱘӺ⧚㾖ᗉথ⫳њব࣪DŽҪᯢⱑњˈ㞾⬅ϡҙҙᰃᣛ Ңⲥ⣅Ё㹿䞞ᬒˈ䖬㽕Ң㞾៥ಮ⽕Ё㾷㜅ߎᴹDŽҪⶹ䘧ˈ㞾Ꮕ⦄೼⡎⡆ϾҎ䑿ԧ Ϟⱘ㞾⬅ˈैৃҹ⹂ֱ⢍໾⇥ᮣ೼㊒⼲੠䘧ᖋϞⱘ㞾⬅DŽҪг⧚㾷њˈ԰Ў⢍໾ ҎˈҪⱘੑ䖤ϢᭈϾ⇥ᮣᙃᙃⳌ݇DŽ ೼⢍໾ᕟᏜ༹ᮃ⡍⋯໿ᮃ෎ⱘᐂࡽϟˈ䲙᷃໿ᇍᓩ䍋㞾Ꮕೄ๗੠ॅᴎⱘ⼒Ӯ ॳ಴᳝њ᳈ࡴ⏅ܹⱘњ㾷DŽҪᇍ䲙᷃໿䇈ˈ  ⒵ᇕᓎ䗋ֵ੠⼲⾬ЏНⱘЁϪ㑾ජᏖDŽᅗᕔᕔᰃ֘㔫ᮃডࡼ࢓࡯ⱘܙ෎䕙ᰃϾ ЁᖗDŽ咥㡆ⱒҎಶüüᜓҪӀᮽ㒭䗕䖯ള๧üüҪӀ❑ࡼ⇥ӫЁ᳔᮴ⶹ᳔䞢㳂ⱘ ᆊӭᴹডᇍԴDŽҪӀᇍ⢍໾Ҏ১ᕫ㽕⅏ˈৠᯊгᛇᡞ⢍໾Ҏ১⅏ĂĂৠ㚲Ё㛑䗗 䯏ࠄ໻ڣ䖭䞠ⱘ䛑೼䗗䍄DŽ᳝ѯ䗗ϡᥝⱘᏆ㒣೼ુϻⴔњDŽҪӀஙஙぎ⇨ˈད⾏ ሴᴔⱘ㜹ੇDŽ˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˈ˅  䲙᷃໿㒜ѢᯢⱑˈҪ㹿䘂ᤩˈ಴Ўᔧሔ䳔㽕ϔϾ⢍໾Ҏˈ԰Ў㸔㜹㔾ᙊⱘ՟䆕DŽ ҪӀ䳔㽕Ā᳓㔾㕞āˈ䕀⿏݀ӫᇍ䲚ᴗ੠ᲈᬓⱘϡ⒵ᚙ㒾DŽ㾷އ䯂乬ⱘ᳔ㅔऩⱘ ࡲ⊩ˈህᰃᡞ⇥ӫⱘᛸᗦᓩ৥ডᇍ⢍໾ҎⱘކさDŽᕟᏜ䆱䇁䞠ܙ⒵њ݇ߛПᚙˈ Ҫⶹࠄ䲙᷃໿ⱘ᮹ᄤ໮М䲒➀ˈ໮МϡᆍᯧDŽҪਞ䆝䲙᷃໿ˈ㱑✊Ⳃࠡϡ㛑㾷އ 䯂乬ˈг᮴⊩ḍ䰸Ҫ䙁ফⱘ㢺䲒ˈԚᰃ⢍໾ৠ㚲≵᳝ᬒᓗҪDŽҪӀ㒘㒛њϔϾᣃ ᬥ䲙᷃໿ⱘྨਬӮDŽ᳝᳟টᬃᣕҪˈҪϡᰃᄸゟⱘDŽᕟᏜ㽕䲙᷃໿㗤ᖗǃ≝ⴔDŽ ೼Ҫ䙷䞠ˈ㒱ᳯЁⱘ䲙᷃໿᮶ⳟࠄњᏠᳯˈгᕫࠄњᛳᚙ੠ᖗ♉Ϟⱘᝄ㮝DŽҪ⧚ 㾷њಲᔦ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ⱘᖙ㽕ᗻDŽ 䲙᷃໿ᓔྟ೼⦄ᅲ⫳⌏Ёᅲ䏉⢍໾Ӻ⧚㾘㣗DŽ⢍໾ᬭᬭН䞡㾚᮹ᐌ⫳⌏Ёⱘ 㸠Ўˈᯢ⹂㽕∖ˈ⢍໾Ҏ೼⫳⌏ᅲ䏉Ё㽕䞡㾚㸠ࡼDŽ㗠Ϩˈ䖬᳝䆌໮݋ԧⱘǃᯢ ⹂ⱘᴵ᭛ˈ㾘㣗ҎӀ೼᮹ᐌ⫳⌏ЁབԩᇚֵᗉҬ䇌Ѣᅲ䏉㸠ࡼDŽ偀ϕgᏗԃ᳒㒣 ᣛߎˈ⢍໾㊒⼲ࣙᣀϝϾ㾖ᗉˈ݊ЁĀ㸠ࡼⱘ㾖ᗉāгԧ⦄њ⢍໾Ҏ᮹ᐌ㸠ࡼ ⱘᖙ㽕ᗻˈⴔ䞡ᔎ䇗ᅲ䏉㸠Ў݋᳝䞡㽕ᛣНDŽ ⢍໾ᬭᰃϔ⾡ߌ⦄Ӻ⧚⡍ᕕⱘϔ⼲ᬭᅫᬭˈᅗ೼໘⧚⦄ᅲ⫳⌏Ёⱘ䯂乬ᯊˈ ਜ⦄᳈໮ⱘᅲ⫼ᗻDŽℷབ⾥Ѽ᠔䇈˖  ೼⢍໾Ҏⳟᴹˈ៥Ӏ⿄ПЎĀ⢍໾ᬭāⱘϰ㽓াϡ䖛ᰃϔ⾡⫳⌏П䘧üüϔ⾡ϧ ϔৡخˈ䮼䗖ড়⢍໾Ҏⱘ⡍⅞⫳⌏ᮍᓣ㗠ᏆDŽĂĂϡҙབℸˈᇍѢ⢍໾ᬭᕦᴹ䇈

1 䖭ϝϾ㾖ᗉߚ߿ᰃĀ㒳ϔⱘ㾖ᗉāǃĀ㸠ࡼⱘ㾖ᗉā੠Ā᳾ᴹⱘ㾖ᗉā˄Ꮧԃ 33-36˅DŽ

75 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

āҔМˈ⡍߿خⳳℷᛣНϞⱘֵᕦˈ᳔䞡㽕ⱘϡᰃҪӀĀֵāҔМˈ㗠ᰃҪӀĀ ᰃ᮹ᐌ⫳⌏ЁҹҔМޚ߭㾘㣗㞾䑿੠↣᮹ⱘ⫳⌏DŽ˄⾥Ѽ˅ 

⢍໾ᬭϡ݇ᖗᴹϪˈ䅸ЎĀᇍᕐኌϪ⬠䖯㸠ӏԩ䇅Ҏⱘ៪ৃᗩⱘᦣ䗄䛑ᰃϡᔧⱘˈ 䖭ӮᤳᆇҎⱘӺ⧚䗑∖៪ޣ䕏៦ᕟᇍᇬϪ⫳⌏ᣛᇐⱘ䞡㽕ᗻDŽ԰ЎҎ㉏㒜䑿༟᭫ ⱘⳂᷛˈ᳾ᴹϪ⬠াᰃ԰Ў⼲೷੠ᅠ㕢ⱘⳂᷛ㗠ᄬ೼ˈᑊҹℸ㽕∖ҎӀ೼ᇬϪⱘ Ӻ⧚䗑∖ā˄ᢰܟ˅DŽгህᰃ䇈ˈ⢍໾Ӻ⧚᳈䞡㾚Ҏ೼⦄ᅲϪ⬠ⱘ᮹ᐌ㸠Ў੠ Ӯ⌏ࡼˈ㽕∖⢍໾Ҏ䞡㾚ᑊϨ⿃ᵕЏࡼᡩܹࠄ⦄ᅲ⫳⌏Ёˈ಴ЎĀᅫᬭֵӄϡ⼒ ೼⫳⌏ⱘ᮹ᐌ㸠ЎЁᕫࠄ⹂䆕ህ≵᳝㰨䆮DŽৠḋˈгা᳝೼ᅫᬭ៦ᕟ㹿ᖴᅲഄ䏉 ˅ሹⱘഄᮍˈᠡ᳝ড়⊩ⱘ᮹ᐌ㸠ЎDŽā˄ٙ∌ݯˈ䆥ᑣ 䲙᷃໿ᓔྟ೼⦄ᅲ⫳⌏Ёᅲ䏉⢍໾Ӻ⧚㾖ЁⱘĀФ㾖㊒⼲āˈ䖭ᰃҪಲᔦ⢍ ໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ⱘϔ⾡䞡㽕᠟↉DŽ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳Փᕫ⢍໾⇥ᮣ݋᳝Ф㾖㊒⼲ˈ⢍໾Ҏ ⒵ֵᖗ੠ࡼ࡯DŽlj೷㒣gᮻ㑺NJЁ䆄䕑ⱘĀ୰ФⱘᖗЗᰃ㡃㥃ˈᖻܙ㒜ᇍ᳾ᴹྟ Ӹⱘ♉ˈՓ偼ᶃᑆā˄lj೷㒣gㆈ㿔NJ˖˅᳝࡯ഄ䆕ᯢњ䖭ϔ⚍DŽᢰܟг䅸Ў˖ Ā⢍໾ᬭⱘ⡍ᕕˈ⢍໾ᬭӴᥜ㒭݊Ҫ⇥ᮣⱘϰ㽓ˈᰃᅗᇍϪ⬠ⱘӺ⧚㚃ᅮ affirmation ˖⢍໾ᬭᰃϔ⾡Ӻ⧚Ф㾖ЏНᅫᬭDŽā˄ᢰܟ˅⢍໾Ф㾖ЏНⱘ Џ㽕⡍⚍ˈህᰃϡሜҢѢ䖭ϾϪ⬠ⱘދ⓴ˈᇍϪ⬠Ϟ᱂䘡ᄬ೼ⱘ䙾ᙊ⦄䈵ᣕ᳝㫥 ⧛㾚ⱘᗕᑺDŽ಴ℸˈ⢍໾ᬭֵӄⱘФ㾖ЏНˈᰃϔ⾡೼ᚆ㾖ⱘџᅲ⇯ೈЁѻ⫳ⱘ ᛇⱘФ㾖ЏНDŽᢰܟᣛߎ˖  ໾ᬭⱘФ㾖ЏНࣙᣀϞᏱֵӄˈⳌᑨഄгࣙᣀҎⱘ㞾ֵˈҎ㛑໳೼ϞᏱ䙷䞠ᡒ⢍ ࠄ㞾Ꮕ⦄ᅲᗻⱘ୘DŽ⢍໾ᬭⱘ᠔᳝㾖ᗉ䛑ৃҹҢФ㾖ЏНЁ᥼ⓨߎᴹˈᑊ⬅ℸᓎ ᰃֵӄ㞾Ꮕ˖Ҏᰃձ✻ϞᏱᔶ䈵ࠊ䗴ߎᴹⱘˈ಴㗠ᰃ㞾⬅ⱘǃܜゟ䍋ϝ䞡݇㋏DŽ佪 㒃㊍ⱘ˗♉儖ᰃϔᑻ೚ᔶ࠻എˈҎӀᘏ㛑೼䙷䞠ϢϞᏱׂདDŽ㄀Ѡˈֵӄ㞾Ꮕⱘ 䚏ሙ˖↣ϾϾԧ䛑݋᳝៥᠔᳝ⱘ䙷⾡Ͼԧᗻ˗Ҫ䙷㞾⬅㗠জ㒃⋕ⱘ♉儖гᕫ㞾Ѣ ㄀ϝˈֵӄҎ㉏˖᠔᳝ᓳܘҪ೼ݙᖗ䞠Ϣ៥҆䖥ˈ᠔ҹᰃ៥ⱘ䚏ሙǃ៥ⱘϞᏱ ⱘҎ䛑ᰃϞᏱПᄤˈ಴ℸҪӀЎϔϾ݅ৠⱘӏࡵ㗠㹿㒧ЎϔԧDŽ䅸䆚ࠄҎ㞾䑿⫳ ⌏ⱘ㊒⼲ⱘ⦄ᅲᗻǃ៥Ӏ䚏ሙ⫳⌏ⱘ㊒⼲⦄ᅲᗻҹঞ԰ЎᭈԧⱘҎ㉏⫳⌏ⱘ㊒⼲ ⦄ᅲᗻᰃҹϞᏱⱘ᱂䘡ⱘ⦄ᅲᗻЎḍ෎ⱘüü䖭ᰃ⢍໾ᬭФ㾖ЏНⱘ㸼⦄DŽ˄ᢰ ܟ˅  Ф㾖ЏНᰃ⢍໾Ӻ⧚㾖㭈৿ⱘϔ⾡䞡㽕㾖⚍ˈгᰃϔ⾡᳝ҷ㸼ᗻⱘ㾖ᗉDŽ⢍໾⇥ 䖭⾡Ф㾖㊒⼲ˈ⫼മᔎⱘ䘧ᖋᛣᖫ੠↙࡯এ䴶ᇍ⫳ᄬ๗䘛Ёⱘ㢺䲒DŽ׳ᮣℷᰃ߁

76 ⭻ⱟ䍣᱗〚ⶉ䊚᱘䐱⭥䇭㲌㔸㏎

lj෎䕙ᗼNJЁⱘ䇗ᶹᅬ↨↨⾥໿೼䴶ᇍೄ䲒ᯊˈྟ㒜㛑໳ֱᣕФ㾖ⱘᖗᗕDŽ ⾡԰Ў≭֘ᬓᑰⱘϔৡᅬਬˈҪ⏅ⶹ䲙᷃໿ᔧᯊⱘ㡄䲒໘๗DŽԚᰃˈҪ≵᳝㹿䖭 ᳝㸼⦄ߎϔ⚍ᜠхDŽҪ㽕∖䲙᷃໿ˈϡㅵথ⫳ҔМџᚙˈ䛑ϔᅮ㽕≴ˈצೄ๗১ മᖡϡᢨDŽℷབҪᴀҎ೼ᇣ䇈Ё᠔䇈˖  ϾФ㾖ЏН㗙ˈ಴Ў៥㾝ᕫ៥ڣϾ⼒Ӯ৥୘䆎㗙DŽ䖭ህᰃ䇈ˈ៥ⱘ㸠ࡼڣ⚍៥᳝ ᚆ㾖ЏН㗙䙷ḋ㸠ࡼDŽҎӀᕔᕔ㾝ᕫ೼ᯊҷⱘ⏋х䴶ࠡᰃᄸゟ᮴ᧈⱘˈ᳝ڣϡ㛑 ؛˗⧛བৃ㛑ⱘ䆱ࡴҹ໘؛ˈϔ໻ේ䲒Ѣ᥻ࠊⱘџӊ੠㒣ग़䖛ⱘ㒣偠࡯೒এњ㾷 བҪ᳝ҔМ㛑ߎ࡯ⱘഄᮍˈҪህϡ䆹䗗䙓Ꮉ԰ⱘ䞡ӏDŽҪᰃݦⴔ༅এ㞾ᏅⱘҎᗻ ˅ˈ ⱘDŽ˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋخ㗠䖭ḋ  ↨↨⾥໿ᣛߎˈ䖭ϾḜӊᕜẬ᠟DŽԚᰃˈҪӮሑ㞾Ꮕ᳔໻ⱘࡾ࡯ˈᓔሩ䇗ᶹᎹ԰ˈ ҹ֓ᓘ⏙џᚙⱘⳳⳌDŽҪ㽕䲙᷃໿ϡ㽕ᗹ䑕ˈ㽕ֵ᳝ᖗDŽϢ↨↨⾥໿Ⳍ↨ˈ䲙᷃ ໿ᘏᰃ㔎ᇥФ㾖㊒⼲DŽҪᐌᐌᚆ㾖ഄ䴶ᇍ㞾Ꮕ䴶Јⱘ䯂乬DŽҪᢅᗼˈ԰Ў⢍໾Ҏˈ 㞾Ꮕ೼⫳⌏Ёᕔᕔᆍᯧ䙁⅗ˈ䖭ᰃϡ䳔㽕᳝ҔМ⡍߿⧚⬅ⱘDŽ᳝ᯊˈҪ䖬Ӯᛳࠄ Ϟњ೜༫ˈ㹿ᡯᓗњˈᄸゟ᮴ᧈњDŽ᠔ҹˈҪ䈈䋷ग़৆ǃ䈈䋷ੑ䖤ǃ䈈䋷ড⢍Џ Нǃ᳝ᯊ⫮㟇г䈈䋷⢍໾ҎDŽথ⦄↨↨⾥໿⅏೼䱨ຕⱘಮᅸПৢˈҪ᳈ᰃᛳࠄ᮴ ↨ⱘᚆ⮯DŽҪ䅸Ўˈ≵᳝Ҏ㛑໳ᐂࡽ㞾ᏅњDŽ䙷ѯᏠᳯ੠ᳳᕙˈ䙷ѯṺᆤҹ∖ⱘ ᑏᛇܼ䚼࣪Ў⊵ᕅњDŽ⦄೼≵᳝Ҏ㛑໳ᬥҪˈҪ䇕гᣛᳯϡϞњDŽϡᮁ๲ᔎⱘᚆ 㾖ᚙ㒾ˈᖙ✊ᇐ㟈䲙᷃໿⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᛣ䆚ⱘ⍜ޣDŽ ҸҎᛳࠄ⃷ᝄⱘᰃˈ䲙᷃໿೼↨↨⾥໿㊒⼲ⱘᛳ࣪ϟˈᓔྟডᗱ㞾Ꮕⱘᚆ㾖 ᚙ㒾ˈ䗤⏤ᬍবњᇍ⦄ᅲϪ⬠ⱘᚆ㾖ᗕᑺDŽ೼ⲥ⣅ⱘᄸ⣀⫳⌏ЁˈҪᗱ㗗ⴔ䖭⾡ ⡍߿ⱘ⫳ᄬ⢊މˈ䖭⾡ҸҎϡ෾ᖡফⱘय़࡯DŽҪᛳᙳࠄˈᑨ䆹⫼Ф㾖ⱘᖗᗕˈ㾷 އ݊䴶Јⱘ䯂乬DŽҪ䅸Ўˈ㞾Ꮕᖙ乏ܟ᳡ᘤᚻⱘᖗ⧚ˈᖙ乏ᕫ⫳⌏ϟএDŽ⢍໾Ӻ ⧚ЁⱘФ㾖㊒⼲೼Ҫ䑿Ϟԧ⦄ߎᴹˈ䖭ҢҪᇍ⫳ᄬⱘ␈ᳯህৃҹ᥼ⶹߎᴹDŽЎњ ए⊏㜤⚖ⱘঠ㛮ˈҪᖡফⴔ䪏ᖗⱘ⮐⮯ˈϔ⚍⚍⠀ࠄњⲥ⣅ⱘएࡵᅸDŽ㗠Ϩˈ໪ ⾥ए⫳೼≵᳝Փ⫼咏䝝㥃ⱘᚙމϟˈህߛᓔњҪ㛮Ϟⱘ㛧⮂DŽ䲙᷃໿㒣ग़伹体ǃ ᆦދǃ䝋ߥㄝㄝ⺼䲒ˈ䑿ԧ੠㊒⼲Ϟ䙁ফⴔঠ䞡ⱘᡬ⺼DŽԚᰃˈҪҡ✊݋᳝Ф㾖 ㊒⼲ˈᢦ㒱ᡓ䅸ᔎࡴ೼㞾Ꮕ䑿Ϟⱘ㔾ৡDŽҪⶹ䘧ˈབᵰ䅸ৃњ㥿乏᳝ⱘ㔾ৡˈᭈ Ͼ⢍໾⇥ᮣ䛑Ӯ಴ℸফࠄ⡉䖲ˈ㩭ফϡⱑПݸDŽҪᳳᳯ䞡ᮄ㦋ᕫ㞾⬅ˈԚᰃҪг ϡݡᆇᗩ⅏ѵDŽҪ㽕ᥠ᥻㞾Ꮕⱘੑ䖤ˈᥠ᥻ᭈϾ⢍໾⇥ᮣⱘੑ䖤DŽҪⱘ䑿ԧবᕫ

77 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

䍞ᴹ䍞㰮ᔅˈৃᰃ䘧ᖋϞⱘ࡯䞣ै๲ᔎњDŽ䲙᷃໿⒵ᗔֵᗉ੠Ф㾖ⱘᗕᑺˈ㧹䗴 㞾Ꮕⱘ⫳⌏DŽ೼ⱑ໽ⱘ⓿䭓ᯊ䯈䞠ˈҪ᮴᠔џџDŽЎњܟ᳡᮴㘞੠ऩ䇗ˈҪሑ䞣 ᅝᥦ৘乍џᚙDŽि݉ᣓᴹϔᡞᠿᏮˈҪ↣໽ᮽ᰼⫼ᅗᠧᠿಮᅸˈᠿᕫϔᑆѠޔDŽ Ҫ䅸Ўˈ䖭ḋৃҹ⌏ࡼ⌏ࡼ䑿ԧˈ᳝ࡽѢᘶ໡ԧ࡯DŽҪ⫮㟇᳝њϔѯᏠᳯ੠䘤ᛇ˖ ⠶᠓⍜༅њˈҪ೼ᅸ໪ᑺ䖛њञϾᇣᯊˈ೼䮼੠๭П໪ˈᨚ㜅њᇍϔߛⱘᗼᘼDŽ Ҫ㗤ᖗഄㄝᕙⴔ䍋䆝кⱘࠄᴹˈᖗ䞠ᛇˈᘏ᳝ϔ໽䍋䆝ӮᓔྟⱘDŽ䲙᷃໿䑿Ϟԧ ⦄ߎњ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ЁⱘФ㾖ЏН㊒⼲ˈҪ೼ᗱᛇᛣ䆚Ϟ䗤⏤ಲᔦ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳DŽ 䲙᷃໿᳔㒜ᯢⱑњˈϡㅵҪᜓᛣϢ৺ˈ䛑ᖙ乏᥹ফ㢺䲒ⱘ⫳ᄬ⢊ᗕˈ಴Ўᅗ ᰃ⢍໾⇥ᮣੑ䖤੠⫳ᄬ㒣ग़ⱘЏ㽕ᵘ៤㽕㋴DŽ䑿Ў⢍໾ҎˈҪ᳝Нࡵᡞᅗব៤⫳ ᄬϟএⱘ㊒⼲ࡼ࡯DŽҪᛣ䆚ࠄˈ⍜ᵕ㹿ࡼⱘಲ䙓ᰃ≵᳝ᛣНⱘˈҪᄺӮњĀ䕀⿏ ᢉᡫⱘⳂᷛˈҢ㢺䲒ᴀ䑿ࠄ䙷ѯ䅽݊䙁ফ㢺䲒ⱘҎā˄Alter 1981ˈ63˅DŽҪϡݡ ᢅᗼੑ䖤ˈ㗠ᰃФ㾖ഄᡫᢦ⫳⌏Ёⱘ㢺䲒DŽ೼⮯㢺Ϣ咥ᱫⱘ⫳⌏ЁˈФ㾖㊒⼲Փ ᕫ䲙᷃໿ⳟࠄњᏠᳯDŽҪഺ✊䴶ᇍ⣅Ёⱘ⫳⌏ˈ䴶ᇍড⢍ЏНⱘ䖿ᆇˈϡݡᡞ㞾 Ꮕ㾚ЎϔϾĀফᆇ㗙āDŽҪϡҙҙ݇⊼㞾Ꮕⱘ⮯㢺๗䘛ˈ⫮㟇ᜓᛣᇍ᠔᳝䙁ফ㢺 䲒Ҏ䛑ԌߎᧈࡽП᠟DŽҪ೼⣅ЁṺࠄᮃ㥿ᇨএϪDŽҪ哧ࢅᮃ㥿ᇨˈĀ⌏ϟএˈᮃ 㥿ᇨˈ⌏ϟএʽ䅽៥᳓Դ⅏৻ʽā˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˈ˅Ҫϟᅮއᖗˈ㽕Ўᮃ㥿 ᇨǃЎᭈϾ⢍໾⇥ᮣᡓফ㢺䲒DŽФ㾖㊒⼲䅽䲙᷃໿䅸䆚ࠄˈᑨ䆹䍄ߎĀҹ㞾៥Ў Ёᖗāⱘሔ䰤ˈᡓᢙᇍҪҎǃᇍ⢍໾⇥ᮣⱘ䋷ӏDŽ䖭ḋˈফ䲒ᠡӮ᳈᳝ᛣНˈ⫳ г᳈᳝ⳂⱘDŽᇍѢ⢍໾Ҏᴹ䇈ˈ䖭⾡ዛ催ⱘֵᗉᰒ✊ᰃϢ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ᙃᙃⳌ⌏ ݇ⱘDŽ 㒣ग़њ㢺䲒੠ॅᴎПৢˈ䲙᷃໿䅸Ўᑨ䆹Āᇞ䞡ҎҹঞҎⱘ⫳ੑāˈ䖭ᰃҪ ಲᔦ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ⱘϔϾЏ㽕䗨ᕘDŽ⢍໾ᬭᬭНᔎ䇗ˈҎҹঞҎⱘ⫳ੑ݋᳝䞡㽕 ⬋ⱘᛣН੠ӋؐDŽḍ᥂lj೷㒣gᮻ㑺NJⱘ䆄䕑ˈϞᏱᣝ✻Ҫⱘᔶ䈵ˈ߯䗴ߎϪ䯈 ཇDŽ⼲䇈˖Ā៥Ӏ✻ⴔ៥Ӏⱘᔶ䈵ˈᣝⴔ៥Ӏⱘḋᓣ䗴ҎĂĂ⼲ህ✻ⴔ㞾Ꮕⱘᔶ 䈵䗴ҎDŽā˄lj೷㒣g߯Ϫ㑾NJ˅᮶✊ҎᰃϞᏱᣝ✻㞾Ꮕⱘᔶ䈵߯䗴ߎᴹⱘˈ 䙷МҎҹঞҎⱘ⫳ੑህᑨ䆹ᰃ⼲೷ⱘDŽĀ᮴䆎䇕↕♁њϔᴵ⫳ੑˈlj೷㒣NJ֓㾚݊ Ў↕ᥝњᭈϾϪ⬠˗᮴䆎䇕ᣃᬥњϔᴵ⫳ੑˈlj೷㒣NJ֓㾚݊ЎᣃᬥњᭈϾϪ⬠DŽ ಴ℸˈᇍҎ㉏ⱘݦ⢃ህᰃᇍϞᏱⱘݦ⢃DŽā˄䌎䲘亲˅Āᨽ㽓क䆿āⱘ㄀݁ᴵᯢ ⹂㾘ᅮˈĀϡৃᴔҎāˈ䖭гԧ⦄њᇍҎ੠Ҏⱘ⫳ੑⱘ䞡㾚DŽ⢍໾ᬭᬭН㸼ᯢҎ੠

78 ⭻ⱟ䍣᱗〚ⶉ䊚᱘䐱⭥䇭㲌㔸㏎

Ҏⱘ⫳ੑ݋᳝催䌉ᗻDŽ ໾Ӻ⧚ᗱᛇᔎ䇗㽕䞡㾚ϔߛ⫳ੑˈⳌֵϪ⬠Ϟӏԩџ⠽ˈ䛑᮴⊩ϢҎⱘᗻ⢍ ੑ੠ҎⱘӋؐⳌ↨DŽ⾥Ѽ䅸ЎˈĀҎᴀ䑿ህᰃҎⱘӋؐⱘЁᖗˈህᰃҪᴀ䑿ⱘⳂ ⱘDŽϾҎⱘӋؐˈᰃ⢍໾ᬭ⇥Џ㊒⼲ⱘ෎⷇DŽā˄⾥Ѽ˅㨫ৡ⢍໾⾥ᄺᆊ⠅಴ ᮃഺг᳒㒣ᣛߎˈҪ㾝ᕫ⢍໾ᗱᛇ᠔⍝ঞࠄⱘˈাᰃᇍᕙҎ⫳ⱘᗕᑺҹঞᇍᕙ⫳ ੑⱘᗕᑺDŽҪ䅸Ўˈ䖭⾡⫳ੑ㾖ⱘᴀ䋼Āህ೼Ѣᅗᇍ໽ഄ䯈ϛ⠽ⱘ⫳ੑⱘ㚃ᅮᗕ ᑺDŽϾҎⱘ⫳ੑা᳝ᔧᅗ⫼ᴹՓϔߛ᳝⫳ੑⱘϰ㽓䛑⫳⌏ᕫ᳈催ᇮǃ᳈Ӭ㕢ᯊᠡ ᳝ᛣНDŽ⫳ੑᰃ⼲೷ⱘˈгህᰃ䇈ᅗⱘӋ᳔ؐ催ˈᇍѢᅗˈ݊ҪϔߛӋؐ䛑ᰃ⃵ ⾡ϔㄝⱘĂĂDŽā˄⠅಴ᮃഺ ˅㗠Ϩˈ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᗱᛇ䖬മֵˈ⫳ੑህᰃϔ 䋷ӏDŽҎᖙ乏⫳⌏ϟএˈ⫳ੑᄬ೼ϡ㛑㹿ⳟ԰ᰃҎৃҹ䗗䙓ⱘᶤ⾡ϰ㽓DŽгህᰃ 䇈ˈ⫳⌏ᰃϞᏱ㽕∖Ҏᑨ䆹ᡓᢙⱘ䋷ӏˈ⫳⌏݋᳝⡍⅞ⱘᛣНDŽ᮴䆎䙁ফᗢḋⱘ 䲒ˈ䛑㽕ࡾ࡯⫳⌏ϟএDŽ䖭⾡⫳ੑ䋷ӏӺ⧚ᰃ⢍໾ᬭֵӄ᳔剰ᯢⱘ⡍⚍ПϔDŽ⺼ 䲙᷃໿ᓔྟᯊ䖱ডњ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ⱘ䖭ϔֵᴵˈ≵᳝䎇໳䞡㾚ҎҹঞҎⱘ⫳ੑⱘ 䞡㽕ᗻDŽҪ㹿݇೼ऎ⊩䰶ⱘ⠶᠓ᯊˈህᇍབԩֱ䆕㞾Ꮕⱘᅝܼϔ᮴᠔ⶹDŽҪ㱑✊ 䅸Ўϡᑨ䆹ਞ䆝ৠ⠶᠓ⱘ⢃Ҏ㞾Ꮕ㹿᥻ਞⱘॳ಴ˈৃᰃᕜᖿህ䇈ߎᴹњDŽ㒧ᵰˈ ҪӀ⮃⢖ഄ䏶ҪDŽҪᛳࠄ᮴↨ᛸᗦˈԚᰃै᮴⊩ডᡫDŽ᳔ৢˈҪ༅এⶹ㾝ˈ䒎೼ ഄϞˈϔࡼϡࡼDŽ䝦ᴹৢˈ䲙᷃໿ᛳࠄᕜ᚞ᜠDŽ✊㗠ˈ䖭Пৢⱘ㸠Ў㸼ᯢˈҪ䖬 ᰃᇍ㞾Ꮕⱘ⫳ੑᅝܼ↿ϡ೼ᛣDŽҪϢᬓᑰᅬਬҹঞⲥ⣅ि݉ᠧѸ䘧ᯊˈҡ✊䞛⫼ ᇍᡫⱘᮍᓣDŽҪ↿ϡᅶ⇨ഄఆュẔᆳᅬˈ䇈Ҫ唏ṕⷁǃ唏ᄤ㙹㙹ⱘǃᆑ᠕ⱘˈᑊ ˈϨ㫥㾚ഄᡞҪ↨԰Ā⢫āDŽẔᆳᅬ☿ݦϝϜˈ⫼ሎᄤᢑᠧҪⱘϟᏈˈ䖬࿕㚕䇈 㽕ᡞҪ݇೼⠶䞠ˈⳈࠄᡞҪ䑿Ϟⱘ㙝Ң偼༈Ϟϔ⠛ϔ⠛࠹ܝЎℶDŽ䲙᷃໿᳝䆌໮ ⃵Ϣⲥ⣅䭓੠ि݉থ⫳ކさˈᐌᐌՓҪӀᕜᙐ☿ˈҹ㟇Ѣ㞾Ꮕ䙁ফࠄϹ䞡ⱘ䖿ᆇˈ ⱘ䩜DŽҪĀًًഄᛇࠄ⅏ˈᛇᕫᤎᖿܟ޴Т϶њᗻੑDŽৢᴹˈҪًњᄷ⡍ሐѮ ⌏ⱘDŽĂĂҪ໾ॠ⚺њˈ䖿ߛᛇᨚ㜅䖭⹀䙺䙺ⱘ䫕䫒੠ޏᕫ㽕⅏ⱘಮᅸDŽҪᏠᳯ ᖿ⚍⅏ˈҹ֓∌䖰њ㒧䖭⮯㢺ⱘ⫳⌏ˈ⍜䰸ҪᏆ㒣䙁ফ㗠Ϩ䖬೼䙁ফⱘ㢺䲒ĂĂā ˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˈ˅DŽ䲙᷃໿䆩೒㒧ᴳ⫳ੑˈᛇ㽕ᨚ㜅㢺䲒ሜ䖅ⱘ⫳⌏ˈ䙷 ⾡ϔⳈ㹿䪤ⴔˈ᧰䑿᧰Ͼ≵ᅠⱘ⫳⌏DŽ 䲙᷃໿೼ṺЁṺ㾕ᮃ㥿ᇨএϪПৢˈህᬍবњ䖭⾡ᛇ⊩DŽҪᓔྟᇍ⫳ᄬᢅ᳝

1 ᇣ䇈ЁⱘϔϾⲥ⣅ि݉DŽ

79 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ᵕ໻ⱘ␈ᳯDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䖭ḋᦣ䗄ҪᔧᯊⱘᖗᚙˈĀҪ೼咥ᱫЁᗱ㋶˖བᵰ៥㞾ᴔˈ ៥ᗢ㛑᳓Ҫ˄ᮃ㥿ᇨ˅⅏˛བᵰ៥এ⅏ˈ៥᮶㽕ఆᓘҪӀˈজ㽕㒧ᴳ㞾Ꮕⱘ㢺䲒DŽ ᇍᮃ㥿ᇨᴹ䇈ˈҪᏆ㒣ϡЎҎ⧚ⵀњDŽབᵰҪӀথࡼϔ⃵ᑚࡳⱘ໻ሴᴔⱘ䆱ˈҪ ৃ㛑Ў៥ⱘ⅏㗠⅏DŽā˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˈ˅䲙᷃໿ᕫߎ㒧䆎ˈབᵰᰃ䖭ḋ ⱘ䆱ˈ㞾Ꮕ⅏њˈ䰸њϡݡফ㔾П໪ˈϡ㛑ᕫࠄҔМˈ䖬Ӯ᳝⢍໾ҎЎҪ㗠⅏এDŽ 䲙᷃໿䎳㞾Ꮕ䇈ˈϡ㽕ݡᛇএ⅏ˈϡ㽕䞛পҪӀ↕♁㞾Ꮕⱘࡲ⊩㞾প♁ѵˈϡ㽕 DŽ䲙⫣خ䆌ⱘܕᐂࡽҪӀᴔ⅏㞾ᏅDŽҪᬍবњПࠡ᠔䞛㒇ⱘǃϡ㹿⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳 ᷃໿ᓔྟ䞡㾚㞾Ꮕ⫳ੑⱘ䞡㽕ᛣНˈ䖭೼ᶤ⾡⿟ᑺϞˈгᛣੇⴔҪᇍ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ 㒳ⱘಲᔦDŽ 䲙᷃໿೼᮹ᐌ⫳⌏Ё⊼䞡㓈ᡸ҆ᚙˈ䖭ᰃҪᅲ䏉⢍໾Ӻ⧚㾘㣗ⱘϔ⾡䞡㽕㸼 ⦄DŽ೼⣅Ёˈ䲙᷃໿ϔডПࠡᇍᕙྏᄤ㉫ᲈ᮴⼐ⱘᗕᑺDŽҪᘏᰃሑৃ㛑ಲᖚཌྷⱘ Ӭ⚍ˈ䅸ЎཌྷᰃϔϾⓖ҂ྥ࿬ˈ㘾ᯢԊ֤DŽᛇࠄϸϾҎߚሙⱘॳ಴ˈҪгᛣ䆚ࠄ ᰃ㞾Ꮕⱘ䋷ӏ᳈໮ϔѯˈ಴ЎҪ≵㛑ሑ݊᠔㛑݇ᖗཌྷǃ⠅ᡸཌྷǃ✻乒ཌྷDŽሑㅵҪ ᇍྏᄤⱘ㚠যⳌᔧ༅ᳯˈԚᰃ೼⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳Ё䞡㾚҆ᚙ㾖ᗉⱘᕅડϟˈҪ䖬ᰃ ᇍཌྷ㒭ќњ䎇໳ⱘ䇙㾷DŽᔧᢝӞ㥢ࠄⲥ⣅ᴹ᥶ᳯҪᯊˈҪ㾝ᕫཌྷⳟ䍋ᴹ䖬ᰃ㗕ḋ ᄤˈ䖬ᰃ䙷Мᑈ䕏DŽҪᛇˈཌྷᰃϾϡണⱘཇҎˈᰃ㞾ᏅѣᕙњཌྷDŽ㒣䖛䭓ᯊ䯈ⱘ ৃᗩⱘ⣅Ё⫳⌏ˈҪᇍཌྷⱘᚙᛳձ✊བᬙˈ䖬᳝⌧⌧ⱘ⠅ᛣDŽҪⳟⴔཌྷˈ㾝ᕫ㞾 Ꮕᖗ䞠ⱘ⛁㸔೼⊌㝒DŽᇍҪӀП䯈ⱘ݇㋏ˈ䲙᷃໿᳈໮ⱘᰃ㞾䋷DŽҪᇍᢝӞ㥢䇈˖  ៥ᛇ䖛અӀҢᓔྟࠄ㒧ᴳⱘ⫳⌏ˈ៥ϡ䋷ᗾԴˈ៥᳈໮ⱘᰃ䋷ᗾ㞾ᏅDŽԴ㒭ᕫᇥˈ ᕫࠄⱘгᇥˈϡ䖛ˈ៥ᕫࠄⱘˈ᳝ѯ↨៥䆹ᕫࠄⱘ䖬໮ĂĂ៥ᇍϡ䍋ԴDŽ៥ৢᴹ ϡ䎳Դ҆䖥ˈгᇍϡ䍋ԴDŽ៥᳒ᛇߎ䮼ࠎ⅏㞾Ꮕˈ᠔ҹ៥ӸњԴⱘᛳᚙDŽ䖬᳝䇕 ˛੠៥䖭М҆ᆚ˛៥䖬೼䖭⠶䞠ফ㔾DŽ៥ϡݡᰃҹࠡⱘ៥њDŽ៥㛑ݡ䇈ѯҔМਔ ˈ བ៥㛑䞡ᮄ㒣ग़Ҏ⫳ⱘഢോˈԴህৃҹᇥુϔ⚍DŽ˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ؛ˈᢝӞ㥢 ˅  䲙᷃໿ᄺӮњ᥹ফ⠅ǃ㒭ќ⠅DŽҪ䖬ᡞᢝӞ㥢ᔧ԰҆Ҏǃ᳔҆ᆚⱘҎˈᑊϨЎཌྷ ᦤկњ࡯᠔㛑ঞⱘᐂࡽDŽᢝӞ㥢䇋∖䲙᷃໿ˈ㽕Ҫ䅸ৃ㞾ᏅϢ߿Ҏ᠔⫳ⱘᄽᄤDŽ Ҫᴀৃҹϔষಲ㒱ˈԚᰃ㒣ग़䖛ⲥ⣅Ёⱘ㢺䲒⫳⌏ПৢˈҪᛣ䆚ࠄ㓈ᡸ҆ᚙⱘ䞡 㽕ᗻˈᑊϨ᳈ࡴ⦡㾚҆ᚙDŽҪಲㄨ䇈ˈৃҹ㒭ᢝӞ㥢ݭϾ䆕ᯢˈ䇈ᯢ䙷Ͼᄽᄤᰃ 㞾ᏅⱘDŽ䲙᷃໿ᡓ䅸ᢝӞ㥢ⱘᄽᄤˈ䆕ᅲҪϡҙॳ䇙њྏᄤˈ᥹ফњྏᄤ੠ཌྷⱘ

80 ⭻ⱟ䍣᱗〚ⶉ䊚᱘䐱⭥䇭㲌㔸㏎

ᄽᄤˈ㗠Ϩг㸼ᯢҪ᨜ᓗњҹࠡĀҹ㞾៥ЎЁᖗāⱘ⧚ᗉDŽҪ݋᳝᳈ᆑ䯨ⱘ㛌ᗔˈ 㚃ᅮњ㞾ᏅϢ⢍໾ҎП䯈ⱘϔԧᗻDŽ 䲙᷃໿ᇍኇ⠊ᮃ㥿ᇨгϡݡ⓴ϡ݇ᖗDŽҪᇍᮃ㥿ᇨᗔ᳝ⳳᣮ⏅८ⱘᛳᚙˈ䅸 ЎҪᰃϾདҎˈᘏᰃሑ࡯ᓔᇐ㞾ᏅDŽҪ೼ṺЁṺ㾕ᮃ㥿ᇨএϪˈᕜӸᖗDŽ䝦ᴹᯊˈ ⊾∈Ꮖ㒣ᠧ⑓њҪⱘ㚵ᄤDŽ਀ࠄᮃ㥿ᇨএϪⱘ⍜ᙃˈҪܙ⒵㓙ᗔПᚙDŽ䗮䖛䲙᷃ ໿ⱘ㿔㸠ˈৃҹⳟߎˈҪ㞾䋷㞾Ꮕᓔྟᯊᇍ҆ᚙⱘ⓴㾚DŽ䱣ⴔ҆ᚙᛣ䆚ⱘ๲ᔎˈ Ҫ䗤⏤ᬍবњᇍᕙᆊҎ੠҆ᚙⱘᗕᑺDŽ⊼䞡҆ᚙ㾖ᗉᰃ⢍໾Ӻ⧚㾖ⱘ෎ᴀ⡍ᕕˈ ℷᰃ䖭⾡Ӵ㒳ⱘ҆ᚙᛣ䆚ˈՓᕫ䲙᷃໿೼ᖗ♉⏅໘䖬ֱ⬭ⴔᇍྏᄤ੠ኇ⠊ⱘ݇ ⠅ˈᐂࡽҪ䗤ℹᅠ៤ᇍ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ⱘಲᔦDŽ 䲙᷃໿೼ⲥ⣅ⱘ⦄ᅲ⫳⌏Ёᅲ䏉⢍໾Ӻ⧚㾘㣗DŽ㱑✊Ҫⳟࠄⱘሑᰃ≭֘ᬓᑰ ↙മᖡϡᢨⱘ׳ⱘ෩㨑ǃ⮃⢖੠㔾ᙊˈԚᰃҪϡݡᢅᗼˈ㗠ᰃҹ⿃ᵕⱘ࿓ᗕǃ߁ ࡯䴶ᇍ⫳⌏Ёⱘ㢺䲒DŽৠᯊˈҪᇍ⫳⌏ⱘᗕᑺ੠ᅲ䏉㸠Ўгᠧࡼњⳟᅜि݉DŽᄷ ⡍ሐѮܟৠᛣˈᮃ㥿ᇨৃҹ೼ञ໰ᯊᴹ㾕䲙᷃໿DŽ᷃䞥г⧚㾷њ䲙᷃໿ⱘ໘๗DŽ Ҫᇍ䲙᷃໿䇈˖ĀⴐᏈᏈഄⳟࠄϔϾҎϞњ䫕䫒ˈ↣ᰮ⫼᳼ᶋᡞ㛮䫕䍋ᴹˈϡㅵ Ҫᰃ䇕ˈᘏᰃᤎᚼⱘDŽĂĂ៥ᭈ໽ሑ䞣ϡএᛇԴ೼䖭ܓϞ䬷䪤DŽ៥ⱘ⼲㒣া㛑ᖡ ফ䖭М໮ˈ៥ᖗ䞠Ꮖ㒣ܙ⒵њ៥᠔㛑ᖡফⱘᖻ㰥DŽā˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˈ˅Ҫ ᓩ⫼⽣䷇кⱘ䆱ˈᅝᝄ䲙᷃໿ˈᖡফࠄ᳔ৢˈҎᘏӮᕫࠄᬥ䌢ⱘDŽ䲙᷃໿ⱘ㸠Ў ᰃᇍ⢍໾Ӻ⧚㾖Ӵ㒳ⱘ᳝ᬜ䯤䞞ˈҪ೼┰⿏咬࣪Ё䰏ℶњ㞾Ꮕ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᛣ䆚ⱘ⍜ 䗔ˈҢ㗠᳈ࡴമᅮњ⢍໾ᬭֵӄDŽ 䲙᷃໿ᇍ⢍໾Ҏⱘ㞾⬅᳝њ᳈⏅ࠏǃ᳈ܼ䴶ⱘ䅸䆚ˈ䖭ᰃҪಲᔦ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ 㒳ⱘϔ⾡Џ㽕ᮍᓣDŽ䖥ϝᑈⱘⲥ⣅⫳⌏ˈՓᕫ䲙᷃໿ᇍ㞾⬅ⱘ䅸ⶹথ⫳њᎼ໻ⱘ 䕀বDŽܹ⣅П߱ˈ಴Ў༅এњҎ䑿㞾⬅ˈҪᛳࠄᕜ⮯㢺DŽ䙷ᯊˈҪⳌֵˈҎা᳝ খϢࠄ⼒Ӯ⫳⌏ПЁˈᠡㅫᰃ㦋ᕫ㞾⬅DŽЎњᮽ᮹ᕫࠄ䞞ᬒˈҪϡᮁᔎ䇗᥻ਞᰃ ≵᳝䆕᥂ⱘˈ㞾Ꮕ≵ᑆ䖛䙷ḋⱘџᚙDŽҪᣛߎˈᏆ㒣ᡞџᅲܼ䚼䇈ߎᴹњˈ㗠Ϩ 㞾ᏅϡᰃֵᬭⱘҎˈাᰃϔϾᗱᛇ㞾⬅ⱘҎDŽҪЎњ㦋ᕫ㞾⬅ˈ༟࡯ᡫѝDŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ᇣ䇈Ёড໡ᦤࠄˈ䲙᷃໿ᇍᮃᆒ䇎㥢ⱘ㨫԰੠ᗱᛇᕜᛳ݈䍷DŽܹ ⣅ПࠡˈҪህ䯙䇏Ϣᮃᆒ䇎㥢Ⳍ݇ⱘк㈡DŽҪ䇈˖Ā៥䇏њ޴义ˈህ㒻㓁䇏ϟএˈ ᳝㙵ᮟ亢೼㚠ৢ᥼ⴔ៥DŽℷབ៥᠔䇈ⱘˈ៥ᇍкЁⱘݙᆍϔϾᄫгϡពDŽԚڣད

1 ᇣ䇈Ё঺໪ϔϾⲥ⣅ि݉DŽ

81 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

㒭儨儐䗋ԣњDŽ䇏䖛Пৢˈ៥ህϡᰃڣབᵰԴ⺄Ϟ䖭ḋⱘᗱᛇˈԴӮ㾝ᕫ㞾Ꮕད 㗕ḋᄤњDŽā˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˈ˅䲙᷃໿䗮䖛䖭ѯк㈡ˈњ㾷њᮃᆒ䇎㥢ⱘᗱ ᛇˈᓔྟ䗑ᇏĀ㞾⬅āҹঞĀ᳈དⱘ⫳⌏ā˄Pradhan 38-39˅DŽҪ䅸Ўˈᮃᆒ䇎㥢 ᡞ㞾Ꮕⱘ૆ᄺᗱᛇϢϾҎ㞾⬅㘨㋏䍋ᴹˈᣛߎĀҪ˄ᮃᆒ䇎㥢˅㞾Ꮕ㽕䬏⚐៤ϔ བԴᯢⱑ៥ⱘᛣᗱⱘ䆱üü㽕؛Ͼ㞾⬅ⱘҎˈᣝ✻Ҫⱘ૆ᄺˈሑৃ㛑ⱘ㞾⬅üü ⳟ䗣џ⠽ⱘᴀ䋼ˈᡞ৘⾡џ⠽㘨㋏䍋ᴹā˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˈ˅DŽ䲙᷃໿ᇍᮃᆒ 䇎㥢ᛳ݈䍷ˈϡাᰃ಴Ўᮃᆒ䇎㥢੠Ҫϔḋᰃ⢍໾Ҏˈ᳈Џ㽕ⱘॳ಴ᰃҪӀ䛑Ў њ㞾⬅ˈЎњᨚ㜅ᴳ㓮ˈ⾏ᓔњ⢍໾⼒ऎDŽ ৠᯊˈ䲙᷃໿гᛣ䆚ࠄᮃᆒ䇎㥢ⱘᗱᛇϢ㞾ᏅϡϔḋDŽᮃᆒ䇎㥢㱑✊㒜᮹೼ ⣁ᇣⱘ᠓䯈䞠ᄺд੠߯԰ˈ㹿Џ⌕⼒Ӯ੠⢍໾⼒ऎ᠔ᥦ᣸ˈԚҪᰃ԰ЎҎ㉏᳔㞾 ⬅ⱘϔϾ៤ਬ㗠এϪⱘDŽ೼ᮃᆒ䇎㥢ⱘᗱᛇЁˈ㞾⬅Āᰃ៥Ӏⱘᱎ㛑䗮䖛Ϣ⼲Ⳉ ᥹ⱘ㒧ড়㗠㦋ᕫⱘϔ⾡〇ᅮⱘᄬ೼ˈ᠔ҹᅗህ㛑೼㞾䑿Пݙѻ⫳㾖ᗉˈ೼㞾䑿П ໪ѻ⫳ৠ៥ⱘᴀᗻᅠܼϔ㟈ⱘ㒧ᵰˈ㗠ᅗⱘ㒧ᵰᑊϡሜҢѢӏԩ㛑㹿ᅗӀᬍব៪ 䕀বⱘ໪೼ⱘॳ಴ā˄⋾∝哢˅DŽ䲙᷃໿⧚㾷њᮃᆒ䇎㥢ⱘ㞾⬅೼ᅲ䋼Ϟᰃϔ ᖗ♉ⱘ㞾⬅ˈᄬ೼ѢҎⱘݙᖗ⏅໘DŽेՓ೼໪⬠৘⾡य़࡯ПϟˈϔϾҎ༅এњ⾡ ໪೼ⱘ㞾⬅ˈԚᰃैϡ㛑䘣ࠊ݊ᖗ♉੠ᗱᛇϞⱘ㞾⬅DŽ಴ℸˈҪ䅸Ўᮃᆒ䇎㥢೼ ᗱᛇϞᰃ㞾⬅ⱘˈҪ೼૆ᄺᓎᷥЁᰃ㞾⬅ⱘDŽ䲙᷃໿᳔㒜ᯢⱑњˈ㱑✊㞾Ꮕⱘ䑿 ˈ⬅ᮃᆒ䇎㥢ϔḋˈᢹ᳝㊒⼲੠ᖗ♉Ϟⱘ㞾ڣԧ੠㸠ࡼফࠄᴳ㓮ˈԚᰃҪгৃҹ ᡞᦵ㞾⬅㭈৿ⱘӳ໻࡯䞣DŽ䲙᷃໿乚ᙳњᮃᆒ䇎㥢᠔䇈ⱘ㞾⬅ⱘ⎉Нˈ䖭ᰃϔ⾡ া᳝䗮䖛⧚ᗻᠡ㛑㦋ᕫⱘⳳℷⱘ㞾⬅DŽ 䲙᷃໿䴲ᐌ␈ᳯⲥ⣅໪䴶ⱘ㞾⬅⫳⌏ˈԚᰃҪᯢⱑˈेՓ㞾Ꮕ㹿䞞ᬒˈ㦋ᕫ Ҏ䑿㞾⬅ˈै㒜お᮴⊩㾷އ⢍໾⇥ᮣ䴶Јⱘ䯂乬DŽгℷ᳝䡈ѢℸˈҪ໮⃵ᢦ㒱њ ᬓᑰᔧሔᦤկⱘ㦋ᕫ㞾⬅ⱘᴎӮDŽẔᆳᅬ࿕㚕߽䇅Ҫˈ䅽Ҫ೼ഺⱑкϞㅒᄫˈᡓ 䅸ᰃᴔᆇ෎ⴷᬭ⬋ᄽⱘߊ᠟DŽ䖭ḋҪህӮ㹿⾬ᆚ䞞ᬒˈӮᕫࠄĀϔᓴ֘೑ᡸ✻ā ੠Āࠄ⃻⌆ҹ໪ᶤϾ೑ᆊএⱘᮙ䌍āDŽ✊㗠ˈҪᢦ㒱ㅒᄫDŽҪᅕᜓ೼ⲥ⣅䞠ᑺ䖛 Ӯ㒭⢍໾⇥ᮣᏺᴹᎼ໻ⱘ♒䲒DŽϔϾ⼲⠊ᴹࡱ䇈Ҫⱜձخ㒜䑿ˈ಴ЎҪⶹ䘧䙷ḋ ໽Џᬭˈ䖭ḋҪህৃҹ㦋ᕫ㞾⬅DŽ䲙᷃໿Ўњ㸼⼎ᡫ䆂ˈᡞ⢍໾⼜⽋᡿ᏒⲪ೼༈ Ϟ䴶ˈᡞ⫼ᴹᠢ᠟㞖ⱘⲂ㓋ᏺᠢࠄⳝṶDŽҪ䖬ᢦ㒱њ⊩ᄺᬭᥜࡱҪ᥹ফ≭ⱛ⡍䌺 ⱘᓎ䆂ˈ಴Ў䙷ḋҪᇚ㹿㾚ЎϔϾಮ⢃ˈ㗠ϡᰃ԰Ў᮴㔾ⱘҎ㦋ᕫ㞾⬅DŽ

82 ⭻ⱟ䍣᱗〚ⶉ䊚᱘䐱⭥䇭㲌㔸㏎

䲙᷃໿≵᳝᥹ফ䖭ѯৃҹ㦋ᕫ㞾⬅ⱘᴎ䘛ˈҪϡᛇ಴Ў㞾Ꮕⱘ㓬ᬙˈ䅽⢍໾ ⇥ᮣ䴶Јⱘሔ࢓বᕫ᳈ࡴ㊳㊩DŽҪ䳔㽕ⱘᰃϔϾ݀ℷⱘᅵ߸ˈϡᛇ಴Ў㞾Ꮕ䅸㔾 㗠Փ⢍໾⇥ᮣ㩭ফ㕲䖅DŽҪᅕᜓ༅এҎ䑿㞾⬅ǃ㞾Ꮕফ㢺ˈг㽕ᡓᢙᇍ⢍໾⇥ᮣ ⱘ䋷ӏ੠НࡵDŽҪᏠᳯ㛑໳ҹ㞾Ꮕফ䲒ⱘᮍᓣˈֱᡸ⢍໾Ҏˈ䅽ҪӀѿ᳝ৠḋⱘ ⫳ᄬᴗ߽DŽ᠔ҹˈҪއᖗҹ⡎⡆㞾Ꮕⱘ㞾⬅ЎҷӋˈ䅽ϪҎњ㾷ҪϾҎ੠⢍໾⇥ ᮣⱘݸḜDŽ䲙᷃໿݇Ѣ㞾⬅ⱘᗱᛇᕫࠄњ䖯ϔℹᠽሩˈℷབ㔫ԃ⡍g㋶㔫ศ㔫໿ ᠔䇈˖Āⳳℷⱘᅵ߸ϡᰃ೼߸އ៪㗙ᰃᅷ߸᮴㔾Пᯊˈ㗠ᰃ䖭Пࠡ೼⣅Ёᑺ䖛ⱘ ቕ᳜DŽ䖭↉㒣ग़䅽Ҫ˄䲙᷃໿˅᳝ᴎӮोܹџӊПЁˈ⧚㾷Ҏ⫳ⱘᛣНDŽҪᰃ೼ ⲥ⣅Ёᖡফ㢺䲒ⱘ䖛⿟Ё㦋ᕫњ㞾⬅੠ᮄ⫳DŽā˄Solotaroff 64˅䲙᷃໿䅸Ўˈ⢍ ໾Ҏϡ㛑㜅⾏⢍໾⇥ᮣ㗠㦋ᕫᅠܼⱘ㞾⬅DŽ 䲙᷃໿ᇚ㞾Ꮕⱘ㒣ग़Ϣ⢍໾⇥ᮣⱘग़৆੠ੑ䖤㋻ᆚ㘨㋏೼ϔ䍋ˈҪ೼䘧ᖋϞ ៤䭓䍋ᴹDŽ䲙᷃໿ᛣ䆚ࠄˈᇍѢᓖᬭᕦᴹ䇈ˈϔϾ⢍໾Ҏⱘ䑿ӑህᰃᭈϾ⢍໾⇥ ᮣⱘ䈵ᕕDŽབᵰ㞾Ꮕ㹿᥻ਞᴔᆇњ෎ⴷᕦⱘᇣᄽˈ䙷МᭈϾ⢍໾⇥ᮣг㹿᥻ਞњˈ ህབৠ೼कᄫᶊϞ䩝⅏㘊⿷෎ⴷⱘߊ᠟ⱘ㔾ህᰃϔߛ⢍໾Ҏⱘ㔾ϔḋDŽ䲙᷃໿㒜 Ѣᯢⱑњˈग़৆ᇍѢ⢍໾Ҏᴹ䇈݋᳝䞡㽕ᛣНˈҪⱘ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᛣ䆚ᕫࠄњ๲ᔎDŽ ℷབӞᮃवg༹ᇨ⡍᠔䇈˖Ā⢍໾ᬭⱘֵӄህᰃ㚃ᅮ⼲೷ⱘग़৆ˈ䅸Ў䖭ᰃ㞾Ꮕ ⣀⡍ⱘग़৆ˈ៪㗙ᰃ㞾Ꮕⳳℷⱘ䖛এDŽā˄Alter 1981ˈ170˅䲙᷃໿ᇍ㞾ᏅϢ⢍໾ ⇥ᮣП䯈ⱘ݇㋏ˈг᳝њϔϾℷ⹂ⱘ⧚㾷DŽҪ䅸䆚ࠄˈ  㞾ᏅাᰃञϾ⢍໾Ҏˈৃᰃˈ೼ֱᡸҪӀᮍ䴶໳ᕫϞϔϾᅠҎDŽҪ↩コњ㾷䖭ѯ Ҏϔḋഄ⫳⌏DŽҪডᇍ䙷ѯডᇍ⢍໾Ҏڣ໾Ҏˈ೼Ϫ⬠Ϟ⢍خҎˈⳌֵҪӀ᳝ᴗ ⱘҎDŽҪӮሑҪⱘ࡯䞣এֱᡸҪӀDŽ䖭ᰃҪ㞾Ꮕゟϟⱘ༥㑺DŽབᵰЏϡᰃҎˈҪ ᘏ䆹ᰃϾҎDŽ಴ℸˈҪᖙ乏㒣ফ㗗偠ˈ䅽Ҏᆊ⫼䇢㿔ᴹ䆕ᅲҪᰃ᮴䕰ⱘDŽҪᏆ㒣 ≵᳝ࠡ䗨ˈԚҪ䖬ᕫമᣕϟএˈㄝᕙߎ༈ⱘ᮹ᄤDŽ៥㽕⌏ϟএˈ៥㽕ㄝˈㄝࠄᅵ ߸ⱘ䙷ϔ໽DŽ˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˈ˅  䲙᷃໿䅸Ўˈ㞾Ꮕϡ㛑⡉㌃֘೑๗ݙⱘ݊Ҫ⢍໾ҎDŽ䴶ᇍ໪೼Ϫ⬠ⱘय़࡯ˈҪϟ ᅮއᖗ㽕ᡓᢙ䍋ᇍ⢍໾⇥ᮣⱘӺ⧚䋷ӏDŽ 㢺䲒ⱘҎ⫳㒣ग़䅽䲙᷃໿ᕏᑩ䕀বњDŽҪ㾝ᕫ㞾Ꮕݙᖗ᳝⚍বњˈϡᰃҹࠡ ֘≭ⱘ㞾ᏅњDŽҪϡݡᰃϔϾ㚚ᇣ㗠ឺᔅⱘ⢍໾ׂ⧚ࣴDŽҪമᣕ㞾Ꮕ᮴㔾ˈ䋼⭥ ᬓᑰ⅟ᲈ᮴ᚙⱘϧࠊ㒳⊏DŽҪᇍⳂࠡⱘሔ࢓ǃᇍ㞾Ꮕ䱋ܹೄ๗ⱘॳ಴ˈг᳝њ᳈

83 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

⏅ࠏⱘ⧚㾷˖  ಴Ўᬓᑰ䌀Ԣ⢍໾ҎⱘӋؐˈҢ㗠⸈ണҪӀⱘ㞾⬅DŽ᠔ҹˈϡㅵҪ೼䙷䞠៪ࠄા 䞠এˈϡㅵথ⫳ҔМџˈҪᘏᰃॅ䰽ⱘDŽĂĂӏԩ⢍໾Ҏˈӏԩⳟᴹ䉠Ԑ⢍໾Ҏ ⱘҎ䛑ᰃ≭ⱛⱘᬠᇍߚᄤ੠ফᆇ㗙DŽĂĂҪ㹿݇⽕ˈ᣼体ˈফւ䖅ˈ㱑✊Ҫᰃ᮴ ≴ˈাࡼ⠽㒭⫼䪕䫒㒥೼๭ϞDŽЎҔМਸ਼˛಴Ў೼ϔϾ㜤䋹ⱘ೑ᆊ䞠ڣैˈ䕰ⱘ ᳝ϔϾ⢍໾Ҏᰃ᮴䕰ⱘDŽ䖭ᰃᅗⱘ㜤䋹ˈᅗᇍফ䖿ᆇ㗙ⱘᘤᚻ੠⮯ᘼⱘ᳔ᯢᰒⱘ 㸼⦄DŽĂĂ֘೑᳝䆌໮↨ডᇍ⢍໾Ҏ᳈㊳ⱘᓞ⮙DŽ䙷ѯ䖿ᆇ᮴䕰㗙ⱘҎ㞾Ꮕг㒱 ϡӮᰃ㞾⬅ⱘDŽ˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˈ˅  䲙᷃໿ᇍ䙁ফϡ݀ℷᕙ䘛ⱘҎ⇥໻ӫܙ⒵ৠᚙDŽҪⶹ䘧ˈ೼䖭Ͼ೑ᆊ䞠ˈ⬅Ѣग़ ৆៪㗙ᬓ⊏ⱘॳ಴ˈҎӀ䛑ᰃϡ㞾⬅ⱘDŽҪ䅸䆚ࠄˈᇍѢ⢍໾Ҏᴹ䇈ˈ㕢དⱘ⫳ ࡾ࡯ǃ䗑ᇏ㞾⬅੠ᑌ⽣ህӮᅲ⦄ˈ㗠ᰃ㽕݇⊼ҪҎǃ݇⊼ᭈϾ⢍໾׳ϡᰃা߁⌏ ⇥ᮣˈ಴Ў㞾⬅ⱘⳂⱘᰃЎ߿Ҏ߯䗴㞾⬅DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ㸼ᯢˈПࠡ䲙᷃໿ᖗЁϡᮁߎ⦄ⱘ䗑ᇏ㞾⬅ⱘ℆ᳯˈᰃ݊㞾⾕㞾߽ ⱘ㸼⦄DŽা᳝೼⇥ᮣᛣ䆚Ёˈ䖭⾡⣁䱬ǃ㞾⾕ⱘ℆∖ᠡ㛑䕀বЎϔ⾡ЎҪҎǃЎ ⇥ᮣѝপ㞾⬅ⱘम໻⧚ᗉˈϾԧⱘ⮯㢺Ϣೄ๗ᠡ㛑᳔㒜⍜䰸DŽ䲙᷃໿㓈ᡸ㞾Ꮕ੠ ⢍໾⇥ᮣⱘ㞾⬅੠ᇞϹˈ᳔㒜䕀ব៤њϔԡĀᬓ⊏Ҏ⠽āDŽҪ䇈˖Ā᳝ӊϰ㽓ˈ៥ ᰃᄺࠄњDŽḍᴀ≵᳝ϡ䯂ᬓ⊏ⱘҎˈ⡍߿ᰃϔϾ⢍໾ҎDŽԴϡ㛑ᇚѠ㗙ߚᓔˈ䖭 ᰃ໳⏙ἮⱘDŽԴϡ㛑തⴔϡࡼˈⳟⴔ㞾Ꮕ㒭Ҏᆊ↕ᥝDŽā˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˈ˅ ⊐བ೑ᆊⱘ㒳؛˛ᴹˈҪজᛇ˖Ā≵᳝᭫ѝህ≵᳝㞾⬅ˈᮃᆒ䇎㥢䇈ⱘᰃҔМৢ 䖱㚠њҎᗻˈᡞᅗᨻ↕г≵ҔМ⢃㔾ৃ㿔DŽড⢍ߚᄤ䆹⅏ʽ䴽ੑϛቕʽ㞾⬅ϛ ቕʽā 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˈ 䲙᷃໿ពᕫњ⢍໾Ҏϡ㛑Ңग़৆Ё䗔ߎˈгϡᖙ㽕 ៤Ў㹿ࡼⱘফᆇ㗙DŽҪᑨ䆹䞛প㸠ࡼˈЎ㞾Ꮕ੠⢍໾⇥ᮣⱘ㞾⬅੠⫳ᄬ㗠᭫ѝDŽ 䲙᷃໿ᇍϞᏱⱘ䋼䯂ⓨব៤њᇍϞᏱⱘ⧚㾷ˈᓔྟЎ⢍໾⇥ᮣⱘ⫳ᄬϢড⢍ ЏН䖯㸠᭫ѝˈ䖭гᰃҪ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᛣ䆚㾝䝦ⱘϔϾᷛᖫDŽ೼ᇣ䇈ⱘᓔ㆛ˈ䲙᷃໿ ᇚ⢍໾ᬭНᓗПϔᮕˈᬒᓗᇍϞᏱⱘֵӄˈ݀ᓔᅷ⿄㞾ᏅϡᰃᅫᬭҎ຿DŽҪᕜᇥ এᬭූˈ䅸Ў㞾Ꮕ೼䙷䞠ⱑⱑ⌾䌍њ䆌໮ᯊܝˈ㗠Ϩϔ᮴᠔ᕫDŽҪᇍϞᏱᦤߎᔎ ⚜ⱘ䋼⭥ˈ䅸ЎϞᏱᇍ᠔䇧ⱘĀ⡍䗝ᄤ⇥āüü⢍໾⇥ᮣ䖛Ѣ㢯∖ˈ䅽ҪӀ䖛ⴔ 乴≯⌕⾏ⱘ⫳⌏DŽҪ᳒㒣Ⳉ᥹ᇍᮃ㥿ᇨ䇈ˈҪ༅এњᇍ⢍໾ᬭⱘֵӄˈ಴ЎҪⳟ ࠄϞᏱᇍ⢍໾Ҏ᠔䙁ফⱘ㢺䲒᮴ࡼѢ㹋DŽᮃ㥿ᇨ哧ࢅ䲙᷃໿ˈ㽕Ҫֱᣕ⢍໾Ҏⱘ ᴀߚǃϡ㽕ᬒᓗֵӄϞᏱDŽҪैಲㄨ䇈ˈϞᏱ᮴㾚Ҫⱘ㢺䲒ǃ≵᳝㒭ќҪᖙ㽕ⱘ

84 ⭻ⱟ䍣᱗〚ⶉ䊚᱘䐱⭥䇭㲌㔸㏎

ᗰᚃ੠ᐂࡽˈҪ಴ℸᗼᘼϞᏱDŽҪᣛߎˈ೼Ҏ㉏˄⡍߿ᰃ⢍໾Ҏ˅䙁ফ㢺䲒ᯊˈ ϞᏱ㸼⦄ߎᴹⱘैᰃ⓴㾚੠㹪᠟ᮕ㾖DŽҪӸᖗഄᢅᗼ˖  ⳳᰃ䖭ḋⱘ䆱ˈҪމབᚙ؛ҪӀ䇈ग़৆Ϟߎ⦄њ໽Џˈᑊҹℸᴹ䖒ࠄҪⱘⳂⱘDŽ ᇍҎ㉏ᰃ≵᳝ৠᚙᖗⱘDŽЏি୞᜜ᚆᑊ᥊ᠧ㞾Ꮕⱘ㛌㝯ˈԚ≵᳝ϔ⚍᜜ᚆˈ಴Ў བԴϡᰃҎˈԴህϡ㛑ৠᚙҔМDŽ؛˛᳝ৠᚙᖗDŽ䲒䘧ৠᚙᖗᰃ೼䮾⬉ПЁ৫≴ ৠᚙᰃЏᛳࠄ᚞䆊ⱘџˈ䖭ϡᰃҪⱘথᯢDŽ˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˈ˅  䲙᷃໿䅸ЎˈϞᏱϡ݇⊼Ҏ㉏ⱘ⮯㢺ˈ≵᳝ৠᚙ੠ᗰᚃПᖗˈᅫᬭ៪㗙⼲ᄺ㾷އ ϡњ⢍໾Ҏⱘ⫳ᄬೄ๗DŽ 䲙᷃໿೼⣅Ёড໡䯙䇏ljᏠԃᴹ೷㒣NJˈ㹿䙷ѯᏠԃᴹҎⱘᬙџ⏅⏅ഄ਌ᓩ ԣњDŽҪডᗱ䇏䖛ⱘݙᆍˈখᙳњ⢍໾⇥ᮣ೼ग़৆Ϟⱘ⮯㢺䙁䘛ˈҹঞ⦄ҷ⢍໾ Ҏ䴶Јⱘ㢺䲒⦄ᅲDŽҪᇍ༥㑺䆎ҹঞϞᏱϢ⢍໾Ҏⱘ݇㋏ˈг᳝њܼᮄⱘ䅸䆚˖  Ҫ˄Џ˅䇈Ҫ䗝ᢽᏠԃᴹҎᴹᆘᠬҪⱘᄬ೼DŽҪゟњ༥㑺ˈ᠔ҹҪ៤њ໽ЏDŽҪ ᦤߎᓎ䆂ˈҹ㡆߫Ҏ᥹ফњˈ㽕ϡ✊ˈग़৆ᇚҢԩᯊᓔྟਸ਼˛ĂĂԚᰃˈҹ㡆߫ Ҏ᥹ফ䖭⾡༥㑺ℷᰃЎњ⸈ണᅗDŽ䖭ᰃ⬅ѢҪӀᗔ᳝ϡৃᗱ䆂ⱘⳂⱘ˖ҪӀ䳔㽕 Ң㗠Փ㘊੠ढঠ᠟㋻ᦵ஋ᇘⴔ☿✄ⱘࠥˈҢҪ䙷䞥˗⼲؛㒣偠DŽ಴ℸˈҪӀዛᢰ 㡆ⱘᅱᑻϞ䏇њ䍋ᴹDŽĂĂҪӀ㚠যњ੠Џ䅶ゟⱘ༥㑺ˈ᠔ҹϡᕫϡҬߎњҷӋ üü៬ѝǃ↕♁ǃ⅏ѵǃ⌕ᬒҹঞᡓফϢℸׅᴹⱘϔߛৢᵰDŽҪӀ䇈˖ফ㢺㛑ਃ থҎӀⱘᙨᬍˈ㟇ᇥᇍ䙷ѯ㛑ᙨᬍⱘҎᰃ䖭ḋDŽĂĂ䙷МˈЏህᆑᘩҪӀˈᑊᦤ ߎᮄⱘ༥㑺DŽĂĂҹ㡆߫Ҏϡㅵᰃ৺ᬍবˈ᥹ফњᮄⱘ༥㑺ˈⳂⱘ೼Ѣ䗮䖛ዛᢰ ᴹ⸈ണ༥㑺ˈ᠔ҹҪӀ᳔ৢᇚফ㢺੠ᖣᙨˈ᮴ӥ᮴ℶഄˈⳈࠄ∌䖰DŽ䲙᷃໿⼲؛ ᛇ˖༥㑺Ⳃⱘ೼Ѣ߯䗴Ҏ㉏ⱘ㒣偠ˈԚҎ㉏ⱘ㒣偠জϢЏⳌᎺDŽ˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˈ ˅  䲙᷃໿䅸䆚ࠄˈ⢍໾Ҏ䖱㚠њ੠ϞᏱㅒ䅶ⱘⲳ㑺ˈ᠔ҹҪӀϡᕫϡҬߎ≝䞡ⱘҷ ӋDŽҪ⬅ℸᛇࠄ㞾ᏅDŽҪফ㢺ফ䲒ˈ಴ЎҪᨨ⸈њ⼜⽋⫼ⱘ㒣ࣷˈ≵᳝ϢЏゟ㑺DŽ 㗠ϨˈҪাЎ㞾Ꮕˈা݇⊼㞾Ꮕⱘ๗䘛DŽ≵᳝ҎЎҪফ㢺ˈҪгϡЎ߿Ҏফ㢺DŽ ЏᇍҪথᗦˈᚽ㔮Ҫˈ಴ЎҪϡֵ໽ЏDŽ䲙᷃໿ᕫߎ㒧䆎ˈ㞾Ꮕ䆩೒ᨚ㜅⢍໾Ӵ 㒳ˈᬒᓗ⢍໾ᬭֵӄˈ䖱㚠⢍໾ҎϢϞᏱ䅶ゟⱘ༥㑺ˈ᠔ҹ㽕ᡓফ⬅ℸѻ⫳ⱘϔ ߛৢᵰDŽ 䲙᷃໿⏅ܹᗱ㗗᥶お⢍໾ᬭᬭНˈᇍϞᏱг᳝њ᳈໮ⱘ⧚㾷੠䅸䆚DŽҪᣛߎˈ г䆌Џгᛇҕ᜜⚍ˈ䖭ᰃৃ㛑ⱘˈԚᰃ≵᳝Ҏⶹ䘧DŽҪ䇈˖Ā៪㗙Џᰃ៥Ӏ㞚䗴

85 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ⱘˈҔМџгࡲϡ៤ˈ៪㗙Ҫᰃ໻㞾✊Ё㗠ϡᰃग़৆Ϟⱘϔ⾡࡯䞣DŽϔ⾡࡯䞣ᑊ ⾡亢ˈᛇሑ䞣ֱᣕ⏽ᱪDŽ䇈হᅲ䆱ˈ៥Ꮖ㒣ᡞҪ԰Ўϔދ䴲ϔϾ߯䗴㗙DŽҪᰃ㙵 ᮴ৃᤑಲⱘᤳ༅㗠ϔヨ࣒䫔њDŽā˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ˈ˅гህᰃ䇈ˈ䲙⾥໿䅸Ўˈ ߎҔМ˗ϞᏱгৃ㛑াᰃ໻خϞᏱ៪䆌ᰃҎ㞚ᛇⱘ㒧ᵰˈ೼ҎϪ䯈Ҫᴀᴹህ≵᳝ 㞾✊Ёⱘϔ⾡࡯䞣ˈ㗠ϡᰃग़৆ⱘ߯䗴㗙DŽ䲙᷃໿ᛣ䆚ࠄњˈĀᅫᬭ੠д֫াϡ 䖛ᰃ㸼䴶ⱘ㺙佄㗠ᏅˈҎⱘᖗ♉ᰃ᳔䞡㽕ⱘDŽгህᰃ䇈ˈ೼ϔϾދ䝋᮴ᚙⱘϪ⬠ Siegel 126 ℷᰃ䖭⾡䲚 ЁˈϾԧᖙ乏ֱᣕ෎ᴀⱘᇞϹҹঞᇍѢৠ㚲ⱘ䋷ӏᛳDŽā ԧᛣ䆚ˈՓᕫ䲙᷃໿೼㢺䲒ⱘ⫳ᄬ๗䘛Ёবᕫ㞾ֵ੠ᔎ໻䍋ᴹDŽҪᨚ㜅њᇍফ䲒 ⱘᘤᚻ੠ᖻ㰥ˈ䅸䆚ࠄ㞾ᏅᰃЎ⢍໾Ҏ⇥㗠ফ䲒DŽᇣ䇈ⱘ㒧ሒˈ䲙᷃໿೼ᛇ䈵Ё џᰃ಴Ў㞾Ꮕ䙁䘛ⱘⲥ⽕ǃᬒ↦੠↣໽݁⃵ⱘ᧰ᶹˈгᰃخᇘᴔ≭ⱛˈҪᛇ䖭ḋ Ўњ᳓↨↨⾥໿ˈ᳓᷃䞥੠䆌໮Ҏ᡹қDŽҪϡݡ䙓䆇㞾Ꮕⱘ⢍໾Ҏ䑿ӑˈᡞ㞾Ꮕ ⱘੑ䖤੠⢍໾⇥ᮣ㋻ᆚ㘨㋏೼ϔ䍋ˈއᖗチሑܼ࡯ৠড⢍ЏН࢓࡯᭫ѝࠄᑩˈ䍄 Ϟњಲᔦ⢍໾Ӵ㒳П䏃DŽ ⢍໾⇥ᮣ೼ϸग໮ᑈⱘ⌕ᬷ⫳⌏Ёˈ᳔Ў⦡㾚ⱘህᰃ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳DŽৃҹ䅸 Ўˈ⢍໾᭛࣪ᰃҹ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳԰Ў㓈㋏䗨ᕘⱘϔ⾡᭛࣪㉏ൟDŽ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ᰃ lj෎䕙ᗼNJⱘЏ㽕䕑ԧ੠᭛ᴀヺোDŽᇣ䇈Ёˈ䲙᷃໿㒣ग़њᇍ⢍໾䑿ӑⱘ⎵⓴ࠄ ಲᔦ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ⱘ䖛⿟DŽ᳔߱ˈҪᢅᗼ⢍໾⇥ᮣⱘ㢺䲒ੑ䖤ˈ䅸Ўᅗᡞ᠔᳝ϡ ᑌⱘџᚙ䛑य़೼㞾Ꮕ䑿ϞˈՓ㞾Ꮕᡓফњড⢍ЏНᏺᴹⱘϔߛ䖿ᆇ੠⮯㢺DŽ᳔㒜ˈ Ҫ䅸䆚ࠄ↣ϔϾ⢍໾Ҏ䛑㽕ᇍ⢍໾⇥ᮣⱘ⫳ᄬ䋳䋷ˈᓔྟ⿃ᵕǃЏࡼǃ࢛ᬶഄৠ ড⢍ЏН᭫ѝDŽҪⱘ䕀বϡᰃᅫᬭ㾖ᗉϞⱘˈĀЏ㽕ᰃϢ䘧ᖋޚ߭ˈϢҪᇍৠᮣ Ҏⱘᗕᑺ੠㸠ЎⳌ݇ā˄Ochshorn 167˅DŽ䖭гᰃҪ೼䘧ᖋϞⱘ៤䭓ग़⿟DŽ೼䖭Ͼ ⋯⡍䖛⿟Ёˈᮃ㥿ᇨᇍϞᏱ㰨䆮ⱘֵӄˈ↨↨⾥໿ᇍᮃᆒ䇎㥢ᗱᛇⱘ䯤䞞ˈ༹ᮃ ໿ᮃ෎ᇍᬓ⊏ሔ࢓ⱘ㾷䞞ˈݡࡴϞ䲙᷃໿ᇍ㞾Ꮕ䙁䘛ⱘডᗱˈ䖭ѯ䛑ЎҪⱘ䕀ব ᦤկњ䅸䆚䆎Ϟⱘ෎⸔DŽ䲙᷃໿г䗤⏤ᛣ䆚ࠄˈᇍѢ⢍໾Ҏᴹ䇈ˈ᳔䞡㽕ⱘϰ㽓 ህᰃ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ˈϡᡓ䅸㞾Ꮕⱘ⇥ᮣ䑿ӑˈгህᛣੇⴔ৺ᅮ㞾ᏅⱘĀⳳᅲᄬ೼ ੠ग़৆āDŽ 䲙᷃໿೼㢺䲒ⱘ⫳ᄬ㒣ग़Ёˈ䅸䆚ࠄ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ⱘ䞡㽕ᛣНˈᑊϨពᕫњ া᳝⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᛣ䆚ᠡ㛑ᣃᬥ㞾Ꮕˈ䍄ߎೄ๗DŽгህᰃ䇈ˈ䲙᷃໿ⱘೄ๗ᰃ⬅ѢҪ 㔎ᇥ⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᛣ䆚᠔ᇐ㟈ⱘᖙ✊㒧ᵰˈಲᔦ䲚ԧ੠⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳߭ᰃ⊏ᛜ⮯㢺ǃ

86 ⭻ⱟ䍣᱗〚ⶉ䊚᱘䐱⭥䇭㲌㔸㏎

㾷އ䯂乬ⱘ᳔དᮍ⊩DŽ೼⢍໾Ӻ⧚ᛣ䆚Ёˈ䲙᷃໿㦋ᕫњ㊒⼲Ϟⱘᝄ㮝ˈ䞡ᮄ䅸 ℸ㸼ᯢˈ⢍໾׳䆚㞾៥ˈ䞡ᮄ䅸䆚њϪ⬠ˈгᡒࠄњҎ⫳ⱘᛣН᠔೼DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ᭛࣪ᔎ䇗䲚ԧ੠⼒ӮӺ⧚Ӌؐǃ䞡㾚䲚ԧ㾖ᗉˈ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳೼↣Ͼ⢍໾Ҏⱘᖗ Ё䛑⏅⏅ഄᠢϟḍDŽℷᰃ䖭⾡Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳֗Փ⢍໾Ҏ⇥ಶ㒧䍋ᴹˈ㛑໳೼䙁ফ㢺䲒ǃ ℎւ੠䖿ᆇⱘ⫳⌏ЁᑌᄬϟᴹDŽ ೼⢍໾⇥ᮣ㢺䲒ⱘ⫳ᄬग़৆Ёˈ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ϡҙЎ⢍໾Ҏᦤկ㊒⼲Ϟⱘᡮ ᝄ੠ֱᡸˈ㗠Ϩ䖬䅽ҪӀᕫࠄᖗ⧚ϞⱘᔦሲᛳDŽ䖭⾡Ӵ㒳᮶⒵䎇⢍໾Ҏⱘ⫳ᄬ䳔 ∖ˈгЎ⢍໾⇥ᮣ೼ೄ๗Ёᅲ⦄থሩ੠⾡ᮣᓊ㓁ᦤկњࡼ࡯੠ᬃᣕDŽ೼⢍໾⇥ᮣ 䙁ফ㢺䲒੠य़䖿ⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳៤Ў⢍໾Ҏᇏ∖ݙᖗᅝᅕⱘ䙓亢␃ˈᰃ ˈҪӀ䍄ߎೄ๗ˈ㒻㓁⫳ᄬϟএⱘ෎⸔੠ֱ䱰DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᦤ䝦⢍໾Ҏ⠶䆄䲚ԧᛣ䆚 ϡৃ䘫ᖬ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ˈ䖭ḋ⢍໾⇥ᮣᠡ㛑೼㢺䲒Ё乑ᔎഄ⫳ᄬϟᴹDŽᇣ䇈Ё䲙 ᰃϔ߭ڣ᷃໿Ң䑿ӑॅᴎЁᡒᇏ⇥ᮣ⫳ᄬᛣНˈಲᔦ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ˈ䖭Ͼग़⿟᳈ ࡽ䲙᷃໿䖭ϾҎ⠽ˈᦤ׵ϔ⾡ҟѢϾ׳Ѣ⢍໾⇥ᮣ⫳ᄬ㒣ग़ⱘᆧ㿔DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ݇ ԧϢ⇥ᮣП䯈ⱘ䘧ᖋ῵ᓣˈҪᇍӺ⧚䯂乬ⱘ݇⊼гҢϾԧᦤछࠄᭈϾ⇥ᮣDŽ

87 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

㄀ϝゴlj᠓ᅶNJЁⱘ⇥ᮣӺ⧚

偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼߯԰ⱘЁৢᳳˈᐌᐌ䗮䖛԰કҟܹ⼒Ӯ⦄ᅲˈড᯴ᯊџ⛺⚍䯂乬DŽ 䖭ḋⱘ԰કҹ䭓㆛ᇣ䇈lj᠓ᅶNJ˄1971˅Ўҷ㸼DŽ1 䖭䚼ᇣ䇈ߎ⠜ᯊˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ೼໻ᄺ䞠ᢙӏᬭᏜˈᏆ㒣᳝Ⳍᔧ䭓ⱘϔ↉ᯊ䯈DŽҪ೼ᬭкⱘৠᯊˈ䖬থ㸼њѨ䚼 䭓㆛ᇣ䇈੠ϸϾⷁ㆛ᇣ䇈䲚DŽ䗮䖛߯԰ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ⿃㪘њⳌᔧ᭄䞣ⱘ䌘ѻ੠ໄ䁝DŽ ԰Ў㨫ৡⱘ⢍໾㺨԰ᆊˈҪᏆ㒣ᕫࠄ㕢೑Џ⌕⼒Ӯⱘ䅸ৠˈ៤ЎЁѻ䰊㑻ⱘϔਬDŽ ಴ℸˈℸᯊҪᇍӺ⧚䯂乬ⱘ݇⊼䞡⚍ˈҢϾԧϢ⇥ᮣП䯈ⱘ݇㋏䕀বЎϡৠ⇥ᮣ П䯈ⱘ݇㋏ˈҪгҢ᳈催ⱘሖ䴶䅸䆚⇥ᮣ᭛࣪П䯈ⱘ⶯Ⳓ੠ކさ䯂乬DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋᰃҎ䘧ЏНⱘҷ㿔ҎˈҪ೼԰કЁ݇ᖗ䙷ѯ໘Ѣೄ๗ЁⱘҎӀˈ㕢 ೑⢍໾Ҏ੠咥Ҏᔧ✊ህࣙᣀ೼݊ЁDŽᔧ㹿䯂ঞ߯԰lj᠓ᅶNJⱘॳ಴ᯊˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ᳒㒣䇈ˈĀ⢍໾ҎϢ咥ҎП䯈ⱘ݇㋏ˈ㒑㑺ජሔ࢓ⱘࡼ㤵ϡᅝˈᬭᏜВ㸠ⱘ㔶Ꮉˈ 咥Ҏ㸠ࡼⱘ๲ࡴˈ಴ᵰ݇㋏ⱘ⏋⎚DŽ៥㾝ᕫ៥᳝䆱㽕䇈DŽā˄Stern1996, 22˅2 ೼

1 ϔⳈҹᴹˈ㕢೑᭛ᄺ䆘䆎⬠ᇍlj᠓ᅶNJⱘ䆘Ӌӫ䇈ϡϔDŽ㨫ৡ᭛ᄺ䆘䆎ᆊ㔫ԃ⡍g༹ᇨ⡍ ᮁ㿔ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ߯԰lj᠓ᅶNJᯊˈᏆ㒣Ā㗫ሑњ᳝䰤ⱘᠡᑆˈҪ˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ˅ৢᴹজ࢝ᔎ ᑨ ᇍњᇚ䖥Ѡकᑈⱘᯊ䯈ā (Alter1986ˈ272)DŽ㔫ԃ⡍gঢ়剕ᣛߎˈҢlj෎䕙ᗼNJࠄljᴰ ᆒⱘ⫳⌏NJˈгህᰃҢ 1966 ᑈࠄ 1979 ᑈⱘ䖭↉ᯊ䯈ˈᰃ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ߯԰ⱘĀᶃチᯊᳳāü üĀϔϾ԰ક⿔ᇥⱘᯊᳳˈҪ≵㛑߯԰ߎ᳝ᕅડ࡯ⱘ԰કā˄Davis 265˅DŽгህᰃ䇈ˈঢ়剕 䅸Ўˈlj᠓ᅶNJᰃ೼䖭↉ᳳ䯈ᅠ៤ⱘˈ಴ℸϡ㛑ㅫ԰偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᳝ᕅડ࡯ⱘ԰કDŽ߃ᮃ⨇gGg༹ ܟ㧻ᘽ߭ᣛߎˈlj᠓ᅶNJⱘᚙ㡖䖛Ѣऩ㭘DŽཌྷ䅸Ўˈᇣ䇈Џ㽕ᄬ೼ϸϾ䯂乬˖݊ϔˈ偀ᢝ 咬ᖋҹᕔⱘ԰ક⊼䞡ᦣݭ㢺䲒ǃⲥ⽕ㄝ⦄䈵DŽҪᡞ䖭ѯݙᆍ԰Ўᧁ⼎ǃẔ偠੠ล䗴Ҏ⠽ⱘ ˈǃ䇈ᬭᗻ໾ᔎˈ䅽䇏㗙ᛳ㾝ϡⳳᅲ˗݊Ѡ؛᠟↉DŽԚᰃˈ䖭䚼ᇣ䇈Ёⱘ㢺䲒ⳟ䍋ᴹ໾㰮 㧻ᘽⳟᴹˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋПࠡⱘ԰કࠏ⬏њϔѯৃֵⱘǃ䅽ҎৠᚙⱘᇣҎ⠽DŽԚᰃˈ䖭ܟ೼༹ 䚼ᇣ䇈ЁⱘϸϾ԰ᆊ䛑ᰃ῵ᓣ࣪ⱘҎ⠽DŽ೼ᶤ⾡⿟ᑺϞˈҪӀ䛑㜅⾏㙝ԧˈ೼ᛣ䆚ᔶᗕЁ ໘Ѣᇍゟԡ㕂ˈᑊϡᰃ⣀ゟᄬ೼ⱘҎ⠽DŽ಴ℸˈ༹ܟ㧻ᘽ䅸Ўˈ䖭䚼ᇣ䇈㱑✊݇⊼ᯊџˈ Ҫ԰ક䙷ḋˈᓩ䍋ᕜ໻ⱘডડ (Ochshorn 197-199) DŽ݊ڣ᳝≴ै Ϣ䖭ѯ䆘䆎ᆊⱘ㾖⚍Ⳍডˈ㥿䞠ᮃg䖾ܟᮃഺै䅸Ўˈ≵᳝ᖙ㽕ᢙᖗ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ⫼ሑ㞾Ꮕⱘ ᱎ᜻DŽҪᣛߎˈĀlj᠓ᅶNJᇚ˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ˅ॳᴹⱘ੠߯ᮄⱘᡔᎻ㵡ড়೼ϔ䍋ˈᅠܼৃҹ˄Ҹ 䇏㗙˅᥹ফā(Dickstein 53) DŽ䖭䚼ᇣ䇈㱑✊≵᳝ᮽᳳ԰કЄᆠⱘভџˈԚैᰃĀ䖭М໮ ᑈ᳔དⱘ԰કā(Dickstein 53) DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ᇣ䇈Ё⊼ܹњϔѯᮄⱘ಴㋴ˈ݇⊼ᯊҷⱘ䞡 ໻Џ乬ˈ՟བ⇥ᮣЏНᓩথⱘᲈࡼǃ⾡ᮣ䱨⾏ǃ⇥ᮣ㞾ᇞㄝㄝ䯂乬ˈ಴ℸᷛᖫⴔ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ߯԰ⱘ݇⊼䞡⚍থ⫳њ䕀৥DŽ 2 20 Ϫ㑾 60ǃ ᑈҷˈ㕢೑ⱘᬓ⊏ǃ㒣⌢੠⼒Ӯথሩߎ⦄њϔѯϹ䞡ⱘ䯂乬ˈ䖭ϔᯊᳳг 㹿⿄ЎĀࡼ㤵āᯊᳳDŽሑㅵ໻໮᭄Ҏⱘ⠽䋼⫳⌏∈ᑇ᳝њⳌᔧ໻ⱘᦤ催ˈԚ䋿ೄҡ✊ᰃϔ Ͼϡৃᗑ㾚ⱘ䞡㽕䯂乬DŽ೼䋿ೄҎষЁˈ咥Ҏⱘ᭄䞣᳔໮DŽҪӀ㒋㒋㸼䖒ᇍ⫳ᄬ⢊މⱘϡ

88 ⭻㧞䍣᱗Ⳡ㋮᱘䐱⭥㘒䔆㔸㏎

lj᠓ᅶNJЁˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䞛⫼⢍໾Ҏ੠咥Ҏ԰ЎЏҎ݀ˈҪⱘ⫼ᛣᕜᯢᰒDŽҪᛇᣛ ߎˈ೼䖭ϾϪ⬠Ϟˈ⢍໾⇥ᮣ੠咥Ҏ⇥ᮣህབৠ⫳⌏೼ὐ᠓Ёⱘ᠓ᅶDŽབᵰҪӀ ˈ⫳ᚆ࠻ⱘথܡ⶯Ⳓǃ䙓އᕐℸѝ᭫ˈᇚӮᇐ㟈ϸ䋹ׅӸˈ⫮㟇ৠᔦѢሑDŽᛇ㽕㾷 ህᑨ䆹䍙䍞ऩϔ⇥ᮣⱘ⬠䰤ˈ⫼ᆑᆍ੠䇙㾷ᴹ㓧㾷ᕐℸП䯈ⱘߚ℻੠ކさˈ䖭ḋ ᠡ㛑⹂ֱ⇥ᮣ䯈ⱘֵӏˈ䞡ᓎℷᐌⱘ⇥ᮣ݇㋏ˈᑊϨ᳔㒜ᅲ⦄⇥ᮣ੠㾷DŽlj᠓ᅶNJ ໾԰ᆊ੠咥Ҏ԰⢍׳䲚Ёਜ⦄њ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍ⇥ᮣӺ⧚䯂乬ⱘ⧚㾷DŽҪ೼ᇣ䇈Ё߁ ᆊⱘ݇㋏ˈ䯤䞞њϡৠ⇥ᮣ೼݅ৠ⫳⌏੠Ꮉ԰ⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈབԩᨚ㜅⫳ᄬೄ๗ˈᅲ ⦄䘧ᖋᬥ䌢DŽ

㄀ϔ㡖 ԰ᆊⱘӺ⧚ೄ๗

lj᠓ᅶNJⱘᬙџᚙ㡖ᑊϡकߚ໡ᴖDŽϸԡЏҎ݀⢍໾ⱑҎ԰ᆊજ䞠g㦅⨳Ϣ 咥Ҏ԰ᆊ࿕߽gᮃⲂᇨᬣ⡍݅ৠ߯԰੠⫳⌏ˈԚᰃϡৠⱘ⇥ᮣ᭛࣪੠⫳⌏㒣ग़ˈ 㟈ՓϸϾҎП䯈ᔶ៤њ䴲ᐌ໡ᴖǃᖂ཭ⱘ݇㋏DŽᓔྟˈҪӀ৘㞾Ўᬓˈ⣀ゟ㞾Џ ഄݭⴔ亢Ḑ䖹ᓖⱘ԰કDŽ᥹ⴔˈҪӀথ⦄㞾Ꮕ੠ᇍᮍ৘᳝᠔䭓ˈҢ㗠䆩೒ⳌѦᐂ ࡽǃটདⳌ໘DŽϢℸৠᯊˈ಴Ўϡৠⱘ᭛࣪㚠᱃ˈҪӀᓔྟⳌѦ⣰⭥੠ႝསDŽЎ њᅠ៤৘㞾ⱘᇣ䇈ˈҪӀ⡎⡆⫳⌏ⱘФ䍷ˈ⫮㟇ҹ༅এཇটЎҷӋDŽԚᰃˈϸϾ ࠄ৘প᠔䭓ˈড㗠ᳱⴔᇍᮍ㔎䱋ⱘᮍ৥থሩDŽ᳔ৢˈҪӀ䛑᳾㛑خҎԐТᑊ≵᳝ ˈབᜓҹٓഄᅠ៤԰કˈ㗠ᰃ↕ᥝњᕐℸⱘ԰ક੠⫳ੑDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䗮䖛㡎ᴃⱘᔶᓣ ሩ⦄њ㕢೑⼒ӮЁ⢍໾ҎϢ咥ҎП䯈᮶ಶ㒧ড়԰ǃজᇍゟ᭫ѝⱘग़৆੠⦄ᅲ⢊ މˈሩ⼎њҪӀ೼݅ৠᎹ԰੠⫳⌏䖛⿟Ёᄬ೼ⱘ⶯Ⳓ੠ކさDŽ lj᠓ᅶNJড᯴њ㕢೑⦄ҷ⼒Ӯ⇥ᮣ݇㋏Ёᄬ೼ⱘॅᴎˈ㸼⦄њ⢍໾԰ᆊ੠咥 Ҏ԰ᆊ೼䖭⾡ᚙމϟⱘೄᚥǃ㢺䯋Ϣ䗋ᚬDŽ೼ᵕッⱘĀҹ㞾៥ЎЁᖗāᗱᛇⱘᕅ 㾕੠℻㾚ˈ᮴⊩ֱᣕᆑᆍ੠䇙㾷ⱘᖗᗕˈ≵㛑ᅲ⦄੠أડϟˈҪӀⳌѦП䯈ᣕ᳝ ⴺⳌ໘DŽ䗴៤䖭⾡ೄぬ⫳ᄬ⢊މⱘॳ಴ᰃ໮ᮍ䴶ⱘˈ᳝⼒Ӯ಴㋴ⱘᕅડˈԚᰃ᳔

⒵ˈ៤Ў⼒Ӯࡼ㤵ⱘϔϾ䞡㽕ॳ಴DŽ咥Ҏѝপ⇥Џᴗ߽ⱘ䖤ࡼ䖒ࠄ催╂ˈҢॳᴹⱘ䴲ᲈ࡯ 㕸ӫ䖤ࡼথሩЎජᏖᲈࡼˈ㕢೑⼒Ӯⱘ⇥ᮣ⶯Ⳓぎࠡ▔࣪DŽ

89 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

Џ㽕ⱘ䖬ᰃҪӀϾҎᮍ䴶ⱘ㓬ᬙ䗴៤ⱘDŽህᇣ䇈Ёⱘ㒚㡖㗠㿔ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋЏ㽕Ң ҹϟ޴Ͼᮍ䴶᥶䅼њ㦅⨳੠࿕߽䴶Јೄ๗ⱘḍ⑤DŽ ⢍໾԰ᆊ㦅⨳Ϣ⼒Ӯ⭣⾏ˈ᮴⊩ԧ偠ℷᐌⱘᚙᛳˈ䖭ᰃᇐ㟈Ҫ೼Ϣ࿕߽Ѹᕔ ⱘ䖛⿟Ё䱋ܹೄ๗ⱘϔϾЏ㽕ॳ಴DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ᇣ䇈ϔᓔྟˈ֓Ѹҷњ㦅⨳ⱘᄸ 㢺໘๗DŽҪᰃϔԡऩ䑿Ёᑈ⬋ᗻˈ⾳ԣ೼㒑㑺ජЁϔᑻ⸈䋹ⱘ݀ᆧὐ䞠DŽҪᰃϔ ԡᇣ᳝ৡ⇨ⱘ㘠Ϯ԰ᆊˈ݋᳝ϔᅮⱘ߯԰㒣偠ˈᏆ㒣ߎ⠜њϸ䚼ᇣ䇈ˈডડ䛑ᕜ ϡ䫭DŽѢᰃˈҪゟϟ䖰໻ᖫᜓˈ㽕㦋ᕫ䇎䋱ᇨ᭛ᄺ༪DŽЎњᅲ⦄䖭ϾᜓᳯˈҪϔ ϾҎ⫳⌏೼ेᇚᢚ䖕ⱘὐ᠓䞠ˈϡ㚃ᨀ䍄ˈᖭѢ߯԰㄀ϝ䚼ᇣ䇈ljܕ䇎ⱘ㒧ሔNJDŽ 䖭䚼ᇣ䇈䆆䗄ⱘᰃϔԡ԰ᆊϡ㛑ᅠ៤݊԰કⱘᬙџˈ಴ℸᰃϔ䚼㞾៥ডᗱⱘᇣ 䇈DŽ㦅⨳䴲ᐌϹ㙗ഄᇍᕙ߯԰䖭ϔ㘠ϮˈҪࡾ࡯㽕߯԰ߎϔ䚼᚞ϪП԰ˈՓ݊Ϫ ҷ⌕ӴϟএDŽЎњᅠ៤䖭䚼ᇣ䇈ˈҪ೼䭓䖒бᑈञⱘᯊ䯈䞠ˈඟ༈߯԰DŽҪᡞ㞾 Ꮕ݇೼ሟᄤ䞠ˈᮁ㒱њϢ໪⬠ⱘϔߛ⼒Ѹ㘨㋏ˈ⫮㟇ᅠܼ⭣⾏њℷᐌⱘ⼒Ӯ⫳⌏DŽ 㦅⨳ྟ㒜ϡ㛑བᜓᅠ៤ᇣ䇈ˈҪⱘ㊒⼲ᬃ᷅থ⫳њࡼᨛˈݙᖗϪ⬠༅এњॳ᳝ⱘ ᑇ㸵ˈᗱᛇгߎ⦄њ⏋хDŽᇣ䇈ⱘᓔ㆛ˈҪത೼кḠࠡˈϡⶹ䘧㞾ᏅЎԩݭϡϟ এDŽҪ೼ሟᄤ䞠䍄ᴹ䍄এˈに໪ⱘᆦ亢থߎ੐ୌໄDŽҪ਀ࠄ䖰ᮍ㠍া⾏ᓔ␃ষᯊ থߎⱘ≑ワໄડˈᖗ䞠ᛇˈĀ㽕ᰃ៥㛑এᅗࠡᕔⱘഄᮍˈ䙷䆹᳝໮དʽā˄Malamud 1988ˈ3˅㦅⨳ᛇⴔ㞾Ꮕᄸ⣀㢺䯋ⱘ᮹ᄤˈ㕵ᜩ߿ҎᖿФǃᑌ⽣ⱘ⫳⌏DŽ 㦅⨳䰘䖥ⱘ⫳⌏⦃๗г㸼ᯢˈҪ䖛ⴔᆖᆲⱘ⫳⌏DŽҪሙԣⱘ݀ᆧὐˈҹঞ਼ ೈЈ䖥ഄऎⱘ⦃๗ϡᮁᙊ࣪˖ὐࠡⱘൗഒㆅˈ↣᯳ᳳা㹿⏙⧚ϸ⃵˗Ҏ㸠䘧Ϟ⿃ 䲾г≵᳝Ҏ⏙ᠿ˗ὐẃᬷথߎ㟁ੇˈࠄ໘ᰃ♄ᇬǃ㛣⠽ǃሓ⎆ǃ਩৤⠽DŽҹࠡˈ 䖭䞠ԣ⒵њ᠓ᅶˈ⦄೼ैব៤њ⌕⌾㗙ǃ䝝儐੠਌↦㗙㒣ᐌߎ≵ⱘഄᮍˈ䅽Ҏᛳ ҹࠡϔḋᭈ⋕᳝ᑣˈԚᰃ਼ೈⱘ⦃๗ैবᕫᴖڣࠄぎᆖ੠ᘤᗪDŽ㱑✊Ҫⱘ᠓䯈䖬 х᮴ゴǃϡ෾ܹⳂˈ䅽Ҏᛳ㾝ϡࠄᏠᳯDŽ 㦅⨳≝⍌೼߯԰⫳⌏Ёˈᇍᙊࡷⱘ⫳⌏⦃๗❳㾚᮴ⵍDŽ԰Ўϔৡ㘠Ϯ԰ᆊˈ Ҫ᳝ⴔ䖰໻ⱘᢅ䋳ˈᛇ㽕߯԰ߎϔ䚼݇Ѣ⠅ⱘӳ໻԰કDŽҪϔϾҎ೼ेᇚᑳᓗⱘ ϟˈҡ✊މℶկᱪⱘᚙذᄷ䞠ˈ೼ὐ᠓ހ໽䲾ഄⱘބᆧὐ䞠䖯㸠ݭ԰ˈ⫮㟇೼݀ ඟ༈Ѣ᠟༈ⱘᎹ԰DŽ೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋヨϟˈ݀ᆧὐ਼ೈⱘഄऎ㹿ᦣ㒬៤ϔ⠛㤦ޝⱘഄ ᏺ˖Ā催໻⼲⾬ⱘᷥ᳼āǃĀ⌧ᆚⱘ㬼㉏☠᳼āǃĀࠗߔϔḋ䫟߽ⱘ㤝৊āǃĀᎼ໻↯ 㤌㤌ⱘ㪳㤝ā˄Malamud 1988ˈ11-12˅DŽ೼䖭⾡⦃๗Ёˈ㦅⨳ህᰃሙԣ೼݀ᆧὐ

90 ⭻㧞䍣᱗Ⳡ㋮᱘䐱⭥㘒䔆㔸㏎

乊ሖⱘ剕ᆒ䗞gܟ剕㋶DŽ1 Ҫ೼㞾Ꮕࠊ䗴ⱘĀ䱨䛑āПЁˈ䖛ⴔ޴ТϢϪ䱨㒱ⱘ ᮹ᄤˈ៤Ўϔৡ㊒⼲Ϫ⬠Ёⱘ䱤຿DŽ 㦅⨳≵ҔМ᳟টˈԐТгϡ䳔㽕҆ᚙDŽ೼⦄ᅲ⫳⌏ЁˈҪህབৠᄸܓϔḋ˖ ˗Ҫ↡҆೼Ҫᇣᯊ׭ህএϪњˈཌྷ⅏Ѣ䔺⽌DŽཌྷߎএপ⠯ཊˈ㒧ᵰህݡг≵᳝ಲᴹ Ҫଃϔⱘܘᓳখࡴᳱ剰៬ѝˈ೼៬എϞ⡎⡆њ៪㗙༅䏾њ˗Ҫⱘ⠊҆⫳⌏೼㡱ࡴ હˈҪӀᏆ㒣᳝ད޴ᑈ≵᳝㾕䖛䴶˗ҪᴀҎҢᴹ≵᳝㒧䖛ီ៪㗙Ϣཇᗻৠሙ䖛DŽ 㦅⨳䖛ⴔᄸऩ㨑ᆲⱘ⫳⌏ˈ≵᳝҆ᚙˈг≵᳝টᚙ੠⠅ᚙDŽ ೼䖭⾡⫳ᄬ⢊ᗕЁˈ㦅⨳䖛ⴔ⣀ᴹ⣀ᕔⱘ᮹ᄤDŽҪ៤њϔϾ߽ᏅЏН㗙ˈᵕ ッ㞾⾕DŽৡНϞˈҪ㽕߯԰ϔ䚼݇Ѣ⠅ⱘᇣ䇈DŽᅲ䰙ϞˈҪैᰃϔϾϡᜓ㒭ќ⠅ ⱘҎDŽᰮϞᐌᐌ᳝ϔѯ᮴ᆊৃᔦⱘҎˈًً⠀Ϟ݀ᆧὐᴹ䖛໰DŽ㦅⨳ᇍҪӀ≵᳝ ϔ⚍ৠᚙᗰᚃПᖗDŽϔা伹体ⱘ⌕⌾⢫⫼⟾ᄤᣴҪⱘ᠓䮼ˈৃᗰഄઔিⴔˈᏠᳯ 㛑ᕫࠄϔѯ亳⠽ˈҪै᮴ࡼѢ㹋DŽৢᴹˈҪᅲ೼᮴⊩ᖡফᇣ⢫ᇍҪ߯԰Ꮉ԰䗴៤ ⱘᑆᡄDŽҪ㒭њᅗϔ⚍⚍ᑆ䴶ࣙˈᓩ䇅ᅗϟὐˈ✊ৢᡧԣᅗ㛪ᄤϞ༫ⴔⱘ㓇೜ˈ ᡞᅗ䍊ߎ໻ὐDŽҪ㒭㞾Ꮕⱘ䖭⾡㸠Ўˈᡒߎݴݩූⱛⱘ⧚⬅DŽҪ䅸Ўˈ㽕ᡞ㞾Ꮕ ⱘ߯԰ᦤ催ࠄϔᅮⱘ⿟ᑺˈህᕫ䙓ᓔ䖭ѯ⚺Ҏⱘǃ⧤⹢ⱘǃ䅽ҎߚᖗⱘџᚙDŽ 㦅⨳⫳⌏೼ϔϾ䰠⫳ދ⓴ⱘϪ⬠䞠ˈҪ೼⫳⌏ⱘ䖛⿟ЁাᇍĀ㞾៥ā䋳䋷DŽ ҎߎѢĀ㞾៥āⱘ䳔∖ˈᛇ㽕⒵䎇㞾Ꮕⱘ℆ᳯˈ䗑∖㞾Ꮕⱘ߽Ⲟˈ䖭ᰃ᮴ৃ८䴲 ⱘDŽԚᰃˈ㦅⨳ैҹ⡎⡆ҪҎⱘ߽ⲞЎҷӋˈᡞ㞾Ꮕ߽Ⲟⱘᅲ⦄ᓎゟ೼ҪҎⱘ⮯ 㢺ПϞˈᑊϨ಴ℸ䰏ᮁњϢҪҎП䯈ℷᐌⱘ⼒Ӯ㘨㋏DŽҪ⫮㟇ᇍᴀ⇥ᮣⱘৠ㚲ˈ 䛑≵᳝ৠᚙ੠ᗰᚃПᖗDŽ᠓ϰ⢍໾Ҏ㦅⏽ᮃⲂᇨⱘᆊᒁ䙁ফњ⾡⾡ϡᑌ˖ྏᄤ䑿 ˈᮻⱘ݀ᆧὐצᛣ໪ᗔᄩ˗↡҆ᙷ᳝㊒⼲⮒⮙DŽҪᠧㅫ᥼ܓᶧ䞡⮙˗16 ቕⱘཇ Ⲫϔᑻᏺ᳝ଚഎ੠݀ᆧⱘᮄὐDŽ䖭ḋˈҪህৃҹᬍব⫳⌏ⱘ⦄⢊DŽҪᙇ∖㦅⨳㽕 ϔϾᆑ८ⱘҎˈ䇋∖㦅⨳ৠᚙҪDŽĀথথ᜜ᚆ৻ˈ㦅⨳ˈᨀߎএ৻ˈ䖭ḋˈ៥خ 偐ዄϔḋय़೼៥ⱘ㚠Ϟā˄Malamud 1988ˈ17˅DŽڣᠡ㛑ᢚᥝ䖭ᑻണᥝⱘ᠓ᄤˈᅗ 㦅⨳ϡԚϡৠᚙҪⱘ䙁䘛ˈ䖬ᡞҪᔧ԰ᰃ㞾Ꮕ߯԰Ё᳔໻ⱘᑆᡄ಴㋴DŽҪϡ乒᠓ гϡ⧚ⵀ᠓ϰ䆌䇎ⱘ催乱㸹ٓ䞥DŽҪা݇⊼㞾Ꮕⱘ߯԰ˈᢦ㒱ᬒᓗϢˈ֗ڀϰⱘ ᠓ϰㅒ䅶ⱘ⾳㑺DŽ೼䇏㗙ⳟᴹˈ㦅⨳ⱘ㸠Ўϡড়ᐌ⧚DŽҪैЎ㞾ᏅᡒњϔϾড়⧚

1 剕ᆒ䗞gܟ剕㋶˄Robinson Crusoe˅ᰃ㣅೑԰ᆊЍሐᇨgワ⽣˄Daniel Defoeˈ1660—1731˅ ⱘᇣ䇈lj剕Ⓖ䗞ⓖ⌕䆄NJ˄Robinson Crusoeˈ1719˅ЁⱘЏҎ݀DŽҪϔϾҎ⫳⌏೼㤦᮴ Ҏ⚳ⱘᇣቯϞDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼䖭䞠ᣛߎ㦅⨳䖛ⴔབৠ剕ᆒ䗞gܟ剕㋶ϔḋⱘ⫳⌏DŽ

91 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ষˈ䅸Ў㞾Ꮕ㄀ϝ䚼ᇣ䇈ⱘ߯԰Ң䖭䞠ᓔྟˈা᳝೼䖭䞠ᠡ㛑ᅠ៤DŽབᵰ೼׳ⱘ ߯԰ⱘЁ䗨⾏ᓔˈҪህৃ㛑Ӯ㢅䌍޴Ͼ᳜ⱘᯊ䯈ˈ䞡ᮄ䲚Ё㊒࡯এ߯԰ˈ㗠Ϩ䖬 ᳝ৃ㛑ᓘ϶߯԰㋴ᴤDŽ㦅⨳䅸Ўˈ㞾ᏅⳂࠡᑨ䆹ᡞ᠔᳝ⱘᯊ䯈੠㊒࡯䛑⫼೼ᇣ䇈 ߯԰ϞDŽ ݋᳝䆑ࠎᛣੇⱘᰃˈ㦅⨳ᇍ᠓ϰ䇈ˈ㞾Ꮕⱘᇣ䇈ᦣ䗄ⱘᰃҎᗻϢҕ⠅ˈϔ䚼 lj೷㒣NJϔḋ㒣݌ⱘ԰કDŽᅲ䰙ϞˈҪⱘ᠔԰᠔Ў㔎ᇥⱘህᰃĀৠᚙāǃĀҕ᜜āڣ ᠓ϰ᠔䋼⭥ⱘˈĀҔМḋⱘᇣ䇈㛑䅽Դϡ乒៥ⱘ⮯㢺੠ϡᑌ˛āڣ੠Ā݇⠅āDŽህ ˄Malamud 1988ˈ21˅㦅⨳ⱘᇣ䇈߯԰ҹ⢍໾ৠ㚲ⱘ⮯㢺ЎҷӋDŽҪ߯԰ⱘⳂⱘ г䆌ᰃЎњ䗑ᇏ⠅ⱘⳳ⧚ˈԚᰃҪϡ㗗㰥⢍໾᠓ϰᆊ๗ೄ䲒ǃ▦Ј⸈ѻˈгϡㅵ Ҫབԩⱒ㠀༂∖ˈമᅜⴔ䖭ᑻ䴶Јᢚ䖕ⱘ⸈ᮻⱘ݀ᆧὐህᰃϡ㚃⾏ᓔDŽҪЎњᅠ ៤㞾Ꮕⱘᇣ䇈ˈϡ㚃ЎҪҎⴔᛇˈг≵㛑ԧ䇙ҪҎⱘ໘๗ˈ㒧ᵰϡҙ㞾Ꮕ䱋ܹ⮯ 㢺ⱘᡬ⺼ПЁˈ㗠ϨгՓҪҎᡓফ⺼䲒DŽ 㦅⨳ᇍ㦅⏽ᮃⲂᇨⱘދ䝋੠⓴✊ˈ೼ҪӀৢᴹⱘᇍ䆱Ё᳈ࡴᯢᰒഄ㸼⦄ߎ њ⌕ѻ᠟ᴃˈᴃৢ໻ߎ㸔DŽخˈϟމ೼≵᳝ਞⶹ⠊↡ⱘᚙܓᴹDŽ㦅⏽ᮃⲂᇨⱘཇ Ҫ৥㦅⨳䆆䗄њ䖭ӊџˈ㦅⨳਀ৢⱘ㸼⦄ैߎҎᛣ᭭˖

Ā៥ᕜ䲒䖛ˈ㦅⏽ᮃⲂᇨDŽā Ā៥াᰃ㾝ᕫ៥㛑৥Դ䗄䇈DŽ䖭ḋⱘџᚙˈϡ㛑੠↣ϾҎ䛑䆆ˈԚᰃ៥䅸Ў៪ 䆌ৃҹ䎳ϔϾ԰ᆊ䇈䇈DŽā Ā᥹ফ៥ⱘৠᚙ৻DŽā Ā៥᥹ফˈā᠓ϰ䇈DŽĀབᵰԴ㛑㒭ќDŽā Ā䖬᳝߿ⱘᮄ剰џ৫˛ā䖛њϔߚ䩳ৢҪ䇈DŽ Ā≵᳝DŽā ĀҔМг≵᳝৫˛ā Ā≵᳝DŽā ĀԴ䖬≵ᬍবᇍҎ㉏ⱘᗕᑺ৫˛ā Āҡ✊ᣕ᳝ᭀᛣDŽā 㦅⏽ᮃⲂᇨ≝咬ഄ⾏এDŽ˄Malamud 1988ˈ40-41˅

㦅⨳䅸Ўˈ᠓ϰᰃϾ㘾ᯢⱘ⏋㲟DŽҪ䎳㞾Ꮕ䆆䗄ཇܓⱘϡᑌˈ݊ⳂⱘᰃЎњᕫࠄ ҪⱘৠᚙDŽ䖭ḋҪӮᛳࠄݙ⭮ˈӮㄨᑨ䍊ᖿᨀ⾏݀ᆧὐDŽ᠔ҹˈ㦅⨳ሑ䞣ϡএᛇ 䖭ӊџDŽҪ㾝ᕫ㞾Ꮕ㽕߯԰݇Ѣ⠅ⱘӳ໻԰કˈ݇ᖗⱘᰃᭈϾҎ㉏DŽ᠓ϰⱘ㢺䲒 䙁䘛೼Ҫⴐ䞠ˈাᰃ䅽݊ӥᙃ⠛ࠏⱘĀᮄ剰џāDŽҪ⫮㟇䖬ᣛ䋷᠓ϰˈ䅸ЎҪ㘑

92 ⭻㧞䍣᱗Ⳡ㋮᱘䐱⭥㘒䔆㔸㏎

᧕㞾Ꮕⱘᯊ䯈ˈᠧх㞾Ꮕⱘ߯԰䅵ߦDŽҪᇍ᠓ϰⱘᓎ䆂ܙ㘇ϡ䯏ˈᇍҪⱘϡᑌা ᰃ㸼⼎Ā䲒䖛ā੠ĀৠᚙāDŽ 㦅⨳䖛Ѣᔎ䇗Ā㞾៥ЁᖗЏНāˈԧ偠ϡࠄℷᐌҎⱘᚙᛳˈᇍ໪೼Ϫ⬠㸼⦄ 䝋᮴ᚙDŽℷབЍሐᇨg≭ᢝ∝᠔䇈ˈ䖭⾡Ā㞾៥üü㹿ᅠܼݙ೼ދߎ⓴✊㕂П੠ ᥜᴗⱘҹঞ԰Ў㞾䑿੠ᅗ਼ೈϪ⬠ⱘ߯䗴㗙ⱘ㞾៥ˈথ⦄ᅗ㞾Ꮕᰃᅠܼᄸゟⱘˈ ੠ϔߛ䍙䍞ᅗ㞾䑿ⱘџ⠽ᅠܼ≵᳝ҔМᅲ䋼㘨㋏DŽā˄≭ᢝ∝ 130˅೼໮ܗ࣪ⱘ⦄ ҷ⼒ӮˈҎӀ⫳⌏೼৘⾡໡ᴖⱘ݇㋏ПЁDŽ㦅⨳೼ϢҪҎⳌ໘ⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈᕔᕔᣕ ᳝ϔ⾡ሙ催Јϟǃދ⓴ⱘᗕᑺDŽҪ᮴⊩⿃ᵕЏࡼഄϢҪҎѸᕔˈ಴ℸ䱋ܹೄ๗П ЁDŽ ߭ˈ䖭гᰃᇐ㟈Ҫ೼Ϣ࿕߽Ѹᕔ䖛⿟ޚ⧛џ䖱㚠Ӻخˈ㦅⨳ϡ⧚㾷⠅ⱘᛣН Ё䱋ܹೄ๗ⱘϔϾЏ㽕ॳ಴DŽ࿕߽ᓎ䆂೼݀ᆧὐ䞠В㸠ᰮӮˈ㦅⨳ᴀᴹϡᛇখࡴˈ 䖭ḋӮ㘑᧕߯԰ⱘ䖯⿟DŽৢᴹߎѢᇍཇᗻⱘ␈ᳯˈҪ᥹ফњ䖭Ͼᦤ䆂DŽҪᏠᳯ࿕ ߽㛑໳ᏺᴹϔǃϸϾཇᗻ᳟টˈ಴Ў㞾Ꮕ䖬Ңᴹ≵੠咥ҎཇᄽѸᕔ䖛DŽҪ䅸Ў䖭 ᰃ㞾Ꮕᗻ㒣ग़Ёⱘϔ⾡㔎ធˈ᠔ҹ␈ᳯ㛑໳ᇱ䆩ϔϟ咥ҎཇᗻDŽ㘮Ӯᯊˈ㦅⨳ⱘ ᠔԰᠔Ў䅽Ҏ䳛᚞DŽҪᇍ࿕߽ⱘ᳟টⓖ҂ⱘ咥Ҏཇᄽ⥯Бൖ⍢℆ⓈDŽ⥯БѠक໮ ቕˈ䭓Ⳍ䗋Ҏˈこⴔᗻᛳˈᠧᡂ㕢Б˖ཌྷẇⴔϱϔ㠀ⱘ䭓ोথˈこⴔ㋴ޔⱘⱑ㡆 䍙ⷁ㺭ˈ㋿㡆ⱘ㋻䑿Ϟ㸷˗ཌྷч᠓ᇣᇣⱘˈԧൟ㢫ᴵˈঠ㝓㒚䭓ˈ࿓ᗕӬ㕢DŽϡ 㿔㗠ஏˈᇍ㦅⨳ᴹ䇈ˈ⥯Бⱘᆍ䉠੠Вℶ᳝ⴔᎼ໻ⱘ䇅ᚥ࡯DŽҪϡ乒⥯Бᰃ咥Ҏ ቅྚཇটⱘџᅲˈᛇ㽕䇅ཌཌྷDŽ㱑✊⥯Бᔧᯊᢦ㒱њҪⱘ᮴⧚㽕∖ˈԚᰃϡЙП ৢˈҪⱘ℆ᳯህᕫࠄњ⒵䎇DŽ㦅⨳ᑨ䙔ࠄ⥯БᆊখࡴᰮӮˈϸҎ೼㘮Ӯ䯈ℛᳳ䯈ˈ Ϟⓨњϔߎ剐∈Ⳍ⃶ⱘϥ࠻DŽ㦅⨳ϡ乒Ӵ㒳Ӻ⧚㾘㣗ⱘ㑺ᴳˈᣕ᳝ϡϹ㙗ⱘᗻ㾖 ᗉDŽҪাᛇ⒵䎇㞾Ꮕⱘ℆ᳯˈᑊϡ䅸Ў㞾Ꮕ⏋хⱘᗻ⫳⌏᳝ҔМϡཹⱘഄᮍˈᇐ 㟈Ϣ咥ҎП䯈ⱘ݇㋏䗤⏤㋻ᓴ䍋ᴹDŽ 㦅⨳೼໘⧚Ϣ⢍໾ཇᗻ㡒⨇ⱘ݇㋏ᯊˈг䖱㚠Ӻ⧚ޚ߭DŽϢ⥯Бⱘ݇㋏≵㛑 䅽㦅⨳ᛳࠄ⒵䎇ˈҪ⫮㟇᳈ࡴ⠅ᘟ࿕߽ⱘཇট㡒⨇DŽҪᇍ㡒⨇ѻ⫳њ᳈Ўᔎ⚜ⱘ ᗱᜩПᚙˈᑊϨ䖒ࠄ䍄☿ܹ儨ⱘഄℹDŽҪᭈϾᰮϞ䛑Ṻ㾕㡒⨇DŽҪṺ㾕ཌྷᴹࠄҪ ⱘ᠓䯈ˈҪӀ೼ϔ䍋DŽ࿕߽≝␢Ѣ߯԰ПЁˈ㡒⨇ᇍཌྷϢ࿕߽ⱘᛳᚙᕏᑩ༅এֵ ᖗˈ㒻㗠ᇍ㦅⨳ҹ䑿Ⳍ䆌DŽџᅲϞˈ㦅⨳ᇍ㡒⨇ⱘᛳᚙ䖰䖰ϡབ㡒⨇ᇍҪⱘ⠅ᘟDŽ 㡒⨇⧚ᛇЁⱘᘟ⠅⫳⌏ᰃϔ⾡⇥ЏᖿФⱘ⇯ೈˈཌྷৃҹϢ㦅⨳ৠ㟳݅⌢DŽ✊㗠ˈ

93 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

㦅⨳ᓖ㉏ⱘ⫳⌏ᮍᓣǃҪᇍᛳᚙⱘ䏠䑛ϡᅮˈ䖭ѯ䛑䅽㡒⨇ᖡ᮴ৃᖡDŽ᳔㒜ˈཌྷ ⾏ᓔ㒑㑺ࠡᕔᮻ䞥ቅˈএᡒᇏ⫳⌏Ёⱘⳳ⠅DŽ 㦅⨳ᇍ㡒⨇ᑊ≵᳝ⳳℷⱘ⠅ᘟˈгҢᴹ≵᳝ᠧㅫᡓᢙᇍ㡒⨇ⱘ䋷ӏDŽҪাᰃ ᛇϢཌྷֱᣕᗻ݇㋏ˈ㗠ϡᜓᛣৠཌྷ䇜ီ䆎႕DŽϸϾҎϔᓔྟᘟ⠅ˈҪህᢙᖗ㞾Ꮕ ⱘ⫳⌏г䆌Ӯ಴ℸবᕫ໡ᴖˈӮ䅽߯԰Ꮉ԰᜶ϟᴹDŽҪ䅸Ўˈϡ㛑䅽Ϣ㡒⨇ⱘᘟ ᚙᓘ㊳㞾Ꮕ߯԰ⱘᖗ๗ˈ䖭ӊџᚙ໘⧚ᕫ䍞ᖿ䍞དˈ৺߭ৃ㛑Ӯᕜ䲒໘㕂DŽԚᰃ ᅲ䰙ϞˈϢ㡒⨇ⱘᘟ⠅ϡԚ≵᳝㘑᧕㦅⨳ⱘ߯԰ˈैড㗠▔থњҪⱘ߯԰♉ᛳˈ Ҫⱘ߯԰থ⫳њ⼲༛ⱘ䕀বˈҪ᳝њࠡ᠔᳾᳝ⱘᬒᵒᛳ㾝ˈᇍᅠ៤԰કгܙ⒵њ ࡽ䖭ϔᚙ㡖䯤ᯢ㞾Ꮕⱘ㾖⚍ˈ䙷ህᰃ⠅ᰃ᳔Џ㽕ⱘᬥ䌢ᮍᓣ׳ᖗDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋֵ ˄Rubin 22˅DŽ㦅⨳䅸䆚ࠄˈ⫳⌏Ё᳝↨߯԰᳈Ў䞡㽕ⱘϰ㽓ˈԚᰃҪᑊ≵᳝ᇚ 䖭⾡ᛣ䆚Ҭ䇌Ѣᅲ䏉DŽҪϡពᕫ⫳⌏Ёⱘⳳ⠅ˈ≵᳝ᇚ⫳⌏Ёⱘⳳ⠅㾚ЎҎ⫳Ё ᳔Ў⦡䌉ⱘϰ㽓DŽ಴ℸˈҪ᮴⊩ᅠ៤݇Ѣ⠅ⱘᇣ䇈DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋヨϟⱘ㦅⨳ˈᕏᑩഄᡞ㞾Ꮕ㕂ѢϔϾЏԧᗻⱘᇕ䯁Ϫ⬠ЁDŽ䖭ϾЏ ԧᗻⱘϪ⬠ⱘ㔎䱋೼ѢˈĀᅗᡞϾҎ㺙䖯њϔϾֵӄԧ㋏ˈ䖭Ͼԧ㋏া㛑໡ࠊ੠ ⹂䅸ᅗ㞾䑿ⱘЏԧᗻā˄≭ᢝ∝ 144˅DŽ೼䖭⾡ֵӄԧ㋏ⱘᕅડϟˈ㦅⨳ᡞ㞾Ꮕⱘ 䳔∖㾚Ў催ѢϔߛDŽҪᇚ㞾៥䱨⾏Ѣϔߛ⼒Ӯ݇㋏П໪ˈ䍄৥њĀҹ㞾៥ЎЁᖗā ⱘᵕッDŽ㦅⨳Ўњᅲ⦄㞾ᏅⱘṺᛇˈ䞛⫼৘⾡᠟↉੠ㄪ⬹ᴹ䖯㸠߯԰ˈᑊ಴ℸ䱋 ܹೄ๗ПЁDŽ 㦅⨳䖛Ѣᔎ䇗߯԰ⱘᛣНˈᡞ߯԰ㄝৠѢҎ⫳ˈ䖭ᰃҪ೼Ϣ࿕߽Ѹᕔⱘ䖛⿟ Ё䱋ܹೄ๗ⱘজϔϾЏ㽕ॳ಴DŽℷབ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᠔䇈˖ĀҪ⫳⌏ᰃЎњ߯԰ˈҪ߯ ԰ᰃЎњ⫳⌏DŽā˄Malamud 1988ˈ23˅㦅⨳䅸ᅮˈ㞾Ꮕᖙ乏ሹ㸠԰ᆊⱘ䘧ᖋ㘠䋷ˈ ܼ䑿ᖗഄᡩܹ߯԰ПЁDŽ↣໽⏙᰼䝦ᴹˈҪህᗹѢᓔྟ߯԰DŽҪ㾝ᕫ㞾Ꮕ᮴⊩㒻 ϔऍ偀ϔḋ৥ᑞϟᣑⴔҪⱘঠ㝓DŽҪ䅸Ўᖙ乏䍋ᑞ߯԰ˈ৺߭ڣ㓁ⴵϟএˈϡᅝ ⱘ䆱㞾Ꮕᑇ䴭ϡϟᴹDŽ೼䖭ϔ⚍ϞˈҪ≵᳝ӏԩ䗝ᢽⱘԭഄDŽϔᮺ᳝џ໪ߎˈ⾏ ᓔ݀ᆧˈҪӮࣚࣚ䍊ಲˈЎⱘህᰃ㒻㓁߯԰DŽҪ⫮㟇ᰮϞⴵϟҹৢˈ䖬೼䜱䝓㄀ Ѡ໽ⱘᎹ԰䅵ߦDŽᡞ԰કᬒ㕂ϔ↉ᯊ䯈ˈ៪㗙߯԰䖯㸠ϡ乎߽ˈҪህӮᛳࠄᖗ⚺ ᛣхǃ⮯㢺ϡ෾DŽҪᡞ↣໽ⱘ߯԰៤ᵰˈ䛑ᄬᬒ೼䫊㸠ⱘֱ䰽ㆅЁDŽ೼Ҫⱘ㾖ᗉ Ёˈ᠟〓ህབৠ䌉䞡ⱘ⦴ᅱ佪佄ϔḋ䞡㽕DŽ㦅⨳៤њЎњ߯԰㗠⌏ⱘĀᎹࣴāDŽ ᅮҪⱘҎ⫳ᰃ৺ᅠ㕢DŽއˈҪ䅸Ўˈ㛑৺ݭߎདⱘᇣ䇈

94 ⭻㧞䍣᱗Ⳡ㋮᱘䐱⭥㘒䔆㔸㏎

㦅⨳ⱘ߯԰໘Ѣᇕ䯁੠䱨㒱ⱘ⢊ᗕˈ䖭гᰃҪ䴶ЈⱘϔϾЏ㽕䯂乬DŽҪ䗋ᘟ ߯԰ⱘĀᔶᓣāˈ䅸ЎĀᔶᓣāህᰃ߯԰ⱘⳳ䇯᠔೼ˈĀᛃ՟āǃĀ㾘߭ā੠Āᴵ⧚ā ߭ᰃ♉ᛳⱘᴹ⑤DŽ೼Ҫⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈĀᔶᓣāৃҹᠽሩ㞾Ꮕⱘ㾖⚍ˈҢ㗠ᡞ߯԰乎 ᔍ༣݁ᓺڣˈ߽ഄ䖯㸠ϟএDŽҪᡞ㞾Ꮕᛇ䈵៤ЎϔϾӳ໻ⱘ㡎ᴃ੠ᔶᓣⱘᅲ䏉㗙 オ⨈ⱘ໻ि⥟ˈ1 াϡ䖛䷇ヺব៤њ᭛ᄫˈ䌲㕢䆫г⬅ᇣ䇈ᴹ᳓ҷDŽ᷃ࢦᕟ⊏2 䇈 䖛ˈĀ㽕߯԰ߎ৆䆫㠀ⱘ䆫℠ˈ㟇ᇥ䳔㽕㢅Ϟ 20 ᑈⱘᯊ䯈ā˄Malamud 1988ˈ23˅DŽ 㦅⨳Ⳍֵˈ㞾Ꮕᛇ㽕߯԰ߎӳ໻ⱘ԰કˈг㽕Ҭߎᯊ䯈੠㊒࡯ˈ಴Ўᔶᓣ㛑㒭ߎ 䆌໮ৃ㛑ᗻˈ䳔㽕㢅䌍ϔѯᯊ䯈ˈᠡ㛑⹂ᅮϟᴹDŽ㦅⨳䱊䝝೼Āҹ㞾៥ЎЁᖗā ⱘ㕢ᄺѿফПЁˈ᮴⊩ᨚ㜅⬅ℸѻ⫳ⱘೄぬⱘ⫳⌏⢊ᗕDŽ 㦅⨳⊼䞡ⱘ䖭⾡߯԰ᮍᓣˈ䅽Ҫ⮯㢺ϡ෾DŽҪᬍᴹᬍএˈ䛑᮴⊩߯԰ߎᅠ㕢 ⱘ԰કˈҪᛳࠄ༅ᳯDŽ᳝ᯊˈҪ೼кḠࠡതњ޴Ͼᇣᯊˈैϔহ䆱гݭϡߎᴹDŽ 䖭䚼ᇣ䇈㽕Ҫ䇈ߎ㞾Ꮕϡⶹ䘧ⱘϰ㽓ˈҪڣϾऩ䆡䛑৥⷇༈ϔḋ䞡य़ⴔҪˈད↣ ᮴⊩⒵䎇ᅗދ䝋᮴ᚙⱘ㽕∖DŽҪᐌᐌ䱋ܹ߯԰ⱘೄ๗ПЁˈキ೼に䖍ˈ䆩೒Ң㸫 䘧ǃජᏖ੠Ҏ㕸Ёᡒࠄ♉ᛳDŽҪⱘ䖭⾡߯԰⧚ᗉ᮴ᓖѢぎᛇˈ೼ᅲ䏉Ёᕜ䲒㸠ᕫ 䗮DŽ㡄㢺㹿ࡼⱘ߯԰䖛⿟ᇍҪᕜ䲒᳝᠔ᐂࡽˈҪг᮴⊩ᡒࠄҎ⫳ⱘߎ䏃DŽ 㦅⨳Ꮰᳯ䗮䖛߯԰݇Ѣ⠅ⱘᇣ䇈ˈ㞾Ꮕ㛑໳ᄺӮ⠅Ϣ݇ᗔDŽ䖭ḋˈҪ೼ᅠ៤ ԰કⱘৠᯊˈг㛑ᅠ୘㞾៥DŽ಴ℸˈᇍѢ㦅⨳ᴹ䇈ˈᇣ䇈ⱘ㒧ሒህㄝৠѢҎ⫳ⱘ Ⳃⱘ੠ᛣНDŽᔧᇣ䇈ЁⱘЏҎ݀ⶹᰧ⠅ⱘ᠔೼П໘ᯊˈҪгӮ⧚㾷⠅ⱘⳳ䇯DŽԚ ᰃˈ≝⒎Ѣ߯԰ⱘ⫳⌏ˈ䅽㦅⨳䱋ܹĀҹ㞾៥ЎЁᖗāⱘᵕッˈҪ䖛Ѣ݇⊼㞾៥ˈ ᔎ䇗㞾៥ⱘⳂⱘDŽҪ᮴⊩䗖ᑨ໪೼ⱘ⦄ᅲϪ⬠ˈᇍ⫳⌏ЁⱘϔߛᖿФ䛑᮴ࡼѢ㹋ˈ ᇨ໪ߎᬷℹᯊˈᕜᇥ㛑থ⦄㕢Бⱘ᱃㡆DŽيᇍϔߛ㕢དⱘџ⠽䛑⓴✊㕂ПDŽᔧҪ Ҫ᠔ᛳফࠄⱘˈা᳝ൗഒᬷথⱘ㟁⇨੠㚂㛣ⱘ᱃䈵DŽ䖭ѯҸҎ乧ϻⱘǃ䰈ᱫⱘ⬏ DŽ㒧ᵰᰃˈ㦅މ⢊䴶ˈᡩᇘߎҪᡥ䚕㗠哃✊ⱘݙᖗϪ⬠DŽҪ᮴⊩ᨚ㜅ᖗ♉ⱘೄぬ ⨳᮴䆎ᗢḋ਩ᖗ≹㸔ˈ䛑ϡ㛑ᅠ៤䖭䚼㹿㞾Ꮕ㾚Ўӳ໻ⱘ⠅ⱘ԰કˈ䖭៤Ўೄᡄ ҪⱘϔϾ᳔໻ⱘ䯂乬DŽҪ಴ℸ⛺㰥ϡᅝˈ໛ফᡬ⺼DŽᇣ䇈ྟ㒜᮴⊩㒧ሒˈ䖭ᛣੇ ⴔ㦅⨳ྟ㒜≵᳝ᡒࠄҎ⫳ⱘⳂⱘ੠ᛣНDŽ 㦅⨳೼⫳⌏Ё⓴㾚㞾Ꮕⱘৠ㚲੠ᓖᮣটҎˈ⏤⏤䖰⾏ҕ⠅Ϣ㕢དDŽҪϡ݇ᖗ

1 ໻ि⥟˄King Davidˈ݀ܗࠡ 1011—971˅ᰃҹ㡆߫ⱘ㄀ѠϾ⥟DŽҪ໮ᠡ໮㡎ˈᰃϔϾ䷇ Фᆊˈ䖬߯԰њ䆌໮䆫㆛DŽ 2 า㓾ᇨg⋄ࢦg᷃ࢦᕟ⊏˄Samuel Taylor Coleridgeˈ1772—1834˅ᰃ㣅೑㨫ৡⱘ␪⬨䆫Ҏ П ϔˈ㨫ৡ䆘≺ᆊˈ⌾⓿ЏНᗱ╂ⱘЏ㽕ҷ㸼DŽ

95 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ҪⱘৡڣӏԩҎˈϡ݇⊼ӏԩ݋ԧⱘџ⠽DŽҪᇍ⠅ⶹП⫮ᇥˈгϡ㚃Ҭߎ⠅ˈህ ᄫϔḋDŽ1 г䆌Ҫⱘ԰ક䗑∖⠅ⱘⳳ䇯੠ᛣНˈԚᰃ೼䖭⾡Ӻ⧚㾖ⱘᣛᓩϟˈҪ ᡞ䘧ᖋ䋷ӏⳟ԰ᢑ䈵ⱘǃぎ⊯ⱘὖᗉˈҪⱘ⧚ᛇ⊼ᅮ᮴⊩ᅲ⦄DŽ᳝݇⠅ⱘᇣ䇈ᖙ ✊᮴⊩ᅠ៤ˈ݊㄀ϔϾ㒧ሔህᰃ↕♁ᗻⱘDŽ2 㦅⨳ሙԣⱘ݀ᆧ䍋☿њˈ໻ὐ࠻⚜ ഄ䳛ࡼDŽҪϧᖗ㟈ᖫ≝⍌Ѣ߯԰ПЁˈ䅸Ўᰃ䚏ሙⱘὐ᠓ⴔ☿DŽὐẃϞ☿㢫ਰਰ ԰ડˈҪैᖗ᮴ᮕ偯ഄ㒻㓁߯԰DŽ᳔ৢˈ໻☿৲ీњ᠓ᄤ੠㦅⨳ˈҪⱘ԰કг↕ Пϔ⚀DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋҹ䖭ϔ㒧ሔ㸼ᯢ㞾Ꮕ㽕Ӵ䖒ⱘֵᙃˈĀҹ㞾៥ЎЁᖗāⱘ㾖ᗉ া㛑ՓҎ䱋ܹ⫳⌏ⱘೄ๗ПЁDŽ ˈϾҎ䛑᳝Ā㞾៥āⱘ⧚ᗉˈ䛑᳝⒵䎇㞾Ꮕ䳔㽕੠℆ᳯⱘؒ৥DŽ೼㦅⨳ⴐ䞠↣ ҪҎⱘᄬ೼া݋᳝Ꮉ݋ᗻⱘӋؐˈҪⱘᛣ೒ህᰃЎњ㞾Ꮕⱘ߽ⲞDŽҢᇣ䇈ⱘᛣ㭈 ˈᴹⳟˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᅲ䰙Ϟᰃᛇᣛᯢˈ㦅⨳ⱘӺ⧚ೄ๗ህᰃ⬅Ѣ䖭⾡Ӌؐ㾖ᓩ䍋ⱘ ᅗՓᕫ㦅⨳೼Ϣ⢍໾ৠ㚲੠咥ҎѸᕔⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈ᮴⊩ᔶ៤҆ᆚ੠䇤ⱘ݇㋏ˈ಴㗠 ᮴⊩ᨚ㜅ೄ๗DŽ ᇣ䇈Ёⱘ঺ϔԡЏҎ݀咥Ҏ԰ᆊ࿕߽г䖛Ѣᔎ䇗Ā㞾៥āˈҪг಴ℸ೼Ϣ⢍ ໾ҎѸᕔⱘ䖛⿟Ё䱋ܹॅᴎϢೄ๗ПЁDŽ࿕߽ᰃϔԡϡⶹৡⱘ咥Ҏ԰ᆊDŽҪৠ㦅 ⨳ϔḋˈг⫳⌏೼ᄸऩ੠⮯㢺ПЁ˖Ҫ೼ऩ҆ᆊᒁЁᑺ䖛њϡᑌⱘスᑈ˗䭓໻ৢ ׳⾳⨇䖛ⴔか㢺ⱘϡ〇ᅮ⫳⌏˗Ҫ᳒㒣䖯䖛ⲥ⣅˗⦄೼ϔ䋿བ⋫ˈሙԣ೼ཇট㡒 ᴹⱘ᠓ᄤЁDŽϢᏆ㒣ߎ⠜њϸᴀᇣ䇈ⱘ㘠Ϯ԰ᆊ㦅⨳Ⳍ↨ˈ࿕߽≵᳝᥹ফ䖛ϧϮ ⱘ᭛ᄺ߯԰䆁㒗ˈাᰃ㞾ᄺ៤ᠡⱘ᭛ᄺ⠅ད㗙DŽҪ೼⣅Ё䯙䇏໻䞣ⱘ᭛ᄺ԰કˈ ᑏᛇ៤Ў԰ᆊˈѢᰃᇱ䆩߯԰DŽᓔྟᯊˈҪ῵ӓ䇏䖛ⱘ᭛ᄺ԰કˈ᥹ⴔ䆄ᔩ㞾Ꮕ ⱘ㒣ग़ˈৢᴹজ߯԰ᇣ䇈DŽߎ⣅ПৢˈҪ㒻㓁Ңџ᭛ᄺ߯԰DŽ ࿕߽Ϣ㦅⨳ϔḋ䗋ᘟ߯԰ˈг಴Ў≝⒎Ѣ߯԰㗠䱋ܹೄ๗ПЁDŽҪᳳᳯ䗮䖛 ߯԰ˈᅲ⦄㞾Ꮕⱘᜓᳯˈ៤Ў咥Ҏ⇥ᮣⱘҷ㿔Ҏˈ㸼䖒ҪӀ⡍᳝ⱘĀ咥Ҏᗻā3 ᴀ 䋼DŽҢ䖭ϾᛣНϞᴹⳟˈ࿕߽ᰃϔϾ݌ൟⱘ咥ҎሙԣऎЁⱘ咥Ҏᔶ䈵

1 㦅⨳ⱘৡᄫ㣅᭛ᰃ LesserDŽ 2 䖭䚼ᇣ䇈䞛⫼њᓔᬒᓣⱘ㒧ሔDŽ䖭䞠ᦤࠄⱘᰃᇣ䇈㄀ 23 义ߎ⦄ⱘ㄀ϔϾ㒧ሔDŽᇣ䇈ⱘ㄀ 217 义੠㄀ 230 义Ϟг䛑ߎ⦄њ㒧ሔⱘᄫḋDŽ 3 ⊩೑䆫Ҏ㡒ṙ·䌍ᇨफ·䖒㓈ᖋ·า⋑ᇨ˄Aimé Fernand David Césaireˈ1913—2008˅೼݊䭓 䆫lj䖬еヨ䆄NJ˄Cahier d'un retour au pays natal, 1939˅ЁᦤߎĀ咥Ҏᗻāϔ䆡DŽৢᴹ ˅าݙࡴᇨⱘᘏ㒳ǃ䆫Ҏ༹߫⊶ᇨ໮·䌯䖒ᇨ·ḥៜᇨ(Léopold Sédar Senghor, 1906—2001 ᣛߎˈĀ咥Ҏᗻāᰃ“咥ҎϪ⬠ⱘ᭛࣪Ӌؐⱘᘏ੠ˈℷབ䖭ѯӋؐ೼咥Ҏⱘ԰કǃࠊᑺǃ ⫳⌏Ё㸼⦄ⱘ䙷ḋDŽ” Ā咥Ҏᗻā԰ᆊЏᓴҢ䴲⌆ⱘӴ㒳⫳⌏Ё≆প♉ᛳ੠Џ乬ˈሩ ⼎咥Ҏⱘܝ㤷ग़৆੠㊒⼲࡯䞣DŽ

96 ⭻㧞䍣᱗Ⳡ㋮᱘䐱⭥㘒䔆㔸㏎

˄Mesher1978ˈ67˅DŽ೼Ҫⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈ咥Ҏⱘ⫳⌏ܙ⒵⮯㢺੠⺼䲒DŽℷབ䇎᳐gṙ ࢦ᠔䇈˖Āᛇ㽕⫳ᄬϟএⱘ咥ҎˈҢߎ⫳䙷໽䍋ህ䴶ᇍॅ䰽DŽҪӀ᳝ⴔϡৠᇏᐌ ⱘ㒣ग़DŽҪӀ⫳ᄬ೼ಮ⽕ЁDŽҪӀⶹ䘧⫳⌏ህᰃഎ៬᭫ĂĂā˄Mailer 306˅DŽ࿕ ߽ҹ㞾Ꮕ❳ᙝⱘજ䳋ྚ咥Ҏ⼒ऎ੠咥Ҏⱘ㒣ग़Ўॳൟˈড᯴咥Ҏ⫳⌏ⱘ㢺䲒ˈ⫮ 㟇ࠏ⬏ϔѯᲈ࡯ކさџӊDŽҪ䆩೒䗮䖛߯԰ᇣ䇈ᨚ㜅ҹࠡ⫳⌏ⱘय़࡯DŽҪ⫮㟇Ў 㞾Ꮕ䍋њϔϾヨৡˈ݊Ёᱫ৿᭛ᄺ߯԰੠ᲈ࡯ডᡫⱘ䈵ᕕᛣНDŽ1 ҪᏠᳯ䖭Ͼᮄ ৡᄫˈৃҹᢍএ㞾Ꮕᇍ䖛এⱘ䆄ᖚDŽгህᰃ䇈ˈҪᏠᳯ䗮䖛᭛ᄺ߯԰੠ᲈ࡯ডᡫ Ҏᑨ᳝ⱘഄԡDŽخҎⱘᴗ߽ˈ㦋ᕫخⱘᮍᓣˈ㛑໳Ў咥Ҏѝপ ࿕߽ሑ᳔໻ࡾ࡯ˈᛇ㽕᳈དഄЎ咥Ҏ߯԰ˈᅲ⦄㞾Ꮕⱘ߯԰ⳂⱘDŽҪ䅸Ўˈ ߎњ⌕㢇خ咥Ҏ⇥ᮣ᭛࣪Ӵ㒳ৠḋᙴЙˈ咥Ҏⱘᗱᛇ੠߯䗴࡯ৠḋЄᆠDŽҪӀг ⱒϪⱘ䋵⤂ˈ៤ህњ㕢೑ⱘ㐕㤷੠ᆠ佊DŽҪއᖗ䗮䖛㞾Ꮕⱘ߯԰ˈ૸䝦咥Ҏⱘ⇥ ᮣᛣ䆚ˈӴᡓ咥Ҏⱘग़৆੠᭛࣪DŽԚᰃˈ࿕߽ⱘ߯԰Ⳉ᥹㸼⦄ᝢᙊǃ⮯ᘼǃᘤᚻ ੠ᛸᗦㄝᚙᛳˈ㔎ᇥᔶᓣ੠㒧ᵘˈভ䗄гᴖх᮴ᑣDŽҪⱘ԰ક≵᳝ᖙ㽕ⱘᔶᓣᴹ ߚ߽⫼ǃܙ㒘㒛ゴ㡖ݙᆍˈᄬ೼ϔѯᰒ㗠ᯧ㾕ⱘ䯂乬ˈ՟བ䞡໡䖛໮ǃ㋴ᴤ≵᳝ ৘䚼ߚП䯈≵᳝݇㘨ǃ㒧ᵘ↨՟ϡ䗖ᔧǃ䞡⚍ϡさߎㄝㄝDŽ࿕߽೎ᅜ㞾Ꮕⱘ߯԰ ᮍᓣˈᢦ㒱ᬍবDŽℷབҪᇍ㦅⨳᠔䇈˖ĀԴᛇⶹ䘧ҔМᰃⳳℷⱘ㡎ᴃ৫˛៥ህᰃ 㡎ᴃDŽ࿕߽gᮃⲂᇨᬣ⡍ˈϔϾ咥ҎDŽ៥ⱘᔶᓣህᰃ៥㞾ᏅDŽā˄Malamud 1988ˈ 75˅࿕߽䖛ᑺ݇⊼㞾Ꮕⱘ߯԰Ⳃⱘˈ䗋ᘟᑊᠻⴔѢ㞾៥ⱘϪ⬠DŽҪҢϡ㗗㰥៪㗙 ᅠܼᢦ㒱ҪҎⱘ߯԰ᮍ⊩ˈ䖭ḋˈҪ԰કⱘ᠟〓ህᰃ⬅޴ゴ㞾Ӵ੠޴㆛ⷁ㆛ᇣ䇈 㒘ড়㗠៤DŽ࿕߽г䱋ܹೄ๗ПЁˈ᮴⊩ᅠ៤㞾Ꮕⱘ԰કDŽ さ䍋ᴹDŽ೼ϢⱑҎཇট㡒ކ㦅⨳ϔḋˈᇚ᭛ᄺ߯԰ϢϪ֫П⠅ᇍゟڣ࿕߽г ⨇Ѹᕔⱘ䖛⿟ЁˈҪᇍ㡒⨇≵᳝ᑨ᳝ⱘ݇⠅DŽҪӀП䯈ᔶ៤њ䰠⫳ǃދ⓴ⱘ݇㋏DŽ 㡒⨇ϔⳈ݇ᖗ✻乒ⴔ࿕߽DŽཌྷ䅸ЎˈĀ࿕߽ࡾ࡯㽕៤Ўϔৡ԰ᆊüüᅲ䰙ϞˈҪ ೼⣅Ёህᓔྟ߯԰DŽҪⱘᬙџ੠ᇣ䇈üü䖭ᰃ៥᠔ⶹ䘧ⱘҎ⫳Ё᳔ҸҎᛳࡼⱘџ ˈᚙПϔDŽ៥ফࠄᵕ໻ⱘ䳛᪐DŽҪ䖬ᕫ㒻㓁ϟএDŽā˄Malamud 1988ˈ147˅ཌྷⳌֵ া㽕࿕߽മᣕ߯԰ˈህӮ៤Ўߎ㡆ⱘ԰ᆊDŽ೼Ϣ࿕߽Ѹᕔⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈ㡒⨇ᙝᖗ✻ ᭭࿕߽ⱘ᮹ᐌ⫳⌏DŽཌྷᰃϔԡ䗮ᚙ䖒⧚ǃࢸ༟Ꮉ԰ǃᖴ䆮Ѣ⬋টⱘཇᗻDŽ࿕߽ϡ Ꮉ԰ˈཌྷ⣀㞾ϔҎ䌮䪅ˈ㓈ᣕϸϾҎⱘ⫳⌏DŽཌྷϡԚϡᢅᗼˈড㗠ᅝᝄҪˈ䅽Ҫ

1 ࿕߽ⱘᮄヨৡ㣅᭛Ў Bill SpearDŽSpear ⱘ㣅䇁ᛣᗱЎ⶯ǃᵾˈ䖬ࣙ৿᳝㥢຿↨Ѯ˄William Shakespearˈ1564—1616˅ৡᄫⱘϔ䚼ߚDŽ

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㾝ᕫ㞾Ꮕ䖬᳝㕢དⱘࠡ䗨ˈ⦄೼ⱘ໘๗гϡᰃ䙷М㡄䲒DŽা᳝೼࿕߽ދ㨑ཌྷᯊˈ ཌྷᠡᰒ⼎ߎϔѯϡ⒵੠ᢅᗼDŽཌྷᇍ㦅⨳থ⠶偮˖Ā⬅ѢҪ˄࿕߽˅ᇍ咥Ҏ⇥ᮣⱘ ⛁⠅ˈҪϡ݇⊼ӏԩџᚙˈҪা⠅ҪⱘᎹ԰DŽ৺߭ⱘ䆱ˈ៥Ӏ⦄೼Ꮖ㒣㒧ီњDŽ ࿕߽ᘏᰃ⊼ᛣࠄҪⱘ㙸㡆ˈ⦄೼᳈ࡴ݇⊼DŽҪ䍞߯԰ˈህবᕫ䍞⊼䞡咥㡆DŽā ˄Malamud 1988ˈ119˅ ࿕߽ᇍ㡒⨇ⱘᗕᑺैᕜ㊳㊩DŽҪᇍ㡒⨇ⱘ݇⠅ˈᑊ≵᳝ಲ᡹ҹ⏽ᚙDŽҪᡞ㡒 ⨇ҟ㒡㒭㦅⨳ᯊˈাᰃ䇈ཌྷᰃ㞾ᏅⱘⱑҎཇটˈ≵᳝ҟ㒡ཌྷⱘৡᄫDŽҪϡ䅽㡒⨇ ೼݀݅എড়⡉Ҫⱘ᠟ˈгҢᴹϡᏺཌྷএજ䳋ྚⱘ咥ҎሙԣऎDŽ䖭ѯ䛑㸼ᯢҪ≵᳝ 䎇໳䞡㾚㡒⨇DŽৢᴹˈҪ䅸ЎϢ㡒⨇೼ϔ䍋ⱘ⫳⌏ᑆᡄҪ᮴⊩߯԰ˈ಴Ў㡒⨇ಯ ໘䍄ࡼˈᡞҪⱘᗱ䏃䛑ᓘхњˈҪ᮴⊩䲚Ё㊒࡯এ߯԰DŽѢᰃˈҪᨀࠄ㦅⨳ሙԣ ⱘ݀ᆧˈ⏤⏤⭣䖰㡒⨇DŽᓔྟᯊˈҪ䖬೼㡒⨇䙷ܓᑺ਼᳿ˈৢᴹ⫮㟇ᅠܼᨀߎཌྷ ⱘԣ໘DŽҪএ㡒⨇ᆊⱘ⃵᭄䍞ᴹ䍞ᇥˈএⱘᯊ׭гাᰃЎњ⋫╵ˈ✊ৢᣓ䍄ϔѯ 䳊⫼䪅DŽ࿕߽೼Ϣ㡒⨇Ѹᕔⱘ䖛⿟ЁˈᏆ㒣ᖬᥝњ⫳⌏Ёⱘ⏽ᱪ੠҆ᚙDŽҪ⾏Ϫ П⠅ˈ⾏㒣偠Ёⱘ⦄ᅲϪ⬠䍞ᴹ䍞䖰ˈгህ᮴⊩ᅠ៤԰કDŽ䖭гॄ䆕њ偀ᢝ咬֫ ᖋⱘ߯԰ЏᓴDŽҪ䅸Ўˈ㡎ᴃП㕢ϢⳳᅲⱘϪ֫П⠅ᆚϡৃߚˈ⫮㟇㡎ᴃᖙ✊㽕 ձ䌪㒣偠Ёⱘ⦄ᅲϪ⬠ (Kernan 204) DŽ ೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋヨϟˈ㦅⨳੠࿕߽㹿ࠏ⬏៤ᔎ䇗Āҹ㞾៥ЎЁᖗāⱘҎ⠽DŽ㦅⨳ ⌏⫳മᣕ䅸Ўˈ㞾Ꮕⱘ⫳⌏ህᰃЎњ߯԰DŽҪ㒣ᐌ䱋ܹݹᗱ㢺ᛇПЁˈৠ⦄ᅲⱘ ੠⼒Ӯ㜅⾏DŽ࿕߽ⱘ߯԰ⳂⱘᰃЎњ㒭咥Ҏ⇥ᮣ໡қˈҪ㒣ᐌ೼԰કЁࠏ⬏Ϫ⬠ ᳿᮹ϔḋⱘᲈ࡯੠ކさⱘഎ᱃DŽᇍѢ㦅⨳੠࿕߽ᴹ䇈ˈ߯԰Ꮖ㒣ऴ᥂⫳⌏ⱘܼ䚼DŽ Ā࿕߽ᛇ䗮䖛⫳⌏߯䗴㡎ᴃˈ㦅⨳߭ሑ࡯㽕೼㡎ᴃЁথ⦄⫳⌏DŽԚᰃҪӀ䛑≵㛑 㦋ᕫ៤ࡳDŽā˄Abramson1993ˈ96˅㦅⨳㱑✊ᇍ㸼⦄咥Ҏ⫳⌏ⱘ᭛ᄺ԰ક໻থ䆂 ⒲ⱘ⢊ᗕ˗࿕߽ⱘذ䆎ˈ㞾Ꮕै᮴⊩ᡒࠄড়䗖ⱘ㋴ᴤ੠ݙᆍˈᇐ㟈߯԰ᐌᐌ໘Ѣ ᇣ䇈Џ乬ゟᛣ䴲ᐌདˈै≵᳝䗖ᔧⱘᔶᓣˈ᮴⊩ᙄࠄད໘ഄᡞ䖭ѯݙᆍ㸼䖒ߎᴹDŽ ᔧ⦄ᅲϪ⬠䖯ܹҪӀⱘ⫳⌏ˈ䳔㽕ҪӀ݇⊼ǃᡩܹᛳᚙᯊˈҪӀᕔᕔᡞ㞾Ꮕৠ਼ ೈⱘϪ⬠䱨⾏ᓔᴹˈℷབ㡒⨇೼ᇣ䇈Ё᠔ᣛߎⱘˈҪӀ䛑ᰃ݋᳝㞾៥ᛣ䆚ⱘҎ⠽DŽ ҪӀ䛑ᡞ㞾Ꮕᇕ䯁೼৘㞾ⱘ㊒⼲Ϫ⬠ПЁˈ䛑಴ℸ⫳⌏೼ೄ๗ПЁDŽ 㦅⨳ⱘ߯԰༅䋹њˈ಴ЎҪϡពᕫ⫳⌏Ёⱘⳳ⠅ˈै㽕೼ᇣ䇈Ё㸼䖒⠅ⱘЏ 乬DŽҪ䱋ܹᔶᓣⱘሔ䰤Ёˈ䖰⾏ⳳᅲϪ⬠ˈ಴ℸᇣ䇈᮴⊩㒧ሒDŽ࿕߽ⱘ߯԰г༅

98 ⭻㧞䍣᱗Ⳡ㋮᱘䐱⭥㘒䔆㔸㏎

䋹њˈ಴ЎҪϡ㛑ᇚ㞾ᏅҢᛸᗦⱘᚙᛳЁ㾷㜅ߎᴹˈгϡពᕫབԩՓ⫼ᔶᓣ䖯㸠 ߯԰DŽҪӀ೼㒑㑺᳐જ乓ϔᑻेᇚᢚ䖕ⱘᮻὐ䞠ˈ㡄䲒ഄ᥶㋶৘㞾ⱘ߯԰П䏃ˈ ᇣ䇈г಴ℸ㒻㓁њ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈ЁⱘĀ㢺䲒Џ乬āDŽ1 ࡽᇣ䇈ЁⱘⳌ݇Ҏ⠽ˈ㸼䖒㞾Ꮕᇍ⫳⌏ⱘᛳফˈᇍབԩ໘⧚⇥ᮣ׳偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ࣪ⱘ⦄ҷ⫳⌏Ёˈ᮴䆎ᰃ㕢೑⢍໾Ҏܗߎњ݋ԧⱘ䯤䞞DŽҪ䅸Ў೼໮خ䯂乬㋏݇ 䖬ᰃ咥Ҏˈ䛑ϡ㛑䍄ᇕ䯁ⱘĀҹ㞾៥ЎЁᖗā䖭ᴵ䘧䏃DŽ䖭ᴵ䏃೎✊ৃ㛑⒵䎇㞾 ៥߽ⲞˈԚᰃ䖭⾡㞾៥߽Ⲟⱘᅲ⦄ᰃҹߛᮁℷᐌⱘ⼒ӮѸ⌕ЎҷӋDŽ೼⇥ᮣѸᕔ ⱘ䖛⿟ЁˈϾԧ䳔㽕ᠧ⸈⇥ᮣ䯈ⱘሔ䰤ˈҢ㞾៥ⱘϪ⬠Ё䍄ߎএDŽ䖭ḋˈᠡ㛑ᓎ ゟϢ݊Ҫ⇥ᮣП䯈ℷᐌⱘᚙᛳѸ⌕DŽ㦅⨳੠࿕߽ᑨ䆹ᠧ⸈Āҹ㞾៥ЎЁᖗā⧚ᗉ ೼㞾Ꮕ਼ೈ㰮䆒ⱘ⬠䰤ˈ䖯ܹѦࡼⱘѸᕔЁDŽা᳝䖭ḋˈҪӀᠡ㛑ᨚ㜅ᇍ㞾៥ⱘ 䗋ᘟˈᅠ៤৘㞾ⱘ԰કˈ䍄ߎ⫳⌏ⱘೄ๗DŽ

㄀Ѡ㡖 ⇥ᮣ⶯Ⳓⱘ⍜㾷

೼lj᠓ᅶNJЁˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋϡᰃㅔऩഄ䯤䗄㦅⨳੠࿕߽ⱘ⫳ᄬೄ๗ˈ㗠ᰃ䗮䖛 ᓳᚙܘᦣݭҪӀП䯈݇㋏ⱘথሩব࣪䖛⿟ˈ᥶䅼㕢೑⢍໾Ҏ੠咥ҎП䯈ᓎゟĀ 䇞āǃ⍜㾷⇥ᮣ⶯Ⳓⱘৃ㛑ᗻDŽ2 ⾥Ѽ᳒㒣ᣛߎˈĀܘᓳᚙ䇞ⱘ෎ᴀ৿Нᰃᣛϔ⾡ ݋᳝݅ৠᆊᮣǃ݅ৠ㸔㒳៪݅ৠ೑㈡ⱘҎП䯈ⱘ݇㋏ˈԚ䗤⏤ഄˈᅗг㹿⫼ᴹ㸼 ᓳᚙ䇞ܘ݋᳝݅ৠֵӄ੠݅ৠҕ᜜ક㸠ⱘҎП䯈ⱘ݇㋏DŽā˄⾥Ѽ 164˅ĀҎⱘ⼎ ᛣੇⴔҎӀ᳝೼ܼϪ⬠㣗ೈݙᅲ㸠ҕ᜜ⱘНࡵDŽĂĂˈ䖬ᖙ乏ᡞ䖭⾡⠅ᠽሩ㟇໪ 䙺Ҏā˄⾥Ѽ 169˅DŽгህᰃ䇈ˈ䖭⾡ᚙ䇞ৃҹ䎼䍞⇥ᮣ⬠䰤DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ᇣ䇈Ё ᣛߎˈϡㅵᰃ⢍໾Ҏ䖬ᰃ咥Ҏˈা㽕ҪӀֱᣕᆑᆍ੠ԧ䇙ⱘᖗᗕˈህৃҹ೼Ѹᕔ

1 䖭ϔЏ乬೼Пࠡⱘᇣ䇈Ёlj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJ੠lj෎䕙ᗼNJЁг᳒㒣ߎ⦄DŽ 2 ᇣ䇈ᓔྟПࠡˈ೼ᇕ䴶Ϟህߎ⦄њϸ↉ᓩ㿔DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䗮䖛䖭ϸ↉ᓩ㿔㸼ᯢˈҪᇚ೼ᇣ䇈 Ё᥶お㕢೑⢍໾Ҏ੠咥ҎП䯈ᓎゟ㕢དᚙ䇞ⱘৃ㛑ᗻDŽ㄀ϔ↉᭛ᄫĀҪ䖬⌏ⴔǃⴐ⴯䖬ⴕ ⴔˈै䇈៥Ӏᰃ䇟ᴔҪⱘҎˈāᱫᣛᇣ䇈Ё࿕߽ᇍ⼒Ӯ⾡ᮣ⾽ᑣⱘᛸᗦDŽৠᯊˈ䖭↉᭛ᄫ ᴹ⑤ѢᏠ㜞Ёᳳ୰࠻԰ᆊᅝᦤ㢀ሐᮃⱘljಯ䚼᳆NJˈ䖭ᰃ㦅⨳䅸ৠⱘ㽓ᮍЏ⌕᭛ᄺDŽ㄀Ѡ དˈ៥ᖙ乏ᡒࠄ㒧ሒāߎ㞾Ѣ咥Ҏ⠉຿Ф℠᠟䋱㽓g৆ᆚᮃˈᔧ✊خ↉ᓩ㿔Ā៥ᖙ乏ᡞᅗ ᰃ࿕߽ᔦሲⱘϪ⬠DŽৠᯊˈ䖭↉䆱г⏙Ἦഄᣛᯢњ㦅⨳ᇍᇣ䇈߯԰ⱘ䗋ᘟˈҪᗹѢᅠ៤㞾 Ꮕⱘ԰કDŽ

99 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

Ё៤ࡳഄᓎゟ੠䇤ⱘĀܘᓳᚙ䇞āDŽҪ㸼䖒њᏠᳯ⢍໾⇥ᮣ੠咥Ҏ⇥ᮣ੠䇤݅ᄬ ⱘᛣ৥ˈৠᯊгᵘᓎњᇣ䇈Ё᳔݋Ҏ䘧ЏН݇ᗔⱘ䚼ߚDŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍ⢍໾ҎϢ咥Ҏ݇㋏ⱘ᥶䅼ˈফࠄϸϾ⇥ᮣ݇㋏ব࣪ⱘᕅડDŽग़৆ Ϟˈ⢍໾⇥ᮣ੠咥Ҏ⇥ᮣⱘੑ䖤ህ㘨㋏೼ϔ䍋DŽ1 ⢍໾Ҏ੠咥Ҏⱘ⫳⌏๗䘛ᵕ݊ ⳌԐ˖⃻⌆⢍໾Ҏ᳝ⴔ޴गᑈⱘ⌕⌾ሜ䖅৆˗咥Ҏг䙁ফњ޴ⱒᑈⱘޠ䖅੠཈ᕍDŽ ҪӀ䛑⮯ᘼⱑҎⱘ෎ⴷᬭ⼒ӮDŽ԰Ў㕢೑⼒ӮϸϾЏ㽕ⱘᇥ᭄ᮣ㺨㕸ԧˈ⢍໾Ҏ Ϣ咥ҎП䯈ⱘ݇㋏ϔⳈᠥ᳨䗋⾏DŽҪӀП䯈ⱘ㘨㋏ৃҹ䗑⒃ࠄݙ៬ᳳ䯈ˈПৢ㒣 ग़њ޴䍋޴㨑DŽ2 20 Ϫ㑾 50 ǃ60 ᑈҷˈ೼㕢೑咥Ҏѝপ⇥ᴗⱘ䖤ࡼЁˈ⢍໾Ҏ থ᣹њ⡍߿䞡㽕ⱘ԰⫼DŽҪӀᡩ䑿Ѣ䖤ࡼПЁˈЎ咥Ҏѝপᴗ߽ⱘ᭫ѝ᪖哧ࡽ࿕DŽ ҪӀϡҙᦤկ䞥䪅䌘ࡽˈ䖬⿃ᵕ䜡ড়੠ᐂࡽ咥Ҏሩᓔ㸠П᳝ᬜⱘ㒘㒛⌏ࡼˈЎ⇥ ߎњ䞡໻ⱘ䋵⤂DŽخᴗ䖤ࡼⱘথሩ lj᠓ᅶNJԧ⦄њ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᏠᳯ㕢೑⢍໾ҎϢ咥ҎᓎゟĀܘᓳᚙ䇞āⱘ㕢དᜓ ໾԰ᆊ੠咥Ҏ԰ᆊⳌ⢍⫼׳ᳯDŽҪᏠᳯҪӀ㛑໳Ѧ㸹݅ᄬˈ੠ᑇ݅໘DŽЎℸˈҪ ѦᐂࡽǃⳌѦᄺдǃপ䭓㸹ⷁⱘᚙ㡖ˈᴹᱫᣛҪӀП䯈ৃҹᓎゟৠⲳ݇㋏ˈᅲ⦄ ᑇㄝ݅⫳ⱘ⫳ᄬ῵ᓣDŽ೼Ⳍ䆚߱ᳳˈ㦅⨳੠࿕߽ⳌѦ݇✻ǃⳌѦ䌲㕢ǃⳌѦ⃷䌣DŽ ҪӀⱘ݇㋏⫮㟇䖬ᓩ䍋њ᠓ϰⱘᗔ⭥ˈ䅸ЎҪӀ೼᧲ৠᗻᘟDŽሑㅵҪӀᇍᇍᮍ䖬 ᄬ᳝ᗔ⭥੠ᘤᚻˈԚᰃᕐℸП䯈᳈໮ⱘ䖬ᰃܘᓳ㠀ⱘᚙ䇞DŽᇣ䇈ЁˈϸϾҎП䯈 ᓎゟĀܘᓳᚙ䇞āⱘৃ㛑ᗻЏ㽕㸼⦄೼ҹϟ޴Ͼᮍ䴶DŽ 㦅⨳ԧ䇙੠⧚㾷࿕߽ˈ䖭ᰃҪӀП䯈ᓎゟĀܘᓳᚙ䇞āⱘϔϾ䞡㽕䗨ᕘDŽ㦅 ⨳ᇍ࿕߽ᕜটདˈᡞҪᔧ԰㞾Ꮕᄸ⣀߯԰⫳⌏ЁⱘϔϾৠԈDŽҪᐂࡽ࿕߽ˈᄬᬒ Ҫ߯԰ᯊՓ⫼ⱘᠧᄫᴎDŽҪᦤ䝦࿕߽ˈ㽕Ҫᇣᖗϡ㽕㹿᠓ϰᡒࠄDŽ᠓ϰথ⦄࿕߽ ⱘ䏾䗍ৢˈҪᐂࡽ࿕߽ᡞᠧᄫᴎ㮣೼㞾Ꮕ⍈ᅸⱘ⍈㔌䞠ˈ䖬䅽࿕߽䒆೼㞾Ꮕⱘк ᠓ЁDŽ㦅⨳㾝ᕫ㞾Ꮕ᳝䋷ӏֱᡸ࿕߽ˈ಴ЎҪӀᰃৠ㸠ˈ䛑ᰃ԰ᆊDŽ࿕߽ⱘᆊ݋ 㹿᠓ϰ↕ᥝˈҪᓎ䆂࿕߽ԣ೼㞾Ꮕⱘ᠓䯈䞠DŽҪ䖬ߎ䪅ˈ㒭࿕߽фᴹњϔᓴᵿ᳼ Ḡᄤˈϔᡞ㒧ᅲⱘ㮸ᴵộᄤˈϔᓴᡬ঴ᑞˈϔϾ໻⧚⷇ᑩᑻⱘᏺ⌕㢣ⱘ㗕ᓣⱘ㨑 ഄ♃DŽ䖭ḋˈ࿕߽ህৃҹ⫳⌏ᕫ᳈㟦䗖DŽ࿕߽≵᳝ᬊܹˈ㦅⨳㽕Ҫϡ⫼ᢙᖗˈ಴ ЎҪ೼䫊㸠ⱘ䋺᠋Ё䖬ᄬ᳝ϔѯ䪅ˈҪӀৃҹ݅ৠՓ⫼DŽ 㦅⨳ᇍ࿕߽ⱘԧ䇙੠ᝋ᜼ˈৃҹҢҹϟϸϾᮍ䴶ᴹ⧚㾷˖݊ϔˈ㦅⨳ৠᚙ࿕

1 䖭䞠ᣛⱘᰃ䇎Ѯⱘܓᄤ৿㹿偅䗤ߎᆊ䮼DŽৢᴹˈҪ⌕⌾ࠄ䴲⌆ˈ៤Ў咥Ҏⱘ⼪ܜDŽ 2 Ш೑ᔎᬭᥜ᳒㒣䆺㒚ഄ䆎䗄ϸϾ⇥ᮣП䯈݇㋏ⱘথሩ˄Ш೑ᔎ 2008ˈ173-176˅DŽ

100 ⭻㧞䍣᱗Ⳡ㋮᱘䐱⭥㘒䔆㔸㏎

߽ᰃϔϾか㢺ৃᗰⱘ咥ҎDŽ԰ЎϔϾᏆ㒣ᕜ᳝ৡ⇨ⱘ԰ᆊˈҪᅠܼৃҹձ䴴Пࠡ ߎ⠜԰કⱘᬊܹˈ䖛ⴔ㸷亳᮴ᖻⱘ⫳⌏ˈ࿕߽ै⫳⌏೼䋿か੠ೄ㢺ПЁDŽϢ࿕߽ Ⳍ↨ˈҪⱘ⫳⌏ⳌᔧᛀᛣˈҪ᳝㟦䗖⏽ᱪⱘ᠓䯈԰Ўᅝ䑿П໘ˈ㒣⌢⫳⌏ᮍ䴶г ⧛᳝ϔᅮⱘֱ䆕DŽ಴ℸҪ䅸Ўˈ࿕߽ᛇ㽕೼䖭ᐶ໻ὐ䞠᳝Ͼᅝ䑿П໘ⱘ㽕∖ᰃড় ⱘDŽ݊Ѡˈ㦅⨳ⱘ㸠ЎᰃߎѢҕ᜜ⱘᴀᗻ੠䋳㔾ᛳDŽ⢍໾ҎᏆ㒣㵡ܹЏ⌕⼒Ӯˈ 䖰⾏њ⌕ᬷ੠㢺䲒ⱘग़৆DŽԚᰃˈҪӀҢ咥Ҏ䑿Ϟⳟࠄ㞾Ꮕ᳒㒣ⱘ䙁䘛ˈᡞ咥Ҏ ⦄೼ⱘ㢺䲒ⳟ԰ᰃ㞾Ꮕ䖛এ⮯㢺ⱘ䈵ᕕDŽℷབࢦ䇎ᢝgमỂ᠔䇈˖ĀҪӀ˄⢍໾ Ҏ˅ৠϪ⬠Ϟ䖭ѯৃᗰҎ˄咥Ҏ˅⏅᳝ৠᛳˈᇍҪӀⱘ㢺䲒㸼⼎䲒䖛ˈᇍ㞾ᏅⳌ ᇍᅝ䘌ⱘ⫳⌏⏅ᛳϡᅝDŽ᠔᳝䖭ѯ䅽⢍໾Ҏ᳝њϔ⾡㔾䋷ᛳˈᇐ㟈䆌໮⢍໾ҎϢ 咥ҎП䯈᳝ⴔ㋻ᆚⱘ㘨㋏DŽᇍѢ⢍໾Ҏᴹ䇈ˈ咥ҎᏆ㒣៤Ў㞾Ꮕⱘ᳓ҷ㗙ā ˄Berson 183˅DŽ1 ℷᰃ䖭⾡ᚙᛳˈ䅽㦅⨳㛑໳ᆍᖡ࿕߽ⱘ㉫ᲈ᮴⼐DŽϸϾҎ᳒㒣 ೼ϔ䍋⃷䌣䋱㽓g৆ᆚᮃⱘ䷇ФDŽᔧᯊ࿕߽ϡ㟦᳡ഄᡁᴹᡁএˈҪᇍ㦅⨳䇈˖ĀԴ ЎҔМϡᡞ䙷ᓴଅ⠛ᠨᥝǃᨨ⹢ǃ៪㗙ৗᥝ˛Դ⫮㟇ϡⶹ䘧ᗢМ乚⬹݊Ёⱘᛣ㭈ā ˄Malamud 1988ˈ86-87˅DŽ਀њ䖭䆱Пৢˈ㦅⨳≵᳝假᭹Ҫˈ㗠ᰃᤶϞњ㟦ԃ⡍ 㡎ᴃ℠᳆䲚DŽ咥Ҏ࿕߽ᣛ䋷⢍໾Ҏ㦅⨳ˈ䅸ЎҪϡពᕫབԩ⃷䌣咥Ҏⱘ䷇Фˈ㦅 ⨳䇙㾷њ࿕߽DŽ 㦅⨳ᇍ࿕߽ⱘ⫳⌏ᮍᓣܙ⒵␈ᳯˈ䖭ᰃҪӀП䯈ৃҹᓎゟĀܘᓳᚙ䇞āⱘϔ ϾЏ㽕㸼⦄DŽ㦅⨳㕵ᜩ咥Ҏⱘ⫳⌏ܙ⒵▔ᚙ੠⌏࡯DŽҪ䅸Ўˈ࿕߽↨㞾Ꮕ᳈㊒࡯ ܙ≯DŽҪ㹿咥Ҏ਌ᓩˈᡞҪӀⳟ԰ᰃ࡯䞣੠⼲⾬ⱘ䈵ᕕDŽҪ䖬ᬍ㓪њᏗ㦅ܟⱘ㨫 ৡ䆫℠lj㰢NJˈ2 䗮䖛䖭⾡ᮍᓣˈᡞ咥Ҏ↨԰ỂᵫП⥟DŽ೼㦅⨳ⴐ䞠ˈ咥Ҏⱘ⫳ ᅲǃ᳈Єᆠ໮ᔽǃ᳈⊼䞡Ϫ֫ⱘѿফDŽᇣ䇈Ёˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᡞ࿕߽੠Ҫⱘ咥ܙ᳈⌏ Ҏ᳟টӀⱘ⫳⌏ᦣ䗄ᕫ⌏࡯ಯᇘǃ♓⚖㒱ӺDŽҪӀⱘ㸷ⴔᯊ傺ᮄ╂ǃ㒮⚖໮ᔽDŽ ҪӀ៪㗙こⴔ䞥㡆ⱘ㹀㸷ǃ᠈ⴔ㑶㡆ⱘ↵ᐑˈ៪㗙こⴔ㋿㡆ⱘⳳϱ㹀㸷ǃ㻤㡆ⱘ ⷁ䵈DŽ೼咥Ҏⱘ㘮ӮϞˈ㦅⨳਀ⴔ咥Ҏⱘ䷇ФˈᖗЁᛳফࠄϔ⾡␈ᳯˈϔ⾡ᇍ⫳ ⌏ⱘ⛁ᳯDŽĀҪӀ˄咥Ҏ˅ⱘϞぎㄐ㔽ⴔ⫰㕢ⱘ⇯ೈˈ㦅⨳ᛳࠄᕜ݈༟DŽā˄Malamud 1988ˈ124˅ 㦅⨳ⱘ㊒⼲䴶䉠ैϢ咥ҎᙄᙄⳌডDŽ೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋヨϟˈ㦅⨳㹿ࠏ⬏៤ᖻ䚕乧

1 ᅲ䰙Ϟˈ㕢೑⢍໾Ҏৃҹ㹿䅸Ўᰃ㕢೑ଃϔᇍ咥Ҏⱘ㢺䲒ϡ䋳᳝䋷ӏⱘⱑҎDŽҪӀ᮶≵᳝ ཈ᕍ䖛཈䲊ˈг≵᳝ᇍҪӀՓ⫼䖛⾕ߥDŽ 2 ࿕ᒝgᏗ㦅ܟ(William Blake, 1757-1827)ᰃ㣅೑䆫Ҏǃ⬏ᆊˈ⌾⓿ЏН᭛ᄺⱘҷ㸼Ҏ⠽П ϔDŽ

101 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ᑳǃ⅏⇨≝≝ⱘḋᄤ˖ĀᐌᐌᏗ⒵㸔ϱⱘೄ׺ⱘ♄㡆ⱘঠⴐāˈĀᰒ⦄ߎࡳ߽ᗻⱘ ఈ૛āˈĀℾ᭰ⱘǃ᮹Ⲟবᕫ⯺ࠞⱘ唏ᄤāDŽ㦅⨳৥ᕔ咥Ҏⱘ⫳⌏DŽҪᛇ䈵㞾Ꮕ䍄 ˅⨳೼જ䳋ྚഄऎˈԧ偠݊Ёⱘ⫳ᴎϢ⌏࡯DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ᇣ䇈Ёݭࠄ˖ĀҪ˄㦅 ⳟ㾕㞾ᏅϔҎ೼ᆑ䯨ⱘ咥㡆⍋⋟Ёˈ৥䴲䯍Ꮦऎⓖ⌕ˈ㱑✊䖭䞠ࠄ໘䛑ᰃ♉Ꮋⱘ ᇣ㠍ǃᔽ㡆ⱘᇣ右ǃᔶᔶ㡆㡆ⱘܘᓳྤྍDŽ㟇ᇥˈҪᛝᖿഄ䍄ⴔˈϡএᛇ߯԰ⱘ џᚙĂĂā˄Malamud 1988ˈ89˅DŽ㦅⨳䗮䖛࿕߽ˈњ㾷њ߯԰П໪ⱘ໮ᔽ⫳⌏DŽ Ҫখࡴ࿕߽੠Ҫ᳟টӀⱘ㘮Ӯˈ䖬䅸䆚њ᳈໮ⱘཇᗻ᳟টDŽ࿕߽ⱘߎ⦄ˈՓᕫҪ ॳᴹ≝䯋ⱘ⫳⌏⇯ೈ㹿ᠧ⸈њDŽҪⱘ⫳⌏ϡݡऩ䇗ǃय़ᡥˈ䖭㒭Ҫᏺᴹњব࣪੠ ᏠᳯDŽҪᛳ㾝⫳⌏ᕜ㕢དˈԐТгⳟࠄњҎ⫳ⱘᛣНDŽ 㦅⨳Ϣ࿕߽ᢹ᳝݅ৠⱘџϮüü߯԰ˈ䖭ᰃҪӀᓎゟĀܘᓳᚙНāⱘϔϾ䞡 ᆚⱘ᳟টϔḋˈ㙽ᑊ㙽ϔ䍋ത೼ᇣॼ᠓ⱘഄᵓϞDŽ҆ڣ㽕᠟↉DŽ㦅⨳Ϣ࿕߽᳒㒣 ҪӀᴹಲ䕂⌕਌ϔᬃⲅᏈᏈⱘ╂⑓ⱘ佭⚳ˈ⏅ܹ᥶䅼᭛ᄺ߯԰Ё䘛ࠄⱘ䯂乬DŽ೼ ҪӀⱘᛇ䈵Ёˈॼ᠓៤њĀⓖ⌕ⱘᇣቯˈ೼໣ᄷ䲼ৢᬷথߎỂᵫ੠㢅ᴉⱘ⇨ᙃā ˄Malamud 1988ˈ48˅DŽ1 ᅲ䰙Ϟˈᇣቯ䈵ᕕⴔ᭛ᄺ߯԰乚ඳDŽ䖭䞠া᳝ҪӀϸ ϾҎˈҪӀⳌѦ哧ࢅᇍᮍˈ㽕ݭߎ᳔དⱘ԰કˈѝপ㦋ᕫ䇎䋱ᇨ᭛ᄺ༪DŽ ࿕߽೼߯԰Ϟ䘛ࠄೄ䲒ᯊˈᐌᐌ৥㦅⨳থ⊘㞾ᏅⱘᛸឥDŽҪϔⳈമᣕ߯԰Āᡫ њ䔼䘧ˈԚᰃҪᑊϡ⹂ߛ⾏أ䆂ᇣ䇈āˈҪ㞾Ꮕг㾝ᕫ䖭⾡߯԰ᮍᓣ೼ᶤѯഄᮍ DŽҪ೼䘛ࠄ䖭㉏䯂乬ᯊˈᕔᕔ೼މߎ⦄೼ાˈЎҔМӮߎ⦄䖭⾡ᚙ⾏أˈഄⶹ䘧 㦅⨳䙷䞠㦋ᕫᅝᝄ˖

䙷Ͼ咥ҎⳂܝҡ✊ਚ⒲ˈᢡњᢡ㦅⨳ⱘৢ㚠DŽ “៥Ӏ䛑䗋Ϟњ㡎ᴃˈ㗕⠍DŽԴ੠៥䛑ⳳⱘ䱋ܹೄ๗DŽ” ˅ᓳϔḋⳌѦᢹᢅDŽ˄Malamud 1988ˈ54ܘ҆ڣҪӀ

೼߯԰䖛⿟Ё䘛ࠄೄ䲒ᯊˈҪӀᕐℸৠᚙˈᑊϨ䗮䖛ᢹᢅⱘᮍᓣᴹᅝᝄᇍᮍDŽҪ Ӏⱘ݇㋏҆བܘᓳDŽ 㦅⨳੠࿕߽ᕐℸњ㾷ˈⳌѦ䌲㕢ˈ݅ৠᵘᓎњϔϾĀᆑᆍⱘ⼒ӮāDŽ㦅⨳㹿 ࿕߽ᇣ䇈ⱘЏ乬⏅⏅ഄᠧࡼњDŽҪ䅸Ўˈ࿕߽ⱘᇣ䇈ݙᆍЄᆠˈ᳝དⱘ߯ᛣDŽ䇏 䖛࿕߽ᇣ䇈ⱘ᠟〓ПৢˈҪᣛߎˈ䖭ᰃϔ䚼໽ᠡП԰DŽҪ䇈˖Ā࿕߽ˈ佪ܜԴᰃ

1 ᇣ䇈Ё㄀ 4 义ˈ15 义, 48 义, 124 义䛑ߎ⦄њቯቓᛣ䈵DŽ

102 ⭻㧞䍣᱗Ⳡ㋮᱘䐱⭥㘒䔆㔸㏎

ϔৡ԰ᆊDŽԴк〓Ёⱘ㞾Ӵ੠Ѩ㆛ⷁ㆛ᇣ䇈ˈ䖭ϸϾ䚼ߚ䛑㒭Ҏ⬭ϟ⏅ࠏⱘॄ䈵ˈ ҸҎ⏅⏅ᛳࡼDŽā˄Malamud 1988ˈ71˅ৠᯊˈҪгᣛߎ݊Ёⱘϡ䎇П໘ˈӴᥜ㒭 ˈ࿕߽ϔѯ᭛ᄺ߯԰ᡔᎻDŽҪ䖬㒭њ࿕߽ϔᴀᄫ݌੠ϔᴀ䇁⊩᠟ݠˈᑊϨਞ䆝Ҫ བᵰҪ䘛ࠄӏԩᛳ݈䍷ⱘϰ㽓ˈҪӀ䛑ৃҹ䅼䆎DŽ䖭ϔߛՓᕫ࿕߽ᕜᛳࡼˈҪ⫮ 㟇䅸Ў㦅⨳ⱘ㸔⎆Ёг䆌᳝咥Ҏⱘ៤ߚDŽ࿕߽㸼䖒њᇍ⢍໾ҎⱘདᛳˈҪҢᖗᑩ ᴹ㦅⨳Ꮖ㒣ߎ⠜ⱘ㨫԰ˈҨ㒚䅸ⳳഄ䯙䇏DŽ׳䞠ᭀᜩ㦅⨳ⱘ߯԰ᡔᎻDŽҪҢ೒к佚 Ҫ䅸Ўˈ㦅⨳ⱘ㄀ϔᴀк໾਌ᓩҎњˈ䇏䖛ПৢˈҪϔⳈ೼㞾㿔㞾䇁DŽҪᇍ㦅⨳ 䇈ˈҪ୰⃶㦅⨳߯԰ⱘᮍᓣˈ಴Ў԰કᔶᓣᅠ㕢ǃ䇁㿔㊒㒗DŽҪ≵ᛇࠄ䖭ᴀкӮ 䖭Мߎ㡆ˈᇍ㦅⨳ⱘ߯԰ᡔᎻ੠ᇍᔶᓣⱘᡞᦵ㸼⼎⬅㹋ⱘԽ᳡DŽ 䖭ϔᯊᳳˈϸҎП䯈ⱘĀܘᓳᚙ䇞āᰃᅠ㕢᮴㔎ⱘDŽҪӀϔ䍋佂䜦ˈ䅼䆎߯ ԰ЁⱘᖗᕫDŽ㦅⨳䅸Ўˈ࿕᳔߽ᮄ᠟〓ⱘ㄀ϔゴݭᕫ᳈ࡴߎ㡆ˈĀᔶᓣᕜདāˈĀݭ ˈᕫϡ䫭āˈĀᠧࡼҎᖗāDŽҪ໻ໄᳫ䇏㑺㗄g⌢᜜1 䇈䖛ⱘϔ↉䆱ˈĀ៥᳈ࡴ⹂ֵ Ӭ⾔ⱘ߯԰޴ТህᰃϪ⬠Ϟ᳔䞡㽕ⱘџᚙā˄Malamud 1988ˈ105˅DŽ࿕߽㸼⼎䌲 ৠDŽҪӀϸϾҎ䛑䅸Ўˈ߯԰ᰃϔӊҸҎᛝᖿⱘǃӳ໻ⱘџᚙDŽ㦅⨳੠࿕߽᳝ⴔ ϡৠⱘ୰དˈԚᰃ㦅⨳ᰒ✊ᇍ咥Ҏⱘ⫳⌏ᮍᓣᛳ݈䍷ˈৠḋ࿕߽г⏅⏅ഄ㹿⢍໾ ᭛࣪᠔਌ᓩDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䗮䖛ϸϾҎⱘ݇㋏ˈӴ䖒њ䖭ḋⱘֵᙃ˖⢍໾⇥ᮣ੠咥Ҏ ⇥ᮣৃҹᕜདഄড়԰ˈҪӀৃҹ೼⫳⌏੠џϮЁᑇㄝⳌ໘DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᵘᓎњϔϾ ᆑᆍǃ੠ᑇⱘ⼒ӮDŽ ೼ᇣ䇈ेᇚ㒧ᴳⱘᯊ׭ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䖬㰮ᵘњϸϾᓖᮣီ⼐ˈ䖭гᰃ䯤ᯢ⢍໾ Ҏ੠咥ҎП䯈ᓎゟĀܘᓳᚙ䇞āⱘৃ㛑ᗻⱘϔϾᮍ䴶DŽ೼㦅⨳ⱘᛇ䈵ЁˈҪ੠࿕ ߽ϸҎৠᯊ䑿໘ѢϔϾ䴲⌆ⱘ咥Ҏ䚼㨑ˈϔϾܙ⒵⢍໾ᛣੇⱘഄᮍDŽҪ੠⥯БВ 㸠њီ⼐ˈЏᣕҾᓣⱘᰃᔧഄ咥Ҏ䚼㨑ⱘ䜟䭓˗ℸᯊℸࠏˈ࿕߽߭Ϣཇট㡒⨇㒧 ⒵ᳳᳯˈℷབ㡒ᏗᢝྚỂܙЎҪӀ⼱⽣ⱘᰃ⢍໾ᢝ↨DŽ䖭എီ⼐䅽Ҏˈ־៤њӝ ᠔䇈˖Ā咥Ҏ੠ⱑҎ˄⢍໾Ҏ˅䗮ီˈ㾷އњ⇥ᮣ䯈ⱘކさ੠⶯Ⳓā˄Abramson1993ˈ 98˅DŽ 䖭ϸϾီ⼐ˈ㸼䖒њ㗤ҎᇏੇⱘᆧᛣDŽҪᳳᳯˈ⢍໾׳ᅲ䰙Ϟˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ߁ ᮣ੠咥Ҏ⇥ᮣП䯈ϡݡ᳝℻㾚੠य़䖿DŽ᮴䆎⢍໾Ҏ䖬ᰃ咥Ҏˈ䛑㛑໳ᬒᓗҹᕔ⇥ ⱘᘽᗼǃᇍᇍᮍ䞛পᆍᖡⱘᗕᑺˈҢ㗠ᅲ⦄⇥ᮣⳌᆍⱘሔ䴶DŽ䖭⾡䘧ᖋᆧᛣ೼᥹

1 㑺㗄g⌢᜜˄John Keatsˈ1795—1821˅ᰃᵄߎⱘ㣅೑䆫Ҏˈ⌾⓿ЏН᭛ᄺⱘЏ㽕ҷ㸼Ҏ ⠽DŽ

103 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ϟᴹᢝ↨ⱘ䆱Ёਜ⦄ߎᴹDŽҪᦤ䝦㦅⨳੠࿕߽ˈᓖᮣ䗮ီⱘီ࿏⫳⌏ЁӮᄬ೼䆌 ໮ೄ䲒ˈϔ䍋⫳⌏ϡᰃ䙷МᆍᯧⱘDŽီ࿏Ё䰸њ⠅ᚙˈ䖬ᕫ⫳⌏ˈ᠔ҹҪӀ䳔㽕 ᕐℸֵӏˈⳌѦᆑᆍˈ⧚㾷ᇍᮍDŽᢝ↨䇈䘧˖Ā៥㽕∖ԴӀ䆄ԣီ࿏ᰃϔ⾡༥㑺DŽ ԴӀ㽕ৠᛣ⠅ᇍᮍˈᑊϨ㓈ᣕီ࿏䭓ЙDŽ៥㽕ᦤ䝦ԴӀ䆄ԣѮԃᢝ㔩੠ϞᏱⱘ༥ 㑺ˈ䖬᳝䗮䖛Ҫ៥ӀϢϞᏱⱘ༥㑺DŽབᵰ៥Ӏ㛑໳䙉ᅜϢϞᏱⱘ༥㑺ˈ䙷Мֱᣕ ᕐℸП䯈ⱘ༥㑺гህᆍᯧњDŽā˄Malamud 1988ˈ216˅гህᰃ䇈ˈབᵰ⢍໾Ҏ੠ ࠄⳌ҆Ⳍ⠅ˈҪӀህ㛑໳ֱᣕ੠䇤ⱘ݇㋏ˈ㓈خˈࠄᕐℸֵӏ੠ᆑᆍخ咥Ҏ㛑໳ ⳌѦП䯈ⱘಶ㒧੠㘨ⲳDŽᰒ✊ˈ⢍໾Ҏ੠咥ҎП䯈ᄬ೼ⳌѦ਌ᓩⱘؒ৥ˈϡৠ㋏ ⇥ᮣП䯈ᑊϡᄬ೼ϡৃ䘒䍞ⱘ吓≳DŽℷབᢝ↨᠔䇈˖Āг䆌᳝ϔ໽ˈϞᏱӮ䅽ҹ ᅲ⥯߽ⱘৢ㺨1 ੠ҹ㡆߫Ҏ⫳⌏ᕫབৠϔϾ⇥ᮣϔḋDŽā˄Malamud 1988ˈ216˅ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋҢ㡎ᴃⱘ㾦ᑺˈ䈵ᕕᗻഄࠏ⬏ЏҎ݀ⱘ⠅ᚙ੠ီ࿏⫳⌏DŽ䗮䖛ᢝ↨ ljᏠԃᴹ೷㒣NJЁⱘ⼲䆱ॳൟˈҪⳳᅲഄ㸼䖒њ㞾ᏅⱘᏠᳯDŽҪᳳ⫼׳ˈⱘভ䗄 ᕙˈ㕢೑ⱘ৘Ͼ⇥ᮣ㛑໳ಶ㒧ǃ੠ⴺഄⳌ໘DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᳒㒣ᣛߎˈ㞾Ꮕ߯԰lj᠓ ᅶNJⱘⳂⱘˈህᰃЎњ䅽⦄ҷϪ⬠ⱘҎ㉏⼒Ӯਜ⦄ϡৠ᱃䈵üü䅽ϡৠ⇥ᮣⱘҎ ࠄњ䖭ϔخ㒇ܟ⽣๲䖯ᕐℸⱘњ㾷DŽ㗠ϨˈҪⳌֵПࠡⱘ԰ᆊЁˈা᳝࿕ᒝg⇥ ⚍˄Davis 267˅DŽҪ≵᳝ᇚϸϾ⇥ᮣ㕂Ѣϡ݀ᑇⱘㄝ㑻݇㋏ПЁˈ㗠ᰃ䅽ҪӀᑇ ㄝᇍᕙᕐℸDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᡞϸᇍᓖᮣ໿ཛⱘီ⼐԰Ўᇣ䇈ⱘϔ⾡㒧ሒˈ2 䖭г䆌ᰃ Ҫݙᖗ᝻កⱘ㒧ሔˈϔ⾡ᅲ⦄⇥ᮣ੠䇤݅ᄬⱘ㕢དᑌ⽣ⱘ⫳⌏DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䅽㦅⨳੠࿕߽ᑇㄝഄখϢࠄ⼒Ӯ⫳⌏ЁএDŽҪӀ೼ҎḐϞⳌѦᇞ 䞡ˈ䖒៤ᕐℸ䯈ⱘ੠䇤݇㋏DŽҪ⏙Ἦഄ㸼ᯢˈབᵰ㦅⨳੠࿕߽ҹᆑᆍ੠䇙㾷ⱘᗕ ᑺˈ㒻㓁㓈ᡸᕐℸП䯈ⱘĀܘᓳᚙ䇞āˈҪӀП䯈ህ᳝ড়԰੠㒧ⲳⱘৃ㛑DŽབᵰ ҪӀП䯈ⱘ݇㋏䖭ḋথሩϟএˈҪӀህৃҹ੠ⴺⳌ໘ˈህ䛑㛑乎߽ഄᅠ៤԰કDŽ ℷབᮃg㣼࿕Ḑ᠔䇈˖Ā៥ӀⱘϪ⬠໻ᕫ䎇ҹᆍ㒇䆌໮ⳳ⧚DŽབᵰҎӀⳌѦটད ⱘ䆱ˈህ㛑੠ⴺⳌ໘ā˄㣼࿕Ḑ 168˅DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䌍ሑᖗᗱˈ䅽㦅⨳੠࿕߽ᨦᓗᛃ 㾕Ϣ⣰⭥DŽҪӀ㘨ড়䍋ᴹˈⳌѦᄺдˈ਌পᇍᮍⱘ䭓໘ˈᓹ㸹㞾Ꮕⱘϡ䎇DŽأᐌⱘ ˈℸᣛߎˈϡৠ⇥ᮣ೼Ⳍ໘䖛⿟Ёˈབᵰᇍᕐℸֱᣕᆑᆍ੠ԧ䇙ⱘᖗᗕ׳偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ᓳᚙ䇞āˈ⍜㾷⇥ᮣ⶯Ⳓˈ䖯㗠೼ⳌѦֵӏܘህ᳝ৃ㛑៤ࡳഄᓎゟ੠䇤টདⱘĀ

1 ೼ljᏠԃᴹ೷㒣NJЁˈҹᅲ⥯߽˄Ishmael˅ᰃѮԃᢝ㔩ⱘྒ඗ঞҎ໣⬆᠔⫳ⱘܓᄤDŽҹᅲ ⥯߽ⱘܓᄤሐᢰ㑺ᰃ䰓ᢝԃ䰓ᖋफҎⱘ⼪ܜˈ᠔ҹҹᅲ⥯߽ⱘৢҎህᰃ䰓ᢝԃҎDŽ 2 䖭ᰃᇣ䇈Ё㄀Ѡ⃵ߎ⦄㒧ሒⱘᄫḋDŽ

104 ⭻㧞䍣᱗Ⳡ㋮᱘䐱⭥㘒䔆㔸㏎

Ё᥼䖯৘㞾џϮⱘ䖯ሩDŽ Ԛᰃˈⳳᅲⱘᚙމᑊ≵᳝䖭Мㅔऩˈϡৠⱘ⇥ᮣ೼Ѹᕔ䖛⿟Ё䖬ᄬ೼⶯Ⳓ੠ ᭫ѝㄝϡ੠䇤⦄䈵DŽ⇥ᮣ⶯Ⳓ੠᭫ѝᰃᣛϸϾ៪ϸϾҹϞ⇥ᮣ೼᥹㾺䖛⿟Ёѻ⫳ ⱘゲѝ੠ᇍᡫDŽ䖭⾡⶯Ⳓ੠᭫ѝЏ㽕᳝ϸ⾡ϡৠⱘ㸼⦄ᮍᓣ˖ϔ⾡থ⫳೼ϡৠ೑ ᆊП䯈˗঺໪ϔ⾡থ⫳೼ৠϔ೑ᆊⱘϡৠ⇥ᮣП䯈DŽϡৠ⇥ᮣⱘ㒣⌢߽Ⲟ੠ᴗ࢓ ഄԡথሩϡഛ㸵ˈᕐℸП䯈ⱘ݇㋏ህӮথ⫳⭣⾏ˈ៪㗙ߎ⦄ϡ੠䇤ⱘ⢊މDŽЎњ ѝ༎⫳ᄬぎ䯈ǃᴗ࡯੠ഄԡˈҪӀህӮথ⫳ކさDŽ䖭⾡ކさᐌᐌӮҹ⇥ᮣ䯈ⱘ䴲 ᲈ࡯ⱘ᭛࣪ކさ㸼⦄ߎᴹˈг᳝ৃ㛑থሩЎᲈ࡯䴽ੑDŽ೼᭛࣪乚ඳЁˈЎњপᕫ DŽᶤϾ⇥ᮣ㕸ԧৃ㛑Ӯ㦋ᕫذ乚ᇐᴗˈϡৠ⇥ᮣ㕸ԧϡᮁഄ䖯㸠᭫ѝǃ䇜߸੠䇗 ᳈໮ⱘᴎӮˈᕫࠄ᳈Ⳉ᥹ⱘݡ⦄ˈҢ㗠ᥠᦵ᥻ࠊ᭛࣪ᴗ࡯DŽ໘Ѣ᮴ᴗഄԡⱘ⇥ᮣ 㕸ԧ߭ᕜ䲒ݡ⦄㞾䑿ˈা㛑ӏ⬅ҪҎᴹ᥻ࠊ㞾ᏅDŽབᵰϔϾ⇥ᮣ㕸ԧ໘Ѣ⼒Ӯⱘ 䖍㓬ˈফࠄय़䖿੠ᥦ᭹ˈҪӀህӮ䞛প᭫ѝⱘᮍᓣˈ᳈ࡴⳳᅲǃⳈ᥹ഄݡ⦄㞾䑿DŽ ೼⦄ᅲ⫳⌏Ёˈ⢍໾Ҏ੠咥ҎϸϾ⇥ᮣП䯈ⱘ݇㋏ᑊϡϔⳈᰃ੠䇤টདⱘˈ 㾕ҡ✊≵᳝ᕏᑩ⍜䰸DŽҪӀП䯈ᄬ೼ᰒ㗠ᯧ㾕ⱘᏂᓖ˖⢍໾Ҏأᕐℸ䯈ⱘ℻㾚੠ ҷ㸼ᱎ᜻੠᭛ᯢˈᘏᰃᡞ㞾Ꮕ㾚ЎϞᏱⱘ䗝⇥˗咥Ҏ߭䈵ᕕ䞢㳂੠ᲈ࡯ˈྟ㒜䙁 ফ㹿䌀Ԣⱘੑ䖤DŽ㄀Ѡ⃵Ϫ⬠໻៬Пৢˈ㕢೑⢍໾Ҏⱘ㒣⌢੠⼒Ӯഄԡ䗤⏤ᦤ催ˈ ҪӀЁⱘ໻໮᭄Ҏ䏏䑿ѢЁѻ䰊㑻㸠߫DŽ⢍໾Ҏ৥ᴹⳟ䞡ᇍᄤཇⱘᬭ㚆ˈ㗠Ϩ᪙ Ѣ㒣㧹㟈ᆠDŽҪӀ߯䗴њӫ໮ⱘ㒣⌢༛䗍ˈ໻䞣ⱘ⢍໾ᆠ㖕੠៤ࡳҎ຿⍠⦄ߎᴹDŽ ಴ℸˈ㒣䖛໮ᑈⱘࡾ࡯༟᭫ˈ⢍໾ҎᏆ㒣㵡ܹ㕢೑Џ⌕᭛࣪ПЁDŽ1948 ᑈҹ㡆 ߫ᓎ೑ˈ㕢೑⢍໾ҎⳟࠄњᏠᳯDŽҪӀ䅸Ўˈ㞾Ꮕⱘ⇥ᮣৃҹ䞡ᮄᤃ݈ˈ๲ᔎњ ⇥ᮣ㞾ᇞᖗDŽ 㕢೑咥Ҏⱘ䙁䘛ैϢℸᔶ៤剰ᯢⱘᇍ↨DŽ⦄Ҟ㕢೑咥Ҏⱘ๗މᏆ㒣ᕫࠄᕜ໻ ⱘᬍ୘ˈԚᰃ⬅Ѣফࠄ䭓ᳳᅲᮑⱘ⾡ᮣ℻㾚ᬓㄪⱘᕅડˈҪӀⱘ⫳ᄬ⦃๗䖬ᕜᙊ ࡷˈ㘠Ϯ䑿ӑ੠⼒Ӯഄԡ೼Ѡ៬ࠡৢг≵᳝ᯢᰒⱘᬍবDŽ咥Ҏ೼ᨚ㜅㹿཈ᕍⱘ⢊ މৢˈ䅸Ў㞾Ꮕজ㹿⢍໾Ҏᮑҹ㒣⌢ǃ᭛࣪੠⼒Ӯഄԡᮍ䴶ⱘ࠹ࠞ੠य़䖿ˈ᮴⊩ 㦋ᕫ⫳ᄬⱘᇞϹ੠៤ࡳⱘᴎ䘛DŽᰒ✊ˈ㢺䲒ⱘ⫳⌏⦄ᅲՓᕫ㕢೑咥ҎᇍЏ⌕⼒Ӯ 㸼⦄ߎᵕッⱘϡ⒵੠ᛸᗦDŽҪӀгႝས੠ᝢᘼ㵡ܹЏ⌕⼒Ӯⱘ㕢೑⢍໾ҎDŽ㕢೑ ⢍໾Ҏϔᮍ䴶ᇍ咥Ҏᣕ᳝ᖗ⧚ᮍ䴶ⱘ䅸ৠᛳˈ಴ЎⳌԐⱘग़৆๗䘛ᯊᐌ૸䝦ҪӀ ⱘ㢺䲒䆄ᖚDŽ঺ϔᮍ䴶ˈ⢍໾Ҏ೼ᬭ㚆ǃ᭛࣪ǃ⾥ᡔㄝᮍ䴶পᕫⱘ៤ህˈᏆ㒣㹿

105 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

㕢೑Џ⌕⼒Ӯ䅸ৠDŽҪӀ೼䴶ᇍ咥Ҏᯊˈᐌᐌѻ⫳⇥ᮣӬ䍞ᛳˈ䅸Ў咥Ҏᱎ࡯Ԣ ϟǃ᭛࣪㨑ৢDŽ咥Ҏᇮ᳾ᨚ㜅㒣⌢Ϟⱘᣂ᥂⢊މˈҪӀႝས⢍໾Ҏߎ㡆ⱘ㒣ଚᠡ 㛑ˈ䗤⏤ѻ⫳ড⢍ЏНؒ৥ˈϢ⢍໾Ҏ៤Ўᆓᬠᇍ༈DŽ1 ಴ℸˈϸϾ⇥ᮣⳌѦ䱨 䯖ˈᕐℸ⣰⭥ˈⳌѦᬠ㾚DŽ㦅⨳੠࿕߽Ѹᕔⱘ᣿ᡬህ䇈ᯢњ䖭ϔ⚍ˈҪӀⱘ߯԰ џϮг಴ℸ䙁ফ䞡໻᣿ᡬDŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ߯԰lj᠓ᅶNJⱘⳂⱘˈᰃ㽕䯤ᯢϡৠ⇥ᮣབԩ㾷އᕐℸ䯈ⱘ⶯Ⳓ੠ ᓳᚙ䇞āDŽҢ䖭ϾᛣНϞ䇈ˈҪ೼ᦣݭ㦅⨳੠࿕߽ⱘߚ℻੠ܘさˈҢ㗠ᓎゟĀކ 䬰ᄤˈᛇ䅽䇏㗙ҢҪӀⱘ䙁䘛Ё㦋ᕫਃ⼎ˈⳟ⏙䯂乬خ᭫ѝᯊˈᰒ✊ᰃᡞҪӀᔧ ⱘᴀ䋼DŽҪᑊϡᰃЎњᦣ䗄㦅⨳੠࿕߽བԩ೼ѝ᭫Ёᨻ↕ᇍᮍˈ㗠ᰃЎњ䇈ᯢҪ さˈ߯䗴੠䇤㕢དⱘ⫳⌏DŽކ⶯Ⳓ੠ܡᠡ㛑ሑ䞣䙓ˈخӀᗢМ ⇥ᮣ䯈ⱘ⶯Ⳓ੠ކさЏ㽕ᰃ⬅ĀҪ㗙࣪ā⦄䈵ᓩ䍋ⱘDŽӏԩϔ⾡⇥ᮣ᭛࣪Ў њ㓈ᣕ݊᮶ᅮⱘ⾽ᑣˈ䛑ӮҎЎഄᇚ঺໪ϔ⾡᭛࣪ĀҪ㗙࣪āˈᑊϨĀ೼↣ϔ⾡ ᭛࣪ЁˈҎᕔᕔᛇ㞾ᏅϢӫϡৠˈ㗠Ϩᰃ᳔Ϣӫϡৠⱘˈ಴Ў↣ϔ⾡᭛࣪೼᠔᳝ ៤ਬЁ㓈ᣕⴔ䖭⾡þᏂ߿ÿⱘᛳ㾝ā˄ঢ়ᢝᇨ 25˅DŽlj᠓ᅶNJЁⱘ䖭⾡ĀҪ㗙࣪ā 㾕੠℻㾚ⱘᗕᑺϞDŽ࿕߽ߎ⦄Пࠡˈ㦅⨳ህأ䈵ˈԧ⦄೼㦅⨳੠࿕߽ᇍᕐℸⱘ⦃ ೼ὐẃ䘛㾕ϔϾ䰠⫳ҎˈϔϾ໻ഫ༈ⱘᆊӭDŽ㦅⨳䯂ҪˈĀԴᡒ䇕ˈܘᓳ˛ā䙷 Ҏড䯂䘧ˈĀԴি䇕ܘᓳ?ā˄Malamud 1988ˈ4˅䖭⾡乘㿔㠀ⱘ䄺⼎എ᱃ˈ݋᳝ϔ ࡽ䖭ϔᚙ㡖㸼ᯢˈ೼໘⧚⇥ᮣ݇㋏ᯊˈབᵰϡ⍜䰸ᡞᇍᮍ׳ᅮⱘᆧᛣDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ᓳᚙ䇞āDŽܘ㾕੠℻㾚ˈህᕜ䲒㒧៤ⳳℷⱘĀأĀҪ㗙࣪āⱘؒ৥ˈϡ⍜䰸ᇍᕐℸⱘ ϡৠ⇥ᮣ೼Ѹᕔⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈᑨ䆹ℷ⹂ᇍᕙĀ㞾៥āϢĀҪ㗙āП䯈ⱘ䕽䆕݇ ㋏ˈ䖭ḋᠡ㛑ᨚ㜅⇥ᮣ݇㋏Ёⱘೄぬ⢊މDŽ㦅⨳੠࿕߽೼⫳⌏੠Ꮉ԰Ёˈैᐌᐌ ᇚĀ㞾៥āޠ偒ѢĀҪ㗙āПϞDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍ⇥ᮣ᭛࣪ѸᕔЁⱘĀҪ㗙࣪ā⦄䈵ˈ 㦅⨳੠࿕߽ˈ㸼䖒њᇍ⇥ᮣ䯂乬ⱘᗕᑺ˖ेϔᮍ䴶ˈҪ׳䖯㸠њ⣯⚜ⱘ᡼ߏDŽҪ ᡼ߏ⇥ᮣ݇㋏Ё䖛Ѣᔎ䇗Ā㞾៥āǃ᮴㾚䘧ᖋ㾘㣗ǃᅲᮑ⾡ᮣ℻㾚ⱘ㸠Ўˈҹᳳ ⒵ֵᖗDŽҪ᡼ߏⱘⳂⱘᰃЎњᣃܙᇍ݊䖯㸠㑴ℷ˗ৠᯊˈҪгᇍ⇥ᮣ݇㋏ⱘথሩ

1 㕢೑᭛ᄺ⬠ህϸϾ⇥ᮣП䯈ⱘ݇㋏䯂乬ˈг᳒㒣䖯㸠䖛ѝ䆎DŽ՟བˈ⢍໾lj䆘䆎᡹NJⱘЏ 㓪䇎᳐g⊶ᖋ䳡䳋㣼᳒㒣ᣛߎˈ⢍໾Ҏ㱑✊≵᳝⼪೑ˈ೼ग़৆Ϟग़㒣⺼䲒ˈԚᰃҪӀ㒜お ߯䗴њস㗕䕝✠ⱘ᭛ᯢˈ㗠Ϩ⢍໾Ҏⱘီ࿏ᆊᒁ⫳⌏᳔〇ᅮˈ䜫䜦੠⢃㔾⦄䈵ᕜᇥߎ⦄ˈ ᰃᇥ᭄ᮣ㺨ⱘ݌㣗DŽҪ䖬ᣛ䋷咥Ҏϡ䞡㾚ᬭ㚆ˈᲈ࡯੠਌↦ㄝ⦄䈵᱂䘡ᄬ೼ˈ㟈Փ㕢೑ⱘ ⼒Ӯ䯂乬᳈ЎϹ䞡˄Podhoretz 97˅DŽ咥Ҏ԰ᆊ䁍ྚᮃg剡ᖋ⏽ै䅸Ў˖Ā⢍໾Ҏ≵᳝ܙߚ ˈӏ咥ҎDŽҪӀᛇ䖯ܹϞሖ⼒Ӯˈ಴ℸϡৃ㛑䅸ৃ⼒ӮഄԡԢϟⱘ咥Ҏā˄Badwin1984ֵ 48˅DŽ

106 ⭻㧞䍣᱗Ⳡ㋮᱘䐱⭥㘒䔆㔸㏎

ᬥˈЎњՓϡৠ⇥ᮣⱘҎ⇥೼Ѹᕔ䖛⿟Ё㛑໳䍄ߎೄ๗DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍ㦅⨳೼Ϣ࿕߽Ѹᕔ䖛⿟ЁⱘĀҪ㗙࣪āؒ৥䖯㸠њ᡼ߏDŽ㦅⨳ᡞ 㞾Ꮕ䆒㕂೼Џ⌕᭛࣪ПݙDŽҪ䅸Ўˈ㞾Ꮕ໘Ѣ⼒Ӯ⫳⌏ⱘĀЁᖗāԡ㕂ˈ咥Ҏ࿕ ߽ህᑨ䆹⫳⌏೼Ā䖍㓬āഄᏺDŽҪᇚ࿕߽䱨㒱ࠄЏ⌕⼒ӮП໪ˈҎЎഄᡞ⫳⌏೼ ৠϔϪ⬠ⱘҎߚ㺖៤ᇍゟⱘঠᮍˈ䗴៤ᕐℸ䯈ⱘᬠᛣϢކさDŽ 㸼⦄೼Ҫⱘᗱᛇᛣ䆚ПЁDŽ㦅⨳ϔϾҎሙԣ೼㞾ܜ㦅⨳ⱘĀҪ㗙࣪āؒ৥佪 Ꮕ߯ᓎⱘĀᄸቯāϞDŽҪ⫳⌏೼ϔϾ㔎Уᚙ䍷ⱘϪ⬠Ёˈ㗠Ϩ䖭ᰃҪ᳝ᛣ䆚ᇏ∖ ⱘϔ⾡⫳⌏ᮍᓣDŽҪϡᮁഄ䞛প৘⾡᠟↉ˈ೼㞾Ꮕಯ਼ᓎ䗴䍋ሣ䱰ˈৠ਼ೈⱘϪ ষDŽ㦅⨳䅸׳⾡⬠੠݊ҪҎ䱨⾏ᓔᴹDŽ㗠ϨˈҪ䖬ᡞ߯԰ᇣ䇈ᔧ៤䖭⾡⫳⌏ⱘϔ Ўˈ㞾ᏅᏆ㒣дᛃ៤ЎĀቯϞāଃϔⱘЏҎˈ䖭䞠Ꮖ㒣៤ЎҪᥠ᥻ⱘ乚ഄDŽҪ䅼 ॠ咥Ҏ԰ᆊ࿕߽ⱘߎ⦄ˈϡ⃶䖢ҪⱘࠄᴹDŽҪϢ࿕߽ᠧ᢯੐ˈЏࡼԌߎ᠟এᦵ᠟DŽ ᅲ䰙ϞˈҪⱘⳳᅲᛇ⊩ᰃЎњ䅽࿕߽ϡᠧᡄ㞾Ꮕˈҹ֓ሑᖿᅠ៤㞾Ꮕⱘᇣ䇈DŽ 㦅⨳ⱘĀҪ㗙࣪āؒ৥䖬㸼⦄೼Ҫ℻㾚࿕߽ⱘᗕᑺϞDŽ⢍໾Ҏ䖛এᐌᐌ䙁ফ ℻㾚ˈ㹿䅸ЎᰃࡷㄝҎ⾡DŽҪӀ಴Ўᯢᰒⱘ⾡ᮣ⡍ᕕˈᐌᐌ೼⫳⌏Ё໘ѢĀ䖍㓬ā ഄᏺDŽ⦄೼ˈ㦅⨳ैড䖛ᴹᇍ࿕߽ᣕ᳝⾡ᮣ℻㾚ⱘᗕᑺˈ䖭ҢҪⴐЁ࿕߽ⱘᔶ䈵 ህৃҹⳟߎᴹDŽ೼Ҫⳟᴹˈ࿕߽Āさߎⱘⴐ⴯āᘏᰃĀ⑓⑓ⱘā˗1 ĀҪⱘথᓣ Ң༈ⲂϞゟ䍋ᴹˈৢ䖍ߌ䍋䚼ڣϡᰃ䴲⌆ᓣⱘˈԚैẇᕫヨⳈˈᎺ䖍᳝ϔ䚼ߚད さ✊䍋ᴹⱘϔഫ᳼ഄᵓDŽā˄Malamud 1988ˈ34˅㦅⨳ϔⳈ䅸Ўˈ咥Ҏᰃथڣߚህ ᖂ㉫֫ⱘDŽҪᇍ࿕߽ⱘ⫳⌏ᮍᓣ㸼⼎ॠᙊDŽҪᣛߎˈ࿕߽ⱘ᠓䯈ˈҹࠡሙԣⱘᰃ ϔϾᑆޔ᳝⼐䉠ⱘᖋ೑㒙຿ˈ⦄೼䖭Ͼ᠓䯈ैবᕫхϗܿ㊳DŽऻᅸⱘ๭Ϟϔ⠛∵ 䗍ˈϞ䴶хݭх⬏ˈ⑙Ϟସ䜦ǃ㑶䜦ǃ⏙ⓚ∵⏡ˈ䖬᳝䇈ϡߎᰃҔМϰ㽓⑙Ϟⱘ ∵⚍DŽ㦅⨳㞾ҹЎᰃ᭛ᯢ੠ᬭݏⱘ䈵ᕕˈ䌀Ԣ咥Ҏ⇥ᮣˈᡞҪӀⳟ԰ᰃᇮ᳾ᓔ࣪ ⱘ䞢㳂ҎDŽҪⴐЁⱘ࿕߽ˈህᰃᑲ✊໻⠽㠀ⱘ䞢㳂Ҏˈ࿕㚕㞾Ꮕ੠೼䖭Пࠡԣ೼ 䖭䞠ⱘ᠓ᅶ᠔ҷ㸼ⱘ㽓ᮍ᭛ᯢDŽ 㦅⨳⫮㟇┰ᛣ䆚ഄᡞ࿕߽ᔧ៤ᰃϔ⾡࿕㚕ˈ䖭ᰃĀҪ㗙࣪āؒ৥ⱘϔ⾡㸼⦄DŽ ⫳೼ҪϔڣҪ㄀ϔ⃵೼໻ὐ䞠਀㾕࿕߽ᠧᄫⱘໄ䷇ˈ䖬≵㾕ࠄ࿕߽ˈህ㾝ᕫĀད Ё㄀ϔ⃵਀ࠄ䖭⾡ໄ䷇ˈϔ⾡⏋᳝ゲѝᗻႝསⱘᛳ㾝ā˄Malamud 1988ˈ26˅DŽ㦅 ⨳ᑊϡᰃᖗ⫬ᚙᜓᐂࡽ࿕߽ᨚ㜅ೄ๗DŽ࿕߽಴Ў߯԰Ϟ䘛ࠄೄᚥ㗠⫼༈ᩲ๭ˈ䖭

1 ᇣ䇈㄀ 75 义੠㄀ 87 义䛑ߎ⦄䖭ḋⱘᦣ䗄DŽ

107 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ᯊ㦅⨳ϡԚ≵᳝ሑ࡯এᐂࡽҪǃᅝᝄҪˈড㗠ᢅⴔᑌ♒Ф⽌ⱘᗕᑺˈ೼ϔ䖍㹪᠟ ᮕ㾖DŽ㦅⨳ႝས࿕߽ⱘ߯԰ᠡ㛑DŽҪᡞ࿕߽㾚Ў㞾Ꮕ߯԰Ꮉ԰ЁⱘϔϾ䰾㹀ˈ䅸 Ў࿕߽ህᰃ㦋ᕫ䇎䋱ᇨ᭛ᄺ༪ˈг㚃ᅮᰃ೼㞾ᏅПৢDŽ 㦅⨳㛑໳ᆳ㾝ߎ࿕߽䑿Ϟϡৠⱘ⇨ੇˈ䖭ᰃҪᇚᇍᮍĀҪ㗙࣪āⱘϔ⾡䈵ᕕDŽ 㦅⨳㄀ϔ⃵এ࿕߽ⱘ᠓䯈ᯊˈህҢϔේ⫼њད䭓ᯊ䯈ⱘǃ᳝ѯ㛣݂݂ⱘ᠟〓Ёˈ 䯏ࠄњϔ⾡䲒䯏ⱘ⇨ੇDŽৢᴹˈ೼Ҫ䯙䇏࿕߽᠟〓ⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈ䖭⾡⇨ੇ໮⃵ߎ⦄DŽ Ҫᇍ咥Ҏᣕ᳝㫥㾚ⱘᗕᑺˈ೼Ҫⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈ࿕߽䑿ϞࣙᣀҪՓ⫼䖛ⱘ⠽કˈྟ㒜 䛑ᬷথߎҸҎ䅼ॠⱘ⇨ੇDŽ䖭⾡⢊މϔⳈᣕ㓁ࠄҪ㹿࿕߽ᇣ䇈᠟〓Ёⱘᚙ㡖ᠧࡼ ЎℶDŽ䇏ᅠ࿕߽ⱘк〓ৢˈ㦅⨳ᓔྟৠᚙҹ࿕߽Ўҷ㸼ⱘ咥ҎˈᡞҪӀⳟ԰ᰃফ 㢺ফ䲒ПҎDŽҪݡ⃵䯙䇏к〓ˈ㱑✊ϡᮁഄ䯏ˈԚ䖬ᰃ≵䯏ߎҔМੇ䘧ᴹDŽҪᨦ ᓗ⇥ᮣ℻㾚ⱘ㾖ᗉˈϡݡᇚ咥ҎĀҪ㗙࣪āˈ࿕߽䑿Ϟⱘ䲒䯏⇨ੇгህ⍜༅њDŽ 䝋᮴ᚙˈ䖭гᰃĀҪ㗙࣪āؒ৥ⱘϔϾᮍ䴶DŽሑㅵ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᴀދ㦅⨳ᇍ࿕߽ DŽ䇏㗙ޚҎᰃ⢍໾ⱑҎˈԚᰃҪᑊ≵᳝㹦ᡸ㦅⨳ˈ㗠ᰃ㒭ߎњᯢ⹂ⱘӋؐ߸ᮁᷛ ৃҹḍ᥂䖭ѯޚ߭ᯢ䕼ᰃ䴲DŽ㦅⨳Ңᴹ≵᳝ᡞ࿕߽ᔧ៤ϔϾⳳℷⱘৠԈᴹᑇㄝഄ ᇍᕙDŽ࿕߽ⱘཇট㡒⨇ᰃ⢍໾ⱑҎˈҪᇍℸܙ⒵ႝསDŽҪϔⳈ㹿㡒⨇਌ᓩˈ䖬Ў ষˈ䇈䖭ᰃ಴ЎҪӀ䛑ᰃ⢍໾Ҏˈ䖭⾡Ā҆㓬݇㋏ā䅽ҪӀᕐℸ᥹䖥DŽ׳㞾Ꮕᡒ ㄀ϔ⃵খࡴ㘮ӮᯊˈҪህ䆩೒ᓩ䇅㡒⨇ˈᑊϨϡᕫϡ಴ℸ᥹Ѡ䖲ϝഄ䌨⼐䘧ℝDŽ 䖬᳝᳈ᯢᰒⱘࡼᴎDŽҪ᥹㾺خᴹˈҪ᳈ᰃথ⦄㞾Ꮕഴܹ⠅⊇DŽџᅲϞˈҪ䖭Мৢ 㡒⨇ˈህᰃ಴Ўཌྷᰃ࿕߽ⱘཇটDŽҪ䅸Ўˈᡶ䍄㡒⨇ህৃҹ↕ᥝ࿕߽ˈ಴Ў咥Ҏ Āᗻᖗ⧚ᮍ䴶᳔ᆍᯧফࠄӸᆇā˄Alter1981ˈ77˅DŽℷབ㡒⨇᠔ᣛߎⱘˈ㦅⨳୰⃶ ˈཌྷˈህᰃ಴Ўཌྷᰃ࿕߽ⱘ⢍໾ⱑҎཇটDŽሑㅵ㦅⨳ϔݡ৺䅸ˈԚᰃ㡒⨇䖬ᰃ䅸Ў Ā೼ڣҪӀⱘ䖭⾡㸠Ў⡉⍝ࠄ⇥ᮣ℻㾚DŽཌྷ䇈㞾Ꮕ᳝ϔ⾡ϡདⱘᛳ㾝ˈ㾝ᕫҪӀད ࿕߽ⱘሕ㙵Ϟ䏶њϔ㛮āDŽ㦅⨳೼䖭ӊџϞϱ↿ϡ㗗㰥࿕߽ⱘᛳফDŽ࿕߽ᕫⶹџ ᚙⱘⳳⳌˈ䴲ᐌᛸᗦDŽҪ᭹䋷㦅⨳ˈĀԴ⫼䆵䅵ℎ偫њ៥ˈ⢍໾偫ᄤˈԴ䅽៥⏅ ഄ≝䗋೼߯԰ПЁˈԴैᡶ䍄њ៥ⱘཇটDŽĂĂԴ䖭ⱑҎൗഒˈϡݡқᘼԴᰃ⏅ ៥⢃ⱘ䫭䇃DŽҢ⦄೼ᓔྟ៥Ӯ∌䖰ᘼԴDŽā˄Malamud 1988ˈ169˅࿕߽Ўњ೼߯ ԰Ϟሑᖿ䍊Ϟ㦅⨳ˈ䗤⏤ދ⎵㡒⨇DŽ㦅⨳߭䍕ҎПॅˈ༎Ҏ᠔⠅DŽҢ䖭Ͼ㒚㡖ৃ ҹⳟߎˈ೼㦅⨳ⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈ࿕߽ҡ✊ϡᰃϢҪഄԡᑇㄝⱘ᳟টDŽҪϢ࿕߽Ⳍ໘ᯊˈ 䞛প℻㾚ⱘᗕᑺ੠ᙊ↦ⱘ᠟↉DŽϸϾҎП䯈ⱘ݇㋏г಴ℸথሩЎқ㾚ᇍᮍDŽ

108 ⭻㧞䍣᱗Ⳡ㋮᱘䐱⭥㘒䔆㔸㏎

ߎњथ䛭ᙊࡷⱘ㸠ᕘˈ䖭ᰃĀҪ㗙࣪āؒ৥ⱘϔϾᷛᖫDŽᇣ䇈خ㦅⨳ᇍ咥Ҏ Ё咥Ҏᜓᛣ੠⢍໾ҎѸᕔˈҪӀ≵᳝ᙊᛣDŽԚᰃˈ⢍໾Ҏै㫥㾚咥Ҏˈ䅸ЎҪӀ ߎ啠啞ⱘџᚙDŽ㦅⨳೼㘮ӮЁ䇅خᰃࡷㄝⱘ⇥ᮣˈ⅟䝋ഄ࠹ࠞ੠य़䖿ҪӀˈ⫮㟇 ཌњ咥Ҏྥ࿬⥯БDŽҪⱘᙊࡷ㸠ЎᲱܝҹৢˈ࿕߽ⱘ咥Ҏ᳟টӀᙐᗦഄ⵾ⴔҪˈ ݊Ё䲙৘1 ᛸᘼഄᇍҪ䇈˖

ĀབᵰԴ䅸ЎԴᰃϾⱑҎˈԴህ䫭њˈā䲙৘䇈DŽĀԴᰃⳳℷⱘ咥㡆ⱘDŽⱑ Ҏᰃ咥㡆ⱘDŽ咥Ҏᠡᰃⳳℷⱘⱑ㡆DŽā Ā៥ᛇ៥ⶹ䘧ԴⱘᛣᗱDŽā ĀϡˈԴϡⶹ䘧DŽԴᡞ៥Ӏ੠Դ㞾Ꮕ䛑ⳟ䫭њDŽབᵰԴⳟ៥ⱘⴐܝᰃℷ⹂ ˈ៥ᡞԴⳟ៤咥㡆ϔḋDŽԴ䅸Ў៥ᰃ咥㡆ⱘڣⱘˈԴህӮᡞ៥ⳟ៤ᰃⱑ㡆ⱘˈህ ˅಴ЎԴⱘݙᖗϪ⬠ⳟϡࠄ䖭ϾϪ⬠ⱘⳳᅲ᱃䈵DŽā˄Malamud 1988ˈ130

࿕߽੠Ҫⱘ᳟টϔḋˈгᝢᘼᑊϨ㕲䖅㦅⨳DŽ೼䖭ϾџӊЁˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᠔ᣕⱘᗕ ᑺᕜᯢᰒˈҪᣛ䋷㦅⨳ⱘ᠔԰᠔ЎDŽ࿕߽㗗㰥ࠄϸҎП䯈ⱘটᚙˈ䙔䇋㦅⨳খࡴ ߎњϻሑ໽㡃ⱘџᚙDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋྨဝഄᡍ߸њ㦅خै⨳᳟টВࡲⱘ㘮ӮˈԚᰃ㦅 ⨳ⱘ㸠ЎDŽ೼㹿࿕߽੠Ҫⱘ᳟ট᥹ফˈϢҪӀᓎゟট䇞ПৢˈҪⱘВℶ㸠ᕘैҸ Ҏ䛭་੠ॠᙊDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䗮䖛䖭ӊџᣛߎˈ᳝ѯ⢍໾Ҏ໪㸼㕢Бˈݙᖗै䙾ᙊǃ ߎ⣹⧤ⱘ㸠ЎDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍ⢍໾Ҏ੠咥ҎѸᕔخैˈथ䛭DŽҪӀᠧⴔ᭛ᯢⱘ᮫ো 㹦㞾Ꮕⱘৠ㚲ˈг≵᳝ᇍ咥Ҏأ䖛⿟Ёᄬ೼ⱘ䯂乬ˈ䖯㸠њᅶ㾖ⱘߚᵤDŽҪ≵᳝ џ߁㡃ᖗǃ䆆خˈᣕ᳝℻㾚ⱘᗕᑺDŽҪ䅸Ўˈ⢍໾Ҏᖙ乏݀ℷǃᑇㄝഄᇍᕙ咥Ҏ ᓳᚙ䇞āDŽܘ䘧ᖋˈ⍜䰸ĀҪ㗙࣪āⱘᗱᛇؒ৥ˈ䖭ḋҪӀП䯈ᠡ㛑ᓎゟĀ ࿕߽೼Ϣ㦅⨳Ѹᕔⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈгᣕ᳝ĀҪ㗙࣪āؒ৥ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍℸг䖯㸠 㾕ˈ䖭ᰃĀҪ㗙࣪āؒ৥ⱘأњ᡼ߏDŽ࿕߽гᇚ㦅⨳㾚ЎĀҪ㗙āˈᇍ㦅⨳ᣕ᳝ ϔϾЏ㽕ᮍ䴶DŽ೼Ҫⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈ⢍໾Ҏ䛑ދ⓴᮴ᚙˈҪӀᰃ䞥䪅ǃⶹ䆚੠ᡔᎻⱘ 䈵ᕕDŽℷབ㡒ᏗᢝྚỂ᠔ᣛߎⱘˈĀሑㅵ⢍໾Ҏ᳒㒣ᇍ咥Ҏ㕸ԧ੠џϮ㒭ќ䭓ᳳ ⱘ੠ᔎ᳝࡯ⱘᬃᣕˈlj᠓ᅶNJ᥶䅼ⱘᰃ 60 ᑈҷ咥Ҏⱘড⢍ЏНᚙ㒾DŽā ˄Abramson1993ˈ90˅ϸϾҎ㄀ϔ⃵㾕䴶ᯊˈ㦅⨳䙉ᅜӴ㒳ⱘ⼐㡖ˈԌߎ᠟ᇍ ࿕߽㸼⼎টད੠⃶䖢DŽԚᰃ࿕߽䴲ᐌ೎ᠻˈҪḍᴀህ≵᳝Ϣ㦅⨳ᦵ᠟ⱘᛣᗱDŽ㦅 ᛳࠄᕜ䲒෾DŽЎњ㒭㞾ᏅᡒϾৄ䰊ϟˈҪᛇ㾷䞞䇈ˈĀ㞾Ꮕᇣᯊ׭ˈ᳒㒣೼फ⨳

1 ᇣ䇈Ё࿕߽ⱘϔϾ咥Ҏ᳟টDŽ

109 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

㡱ࡴહ咥Ҏሙԣऎⱘ䖍Ϟ⫳⌏ད໮ᑈDŽҪ೼䙷䖬᳝ϔϾ᳟ট˗Ҫ᳔㒜≵䇈DŽ䇕Ӯ ˈ⚍䖭ϔᚙ㡖㸼ᯢ㞾Ꮕⱘ㾖׳೼ᛣ䖭ϔ⚍ਸ਼˛ā˄Malamud 1988ˈ32˅偀ᢝ咬ᖋ 㾕ˈሲѢϡৠأҙҙձ䴴д֫ǃ㾘߭੠ぎষⱘᑨ䝀䆱ˈ᮴⊩⍜䰸咥Ҏᇍ⢍໾Ҏⱘ ⇥ᮣⱘϸϾҎг᮴⊩ܘᓳ㠀ഄϔ䍋⫳⌏੠Ꮉ԰DŽ ⨳࿕߽ḍᴀህϡֵӏ⢍໾Ҏˈ䖭ᰃĀҪ㗙࣪āؒ৥ⱘϔ⾡Џ㽕㸼⦄DŽҪϢ㦅 ϔ䍋᥶䅼᭛ᄺ߯԰ˈ㦅⨳䇈ߎ㞾Ꮕⱘ߯ᛣˈҪैᢦ㒱䗣䴆㞾Ꮕᇣ䇈ⱘݙᆍ੠㒚㡖DŽ Ҫᡞ㞾ᏅⱘᠧᄫᴎЈᯊᄬᬒ೼㦅⨳ᆊ䞠ˈԚᰃैᖗᗔ៦ᖗˈϡ㚃ᡞ㞾Ꮕⱘ߯԰᠟ 䅽㦅⨳ֱㅵDŽℷབ䁍ྚᮃg剡ᖋ⏽᠔ᣛߎⱘ˖Ā៥䆄ᕫ೼៥៤䭓ⱘቕ᳜Ёˈᆊ〓 䞠ᆊ໪≵᳝ϔϾ咥Ҏⳳℷഄֵӏ⢍໾ҎDŽџᅲϞˈᕜᇥ᳝咥ҎϡᇍҪӀ㸼⦄ߎ㫥 㾚DŽā˄Baldwin 1957ˈ68˅࿕߽䖬Ў㞾Ꮕ䕽ᡸˈҪϡᰃ䅼ॠ⢍໾ҎDŽབᵰҪ⹂ᅲ བℸˈ䙷гϡᰃ⑤Ѣ㞾Ꮕⱘ㓪䗴ˈ㗠ᰃ಴ЎҪ⫳⌏೼㕢೑DŽ࿕߽ᇍ㦅⨳ᣕ᳝៦໛ ПᖗˈҪӀটད݇㋏ⱘ㸼䴶Пৢ┰㮣ⴔ⶯Ⳓ੠ކさDŽ 咥Ҏᐌᐌг㛑໳ᛳফࠄ⢍໾ⱑҎ䑿Ϟⱘ⇨ੇDŽ⥯Б೼㄀ϔ⃵㘮ӮϞˈ≵᳝੠ 㦅⨳ϞᑞDŽཌྷ⫼࡯ഄᡞҪ᥼ᓔˈॳ಴ህ೼Ѣཌྷ䯏ߎҪ䑿Ϟⱘ⇨ੇDŽཌྷ᥹ⴔ㾷䞞ˈ ĀϡᰃᣛϾҎāˈᰃᣛҪĀথߎ⢍໾ⱑҎⱘ⇨ੇāDŽ࿕߽೼߯԰ᯊᘏᰃ䖰⾏㡒⨇DŽ Ҫ䅸Ўˈা᳝䖭ḋˈ㞾Ꮕᠡ㛑㒃㊍ഄ߯԰DŽгህᰃ䇈ˈ࿕߽䅸ЎˈҪা᳝䖰⾏⢍ ˈህৃҹ䆚߿ߎ⇥ᮣ䯈ⱘϡৠˈੇ⇨׳໾ⱑҎˈᠡ㛑߯԰ߎ㒃㊍ⱘ咥Ҏ᭛ᄺDŽ߁ 䖭ϔᚙ㡖ᣛߎˈ䴴䖭⾡ᮍ⊩ऎߚ⇥ᮣᏂᓖᰃ໮М㤦૤ৃュDŽৠᯊˈҪ׳偀ᢝ咬ᖋ Ҏⱘᛳ㾝ࡳ㛑ϔḋˈᕜ䲒ᕏᑩḍڣг㸼ᯢˈ䖭⾡㾖ᗉ೼Ҏⱘᛣ䆚Ёḍ⏅㩖೎ˈህ 䰸DŽℷབ༹ܟ㧻ᘽ᠔䇈˖Ā偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ᶤ⾡⿟ᑺϞˈᇚ⾡ᮣ℻㾚ሩ⼎ᕫབৠþⲂ 㙸⮙ÿϔḋˈ៤Ў䇏㗙ⴐЁ੠唏ᄤ䞠ⱘ䰏⹡⠽DŽā˄Ochshorn 213˅ ফࠄ⾕⫳⌏ⱘᕅડDŽҪӀ಴Ўཇটㄝᮍ䴶ⱘڣⳟϞএˈ㦅⨳੠࿕߽ⱘ݇㋏ད 䯂乬ϡᮁথ⫳⶯Ⳓ੠ކさDŽᅲ䰙Ϟˈ⇥ᮣ᭛࣪ᏂᓖᠡᰃᓩথĀҪ㗙࣪ā⦄䈵ˈᇐ Āϟ⌕ⱘ咥儐ー㲟āˈᑊϨ䖬䇈Ā៥خ㟈݇㋏ᗹ࠻ᙊ࣪ⱘЏ㽕ॳ಴DŽ㦅⨳ᡞ࿕߽ি ⶹ䘧Դᛇ਀ࠄ䖭⾡⿄੐āDŽ࿕߽гড假㦅⨳ˈ䇈ҪᰃĀ⢍໾儐⤓⤈ᬒሕᇣًā ˄Malamud 1988ˈ134˅DŽ䖭ѯ䆱ᯢᰒᠧߏњᕐℸⱘ⇥ᮣ㞾ᇞˈϹ䞡ഄӸᆇњҪӀ П䯈ⱘᛳᚙDŽ㦅⨳੠࿕߽ᇍᇍᮍᄬ᳝៦໛Пᖗˈ⫮㟇ᰃᬠᇍǃқᘼⱘᖗ⧚DŽℷབ ᬠᇍⱘ䞢ݑˈߎѢ㓈ᡸ⫳ੑⱘ䳔㽕䖯㸠㞾៥ֱڣӞᮃवg༹ᇨ⡍᠔䇈ˈҪӀĀህ 㾕੠℻㾚ˈՓᕫأᡸˈᇣᖗ㗐㗐ഄೈ㒩೼ᕐℸ਼ೈā˄Alter1981ˈ75˅DŽⳌѦ䯈ⱘ

110 ⭻㧞䍣᱗Ⳡ㋮᱘䐱⭥㘒䔆㔸㏎

ҪӀ䛑ᇚᇍᮍ㾚ЎĀҪ㗙āˈᕐℸП䯈ⱘ䎱⾏䍞ᢝ䍞䖰DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᮫Ᏸ剰ᯢഄডᇍ࠹ࠞ੠य़䖿咥Ҏⱘ㸠Ўˈ䅸Ў⢍໾Ҏা᳝ᬒᓗ䖭⾡ 㸠Ўˈᠡ㛑ᓎゟ䍋Ϣ咥ҎП䯈ⱘĀܘᓳᚙ䇞āDŽ㕢೑咥Ҏгᰃ䖭Ͼ೑ᆊⱘ݀⇥ˈ ҪҎϔḋˈᕫࠄ㕢೑ᅾ⊩䌟ќⱘϔߛᴗ߽ˈᑨ䆹ᢹ᳝Ⳍᑨⱘ೑⇥ᕙ䘛DŽ݊ڣᑨ䆹 ✊㗠咥Ҏ೼⦄ᅲ⫳⌏Ёˈᕔᕔ䙁䘛ϡ݀ℷⱘᕙ䘛ˈҪӀ೼㒣⌢ǃ᭛࣪੠⼒Ӯ⫳⌏ Ёҡ✊ফࠄ℻㾚ǃ࠹ࠞ੠य़䖿DŽᇍѢ䋿かⱘ咥Ҏᴹ䇈ˈ⢍໾ᑫЏǃ᠓ϰǃ㗕ᵓᰒ ✊䛑ᰃ࠹ࠞǃय़䖿ҪӀⱘ࡯䞣DŽ䁍ྚᮃg剡ᖋ⏽᳒㒣ಲᖚ䇈˖Āજ䳋ྚഄऎⱘ⢍ ໾Ҏˈ㒱໻໮᭄䛑ᰃᇣଚҎǃ᠓Џǃഄѻଚǃᔧ䫎㗕ᵓ˗ҪӀⱘ䖤㧹ᮍᓣϢ㕢೑ ࠹ࠞ咥ҎⱘଚϮӴ㒳ϔ㟈ˈ᠔ҹҪӀг㹿䅸Ўᰃϔ⾡य़䖿࡯䞣ˈᑊϨᓩ䍋咥Ҏⱘ ⮯ᘼDŽā˄Baldwin 1957ˈ68˅ᇣ䇈Ёˈ࿕߽ࡾ࡯ᬍব㞾Ꮕⱘ໘๗ˈ㦋পᑨ䆹ѿ᳝ Ҏⱘᴗ߽DŽҪ␈ᳯᕫࠄҪҎⱘ䅸ৠˈ೼㒣⌢ǃ᭛࣪੠ϸᗻ݇㋏ㄝᮍ䴶䛑⹂ゟخⱘ ᑊϨᎽ೎㞾Ꮕⱘ⼒ӮഄԡDŽ ࿕߽ᇍ⢍໾Ҏ೼㒣⌢ᮍ䴶ⱘ᥻ࠊˈᛳࠄ᮴↨ⱘᛸᗦDŽҪ೼⼒Ӯ㒣⌢⫳⌏Ё䴶 ᇍ⅟䝋ⱘय़࡯ˈᣛߎ˖Ā䅼ॠⱘ⢍໾⢫᠓ϰāϡ䅽Ҫ䴭ϟᖗᴹܼ䑿ᖗഄᡩܹ߯԰ ПЁ˗⢍໾ᑫЏᘏᰃ৥Ҫ㽕催ӋǃᭆҪⱘネᴴ˗Ā哴Ⳃᇌܝāⱘ⢍໾ߎ⠜ଚ಴Ў ϔѯĀ⢫ሕ⧚⬅āˈᢦ㒱Ҫⱘ᠟〓ˈ䅽Ҫⱘ԰ક᮴⊩䯂ϪDŽ೼Ҫⱘ㒣ग़Ёˈ≵᳝ ᇍᕙℷᐌҎϔḋᴹᇍᕙҪDŽ1 ᇍ࿕߽ᴹ䇈ˈ⫳⌏⦄ᅲᰃय़䖿ᗻⱘǃڣϔϾ⢍໾Ҏ ᬠᇍᗻⱘDŽҪ⫮㟇ᛳ㾝ࠄˈ㞾Ꮕ㹿ᡯᓗࠄ⫳⌏ⱘĀ䖍㓬ഄᏺāˈ᳝ϔ⾡㹿Ā䖍㓬 ࣪āⱘᛳফDŽᇍѢ咥Ҏ㗠㿔ˈ䖭ѯህᰃᅲᅲ೼೼ⱘ⫳ᄬ๗䘛DŽҪӀᖡফⴔ䋿か੠ ೄ㢺ˈ޴Т≵᳝ӏԩᬍ୘⫳ᄬ⢊މⱘᴎӮDŽҪӀϡ㛑އᅮ㞾Ꮕⱘੑ䖤ˈ໘Ѣᄸゟ ᮴ᧈⱘ๗ഄDŽ ࿕߽೼⼒Ӯ᭛࣪⫳⌏Ёˈг䙁ফࠄय़䖿੠཈ᕍˈ䖭ҢҪⱘ߯԰㒣ग़ህৃҹⳟ ߎᴹDŽ࿕߽೼߯԰䖛⿟Ё䘛ࠄϔѯ䯂乬ˈҪ৥㦅⨳䇋ᬭDŽ㦅⨳ᵕϡᚙᜓˈҪ䇈˖ ĀབᵰԴⳳⱘᛇ㽕៥ⳟ˄Դⱘ᠟〓˅ˈ៥ӮⳟⱘDŽā࿕߽ᝢᘼഄⳟњ㦅⨳ϔⴐˈ䇈˖ Āབᵰ៥ϡ㽕ԴⳟˈԴህϡⳟ৫˛ā˄Malamud 1988ˈ57˅䗮䖛䖭ϸ↉ᦣ䗄ˈϸ ϾҎᖂ཭ⱘᖗ⧚⌏ࡼ⫳ࡼഄ㸼⦄ߎᴹ˖ϔᮍ䴶ˈ㦅⨳ϡᛇ㒭࿕߽ᅲ䋼ⱘᐂࡽ˗঺ ϔᮍ䴶ˈ࿕߽ϡԚႝས㦅⨳೼߯԰Ёⱘ៤ህˈ㗠Ϩ䖬⮯ᘼҪⳟϡ䍋㞾ᏅDŽᇍ࿕߽ ᴹ䇈ˈ⦄ᅲ⫳⌏Ёⱘ᭛࣪⇯ೈ៤Ўϔ⾡᣹Пϡএⱘय़ᡥϢḢṣDŽ䖭⾡⫳⌏ᇍҪ㗠

ⱘᎹ԰ˈैা㛑ᕫࠄℷᐌᎹ䌘ⱘϔञDŽ⫼࿕ס㡒⨇᳒㒣䇈䖛ˈ࿕߽೼Ꮉॖᑆ⌏ᯊˈ㽕ᑆঠ 1 ߽㞾Ꮕⱘ䆱䇈ህᰃĀ≵᳝ϔϾ⢍໾Ҏᡞ៥ᔧҎⳟᕙüü᮴䆎⬋ཇDŽā˄Malamud 1988ˈ224˅

111 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

㿔ᰃϔ⾡㢺ᏂˈҪ೼䖭ḋⱘ᭛࣪⦃๗ЁгϡӮᛳࠄ㟦ᖗ੠ᛝᖿDŽ᭛࣪⫳⌏Ёⱘ䙁 䘛᳈ࡴ๲ᔎњ࿕߽ᇍ⢍໾ҎⱘқᘼˈҪӀ᮴⊩⍜䰸ᕐℸ䯈ⱘߚ℻Ϣ⶯ⳒDŽ ࿕߽䅸Ўˈ೼ϸᗻ݇㋏Ёˈ㞾Ꮕ԰Ў⬋ᗻⱘᇞϹг㹿࠹༎DŽҪϢ㡒⨇ⱘ݇㋏ ህᰃ⧚㾷䖭ϔ䯂乬ⱘ݇䬂DŽᇍѢ࿕߽ᴹ䇈ˈ㡒⨇ϡҙҙাᰃཇটˈ᳈ᰃϔ⾡ഄԡ خⱘҷ㸼ˈϔ⾡㚰߽ⱘ䈵ᕕDŽ㞾Ң཈䲊ࠊᅲᮑҹᴹˈ䛑ᰃⱑҎ⬋ᗻᇚ咥Ҏཇᗻᔧ ᗻ཈ᕍⱘᎹ݋੠㒣⌢࠹ࠞⱘ᠟↉DŽ䖭⾡཈ᕍ੠࠹ࠞˈ䈵ᕕⴔ೼⼒ӮϞᢹ᳝ᅠܼⱘ ࿕ֵDŽ࿕߽ᢹ᳝ϔϾ⢍໾ⱑҎཇটˈ䖭ϡҙᰃᇍ⢍໾ⱑҎⱘ㫥㾚ˈ㗠Ϩгᰃডᡫ ᳒㒣ⱘय़䖿㗙DŽԚᰃˈ㦅⨳ᡶ䍄њ㡒⨇DŽᇍѢ࿕߽ᴹ䇈ˈ༅এ㡒⨇ᰃᇍ㞾ᇞⱘϔ ӸᆇˈҪ༅এњҹᕔⱘ㞾ֵDŽ࿕߽ᇍ㦅⨳ⱘᛸᗦ㭈৿ⴔ᳈⏅ሖⱘ৿Н˖ϔᮍ䴶⾡ ⑤㞾ग़৆Ϟⱘড⢍ЏН˗᳈Џ㽕ⱘॳ಴߭ᰃĀᇍϻ༅䑿ӑǃফࠄᥦ᣸ⱘϔ⾡ᘤᚻˈ ড᯴ⱘᰃ཈䲊ࠊⱘ㔾㸠ঞ݊ѻ⫳ⱘᙊᵰā˄Alter 1981ˈ78˅DŽҪᇍ㦅⨳䇈˖Ā៥ⶹ ϔḋˈ䅽Դᕫ䗲DŽ⢍໾Ҏ䅽៥Ӏⱘ࡯⪯ڏڣҎⱘ⇨ὖDŽ៥ϡӮخ䘧ˈԴ㽕ᡶ䍄៥ 䞣ফࠄᤳᆇˈ䖭ḋԴӀህৃҹ㦋ᕫϔߛDŽĂĂԴӀ䖭ѯ⢍໾Ҏ⏋㲟ˈ៥Ӏফ໳њ ԴӀⱘℎ偫ā˄Malamud 1988ˈ151˅DŽ࿕߽ⱘ咥Ҏ᳟টг䅸Ўˈ㦅⨳Ӹᆇњ࿕߽ ԰Ў⬋ᗻⱘᇞϹDŽҪӀ哧ࡼ࿕߽⚻ᥝ㦅⨳ᇣ䇈ⱘ᠟〓੠໛ӑ〓ˈᓎ䆂Ҫᑨ䆹҆㞾 ᡞ䖭ѯ䛑⚻ᥝˈ಴Ў㦅⨳ϡҙఆュҪⱘк〓ˈ䖬ᡶ䍄њҪⱘཇটDŽҢᶤ⾡⿟ᑺϞ 䇈ˈ㦅⨳༎䍄њ࿕߽ℷᐌⱘᗻ⫳⌏੠㒜䑿ⱘ㘠ϮˈҪ಴ℸ᳝ϔ⾡㹿䯝ࡆⱘᛳ㾝DŽ ⬅Ѣѝᡶ㡒⨇㗠ᓩথⱘ⶯Ⳓ੠ކさˈᰃᇐ㟈࿕߽Ϣ㦅⨳݇㋏ᙊ࣪ⱘЏ㽕ॳ಴DŽ ೼Ϣ㦅⨳Ѹᕔⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈ࿕߽␈ᳯপᕫৠㄝⱘ⼒ӮഄԡˈᏠᳯᕫࠄ䅸ৃˈѿ ফĀᇍㄝāⱘᴗ߽DŽĀᇍㄝāᛣੇⴔҪĀ㹿㒭ќњᴎӮˈĂĂ㛑໳㒣偠ࠄ㞾Ꮕᰃ ⬅ᇍ⼒Ӯ᳝Ӌؐⱘᄬ೼ˈ᥂݊៤ህ੠㛑࡯ˈᕫࠄњ⼒Ӯⱘᡓ䅸ā˄䳡㗤⡍ 134˅DŽ Ѣ⦄ᅲ⼒Ӯⱘㄝ㑻࣪੠Ꮒᓖ࣪ˈ࿕߽೼㒣⌢ǃ᭛࣪੠ϸᗻ݇㋏Ё䛑㹿ᥦ䰸೼Џԧ ⼒ӮП໪DŽҪ䑿Ϟԧ⦄ߎ⢍໾Ҏᇍ咥Ҏⱘϝ⾡࠹ࠞ੠य़䖿ⱘᔶᓣ˖⢍໾᠓ϰՓᕫ ⇥ᮣ䆄ᖚЁ㒣⌢Ϟⱘय़䖿ҡ✊⚺ᡄⴔ࿕߽˗⢍໾ߎ⠜ଚ੠⢍໾԰ᆊ䅽Ҫᇍ㞾Ꮕⱘ ߯԰㛑࡯ѻ⫳ᗔ⭥ˈ߯԰ⱘֵᖗফࠄᔎ⚜ⱘᠧߏ˗⢍໾Ҏ㦅⨳ᡶ䍄Ҫⱘཇটˈ䅽 Ҫ԰Ў⬋ᗻⱘᇞϹϻ༅⅚ሑDŽ࿕߽ᕜ䲒ᕫࠄ⼒Ӯ䅸ৃˈ᳈ϡৃ㛑㵡ܹЏ⌕⼒Ӯ⫳ ⌏DŽ䖭⾡ㄝ㑻࣪੠Ꮒᓖ࣪ᇐ㟈њ⇥ᮣ䯈ⱘ⶯Ⳓ੠ކさϡᮁ▔࣪DŽ ೼ᇣ䇈Ёˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ㸼⦄࿕߽ⱘ㹿Ā䖍㓬࣪āǃ㹿℻㾚੠㹿य़䖿ˈҪⱘᛣ೒ ೼Ѣ㽕ᓩ䍋ᬓᑰⱘ݇⊼ˈᇍ咥Ҏ䯂乬㒭ќ᳈໮㗗㰥DŽҪ᳒㒣೼䞛䆓Ёᣛߎ˖Āབ

112 ⭻㧞䍣᱗Ⳡ㋮᱘䐱⭥㘒䔆㔸㏎

ᵰ㕢೑咥Ҏ㛑໳ℷᐌഄѿ᳝䚼ߚ䋶ᆠˈ㛑໳ড়⊩ǃᑇㄝഄ㦋ᕫ⾡⾡ᴎӮˈ㛑໳ᅲ Ҏⱘᴗ߽ˈ䙷М㕢೑咥Ҏǃ⢍໾Ҏ䖬᳝݊Ҫᮣ㺨П䯈ⱘ݇㋏ህᖙᅮӮᕫࠄ䕗خ⦃ ໻ⱘᬍ୘੠ᦤ催DŽā˄Field 1991ˈ43˅偀ᢝ咬ᖋ݇⊼㕢೑咥Ҏⱘ݀⇥ᴗ߽DŽҪ䅸 Ҫ⇥ᮣϔḋѿফ⫳⌏ˈ㦋ᕫᑇㄝഄԡ੠᳈དⱘ⽣߽ˈ䖭ḋ݊ڣЎˈҪӀᑨ䆹㛑໳ ᠡ㛑ᬍ୘Ⳃࠡⱘ⇥ᮣ݇㋏DŽ ೼lj᠓ᅶNJЁˈ㦅⨳Ϣ࿕߽П䯈᳔Џ㽕ⱘ⶯Ⳓ䖬ᰃ⬅߯԰ᗱᛇ੠߯԰ᮍᓣⱘ ϡৠᓩ䍋ⱘDŽ⢍໾⇥ᮣϢ咥Ҏ⇥ᮣᢹ᳝Ⳍৠⱘग़৆੠⫳⌏๗䘛ˈϸ⾡ᮣ㺨᭛ᄺг ᢹ᳝ⳌԐⱘ᭛ᄺ৆Ӵ㒳੠㊒⼲⇨䋼˖⢍໾԰ᆊϔ㠀ೈ㒩Ā㢺䲒üüᬥ䌢āⱘস㗕 䱤ஏሩᓔ߯԰˗咥Ҏ԰ᆊ߭кݭᴀ⇥ᮣডᡫ཈ᕍ੠य़䖿ⱘᆧ㿔DŽৠᯊˈҪӀⱘ߯ ԰亢Ḑै໻Ⳍᕘᒁ˖⢍໾԰ᆊ໻䛑Ңग़৆ⱘ㾚㾦ߎথˈᑇ䴭ഄড㾖⠊䕜ⱘ๗䘛˗ 咥Ҏ԰ᆊ߭᳈ᬣᛳǃ᳈▔䖯ˈ᳈ؒ৥Ѣᡞ㞾Ꮕৠ㚲䙁ফⱘ℻㾚੠य़䖿䗮䖛᭛ᄫⱘ ᮍᓣᅷ⊘ߎᴹDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋࠏ⬏㦅⨳੠࿕߽೼߯԰ϞⱘᏂᓖˈ݊ᛣ೒೼Ѣ㽕䅽ҎӀ 䅸䆚ࠄˈ⢍໾ҎϢ咥Ҏা᳝㰮ᖗഄⳌѦᄺдˈᓹ㸹㔎⚍੠ϡ䎇П໘ˈᠡ㛑⍜䰸ߚ ℻ϢᇍᡫˈᓎゟĀܘᓳᚙ䇞āDŽ ᇣ䇈Ёˈ㦅⨳੠࿕߽೼ᮍᮍ䴶䴶䛑ᔶ៤њ剰ᯢⱘᇍ✻˖㦅⨳ҎࠄЁᑈˈ䖛ⴔ ⾏㕸㋶ሙǃᄸ䰟ᆵ䯏ⱘ⫳⌏DŽҪ⫳⌏ⱘⳂⱘህᰃЎњ᭛ᄺ߯԰DŽҪⱘ԰કা⊼䞡 ᔶᓣǃݙᆍぎ⋲˗࿕߽߭ᑈ䕏⇨ⲯˈ᳝⌏࡯ǃ᳝⛁ᚙDŽҪ୰⃶⼒Ѹ⌏ࡼDŽҪⱘᇣ 䇈ϡ䆆おᔶᓣǃ≵᳝ゴ⊩ˈԚᰃݙᆍЄᆠǃᛳᚙⳳᣮDŽ1 㦅⨳੠࿕߽ⱘ߯԰ᗱᛇ ੠߯԰ᮍᓣᄬ೼ⴔ৘㞾ⱘӬ࢓੠ᓞッDŽҪӀሩ⼎ⱘᰃϸ⾡ϡৠ᭛࣪㚠᱃Ёⱘ⇥ᮣ ⡍ᗻˈĀ⢍໾Ҏҷ㸼ⱘᰃᔶᓣˈ㗠咥Ҏ㒭Ҏⱘᛳ㾝ᰃ⊼䞡㒣ग़DŽā(Hassan 54) 偀 ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ᇣ䇈ЁЏ㽕ਜ⦄ⱘᰃ⢍໾԰ᆊ੠咥Ҏ԰ᆊП䯈ⱘ߯԰П៬DŽгህᰃ䇈ˈ ᭛ᄺ߯԰ᰃҪӀП䯈থ⫳⶯Ⳓ੠ކさⱘЏ㽕៬എDŽ 㦅⨳᳝ϔ༫ᅠᭈⱘ߯԰㾘߭ǃᅵ㕢ᷛޚ੠䘧ᖋᗱ㗗DŽ೼Ҫⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈ㡎ᴃህ ᰃᔶᓣǃ㾘߭੠䆒䅵DŽҪᇍ࿕߽䇈˖Āབᵰ៥Ӏ᥶䅼㡎ᴃˈህ䳔㽕䇜䆎ᔶᓣˈ৺ ˈ߭ⱘ䆱ህϡӮ᳝⾽ᑣˈᑊϨᛣНৃ㛑᮴⊩ᄬ೼DŽā˄Malamud 1988ˈ75˅㦅⨳Ⳍֵ 㡎ᴃᑨ䆹Ā㉏ൟ࣪āDŽҪ㒭࿕߽ᦤߎᓎ䆂ˈབᵰ࿕߽ᛇ㽕៤Ў㡎ᴃᆊˈህϡ㛑೼ ߯԰Ёাᰃড᯴咥Ҏⱘ⫳⌏DŽгህᰃ䇈ˈ࿕߽ᖙ乏Փ㞾Ꮕ߯԰ⱘᔶᓣˈヺড়Џ⌕

1 ϸϾҎ⫮㟇೼߯԰дᛃϞг໻ⳌᕘᒁDŽ࿕߽ܙ⒵▔ᚙഄǃܼ䑿ᖗഄᡩܹࠄ߯԰ЁDŽҪ೼ހ ᄷ䞠гᛳ㾝ϡࠄᆦދˈ⫮㟇䛑ϡ䳔㽕পᱪ䆒໛DŽ㦅⨳߭Ϣ࿕߽ⳌডˈҪ೼᠓䯈䞠Փ⫼⬉ᱪ ⇨পᱪˈԚᰃҡ✊㾝ᕫᕜދDŽ

113 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

᭛࣪ⱘ߯԰㾖DŽ㦅⨳ⱘϧ䭓ህᰃϡᮁഄ䞡ݭ੠ׂᬍᇣ䇈ⱘ᠟〓DŽҪ䅸Ўˈ߯԰Ё ϔӊ㕢཭ⱘџᚙህᰃϡᮁഄׂᬍˈৃҹ᳈ᤶᛣ䈵੠㾖ᗉˈ䅽к〓↨ҹࠡ᳈ᅠ㕢DŽ 㦅⨳䖭⾡߯԰⧚ᗉⱘᓞッˈг䅽ҪҬߎᎼ໻ⱘҷӋDŽҪ㜅⾏⫳⌏ˈ㔎У㒣ग़ ⱘ⿃㌃DŽ಴ℸˈҪ㱑✊ϡᮁഄׂᬍ᠟〓ˈϡᮁഄ䖯㸠㞾៥ডⳕˈैྟ㒜᮴⊩ݭߎ ϔϾᅠ㕢ⱘ㒧ሔDŽ࿕߽ᨀ䖯݀ᆧПৢˈҪӀП䯈ሩᓔњ䙂䙂᥽᥽ⱘゲѝDŽ㦅⨳Ꮰ ᳯ㛑໳೼ゲѝЁ㦋ᕫ㚰߽ˈҪᇍ࿕߽䇈˖Ā៥㽕ܜ㦋ᕫ䇎䋱ᇨ᭛ᄺ༪ˈ࿕߽DŽ៥ Ꮖ㒣߯԰њᕜ䭓ᯊ䯈ˈ៥ᯢ໽䖬ᕫᎹ԰DŽā˄Malamud 1988ˈ49˅㦅⨳ᳳᳯ㛑໳೼ ߎᴹⱘצϢ࿕߽䖯㸠ⱘゲѝЁ໻㦋ܼ㚰DŽЎℸˈҪবᕫ䴲ᐌ⛺㰥DŽҪًⳟ࿕߽ؒ ᑳᓗⱘк〓ˈⲥ㾚࿕߽ⱘ߯԰䖯ሩDŽৠᯊˈҪᡞ㞾Ꮕᑳᓗⱘк〓϶ᓗࠄ偀䏃ᇍ䴶 ⱘൗഒṊ䞠ˈҪ䅸Ў䖭ḋ࿕߽ህϡ㛑ⳟࠄ㞾Ꮕ԰કⱘݙᆍDŽ㦅⨳Ϣ࿕߽⬅ѢҢџ ৠḋⱘ߯԰џϮ㗠ⳌѦゲѝˈҪӀᓔྟᯊⱘটད੠䇤ⱘ݇㋏䗤⏤ϻ༅DŽҪӀⳌѦ ᳝њॳᴹⱘⳌѦ݇ᗔDŽ偀ᢝ咬≴ˈ⎵ދ䰆㣗ǃᕐℸϡֵӏˈҪӀⱘ݇㋏বᕫ䱨䯖 ᖋ䗮䖛㒚㡖ᦣݭˈਜ⦄њ㞾ᏅᇍϸϾ⇥ᮣ᭛࣪੠ग़৆ⱘ⧚㾷ϢডᗱDŽҪᣛߎˈϡ ৠ⇥ᮣ᭛࣪ᑨ䆹ⳌѦ㸹ܙˈҪӀ䖯㸠ѸᕔⱘⳂⱘህᰃՓ݊㞾䑿㟏Ѣᅠ୘DŽ ࿕߽മᣕ䅸Ўˈ㞾Ꮕᰃ咥Ҏ⇥ᮣⱘҷ㿔ҎDŽ԰ЎϔϾ咥Ҏ԰ᆊˈҪ㽕ҹ咥Ҏ ⡍᳝ⱘᮍᓣࠏ⬏咥Ҏⱘ⫳⌏⢊މDŽҪ߯԰ⱘⳂⱘህᰃሩ⦄咥Ҏⱘ⫳⌏ǃᛳᚙ੠᭛ ࣪Ӌؐ㾖ˈҹℸᴹ䆕ᯢ咥Ҏ᭛࣪ⱘᄬ೼DŽ࿕߽ᡞ߯԰ⳟ៤ᰃϢ⇥ᮣ⫳ᄬᙃᙃⳌ݇ ⱘџᚙˈҪⱘᇣ䇈᳝ᅲ䰙ĀݙᆍāDŽҪϡ୰⃶㦅⨳ᇍᔶᓣⱘᔎ䇗ˈ䅸Ў䙷ᰃ⢍໾ Ҏ߯԰ⱘ⡍⚍DŽԚᰃˈ࿕߽೼ᇣ䇈Ёাᰃᬒ㕂њ咥Ҏⳳᅲⱘ⫳⌏㒣ग़ˈ㔎Уᔶᓣǃ ⾽ᑣ੠㾘߭ˈ᠔ҹҪг᮴⊩ᅠ៤㞾Ꮕ԰કDŽℷབ㦅⨳ᇍ࿕߽᠔䇈˖Āাᡞ䖭˄㒣 ग़˅ݭϟᴹˈԴϡৃ㛑ᡞ咥Ҏⱘ㒣ग़߯԰៤᭛ᄺ԰કā˄Malamud 1988ˈ74˅DŽ ᰒ✊ˈ࿕߽䖬ফࠄњ咥Ҏ⇥ᮣЏНⱘᕅડDŽҪ䅸Ўˈা᳝咥Ҏᠡ᳝ᴗ࡯߯԰ ᳝݇咥ҎⱘᬙџDŽҪ㾝ᕫˈ㦅⨳᮴⊩⧚㾷咥Ҏⱘ๗䘛੠咥Ҏⱘᛳᚙˈ᠔ҹгϡ㛑 ᇍ㞾Ꮕⱘ߯԰ᣛ᠟⬏㛮DŽᇍѢ㦅⨳ᑆ⍝㞾Ꮕⱘ߯԰ˈҪᛳࠄ䴲ᐌᛸᗦ˖

䖭ᰃϔ䚼݇Ѣ咥Ҏⱘ԰કˈ៥Ӏ᥶䅼ⱘԴḍᴀ᮴⊩⧚㾷DŽĂĂ ĂĂԴ੠៥ⱘᛳফϡϔḋDŽԴ᮴⊩ᡦݭ咥Ҏˈ಴ЎԴϡⶹ䘧៥ӀᰃҔМḋⱘ Ҏˈгϡⶹ䘧៥ӀⱘᛳᚙDŽ៥Ӏⱘᛳ㾝ড᯴੠ԴӀϡϔḋDŽĂĂ៥᠔㸼䖒ⱘᰃ咥 Ҏⱘ㊒⼲ˈЎ咥Ҏਤ୞DŽ៥Ӏ೼䖭Ͼ䆹⅏ⱘ೑ᆊҡ✊ᰃ཈䲊ˈ៥Ӏϡᛇ㒻㓁㹿཈ ᕍDŽ˄Malamud 1988ˈ74-75˅

114 ⭻㧞䍣᱗Ⳡ㋮᱘䐱⭥㘒䔆㔸㏎

咥Ҏ㹿ᥦ䰸೼Џ⌕⼒ӮП໪ˈ⫳⌏೼Ā䖍㓬ഄᏺāˈ≵᳝Ϣ݊Ҫ⇥ᮣѸ⌕ⱘᑇㄝ ᴎӮDŽҪӀ೼䖭⾡໘๗Ёˈ䗤⏤ᔶ៤њĀݙ৥࣪āⱘ⫳⌏ᮍᓣDŽ䖭⾡Āݙ৥࣪ā ড᯴೼᭛ᄺ߯԰Ϟˈህᰃ߯԰Āᡫ䆂ᇣ䇈āDŽ䗮䖛࿕߽ⱘ߯԰㒣ग़ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋԐ Т㸼ᯢҪⱘЏᓴˈ䙷ህᰃ咥Ҏ԰ᆊϡ㛑া߯԰Āᡫ䆂ᇣ䇈āDŽབᵰাᰃㅔऩഄᡦ ݭ咥Ҏⱘᚆᚼ䙁䘛੠ᛸᗦˈ㔎Уᖙ㽕ⱘ߯԰ᡔᎻϢ㡎ᴃᔶᓣˈг᮴⊩ݭߎདⱘ԰ ક˄Ш೑ᔎ 2008ˈ416˅DŽ ࿕߽೼߯԰䖛⿟Ё䘛ࠄњϡৃ䘒䍞ⱘೄ䲒ˈ᮴⊩㒻㓁ᅠ៤԰કˈϡᕫϡ৥㦅 ⨳∖ࡽDŽ㦅⨳䯙䇏њ࿕߽ⱘ᠟〓ˈҪ㹿݊ЁⱘЏ乬੠ᚙᛳ⏅⏅ഄᠧࡼњDŽϡ䖛ˈ Ҫ䅸Ўˈ࿕߽䖬≵᳝ᙄᔧഄ䖤⫼߯԰ᡔᎻDŽ࿕߽ᇍᇣ䇈᳝ᕜདⱘᵘᗱˈԚᰃ≵᳝ ᡞᅗӀᵘᓎདˈ᳔㒜㔎ᇥ᳝ᬜⱘ㸼䖒ᮍᓣDŽҪᣛߎˈ࿕߽㽕ݭߎᅠ㕢ⱘᇣ䇈ˈᖙ 乏ᄺӮ᥻ࠊ㞾Ꮕⱘᛸᗦˈ಴ЎĀ咥Ҏ᭛ᄺϡᑨ䆹াᰃ㸼䖒㡆ᔽ៪᭛࣪ˈᛸᗦг䖰 ϡᰃᡫ䆂៪㗙ᛣ䆚ᔶᗕā˄Malamud 1988ˈ66-67˅DŽᤶহ䆱䇈ˈ⇥ᮣᗻϡ䎇ҹ៤ Ў㡎ᴃ߯԰ⱘḍ෎DŽ࿕߽ᇍℸ䖯㸠њডߏˈҪᣛߎˈ㦅⨳೼԰કⱘߚ㉏Ϟህᅠܼ 䫭њDŽ㦅⨳䅸Ўᰃ㞾Ӵⱘ䚼ߚˈᰃҪ㓪䗴ߎᴹⱘ㒃㊍ⱘ㰮ᵘⱘᇣ䇈DŽ೼Ҫⱘ㾖ᗉ Ёˈԧ㺕ḋᓣাᰃ⢍໾Ҏⱘϔ⾡ᔎࠊ㸠Ўˈ㞾Ꮕህᰃ㡎ᴃˈህᰃᔶᓣDŽ ࿕߽ᛇ㽕ᄺд㦅⨳ⱘ߯԰ᡔᎻˈৠᯊজᇍ㦅⨳ᗔ᳝䰆㣗ПᖗDŽҪᆇᗩ㞾Ꮕⱘ ᭛ᄺ԰Ў᠟↉ᴹ᥻ࠊ㞾Ꮕˈᬍব㞾׳ᗱ㓈ফࠄ㦅⨳ᗱᛇⱘᕅડˈᢙᖗ㦅⨳ӕ೒߁ Ꮕⱘ߯԰㾖DŽ᠔ҹˈҪϡ㚃䕏ᯧ᥹ফ㦅⨳ⱘᛣ㾕DŽ1 㦅⨳੠࿕߽಴Ў߯԰㗠㒧㓬ˈ ҪӀ䛑ᛇ㰮ᖗഄᕐℸᄺдˈৠᯊজ䛑ᢙᖗ㹿ᇍᮍ䍙䖛㗠೼┰ᛣ䆚ЁሩᓔゲѝDŽ㦅 ⨳Ꮰᳯ㛑໳೼࿕߽៤ৡПࠡ㦋ᕫ䇎䋱ᇨ᭛ᄺ༪ˈ㗠࿕߽߭ᛇሑᖿ䍙䍞㦅⨳DŽ೼Ҫ Ӏ᥹㾺ⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈ৘㞾ҷ㸼ⱘ⇥ᮣ᭛࣪೼ᑊ㕂ⱘ䖛⿟Ёথ⫳⶯Ⳓ੠ކさˈҪӀг ೼݅ৠⱘ߯԰⫳⌏Ё䱋ܹೄ๗ПЁDŽ 㦅⨳੠࿕߽П䯈ⱘゲѝ੠ႝསՓᕫҪӀⳌѦ⣰⭥ˈѻ⫳Ϲ䞡ⱘ⶯Ⳓ੠ކさDŽ ℸᣛߎˈϡৠ⇥ᮣ೼Ѹᕔᯊˈা᳝⍜䰸ゲѝ੠ႝསⱘᖗ⧚ˈᠡ㛑ᓎゟ׳偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ੠䇤㕢དⱘ⇥ᮣ݇㋏ˈ䍄ߎ⫳ᄬೄ๗DŽ㕢೑⼒Ӯⱘ䰊㑻ߦߚЏ㽕ҹ⾡ᮣⱘᔶᓣ㸼

1 㦅⨳੠࿕߽П䯈ⱘ⶯Ⳓˈᕅᇘњ⢍໾԰ᆊ⃻᭛g䈾˄Irving Howeˈ1920ü1993˅Ϣ咥Ҏ԰ ᆊᢝᇨ໿g඗䞠Ể˄Ralph Ellisonˈ1914ü1994˅П䯈ⱘ䆎ѝDŽҪӀ᳒㒣ೈ㒩ϸԡ咥Ҏ԰ ᆊ⧚ᶹᖋg㦅⡍˄Richard Wrightˈ1908ü1960˅੠䁍ྚᮃg剡ᖋ⏽˄James Baldwin 1924ü 1987˅ⱘ߯԰ᮍᓣሩᓔњ▔⚜ⱘ᭛ᄺѝ䆎DŽ೼ᇣ䇈Ёˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋҹ⢍໾԰ᆊ੠咥Ҏ԰ᆊ԰ ЎЏҎ݀ᰃ᳝᠔ᣛҷⱘˈ݊ᆧᛣгᰃᰒ㗠ᯧ㾕ⱘDŽᅲ䰙Ϟˈlj᠓ᅶNJĀᯢᰒഄҹ⦄ᅲЏН߯ ԰ᡔᎻᡬᇘߎᔧᯊথ⫳೼㕢೑咥Ҏ԰ᆊ੠⢍໾԰ᆊП䯈ⱘϔഎᔎ⹀þᇍ䆱ÿˈⳳ䆮ഄ㸼䖒 ˅њҪ˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ˅ᇍ䖭എþᇍ䆱ÿⱘ䅸䆚੠ᏠݔDŽā˄Ш೑ᔎ 2004ˈ25

115 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ߎᴹDŽгህᰃ䇈ˈ⢍໾Ҏϡ໻Ӯফࠄ⼒Ӯⱘ℻㾚DŽҪӀⱘ㙸㡆⹂ֱњ㹿ৠ࣪ⱘ⦃ ˈ咥Ҏ䙷ḋበበৃॅDŽ㕢೑咥ҎᇍЏ⌕⼒Ӯ੠᭛࣪⏅ᙊ⮯㒱ڣ㛑ᗻˈ໘๗гϡৃ ৠᯊᇍѢ⢍໾Ҏপᕫⱘ៤ህᛳࠄ༅㨑ǃϡ⒵ǃႝསǃ⫮㟇ᰃқᘼDŽ㦅⨳԰Ў៤ࡳ ⱘ԰ᆊˈҪ᠔পᕫⱘϔߛ៤ህҹঞⳌᇍᆠ᳝ⱘ⫳⌏ᓩ䍋њ࿕߽ⱘᖠᘼ˗࿕߽ᢹ᳝ ӫ໮ᚙᡩᛣড়ⱘ咥Ҏ᳟টˈ䖬᳝ⓖ҂ⱘⱑҎཇট㡒⨇ˈ䖭гᇐ㟈њ㦅⨳ⱘႝསDŽ ℷབ䌿Ҕ䇎᠔䇈˖Āᴀ䋼Ϟˈlj᠓ᅶNJህᰃ䈵ᕕ咥Ҏ੠˄⢍໾˅ⱑҎކさⱘᆧ㿔ā 㦅⨳੠࿕߽П䯈ⱘ݇㋏ˈ䞛⫼Ꮋ཭ⱘ᠟↉ˈᱫ׳Hershinow 92˅DŽ1 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ߁˄ ⼎њग़৆ϞϸϾ⇥ᮣП䯈ⱘϡ੠ϢᘽᗼDŽ䖭䚼ᇣ䇈Āᙄࠄད໘ഄᱫ⼎њ⦄ᅲ⫳⌏ Ё㕢೑咥Ҏ੠⢍໾ҎП䯈ⱘゲѝüüႝས݇㋏ā˄Ш೑ᔎ 2008ˈ418˅DŽ ⬅ѢϢ㦅⨳П䯈ⱘゲѝˈ࿕߽ᨀ䖯݀ᆧПৢˈ䗤⏤ᬒᓗ㞾Ꮕॳᴹ↨䕗䕏ᵒⱘ ߯԰ᮍᓣˈ䍞ᴹ䍞≝⍌೼߯԰ПЁDŽҪ↣໽⫼Ѣ߯԰ⱘᯊ䯈䍞ᴹ䍞䭓ˈ᮴⊩এⳟ ӏخ㡒⨇DŽҪᓔྟবᕫ⛺㰥ϡᅝˈ⫮㟇乱༈Ϟ䛑ᓔྟߎ⦄њⲅ㒍DŽ↣໽ˈҪϡᛇ ԩџᚙˈাᛇത೼䙷߯԰ˈ䖭⾡⢊މ䅽Ҫ㞾Ꮕ䍞ᴹ䍞ᢙᖻDŽ㦅⨳ᇍҪ᠟〓ⱘᡍ䆘ˈ ⫣ӸᆇњҪ߯԰ⱘ㞾ֵDŽҪ༅এњ㞾Ꮕ߯԰ⱘ⡍⚍ˈ≵᳝њ⣀⡍ⱘ亢Ḑˈݡг᮴ 㒻㓁߯԰݇Ѣ咥Ҏ੠Ā咥Ҏᗻāⱘ԰કDŽℷབҪᣛ䋷㦅⨳ᯊ᠔䇈˖Ā៥ᣪᥬⱘᰃ ϢԴϡৠⱘݙᆍˈ㦅⨳DŽ៥ϡ݇ᖗҔМ儐ᔶᓣDŽԴӸᆇњ៥ݙᖗⱘ߯԰㞾ֵDŽ಴ 䖛এ䙷ḋ߯԰DŽā˄Malamud 1988ˈ224˅࿕߽߯԰ⱘڣЎԴⱘ㓬ᬙˈ៥ݡгϡ㛑 ㄀Ѡ䚼ᇣ䇈ⱘ᠟〓ˈ㱑✊ᓔ༈޴义㒭Ҏ⬭ϟњ䴲ᐌ⏅ࠏⱘॄ䈵ˈԚᰃᭈϾ䖭ϔゴˈ ሑㅵҪড໡ᬍࡼˈ䖬ᰃᕜ㞾✊ഄ៤Ў༅䋹П԰DŽ ࿕߽ℷ೼ࡾ࡯ᡒᇏ㞾Ꮕ⇥ᮣⱘ᭛࣪ˈҹ֓ᔶ៤ᇍ咥Ҏ⇥ᮣⱘ䅸ৠDŽ㦅⨳ᇍҪ ߯԰ᮍᓣⱘᡍ䆘ˈᇍ咥Ҏ᭛࣪ⱘᡁ᳆ˈᓩথҪⱘᛸᗦ੠ᝢᘼDŽ࿕߽ᇚ㦅⨳㾚Ўᬠ ᇍⱘゲѝᇍ᠟ˈݡࡴϞ㦅⨳ᡶ䍄Ҫⱘཇটˈᇐ㟈ҪϢ㦅⨳ᕏᑩডⳂDŽ԰Ўডߏⱘ ㄪ⬹ˈҪ೼ᲈᗦПϟᣓ䍄ᑊϨ⚻↕њ㦅⨳ⱘ᠟〓੠໛ӑ〓ˈҹℸᴹ䖬ߏ㦅⨳ᇍҪ ⱘւ䖅੠ℎय़DŽ㦅⨳ᳳᳯ㛑໳೼߯԰Ёᅠ៤㞾Ꮕᇍ⠅ⱘ䗑ᇏˈᅲ⦄㞾៥ᅠ୘DŽ࿕ ߽↕ᥝҪⱘк〓ˈህ೼㊒⼲ϞᕏᑩᡐᴔњҪⱘ㞾៥ˈҪࡾ࡯㓈ᡸⱘ᭛࣪Ӌؐ㾖г 㹿ᅠܼߏ⑗DŽℸৢˈҪӀП䯈ⱘѝ᭫г᳈ࡴ݀ᓔ࣪ǃᯢᳫ࣪DŽ㦅⨳੠࿕߽ᇍᇍᮍ 㾕ˈᕐℸ㔎ᇥ⧚㾷DŽゲѝ੠ႝསՓᕫҪӀাⳟ䞡㞾Ꮕ੠৘㞾ⱘ԰કˈᇍ݊أᣕ᳝ Ҫϔߛ䛑䞛প⓴✊ⱘᗕᑺDŽ಴ℸˈҪӀⱘ݇㋏ϡᮁᙊ࣪DŽ

1 Ш೑ᔎᬭᥜ᳒㒣ᣛߎˈ䖭䞠ⱘⱑҎᑨ䆹ᣛⱘᰃ⢍໾Ҏˈ৺߭ⱘ䆱ˈህᇚ⶯Ⳓⱘ㣗ೈᠽ໻њˈ ⶯Ⳓⱘᗻ䋼гӮ䱣Пᬍব˄Ш೑ᔎ 2008ˈ413˅DŽ

116 ⭻㧞䍣᱗Ⳡ㋮᱘䐱⭥㘒䔆㔸㏎

㦅⨳䞡ᮄ߯԰ᇣ䇈DŽ䖭ϔ⃵ˈҪ᳈ࡴࡾ࡯ˈ㢅䌍೼߯԰Ϟⱘᯊ䯈᳈䭓DŽৠᯊˈ ࿕߽ϔḋ⏤⏤䖰⾏㡒⨇ˈ᳔㒜㡒⨇⾏Ҫ㗠এDŽ࿕߽гಲᴹ㒻㓁߯԰DŽҪӀѦڣг ϡᕔᴹˈԚै⯈䗋Ѣ䯙䇏೼ൗഒㆅЁᡒࠄⱘᇍᮍᑳᓗⱘ᠟〓ˈҹℸᴹњ㾷ᕐℸⱘ ߯԰䖯ሩDŽҪӀⱘ߯԰বᕫ䍞ᴹ䍞㊳㊩DŽ࿕߽䖛ߚձ䌪Џ乬੠ݙᆍDŽҪⱘ᠟〓Ё ܙ᭹ⴔ⇥ᮣқᘼˈЏҎ݀ሩ⼎ߎ༅㨑ǃᘤᚻ੠ᛸᗦⱘᚙ㒾ˈᡥࠊϡԣⱘᗦ☿䅽Ҫ Ӏ䆝䇌Ѣᲈ࡯ডᡫˈ⫮㟇ሴᴔⱘᮍᓣDŽ1 㒧ᵰˈҪⱘ԰કবᕫ䍞ᴹ䍞⏋хˈ䍞ᴹ 䍞ᬃ⾏⸈⹢ˈ᳔ৢা࠽ϟњϸϾऩ䆡ˈ໻ݭⱘĀ咥Ҏā੠Ā咥ҎᗻāDŽ㦅⨳ⱘ߯ ԰ᡔᎻг䗤⏤ᶃ㧢DŽҪॳᴀᰃ୰⃶⫼᭛ᄫ㸼䖒ⱘҎˈ⦄೼ϔᮺՓ⫼䆡䇁ˈ⫮㟇ᛇ ࠄ䆡䇁ˈҪ䛑ᛳࠄॠᙊDŽЎњ᡹໡࿕߽↕ᥝҪⱘ᠟〓ˈҪ᠟ᣕ᭻༈ᤷ↕њ࿕߽ⱘ ᠧᄫᴎDŽĀ㱑✊㦅⨳㋻ᓴᕫ乸ᡪˈԚҪ䖬ᰃ㾝ᕫ⡍߿བ䞞䞡䋳DŽĂĂˈϔᯊ䯈Ҫ 䅸Ўˈг䆌ҢҞҹৢҪⱘ߯԰Ӯ䖯ሩ乎߽DŽā˄Malamud 1988ˈ227-228˅2 㦅⨳ ੠࿕᳔߽߱ⱘᜓᳯᰃ᮴ৃ८䴲ⱘˈҪӀ䛑ᛇপᕫ៤ࡳˈԧ偠㕢཭ⱘᛳ㾝DŽ✊㗠ˈ ⳌѦ䯈ⱘゲѝ੠ႝསՓᕫҪӀ䞛পњ䫭䇃ⱘ䗨ᕘˈ↕ᥝњ㕢དⱘ߱㹋DŽҪӀᇍᕐ ℸ≵᳝⧚㾷੠ᆑᆍⱘᗕᑺˈ䖛ߚᔎ䇗Ā㞾៥āˈ᠔ҹ䛑᮴⊩ݭߎᅠ㕢ⱘ԰કˈ᳔ ৢা㛑ᇐ㟈ৠᔦѢሑⱘᲈ࡯㒧ሔDŽ 㦅⨳੠࿕߽П䯈ⱘ⶯Ⳓ੠ކさϡᮁࡴ࠻ˈሩᓔњԴ⅏៥⌏ⱘ⫳⅏᧣᭫DŽᇣ䇈 ⱘ᳔ৢˈ೼咥ⓚⓚⱘ໰ᰮˈҪӀ೼݀ᆧὐ਼ೈⱘ☠᳼ϯЁ㾕䴶DŽ㱑✊ⳟϡ㾕ᕐℸˈ Ԛᰃ䛑ᛳফࠄᇍᮍᵕᑺഄ⮯㢺DŽҪӀ⫼᳔ᙊ↦ⱘ䇁㿔ⳌѦ䖅偖ˈĀқᘼ咥Ҏⱘ⢍ ໾਌㸔儐āˈĀড⢍ⱘ⤓⤈āDŽ೼䖭⾡ᚙމϟˈᲈ࡯ކさгᰃ᮴⊩䙓ܡⱘDŽҪӀᬏ ߏᕐℸⱘ㭘ᔅП໘ˈĀ㦅⨳ᛳࠄҪ䙷ᡞ᳝㔎ষⱘ᭻༈ˈ⏅⏅ܹⷡᇍᮍⱘ༈乙ˈৠ ᯊˈ੏৳Ёⱘ咥Ҏг⫼ࠗ乏ߔϔ㠀ᇪ߽ⱘ߽ߗˈⷡϟᇍᮍⱘϟԧDŽā˄Malamud 㾕˖㦅⨳೼┰ᛣ䆚Ёأᖡⱘ໡қ᠟↉гԧ⦄њҪӀⳌѦ䯈ⱘ⇥ᮣ⅟˅230ˈ1988 䅸Ў咥Ҏᱎ࡯Ԣϟǃ≵᳝ᱎ᜻ˈ⬭ⴔ㛥㹟гᰃ㰮᳝݊㸼˗࿕߽߭᮴ᛣ䆚ഄ䅸ᅮ⢍ ໾Ҏᗻ㛑࡯Ԣϟˈᗻ఼ᅬ⬭ⴔг⌒ϡϞ⫼എDŽ㦅⨳੠࿕߽ѦⳌ⅟ᴔˈᇐ㟈њ݅ৠ ↕♁ⱘ㒧ሔDŽ

՟བˈ࿕߽೼lj㕢೑㄀ϔ⃵໻ሴᴔNJⱘк〓Ёˈ㰮ᵘњϔ⃵໻ሴᴔⱘᚙ㡖DŽ咥Ҏ␌ߏݯࣙ 1 ೈᑊϨᇕ䫕њ㒑㑺ⱘ㄀ 127 ໻㸫ˈ⅟䝋ഄᴔᆇ䆌໮᮴䕰ⱘ⢍໾ⱑҎDŽ 2 䖭ѯᚙ㡖ৃҹ䅽䇏㗙ಲᛇ䍋 60 ᑈҷ᳿ⱘᚙ᱃DŽᔧᯊ⼒Ӯय़䖿ϡᮁछ㑻ˈϡ݀ℷǃ㜤䋹ǃ Ⓓ⫼㘠ᴗㄝ⦄䈵ሖߎϡかˈ⬅ℸ⟚থњϔ㋏߫ⱘᱫᴔ੠ᲈ࡯џӊDŽ⇥ᴗ䖤ࡼᓔྟਜ⦄ᲈ࡯ ࣪ⱘؒ৥ˈ䖭ѯᲈхᰃᇍ⼒Ӯ⓴㾚ⱘϔ⾡ಲᑨDŽᇣ䇈Ёⱘᲈ࡯എ᱃ড᯴њ䖭ϔᯊᳳⱘ⼒Ӯ ব࣪DŽ

117 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ᇣ䇈೼᠓ϰĀথথ᜜ᚆāⱘ੐୞ໄЁ㒧ᴳњDŽ݇Ѣᇣ䇈ⱘ㒧ሒˈ㕢೑᭛ᄺ䆘 䆎⬠໻㟈᳝ϸ⾡ϡৠⱘⳟ⊩˖݊ϔҹ㡒㉇㥝g㉇ࢦgᏈ䖾ܟЎҷ㸼DŽཌྷ䅸ЎˈĀᇣ 䇈ⱘ㒧ሒᱫ৿೼ᇣ䇈Ёāˈ㸼䖒њ咥Ҏ੠⢍໾Ҏᑨ䆹㒧ⲳⱘᗱᛇ˗݊Ѡᰃ䕯㽓 ࿙g༹ݍܟⱘ㾖⚍DŽཌྷᣛߎˈĀᇣ䇈ⱘ㒧ሔህᰃᇣ䇈ⱘ㒧ሒāˈ㸼䖒њ咥ҎϢ⢍໾ Ҏ∈☿ϡᆍⱘЏ乬 (Budick, 11-13) DŽ1 Ш೑ᔎᬭᥜ߭䅸ЎˈĀᇣ䇈ⱘ㒧ሒ໪䖬ᱫ ৿ϔϾ㒧ሒāˈ2 䙷ህᰃ᠓ϰ୞ߎⱘ䞡໡њ 113 ⃵ⱘĀথথ᜜ᚆ৻āDŽ䖭ϔ↉䆱㸼 ᯢ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍϸϾ⇥ᮣ݇㋏ⱘᗕᑺˈҪĀ≵᳝ㅔऩഄᓔߎᰃ䅽ҪӀಶ㒧ড়԰៪㗙 ߚ㺖ᇍᡫⱘ㥃ᮍˈ㗠ᰃ⼜∖ҪӀⳟ೼ϞᏱⱘӑϞˈᕐℸ⧚㾷Ϣᆑᆍ৻ā˄Ш೑ᔎ 2008ˈ420˅DŽ೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋⳟᴹˈ㄀ϔ⾡㒧ሒ䖛Ѣ⧚ᛇ࣪ˈϡৃ㛑ᅲ⦄DŽ㄀Ѡ⾡㒧 ܡሒ䅽Ҫⱘᖗ♉ᛳফࠄњᔎ⚜ⱘ⮯㢺ˈҪϡᛇⳟࠄ䖭⾡ϸ䋹ׅӸⱘ㒧ሔDŽ䙷М䙓 䖭⾡㒧ሔⱘଃϔᮍᓣህᰃ⼜∖⢍໾Ҏ੠咥Ҏᕐℸҕ᜜ˈ໮ϔѯ⧚㾷ǃᆑᆍ੠ԧ䇙DŽ 䖭ᰃϔ⾡᳈ᯢᱎⱘ䗝ᢽDŽ 㦅⨳੠࿕߽П䯈ⱘѝᠻᰃ⬅⇥ᮣ᭛࣪ⱘᏂᓖᓩ䍋ⱘDŽ԰Ў㨫ৡⱘ㕢೑⢍໾԰ ᆊˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋϔⳈᇍ⢍໾ҎϢ咥ҎП䯈ⱘ⶯Ⳓކさ↨䕗݇⊼DŽҪ≵᳝ㅔऩഄᬃᣕ ӏԩϔᮍˈг≵᳝Ⳉ᥹㒭ߎ㾷އⱘᮍ⊩ˈ㗠ᰃҹ԰ᆊ⡍᳝ⱘᬣ䫤ⱘ㾖ᆳ࡯੠Єᆠ ⱘᛇ䈵࡯ࠏ⬏њϸ⾡⇥ᮣ᭛࣪Ӵ㒳੠⇥ᮣ⡍ᗻⱘᏂᓖDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䆩೒ᡒࠄ⍜㾷⇥ ᮣ⶯Ⳓⱘࡲ⊩ˈҪᏠᳯᇣ䇈㛑໳ᓩথ䇏㗙ⱘᗱ㗗˖ᇍᡫ੠ކさᰃϡৃপⱘǃ≵᳝ ӏԩᛣН˗ᲈ࡯ᴔ᠂гাᰃ⸈ണᗻⱘǃ㾷އϡњ䯂乬˗ҹᙊ᡹ᙊ᳈ᰃϡৃ㸠ˈ໡ қা㛑ᇐ㟈↕♁DŽ⢍໾԰ᆊ㦅⨳੠咥Ҏ԰ᆊ࿕߽䳔㽕ѦⳌᄺд˖㦅⨳䳔㽕࿕߽ᇍ ᕙ⫳⌏ⱘᗕᑺˈ䙷⾡ⳳᅲⱘ⫳⌏㒣ग़˗࿕߽߭䳔㽕㦅⨳ᇍᔶᓣ੠ᡔᎻⱘ⧚㾷੠䖤 ⫼DŽ䖭ḋҪӀᠡ㛑໳⍜䰸ߚ℻Ϣ⶯ⳒˈѦࡽড়԰ˈᅠ៤㞾Ꮕⱘ԰કDŽ೼ᶤ⾡⿟ᑺ Ϟˈlj᠓ᅶNJಲᑨњ⇥ᮣ䯈Ӻ⧚݇㋏⬅ᇍゟ䕀৥੠㾷ⱘৃ㛑ᗻDŽ ᇣ䇈ⱘ㒧ሒˈ㦅⨳੠࿕߽៤ЎϔϾᴀԧЁϡৃߚࡆⱘϸϾ䚼ߚˈ㔎ᇥӏԩϔ ᮍ䛑ϡᅠᭈDŽ⾏ᓔ໻ὐПৢˈҪӀজ೼ᴀ㛑ⱘ偅ࡼϟ䖨ಲᴹDŽ࿕߽㱑✊ᛳࠄᕜ⮯ 㢺ˈԚᰃা᳝೼䖭䞠ˈҪᠡ㛑໳䖯㸠߯԰˗㦅⨳г䳔㽕࿕߽ϢҪϔ䍋೼㢺䲒Ё݅ ৠ༟ѝDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᡞҪӀล䗴៤ϔᇍⳌ䕙Ⳍ៤ⱘҎ⠽DŽҪӀӓԯᰃᇍᮍⱘᕅᄤˈ ᰃᇍᮍⱘĀ㄀Ѡ㞾៥ā˄Hershinow 142˅DŽ䖭⾡㒘ড়ᰒ⼎њ㦅⨳੠࿕߽П䯈ⱘⳌ

1 Ӟᮃवg༹ᇨ⡍ᣕ᳝ⳌԐⱘ㾖⚍DŽཌྷ䅸Ўˈᇣ䇈᥶䅼ⱘᰃܘᓳᚙⱘ⍜ѵǃᏠᳯⱘ⸈♁੠᭛ ᯢⱘ᳔㒜↕♁DŽᇣ䇈ᇚ⇥ᮣ᭛࣪ކさⓨব៤ЎҎ㉏ⱘ♒䲒˄Alter1981ˈ73˅DŽ 2 Шᬭᥜ䖬ᣛߎˈϡ㛑ᡞᇣ䇈ⱘᬙџ㒧ሔ੠ᇣ䇈ᴀ䑿ⱘ㒧ሒ⏋೼ϔ䍋˄Ш೑ᔎ 2008ˈ420˅DŽ

118 ⭻㧞䍣᱗Ⳡ㋮᱘䐱⭥㘒䔆㔸㏎

Ԑᗻˈг㸼ᯢњϡৠП໘DŽҪӀⳌᇍ⣀ゟǃⳌѦ᯴㹀ǃⳌᕫⲞᕄˈҢ㗠᳈ࡴߌᰒ ℸᣛߎˈ⢍໾⇥ᮣ੠咥Ҏ⇥ᮣ䳔㽕೼ѸᕔЁᓹ㸹׳ϾҎⱘ⣀⡍৿НDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ↣ ᕐℸⱘϡ䎇П໘DŽҪ᳒㒣೼䆓䇜Ё䇈䘧˖ĀϸϾৠḋ㒣ग़䖛䖿ᆇⱘ⇥ᮣ⫳⌏೼ϔ 䍋ˈैᇍᇍᮍᏺ᳝ᬠᛣˈ䖭ᰃӊҸҎ䘫ធⱘџᚙDŽ៥ӀᏠᳯҪӀ᳔㒜㛑໳䅸ৃᕐ ℸⱘग़৆ˈ㛑໳䞡ᔦѢདDŽā˄Davis 269˅偀ᢝ咬ᖋᳳᳯ㕢೑⢍໾Ҏ੠咥Ҏ㛑໳ᕐ ℸᆍ㒇ˈϔ䍋䴶ᇍ݅ৠⱘੑ䖤DŽ1 Ң䖭ϾᛣНϞ䇈ˈlj᠓ᅶNJϡᰃᚆ࠻ˈᅗᛇ䈵 ߎϔѯ䗝ᢽⱘԭഄˈᰃᢉᡫᵕッᗱᛇⱘ乘㿔䄺⼎˄Shenkerˈ22˅DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋᦤߎњ⢍໾⇥ᮣ੠咥Ҏ⇥ᮣ೼Ѹᕔᯊⱘ⧚ᛇ῵ᓣ˖咥Ҏ⿃ᵕЏࡼϢ ໾ҎѸᕔˈ៤ЎЏ⌕⼒Ӯⱘϔਬˈৠᯊֱ⬭㞾Ꮕ⣀ゟⱘ⇥ᮣ䑿ӑ˗⢍໾Ҏϡᡞ⢍ 咥Ҏⳟ៤㉫剕ⱘ䞢㳂ҎDŽҪӀѿ᳝ᑇㄝⱘഄԡˈ೼ⳌѦᇞ䞡ⱘ෎⸔Ϟˈህৃҹᅲ ⦄੠ᑇⳌ໘ˈ䖒៤⇥ᮣ੠㾷DŽℷབ㡒ӺgᏗ剕ྚ᠔䇈˖Ā៥Ӏᖙ乏ᇞ䞡݊Ҫ᭛࣪ ᴀ䑿াޚ᜶ⱘ⾡ᮣЁᖗЏНˈ៥Ӏⱘᷛچ߸ᮁ݊Ҫ᭛࣪ᰃޚⱘᅠᭈˈ⫼៥Ӏⱘᷛ ᰃ៥Ӏ᭛࣪ⱘѻ⠽DŽĂĂᰒ✊㽓ᮍ᭛ᯢᰃ䴲ᭈܼⱘˈ䳔㽕݊Ҫ᭛ᯢᴹ㸹ܙāDŽ˄Ꮧ 剕ྚ 364-373˅ϡৠ⇥ᮣ᭛࣪ৃҹᢹ᳝ϡৠⱘ⫳⌏ᮍᓣǃϡৠⱘ᭛࣪῵ᓣˈֱ⬭ ˈ৘㞾᭛࣪ⱘ⣀⡍ᗻDŽৠᯊˈг㽕⏅ࠏഄ⧚㾷ᇍᮍ᭛࣪ⱘݙ⎉ˈᑇㄝഄ⫳⌏೼ϔ䍋 ⳌѦ᯴㹀ˈⳌѦᕄᰒDŽ䖭ḋˈᠡ㛑݅ৠᵘᓎϔϾ੠䇤ⱘϪ⬠DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋডᗱњབԩ㾷އ⦄ҷϪ⬠⇥ᮣ䯈⶯Ⳓ੠ކさⱘ䯂乬DŽ೼৘⇥ᮣЎѝ ᠻ੠ᓞッˈᦤ䝦أপ㞾䑿ᴗ߽ᓔྟ▔⚜᭫ѝⱘᑈҷˈҪᅶ㾖ഄᣛߎ৘⇥ᮣᄬ೼ⱘ ҪӀϡ㽕䅽৘㞾ⱘ⇥ᮣ᭛࣪੠ग़৆㩭㬑߸ᮁ࡯ˈ᥽ⲪџᅲⱘⳳⳌˈ㗠㽕݀ℷഄⳟ ᕙ㞾Ꮕ੠ҪҎˈ୘ᕙ㞾Ꮕˈг㽕८ᕙҪҎDŽ䖭ϡҙҙᰃ⢍໾Ҏ៪㗙咥Ҏ᠔䴶ᇍⱘ 䯂乬ˈ㗠ϨᰃᭈϾҎ㉏᠔䴶Јⱘ䯂乬ˈेĀ԰Ў⫳⌏೼㕢೑ǃ⫳⌏೼ഄ⧗Ϟⱘ᠓ ᅶˈབԩᠡ㛑݅ৠ⫳ᄬϟএ˛䖭ᰃ 20 Ϫ㑾Ҏ㉏䴶Јⱘ㋻䖿䯂乬DŽā˄Hershinow 100˅Āথথ᜜ᚆāࣙᣀᇍҪҎⱘ݇ᖗˈᰃᇍĀ㞾៥āⱘ৺ᅮDŽ䗮䖛䖭ϔ㒧ሒˈ偀 ᢝ咬ᖋ⏙Ἦഄ㸼ᯢ㞾Ꮕⱘゟഎˈ䙷ህᰃϡৠ⇥ᮣ᭛࣪㽕ⳌѦ⧚㾷੠ᆑᆍˈᇞ䞡ᕐ ℸϡৠⱘӴ㒳ˈ䖭ḋᠡ㛑Ⳍձ⫳ᄬˈ੠䇤থሩˈ䍄ߎ⫳ᄬⱘೄ๗DŽ

1 ᇣ䇈Ё᳝䆌໮ᚙ㡖䛑ৃҹ䆕ᅲ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ䖭⾡ЏᓴDŽ՟བˈ࿕߽੠㡒⨇ৠሙᯊˈ㡒⨇ⱘ᠓ ҆↡࿕߽԰કЁⱘ咥ҎЏҎ݀䌿ԃ⡍г᳒㒣ⳟ㾕ˈ㞾Ꮕ˗ڣ䯈䞠ᣖњϔᐙ咥㙸㡆㘊⿷ⱘ⬏ ⱘ๧ഄᮕ䖍キњϔϾⱑ㙸㡆ⱘ㘊⿷ㄝㄝDŽ

119 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

㄀ಯゴljϞᏱⱘᘽ䌤NJЁⱘ⫳ᗕӺ⧚

偀ᢝ咬ᖋ߯԰ⱘ㒱໻䚼ߚᇣ䇈ˈ݇⊼ⱘ䛑ᰃϾԧⱘੑ䖤ˈᬙџⱘᚙ㡖ᐌᐌೈ 㒩ЏҎ݀೼⫳⌏Ёⱘೄ๗੠ᬥ䌢ⱘ䖛⿟ሩᓔDŽབᵰ䇈lj᠓ᅶNJ㸼ᯢˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ ߯԰Ёᔎ䇗ⱘ䞡⚍ϡݡᰃϾԧⱘੑ䖤ˈ㗠ᰃ⇥ᮣ݇㋏Ёᄬ೼ⱘ䯂乬ˈ䙷МҪ೼ߎ ⠜ⱘ᳔ৢϔ䚼䭓㆛ᇣ䇈ljϞᏱⱘᘽ䌤NJ˄1982˅Ёˈ߭᥶䅼њҎ㉏ϢᭈϾ⫳ᗕ㋏ 㒳ⱘ݇㋏䯂乬DŽҪ⊼䞡ⱘᰃ⦄ҷ⼒Ӯⱘ⫳ᗕӺ⧚ॅᴎҹঞҎ㉏䴶ЈⱘϹዏᔶ࢓DŽ 䭓ЙҹᴹˈӺ⧚䯂乬ⷨおা݇⊼Ҏᴀ䑿ˈϢҎ㉏ᳱ໩݅໘ⱘ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ै㹿ᕏ ᑩᗑ⬹њDŽℷབ䰓ᇨ䋱⡍g৆ᗔ⋑᠔䇈˖ĀࠄⳂࠡЎℶˈ᠔᳝Ӻ⧚ᄺⱘϔϾᎼ໻ 㔎䱋ˈህᰃᅗӀা乏໘⧚ҎϢҎⱘ݇㋏DŽ✊㗠ˈӺ⧚ᄺ᠔㽕㾷އⱘ䯂乬ैᰃҎᇍ Ϫ⬠ǃᇍҪ᠔䘛ࠄⱘ᠔᳝⫳ੑⱘᗕᑺ䯂乬DŽĂĂা⍝ঞҎᇍҎ݇㋏ⱘӺ⧚ᄺᰃϡ ᅠᭈⱘˈҢ㗠гϡৃ㛑݋᳝ܙߚⱘӺ⧚ࡳ㛑ā˄৆ᗔ⋑ 9˅DŽ䩜ᇍ䖭⾡⦄䈵ˈ༹ᇨ ໮g༹߽⊶ᖋᦤߎњĀ໻ഄӺ⧚āⱘὖᗉDŽҪᣛߎˈӺ⧚݇㋏ϡҙҙሔ䰤೼ҎϢ ҎП䯈ˈᅗ䖬ᄬ೼ѢҎϢĀ໻ഄ݅ৠԧāЁⱘ݊ҪᅲԧП䯈ˈ՟བࡼ⠽ǃỡ⠽ǃ ೳຸㄝㄝ (༹߽⊶ᖋ 192-194) DŽгህᰃ䇈ˈӺ⧚ⷨおⱘᅶԧ䰸њࣙᣀҎП໪ˈ 䖬ᑨ䆹ᠽሩࠄࡼ⠽ˈ᳔㒜ৃҹᡞᭈϾ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳㒇ܹӺ⧚݇ᗔⱘ㣗ೈПݙDŽ㔫ᖋ䞠 ܟg㒇Ҕгህℸথ㸼њ㞾Ꮕⱘ㾖⚍ˈҪ䇈˖

䗑⒃䘧ᖋ䖯࣪ⱘग़৆ˈ៥Ӏথ⦄ˈᇍᕐℸⱘᴗ߽੠Нࡵⱘ䅸ৃˈ᳔߱া䰤ѢϔϾ 䚼ᮣ៪䚼㨑ⱘ៤ਬˈ✊ৢᠽሩࠄዛᢰⳌৠⱘ⼲ⱘҎˈᑊ䗤⏤ᠽ໻ࠄࣙᣀ↣ϔϾ᭛ ᯢⱘ⇥ᮣˈ᳔ৢথሩࠄ㟇ᇥ೼⧚䆎Ϟᡞ᠔᳝ⱘ⇥ᮣⱘҎ䛑⧚㾷Ўಶ㒧೼ϔ⾡ܘᓳ ᚙ䇞੠ҕ᜜ৠᚙⱘ݅ৠ㒑ᏺЁ˗䖭⾡݅ৠ㒑ᏺⱘ㣗ೈ⦄೼Ꮖ㒣㓧᜶ഄᠽሩˈϡҙ ࣙᣀ催ㄝࡼ⠽ˈ䖬ࣙᣀ᠔᳝᳝ᛳ㾝ⱘ᳝ᴎ⫳ੑDŽ˄㒇Ҕ 62˅

䖭ḋˈӺ⧚ⷨおህҢ᳔߱ⱘ݇⊼ϾԧϢҪ㗙П䯈ⱘ݇㋏ˈথሩࠄৢᴹ๲⏏њϾԧ Ϣ㕸ԧП䯈៪㗙㕸ԧП䯈ⱘ݇㋏ˈࠄ⦄೼ህᑨ䆹ᠽሩࠄϾԧϢ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳П䯈ⱘ݇ ㋏DŽ ⫳ᗕӺ⧚ⷨおҹҎϢ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳П䯈ĀӺ⧚݇㋏ā੠Ā䘧ᖋ⦄䈵ā԰Ў㗗ᆳᇍ

120 ⭻㯥䍣᱗㩰⭼⭥ⱘ⪮᱘䐱⭥㪛㲍㔸㏎

䈵ˈ᥶おⱘ䞡⚍ᰃĀᇚ៥ӀⱘӺ⧚݇⊼᱂䘡࣪ˈᡓ䅸⫳⠽⫳ᗕ೜Ёⱘ↣ϔ⠽㉏䛑 ᳝݊ݙ೼Ӌؐā˄㔫ᇨᮃ乓 34˅ⱘ䯂乬DŽ಴ℸˈᭈϾ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳䛑㹿㒇ܹᗱ㗗ⱘ㣗 ⭈ˈᠽ໻њӺ⧚ⷨおⱘ䖍⬠DŽ᭛ᄺ԰ક᥶∖ⱘᰃҎ㉏ⱘ⫳ᄬ⢊މˈ԰ᆊӀϡҙ݇ ⊼ҎϢҎǃҎϢ⼒Ӯⱘ݇㋏ˈҎ㉏Ϣ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘ݇㋏гᓔྟ䖯ܹҪӀ᥶䅼ⱘ㣗ೈDŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋᰃϔԡᬣᛳ㗠জ᳝䋷ӏᖗⱘ԰ᆊˈҪ೼ljϞᏱⱘᘽ䌤NJЁˈ⏅ࠏഄডᗱ њ⫳ᗕӺ⧚ⱘݙ⎉DŽℷབ㔫ԃ⡍g༹ᇨ⡍᠔䇈ˈljϞᏱⱘᘽ䌤NJᰃĀᝋ᜼▔ᯖⱘ ੐৕ˈ䴶ᇍҎ㉏Ꮌ໻ⱘǃ⅟ᖡⱘ⸈ണ࡯ˈ㽕∖ҎӀҹҕ᜜੠ᗰᚃᇍᕙ᠔᳝⫳⠽ˈ ಴ℸ݊Ёⱘ䘧ᖋᆧᛣᰃ᮴ৃ䴲䆂ⱘā˄Alter 1987ˈ68˅DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ᇣ䇈Ё᥶䅼 њҎ೼⫳ᗕ㋏㒳Ёⱘ㾦㡆ᅮԡㄝ䯂乬ˈᣛߎ⣁䱬ⱘĀҎ㉏ЁᖗЏНāᗱᛇᰃᇐ㟈 ⫳ᗕӺ⧚ॅᴎⱘḍ⑤DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䆩೒䗮䖛ᇣ䇈ˈ૸䍋Ҏ㉏ⱘ⫳ᗕӺ⧚ᛣ䆚ˈᳳⳐ Ҏ㉏Ϣ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳㛑໳টདⳌ໘ǃ੠䇤থሩDŽ

㄀ϔ㡖 ⫳ᗕॅᴎⱘ䄺⼎

ljϞᏱⱘᘽ䌤NJᰃ偀ᢝ咬ᖋߎ⠜ⱘ᳔ৢϔ䚼䭓㆛ᇣ䇈DŽ԰Ўϔ䚼ᏺ᳝ᘏ㒧㡆 ᔽⱘᇣ䇈ˈ݊ᆧᛣ᳔Єᆠǃг᳔໡ᴖDŽ1 ᇣ䇈⬅Ā⋾∈āǃĀ⾥ᘽቯāǃĀ᷵ᷥāǃĀϯ ᵫЁⱘ໘ཇāǃĀܜⶹⱘໄ䷇ā੠ĀϞᏱⱘҕ᜜ā݁Ͼ䚼ߚ㒘៤DŽ2 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ᇣ

1 䖭䚼ᇣ䇈ߎ⠜ৢˈᓩ䍋њ䆘䆎ᆊӀ㻦䌀ϡϔⱘ䆘ӋDŽܟࢇᖋgᓫ䳋ᖋ䞠ܟᮃ䅸ЎˈljϞᏱ ⱘᘽ䌤NJㅫᕫϞᰃ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘҷ㸼԰DŽԚᰃˈҪৠᯊгᣛߎˈᇣ䇈᳔ৢϔゴⱘᦣݭ޴Т᳝ ѯ䙾ᙊˈ䅽Ҏᛳࠄ༅ᳯDŽҪ䇈˖Ā䖭ϾϪ⬠ӓԯ᳝њ㄀ϝ⃵ᴎ䘛˄ヨ㗙䅸Ўˈ㄀ϔ⃵ᴎ䘛 ᣛⱘᰃϞᏱ߯䗴њҎ㉏˗㄀Ѡ⃵ᴎ䘛ᣛⱘᰃ䇎ѮϢ݊ᆊҎ೼ᮍ㟳Ϟ䒆䙓ϞᏱࠊ䗴ⱘ⋾∈♒ 䲒ˈҎ㉏಴㗠ᑌᄬϟᴹ˗⾥ᘽ೼⛁Ḍ៬ѝ੠⋾∈Ёᑌᄬϟᴹˈᑨ䆹ㅫᰃ㄀ϝ⃵ᴎ䘛˅ˈԚ ᳈䙾ᙊǃ᳈ϡ䋳䋷ӏā˄Davis 331˅DŽڣ᳔㒜ैᰃᕏᑩⱘǃᚆᚼⱘǃᅠܼⱘ༅䋹㒧ሔˈ㗠Ϩད خ䌲ᇣ䇈ᇍ᮹ᐌ⫳⌏ⱘᦣ㒬DŽԚᰃˈҪᇍ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䅽咥⣽⣽ᓔষ䆆䆱ⱘ⿄ܟ㡒Ӻg㦅ᇨᶹ ⊩ᦤߎ䋼⭥DŽҪᣛߎˈĀljϞᏱⱘᘽ䌤NJ࡯೒៤Ў䘧ᖋ㤦ॳⱘϔໄ੐୞ˈϔໄᇍϞᏱ˄߯䗴˅ ⱘ䞢ݑ੠Ҏⱘ੐୞ˈ៪䆌䖭⾡䗑∖䍙ߎ᭛ᄺ乚ඳП໪ĂĂDŽ䞡ݭlj೷㒣NJϡᰃϔӊ䕏ᵒᆍ ᯧⱘџᚙDŽā˄Lelchuk 15˅㑺㗄gक़᱂ҷܟᭀԽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ljϞᏱⱘᘽ䌤NJЁ᠔԰ⱘᇱ䆩DŽ ✊㗠ˈҪৠᯊгᣕ᳝⶯Ⳓⱘⳟ⊩DŽҪ䅸Ўˈᇣ䇈ล䗴њϔѯ⣀⡍ⱘ⤓⤈ˈ䇏㗙޴Тা߁ங 㾝ህৃҹऎߚҪӀˈ䖭䅽Ҏᛳࠄᕜ䲒⧚㾷˄Updike 167˅DŽ߃⨳⨇g༹ܟ㙪ᘽᣛߎˈĀ㱑✊ ໻໮᭄䆘䆎ᆊ䛑䅸ЎˈljϞᏱⱘᘽ䌤NJ੠偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ݊Ҫᇣ䇈᳝ⳌԐП໘DŽԚᰃˈҪӀད ˅䛑᮴⊩⧚㾷݊Ё⌧䚕ⱘᆧ㿔੠䇈ᬭ㡆ᔽDŽā˄Ochshorn 282ڣ 2 ᳝䆘䆎ᆊᣛߎˈ䖭݁Ͼ䚼ߚϢlj೷㒣g߯Ϫ㑾NJЁϞᏱ⫼њ݁໽ⱘᯊ䯈߯䗴Ϫ⬠ⳌᇍᑨDŽ

121 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

䇈Ё৥៥Ӏ䆆䗄њϔϾ⾥ᑏᇣ䇈Ё᳔ᐌ㾕ⱘᬙџDŽϔഎ⛁Ḍ៬ѝ⟚থˈҎ㉏ⳌѦ ᅮˈ಴ЎއᴔDŽ޴ߚ䩳Пݙˈഄ⧗Ϟ᠔᳝ⱘ⫳⠽ህ䛑䙁ࠄњ↕♁DŽ䖭ᰃϞᏱⱘ⅟ އҎ㉏ⱘ⾡⾡ᙊ㸠ˈ՟བᲈ࡯ǃ㜤䋹ǃᇍϞᏱⱘ҉⏢ǃݑᗻ੠㔾ᙊㄝㄝˈҪϟᅮ ᖗᅲᮑᚽ㔮DŽস⫳⠽ᄺᆊ 30 ໮ቕⱘ⢍໾Ҏࡴᇨ᭛g⾥ᘽℷ೼⍋ᑩⱘ┰∈㠛Ё䖯 㸠⾥ᄺ㗗ᆳ੠ᅲ偠DŽᕫⶹ៬ѝ⟚থⱘ⍜ᙃˈҪⱘৠџᠨϟ⾥ᘽϡㅵˈ㒋㒋৘㞾䗗 ⫳ˈ㒧ᵰ≵᳝ϔϾҎ㛑໳ᑌܡDŽ⾥ᘽ᠔೼ⱘ┰∈㠛㒱㓬ᗻ㛑㡃དˈҪ಴ℸ䒆䖛њ ⛁Ḍ៬ѝˈҹঞПৢথ⫳ⱘ໻☿੠⋾∈DŽ ᇣ䇈᥹ϟᴹⱘᚙ㡖ˈै䖰↨⾥ᑏᬙџ᳈㛑ᓩ䍋䇏㗙ⱘ݈䍷DŽ䰸њ⾥ᘽˈᑌᄬ ϟᴹⱘ䖬᳝Ҫⱘৠџ䙺ᖋम຿ݏ㚆ⱘϔা咥⣽⣽DŽҪӀϔ䍋Ң┰∈㠛ЁߎᴹˈЬ തĀ߽ⱒࡴ Qā1 ো⾥ᄺ㗗ᆳ㠍ˈग़㒣⓿䭓ⱘ⍋Ϟⓖ⌕ˈᴹࠄњϔϾᇣ㤦ቯDŽҪ ӀϢ䒆䖛䖭എ♒䲒ⱘ঺໪ܿা咥⣽⣽ǃϔা໻⣽⣽ǃ݁ϗা⢦⢦ҹঞϔাⱑ⤓೼ ⠽㞾Ꮕⱘ䗖ᑨ㛑࡯ˈᏺ乚䖭ѯࡼ׳䖭Ͼ䭓⒵∈ᵰⱘ⛁ᏺቯቓϞ⫳ᄬϟᴹDŽ⾥ᘽ߁ ೼ቯϞᓔྟњܼᮄⱘ⫳⌏DŽ᳈Ҹ⾥ᘽ᚞্ⱘᰃˈቯϞⱘ咥⣽⣽䖬ᥠᦵњ䇁㿔ᡔᎻDŽ Ҫᓔྟ৥䖭ѯ咥⣽⣽ӴᥜҎ㉏᭛ᯢⶹ䆚ˈᑊϨࠊᅮӺ⧚㾘㣗ˈᛇ㽕ҪӀ2 ᔶ៤䘧 ᖋ㾖ᗉᴹࠊ㑺݊㸠ЎDŽৃᰃˈ䖭⾡⢊ᗕᑊ≵᳝ᣕ㓁ᕜ䭓ᯊ䯈DŽ⬅Ѣ⾥ᘽᇍ咥⣽⣽ ᅲᮑⱘय़ᡥ੠᥻ࠊˈҪӀᕜᖿህ䍋ᴹডᡫDŽቯϞⱘ⫳⌏㹿᧙ᕫᬃ⾏⸈⹢ˈ᳔㒜⾥ ᘽг㹿ҪӀ䗕Ϟњ⽁യDŽ 䖭䚼ᇣ䇈ϡাᰃㅔऩഄᦣݭ⾥ᘽϢࡼ⠽П䯈ⱘᘽᗼDŽᑨ䆹䇈ˈ䖭ᰃϔ䚼ᡍ߸ ⼒Ӯ⦄ᅲⱘᇣ䇈ˈ݋᳝⏅ࠏⱘᆧᛣDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ⫼໻䞣ⱘヨ๼ˈሩ⦄њҪᇍ䖿೼ⳝ ⴿⱘ⫳ᗕ䯂乬ⱘ݇⊼DŽ೼Ҫⳟᴹˈᇐ㟈⫳ᗕ㋏㒳䙁ࠄϡৃ䗚䕀ⱘ↕ണⱘЏ㽕ॳ಴ ᰃᇍ⾥ᄺᡔᴃⱘⒹ⫼ˈ݊Ё᳔Ϲ䞡ⱘህᰃḌᡔᴃDŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ⫳⌏ⱘᯊҷˈϸ⃵Ϫ⬠໻៬ⱘРѥ߮߮ᬷএˈދ៬ⱘ໻ᐩህ㓧㓧 ᢝᓔDŽ㕢೑੠㢣㘨䖭ϸϾ䍙㑻໻೑߮Ң݅ৠᇍᡫ㒇㊍ⱘ࿕㚕Ё㾷㜅ߎᴹˈህ ˈሩᓔܼᮍԡⱘゲ䌯ˈ䆩೒䗮䖛㞾Ꮕⱘᕅડ࡯᥻ࠊᭈϾϪ⬠DŽЎњ೼ݯџϞ⿄䴌 䖭ϸϾ೑ᆊҹঞҪӀ৘㞾ⱘⲳটሩᓔњϔഎḌݯ໛ゲ䌯DŽབᵰঠᮍথ⫳Ⳉ᥹԰ ៬ކさˈ䙷ህᛣੇⴔḌ៬ѝⱘܼ䴶⟚থˈഄ⧗ᇚᡓফ↕♁ᗻⱘ♒䲒ˈ݊ѻ⫳ⱘ Ϲ䞡ৢᵰϡ෾䆒ᛇDŽ

1 䖭㠬㠍݋᳝ϔᅮⱘ䈵ᕕᛣНDŽlj೷㒣gᮻ㑺NJЁⱘ߽ⱒࡴᰃҹᩦⱘྏᄤˈҹᠿ੠䲙৘Ꮧⱘ ↡҆DŽ DŽヨ㗙೼ݭ԰ᯊˈг⊓⫼䖭ϔ⫼⊩DŽ⫼ĀҪāݍ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ᇣ䇈ЁՓ⫼ “he” ᴹᣛҷ咥⣽⣽Ꮧ 2 ҹঞĀҪӀāᴹᣛҷᏗݍ䖭ѯࡼ⠽DŽ

122 ⭻㯥䍣᱗㩰⭼⭥ⱘ⪮᱘䐱⭥㪛㲍㔸㏎

៬থሩⱘϔϾ催╂ᯊᳳDŽҪⳟࠄњދ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ߯԰ljϞᏱⱘᘽ䌤NJᯊˈℷؐ Ḍ℺఼থሩ੠ゲѝˈৃ㛑㒭Ҏ㉏ᏺᴹⱘ♒䲒ᗻৢᵰDŽҪ೼᥹ফ䞛䆓ᯊˈ᳒㒣䇜䍋 䖛䖭䚼ᇣ䇈ⱘ߯԰ᛣ೒DŽ㕢೑೼㄀Ѡ⃵Ϫ⬠໻៬㒧ᴳࠡˈ৥᮹ᴀ೑ೳᡩᦋњॳᄤ 䆌໮Ҏϔḋˈ⦄೼гᛳࠄॅ䰽ڣᔍˈҪᇍℸᛳࠄ⏅⏅ⱘϡᅝ੠ᘤᚻDŽҪ䇈˖Ā៥ ⱘᄬ೼üüᅗ䅽Ҏᛳࠄ䴲ᐌᘤᚻDŽ៥㾝ᕫ԰ᆊ᳝䋷ӏথߎ䄺⼎ˈ಴Ў≝咬ϡ㛑๲ 䖯⧚㾷៪㗙૸䍋᜜ᚆDŽā˄Benedict 28˅԰Ў԰ᆊˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ݋᳝ᔎ⚜ⱘ⼒Ӯ䋷ӏ ᰃlj೷ڣᛳ੠ՓੑᛳDŽҪ䅸Ўˈᑨ䆹೼԰કЁӴ䖒ϔѯֵᙃˈ಴ℸ߯԰њ䖭䚼᳈ ᇣ䇈৥Ҏ㉏থߎ䄺ਞ˖Ḍ៬ѝᇍ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘ⸈ണ׳㒣NJⱘᆧ㿔ᇣ䇈DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ߁ ᰃ↕♁ᗻⱘˈ᳔㒜ᇚӮᇐ㟈Ҏ㉏ⱘ♁ѵˈ᠔ҹ䖭ᰃϔ䚼Ā乘㿔Ҏ㉏᳾ᴹⱘᤃ㘟থ 㘽ⱘਃ⼎ᔩᓣⱘᇣ䇈ā˄Ш೑ᔎ 2008ˈ429˅DŽ ೼ljϞᏱⱘᘽ䌤NJЁˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ㸼䖒њᇍҎ㉏᮴䰤ࠊഄᓔথ੠ᠽሩḌ℺఼ҹ ঞḌ∵ᶧⱘᢙᖻDŽҪ䗮䖛ᦣ䗄⛁Ḍ៬ѝৢⱘ♒䲒ᗻഎ᱃ˈ1 ᧁ⼎䖭⾡៬ѝ㒭Ҏ㉏ ੠⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ᏺᴹⱘ᮴⊩ᓹ㸹ⱘ߯Ӹ੠ᤳᆇ˖㞾✊⦃๗㹿㱩亳ǃ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳䙁ࠄ⸈ണǃ Ѹ៬ঠᮍৠᔦѢሑǃҎ㉏ⱘ⫳ᄬফࠄ࿕㚕ǃ⠽⾡♁㒱DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ᇣ䇈Ёˈᓔ䮼 㾕ቅഄࠏ⬏њ⛁Ḍ៬ѝ⟚থৢⱘ䰈≝ǃᘤᗪⱘഎ᱃DŽ

⊶⍯≍⍠ⱘ໻⍋⑶⒵⊵≿ 䰈≝ⱘ໽ぎ䮾ⴔ㑶ܝ ⦃㒩ഄ⧗ⱘ亢Ёⓖ⍂ⴔ♄⛀੠ᇬ඗ Пϟˈ㹿♭⚸ⱘ໻ഄ⏍≵೼⍋∈Ёܝ໻⍋ؒ᭰ˈ᳜ ϟⴔ咥㡆ⱘ⊍䲼 ≵᳝ϔϾҎ˄Malamud 1982ˈ3˅

೼䖭⾡㚠᱃ϟˈ⾥ᘽЬത⾥ᄺ㗗ᆳ㠍ˈछߎ⍋䴶DŽℸᯊˈҪথ⦄೼㞾Ꮕⱘ਼ೈˈ ໽ぎᏗ⒵♄⛀ˈ᯴ᇘⴔ☿✄ⱘܝ䕝˗⍋∈䞠ܙ⑶ⴔ剐㉏ⱘ⅟⏷˗⍋䴶Ϟⓖ⍂ⴔࡼ ⠽ⱘሌԧDŽℸᚙℸ᱃䅽⾥ᘽᛳࠄҢ᳾᳝䖛ⱘᘤᚻ੠ᚆӸDŽҪᇍҎ㉏᠔԰ⱘϔߛᛳ ࠄ⮯ᖗˈЎҎ㉏੠᠔᳝䗱এⱘ⫳⠽㟈ઔDŽҪϡ⽕ᛳӸ㞾Ꮕ䖬㛑⌏໮Йˈ಴ЎҪⶹ 䘧ᑓቯॳᄤᔍ⟚⚌ৢˈ᳝ѯҎ⫳ᄬϟᴹˈ᳝ѯҎᕜᖿህএϪњDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ߽⫼⾥ ᘽⱘ㾚㾦ˈ৥䇏㗙ᣛߎ⛁Ḍ៬ѝ䗴៤ⱘϹ䞡ৢᵰ˖ഄ⧗Ϟ㕢Бⱘ㞾✊᱃㡆Ꮖ㒣㹿 ↕ᥝˈ⫳⌏೼䖭Ͼ᯳⧗Ϟⱘ⠽⾡䙁ࠄњ♁㒱ˈ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ফࠄњ↕♁ᗻⱘᠧߏDŽ

1 䖭എ៬ѝ⟚থ೼ϸϾ㰮ᵘⱘ⇥ᮣ Djanks ੠ Druzhkies П䯈DŽ

123 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

⛁Ḍ៬ѝᨻ↕⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ǃҎ㉏♁ѵПৢˈ⾥ᘽ԰ЎଃϔᑌᄬϟᴹⱘҎ㉏ˈ䱋 ܹೄぬⱘ⫳ᄬ⢊ᗕПЁDŽҢ䖭ϔᮍ䴶ᴹⳟˈҪᡓ㺁њ偀ᢝ咬ᖋПࠡ᠔᳝ᇣ䇈ЏҎ ݀ⱘ⡍⚍DŽ1 ᱃㡆ˈ㹀ᠬߎ⾥ᘽℸᯊℸࠏⱘ⫳ᄬೄ๗DŽ⾥ᘽޝޘ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䗮䖛ᦣݭ਼ೈⱘ ⳟ㾕ϔ䘧ᔽ㱍ߎ⦄೼㚂㛣ⱘ໽ぎЁˈПৢ䗤⏤বᕫᱫ⎵ϟᴹDŽᅗⱘЁ䯈᳝ϔϾἨ ᰃ㹿ϝ㾦ᔶⱘఈᏈ઀њϔϟˈਜ⦄ϔϾѨ买݁㡆ⱘ㔎ষˈⳟ䍋ᴹདڣᔶ䚼ߚˈད ᮁ㺖ᓔᴹϔḋDŽlj೷㒣NJЁᔽ㱍П㑺䅽Ҏᳳᕙᮄ⫳⌏ⱘࠄᴹˈԚᰃ䖭䘧ᔽ㱍ैڣ ਀ࠄᇣ右೼໽ぎ亲䖛ˈᢡࡼ㖙㝔ˈথڣ䅽⾥ᘽⳟϡࠄ⫳⌏ϟএⱘᏠᳯDŽ2 ⾥ᘽད ߎ੐੐ⱘડໄDŽҪᢀ䍋༈ᴹˈ৥໽ぎᳯএˈⳟ㾕ⱘैাᰃϔ⠛㹿ᩩ㺖ⱘ㪱໽ˈḍ ᴀ≵᳝ӏԩ右㉏ⱘ䏾䗍DŽ䖭ѯ᱃䈵䅽⾥ᘽᛳࠄ᳈ࡴᚆӸˈ䇏㗙гᛳফࠄҪᄸᆖ੠ ᚆޝⱘᖗ๗DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䗮䖛໻⍋ⱘᛣ䈵ˈ䖯ϔℹ䯤䞞⾥ᘽⱘ⫳ᄬೄ๗DŽ䇏㗙䴶ࠡሩ⼎ߎ䖭 ḋϔᐙ⬏䴶˖⌽◮᮴൴ⱘ໻⍋ϔⴐᳯϡࠄኌˈ⾥ᘽ੠Ꮧݍ೼⾥ᄺ㗗ᆳ㠍Ϟˈ⓿᮴ Ⳃⱘⱘ㟾㸠DŽ᮴䖍᮴䰙ⱘ໻⍋ϡҙ⚬ᠬߎ⾥ᘽℸࠏᄸ⣀੠㢺䯋ⱘᖗᚙˈ㗠ϨᡞҪ ᄸゟ᮴ᧈⱘ⫳ᄬ⢊ᗕ⫳ࡼⳳᅲഄ㸼⦄ߎᴹDŽℷབ⾥ᘽ㞾Ꮕ᠔䇈˖ĀབᵰҪӀህ䖭 ḋ೼ᑓ䯨ⱘ໻⍋Ϟ㒻㓁㟾㸠ˈ∌䖰䛑᮴⊩ࠄ䖒䰚ഄˈ䙷䆹ᗢМࡲਸ਼˛ā˄Malamud 1982ˈ22-23˅⾥ᘽᓔྟᢙᖗ㠍Ϟ亳⠽੠佂⫼∈ⱘ䯂乬DŽ㔤㺙ⱘ亳⠽ˈা࠽ϟѨ ϕ剐ˈकѠ⫊㬀㦰⚸䈚ˈϝ⫊䞥ᵾ剐ˈݡࡴϞϸ⫊ߛ៤ञⱘ㊪∈ḗᄤˈ݊ԭ≭⫊ ⱘ䛑ৗܝњDŽ᳔ҸҪᛳࠄᆇᗩⱘᰃˈ佂⫼∈⏤⏤≵᳝њDŽṊ䞠䴶া࠽ϟ޴ࡴҥˈ ⾥Ҫϔ⃵া㟔ߎϔᇣ࣎DŽҪᢙᖗˈг䆌ϔϾ᯳ᳳПݙˈ∈ⱘկᑨህӮᅠܼ㗫ሑDŽ ᘽᓔྟ䋼⭥ˈг䆌Ҫϡᑨ䆹ᡞᏗݍ⬭೼㠍ϞDŽг䆌ˈҪᑨ䆹ᡞҪ᥼ϟ㠍ˈҪᑨ䆹 ˈᄬ㞾ᏅDŽ⾥ᘽ೼᮴䖍᮴⎃ⱘ໻⍋䞠㟾㸠ˈⳟϡࠄ䰚ഄˈ≵᳝ࠡ㸠ⱘᮍ৥੠Ⳃֱᷛ гᛳফϡࠄ⫳⌏ⱘᏠᳯDŽ

1 ೼⛁Ḍ៬ѝ⟚থࠡˈ⾥ᘽг⫳⌏೼ೄ๗ПЁDŽҪⱘྏᄤ೼ϔഎѸ䗮џᬙЁϻ⫳ˈএϪᯊ䖬 ᗔ᳝䑿ᄩDŽ⾥ᘽⱘᚆ࠻ੑ䖤⫮㟇ৃҹ䗑⒃ࠄߎ⫳ПࠡDŽҪⱘ⼪⠊ᰃϔԡ⢍໾ᢝ↨ˈ೼ϔ⃵ ໻ሴᴔЁ㹿ᴔᆇDŽ ḍ᥂lj೷㒣g߯Ϫ㑾NJⱘ䆄䕑ˈϞᏱ᳒㒣ᇍҎ䇈˖Ā៥ϢԴӀゟ㑺ˈ޵᳝㸔㙝ⱘˈϡݡ㹿 2 ∉㒱ˈгϡݡ᳝⋾∈↕ണഄњDŽϞᏱ䇈˖þ៥ϢԴӀᑊԴӀ䖭䞠ⱘ৘ḋ⌏⠽᠔ゟⱘ♁∋⋷ ˈ㑺ᰃ᳝䆄োⱘDŽ៥ᡞ㱍ᬒ೼ѥᔽЁˈ䖭ህৃ԰៥Ϣഄゟ㑺ⱘ䆄োњDŽ៥ՓѥᔽⲪഄⱘᯊ׭ ᖙ᳝㱍⦄೼ѥᔽЁˈ៥֓䆄ᗉ៥ϢԴӀ੠৘ḋ᳝㸔㙝ⱘ⌏⠽᠔ゟⱘ㑺ˈ∈ህݡϡ⊯Ⓓ↕ണ ϔߛ᳝㸔㙝ⱘ⠽њDŽ㱍ᖙ⦄೼ѥᔽЁˈ៥ⳟ㾕ˈህ㽕䆄ᗉ៥ϢഄϞ৘ḋ᳝㸔㙝ⱘ⌏⠽᠔ゟ ⱘ∌㑺DŽÿā˄lj೷㒣g߯Ϫ㑾NJ9˖11-17˅Ԛᰃˈᇣ䇈Ёߎ⦄ⱘ䖭䘧ᔽ㱍ⱘᅠᭈᗻै䙁ࠄњ ⸈ണDŽ

124 ⭻㯥䍣᱗㩰⭼⭥ⱘ⪮᱘䐱⭥㪛㲍㔸㏎

䰸њ໻⍋П໪ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䖬߽⫼ᲈ亢䲼䖭⾡ᵕッⱘ㞾✊໽⇨ˈ䇈ᯢ⾥ᘽ⫳⌏ ೼ೄ๗ПЁDŽᲈ亢䲼гᰃϔϾ䞡㽕ᛣ䈵ˈᅗ䈵ᕕⴔϔ⾡ᨻ↕ᗻⱘ࡯䞣ˈϔ⾡Ҏ㉏ ⼒Ӯ᮴⊩⧚㾷੠䯤䞞ⱘ⼲⾬࡯䞣DŽ⾥ᘽℷ೼㗗㰥ˈ㞾Ꮕᰃ৺ᑨ䆹䞛পᄸ⊼ϔᦋⱘ ᠟↉ˈᰃ৺ᑨ䆹ϡএᐂࡽᏗݍDŽ䖭ᯊˈ໽ぎ⏤⏤䰈≝ϟᴹDŽ

ĂĂ⢖亢੐ୌˈ޴ߚ䩳Пݙˈ咥㡆䰈䴒ⱘ໽ぎህϟ䍋њ⪶⋐໻䲼DŽ䙁ফϹ䞡 ᤳ↕ⱘ⾥ᄺ㗗ᆳ㠍䱣ⴔ⊶⍯≍⍠ⱘ⍋⌾Ϟϟ㗏⒮DŽĂĂ ϔ䰉੐ୌⱘ⢖亢㙚㰤㗠ᴹDŽ⾥ᘽᡞ㜌㡆১ᕫ✲ⱑⱘ咥⣽⣽ˈ㋻㋻ഄ㋏೼⸈ ⹢ⱘḙᴚϞDŽҪӀ䱣ⴔĀ߽ⱒࡴ Qāোˈ೼ᗦਐⱘᎼ⌾Ё䰵✊≝ࠄ໻⍋ⱘߍ໘ˈ ПৢজछࠄぎЁDŽҪӀ㋻䯁ঠⴐˈ݇⊼ⴔᲈ亢䲼ⱘࡼ৥DŽܼ䑿⑓䗣ⱘᇣ咥⣽⣽਩ ৤ⴔǃਰઑⴔǃର⊷ⴔDŽ ⾥ᘽܼ䑿乸ᡪˈҪᆇᗩҪӀӮ㹿ކ䖯⊶⍯䍋ӣⱘ໻⍋DŽĂĂ˄Malamud 1982ˈ 23-24˅

偀ᢝ咬ᖋࠏ⬏њ⾥ᘽ੠Ꮧݍ೼ᲈ亢䲼Ёⱘᄸ⣀੠᮴ࡽDŽᲈ亢䲼䈵ᕕ㞾✊⬠᮴ҹ㿔 ҸҎて׳ᯢǃ᮴⊩ᡫᢦⱘ↕♁ᗻ࡯䞣DŽᅗ݋᳝࠻⚜ⱘ⟚থ࡯੠䭓Йⱘᣕ㓁࡯ˈ߁ ᙃⱘ⢖亢੠ᲈ䲼ᨻ↕ϔߛˈҹℸᴹ⏙ࡓҎ㉏⢃ϟⱘ㔾ᙊDŽ䖭എᲈ亢䲼ӓԯᰃ໻㞾 ℸ㸼ᯢ㞾׳✊ᛸᗦⱘᡫ䆂ˈ಴Ў⫳ᗕ㋏㒳䙁ࠄҎ㉏ⱘ⸈ണ㗠থ⊘ᗦ⇨DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ Ꮕᇍ⫳ᗕॅᴎⱘ䄺⼎DŽҪ䅸ЎˈҎ㉏ϡ㛑Џᆄˈ᳈ϡ㛑䱣ᛣ↕ണ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ˈ৺߭ ⱘ䆱ᕜ䲒ᅲ⦄ҎϢ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘᕐℸⳌᆍǃ੠䇤Ⳍ໘DŽ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ᰃҎ㉏⫳ੑ੠Ӌؐ ⱘḍ⑤᠔೼ˈ᠔ҹҎ㉏ᖙ乏ᇞ䞡⫳ᗕ㞾✊ǃ⠅ᡸ⫳ᗕ㞾✊DŽҎ㉏ⱘ㸠Ўᑨ䆹᳝Ⲟ Ѣֱᡸ⫳ᗕ㞾✊ⱘᅠᭈǃ〇ᅮ੠㕢དDŽ ⾥ᘽᡓফњḌ䕤ᇘ䗴៤ⱘ䑿ԧϞⱘ⮯㢺੠ᡬ⺼ˈ䖭ᰃҪ⫳⌏೼ೄ๗ПЁⱘϔ ⾡㸼⦄DŽҪϢᏗݍ೼ᇣቯϞⱏ䰚DŽϔϸϾ᯳ᳳПৢˈḌ䕤ᇘᏺᴹⱘϹ䞡ৢᵰህᓔ ྟ೼ҪӀ䑿Ϟᰒ⦄ߎᴹDŽ⾥ᘽ਩৤ǃᙊᖗǃ༈⮯ǃⴐ⴯⮯ˈথ⚻ǃᠧދ៬˗Ҫ䑿 Ϟ∫∈⎟ⓧˈᬷথߎ㟁ੇ˗Ҫ໻䞣ᥝ༈থˈ䒎೼ഄϞⱘϔӊᮻ໻㸷Ϟˈ༈থህҢ ༈Ϟᥝϟᴹ˗㻤㡆ⱘⷁ㚵乏ᥝ≵њ˗㛌䚼੠㻌䴆䚼ߚⱘ∫↯≵᳝њˈ䑿ԧ↣ϔ䚼 ߚⱘ↯থ䛑≵᳝њDŽ⾥ᘽ⣰ᛇˈ䖭ᰃ໻䞣ⱘḌ䕤ᇘѻ⫳ⱘॅᆇDŽ ⾥ᘽϡҙ䙁ফࠄњ䑿ԧϞⱘᠧߏˈ䖬䭓ᳳᡓফ㊒⼲Ϟⱘ⮯㢺ˈ䖭гᷛᖫⴔҪ ⫳⌏೼ೄ๗ПЁDŽ⾥ᘽϔϾҎᄸ䳊䳊ഄ⫳⌏೼ϔϾᄸቯϞDŽ䖭Ͼᇣቯৃ㛑ԡѢॄ ᑺ⋟ᶤ໘ˈг䆌ᰃস㗕䴲⌆ⱘϰफ⊓ኌDŽᭈϾϪ⬠䛑㹿ᨻ↕њˈҎ㉏ܼ䚼䛑♁ѵ ˈⴔ⼜⽋DŽ䖭ϔᚙ㡖㱑✊᳝ѯ㤦૤خњˈҪা㛑ᇍⴔϔᴀ⬉䆱㭘Ϟⱘϔⱒ໮ϾҎৡ

125 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

Ԛᰃ䖭⾡㒚㡖ᦣݭैᅠᅠܼܼሩ⼎њ⾥ᘽᄸ⣀ೄ㢺ǃ᮴ձ᮴䴴ⱘ⫳ᄬ⢊ᗕDŽҪⱘ ೄ๗ᰒ✊䍙ߎњ㑺ԃ੠剕Ⓖ䗞gܟ剕㋶ˈ಴Ў㑺ԃ㟇ᇥ䖬⫳⌏೼Ҏ㉏⼒Ӯˈܟ剕 ㋶г䖬᳝Ҏ㉏ৠԈⱘ䰾Ԉˈ㗠⾥ᘽⱘ਼ೈা᳝ϔѯࡼ⠽DŽℷབ༹ܟ㙪ᘽ᠔䇈˖г 䆌Āা᳝䲙᷃໿ᡓফⱘ㢺䲒ˈҹঞ㢺䲒ⱘ᮴ᳯ⿟ᑺৃҹϢ⾥ᘽⳌᦤᑊ䆎DŽā ˄Ochshorn 286˅ℷᰃ಴Ў㒣ग़њᄸ⣀੠⮯㢺ˈ⾥ᘽᠡϟᅮއᖗˈ㽕ᓎゟϔϾᮄ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ䆌໮ЏҎ݀ϔḋˈ䖕⿏ࠄϔϾܼᮄⱘഄᮍˈ೼䖭䞠ᓔྟڣⱘϪ⬠DŽҪ ᇏ∖ᮄⱘ⫳⌏DŽ 㞾✊⬠ⱘޘޝ᱃䈵г㹀ᠬߎ⾥ᘽೄぬⱘ⫳ᄬ⢊ᗕDŽ㞾✊⬠ᴀᑨ䆹ᰃỡ⠽ ⫳䭓㐕ⲯǃࡼ⠽ܙ⒵⫳ᴎϢ⌏࡯ⱘഄᮍˈԚᰃ⛁Ḍ៬ѝ੠⋾∈᮴ᚙഄ։㱔њ ϔߛˈϪ⬠ਜ⦄ϔ⠛㤦ޝⱘ᱃䈵DŽℷབ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᠔䇈˖Ā⛁ᏺ䲼ᵫЁ≵᳝右ܓ ℠ଅǃ≵᳝ᯚ㰿号ি˗≵᳝㲛㉏䌈೼ഄ䴶⒥㸠˗亲㳒ǃ㴭㴴੠㳹㴈г䛑≵㛑 ᑌܡѢ䲒DŽā˄Malamud 1982ˈ31˅⾥ᘽϡ⽕ᛳ᜼⫳ੑⱘ㛚ᔅDŽ⬅ѢҎ㉏↕♁ ℸ੐৕׳ᗻⱘ⸈ണ㸠Ўˈ⫳ᗕ㞾✊Ёⱘϔߛࡼ⠽䛑޴Т䫔ໄओ䗍DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ҎӀᑨ䆹⦡ᚰ⫳ੑǃ⦡⠅⫳ᗕ㞾✊DŽҎ㉏ϡҙҙᰃ⫳ᗕ㞾✊ⱘϔϾ㒘៤䚼ߚˈ 㗠Ϩгϡৃ㛑㜅⾏⫳ᗕ㞾✊⣀ゟᄬ೼ˈ᠔ҹ೼⫳ᄬ䖛⿟Ёᖙ乏䙉ᕾ⫳ᗕ㾘ᕟDŽ ࠄϢ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳੠䇤݅ᄬDŽخ䖭ḋˈҎ㉏ᠡ㛑 ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ljϞᏱⱘᘽ䌤NJЁ䗮䖛ᦣݭ⾥ᘽ೼⫳ᄬ䖛⿟Ё䙁䘛ⱘೄ๗ ሩ⼎њ⦄ҷ᭛ᯢ㒭Ҏ㉏ᏺᴹⱘ♒䲒ˈ㸼䖒њ㞾ᏅᇍϪ⬠↕♁ⱘ᮴ৃ༜ԩDŽԚ ᰃˈҪ߯԰䖭㆛ᆧ㿔ᇣ䇈᳔Џ㽕ⱘⳂⱘᰃЎњ㒭ϪҎᦤߎ䄺⼎ˈ֗ՓҎӀ䞡 ᮄ䅸䆚Ҏ㉏⦄೼᠔໘ⱘ⫳ᄬ⢊ᗕˈՓᕫҪӀ㛑໳݇⊼⫳ᗕ㞾✊ˈ⦡ᚰ⫳ᗕ㋏ 㒳DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᰒ✊ᡞ⾥ᘽⱘ๗䘛ᔧ԰ϔ⾡՟䆕ˈ䅽ҎӀҢ⾥ᘽⱘ㒣ग़Ё㦋ᕫ ਃ⼎ˈⳟ⏙⫳ᗕӺ⧚䯂乬ⱘᴀ䋼DŽ䖭ḋˈᇣ䇈г݋᳝᳈ࡴ⏅ࠏⱘਃ⼎ᗻDŽৠ ᯊˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋгࠏ⬏њϔϾ䖰⾏᭛ᯢϪ⬠ⱘ㞾✊ॳྟⱘ⛁ᏺ䲼ᵫᇣቯˈҹঞ ݊Ё⫳ᗕӺ⧚ⱘᵘᓎ䖛⿟DŽ⛁Ḍ៬ѝ䖛ৢˈᇣቯϞⱘቅ∈᱃㡆ǃ㤝᳼ỡ㹿ձ ᮻ⫳ᴎⲢ✊DŽ⾥ᘽৠቯϞⱘࡼ⠽г೼⫳⌏ЁⳌѦᐂࡽˈᕐℸП䯈݇⠅໛㟇DŽ ೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋⴐ䞠ˈ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳Ёⱘ䖭ѯ⫳ੑԧ䈵ᕕⴔ乑ᔎⱘ⫳ੑ࡯ˈҷ㸼ⴔ໡ ᘽᇍ⫳⌏ⱘ৥ᕔ੠␈ᳯˈᣛߎ䖬ᄬ೼䍄ߎ⾥׳㢣੠䞡⫳ⱘᏠᳯDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ߁ ⫳ᗕӺ⧚ೄ๗ǃᵘᓎ੠䇤⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘৃ㛑DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍᇣቯ⫳ᗕ⦃๗ⱘᦣ䗄ˈ㸼ᯢᄬ೼ᵘᓎ੠䇤⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘৃ㛑DŽ

126 ⭻㯥䍣᱗㩰⭼⭥ⱘ⪮᱘䐱⭥㪛㲍㔸㏎

೼ᇣ䇈ⱘ㄀Ѡ䚼ߚˈҪ⫼໻䞣ⱘ㆛ᐙᦣ䗄ϯᵫǃ㢅㤝ǃ⑾⌕੠∈ඳDŽ೼Ҫⱘ ヨϟˈᇣቯϞቅܝᯢၮˈ∈㡆⾔БˈҢᭈԧϞሩ⼎ߎϔᐙ㕢Бᕟࡼⱘ⫳ᗕ᱃ 䈵DŽ

ĂĂ೼˄ᇣቯⱘ˅㽓䚼ˈ㤝᳼㐕㣖ˈབৠϔฉ๭೼∈䳒Ё৥࣫䚼ᓊԌ˗ ᳱ৥ϰ䚼˄ⱘഄᮍ˅䭓ⴔᓔ㢅ᷥ᳼ⱘ⿔⭣ᵫഄ੠㤝᳼ϯ⫳ⱘ䞢ഄᓊԌࠄᇣቯ ⱘफ䚼⊓ኌˈϸᮕ䭓⒵њ৘⾡৘ḋⱘ䞢⫳ẩ὜ᷥDŽ ᰃ⍋ኌⱘ෵൦ˈᎺ䖍偀ሒϔ㠀⌧ᆚⱘ◥Ꮧ஋⋏㗠ϟˈ೼᥹ڣዪⳟ䍋ᴹ 䖥ች⷇ഄ䴶ⱘഄᮍᔶ៤њ⿃⒵⊵≿ⱘ∈∴DŽ∈∴ⱘ∈৥໪⑶ߎˈ⌕৥ϔ⠛৥ ೼䙷ݍϟؒ᭰ⱘ㤝ॳˈ䖰໘ቅϞ㽚Ⲫⴔ⛁ᏺ䲼ᵫˈϔⳈ৥࣫Ԍሩˈ⾥ᘽ੠Ꮧ ܓⱘϔϾ⦞⨮⻕ⱏϞ䰚ഄDŽ˄Malamud 1982ˈ32˅

ᇣቯⱘ⫳ᗕ᱃㡆ҸҎ䌣ᖗᙺⳂǃᖗᯋ⼲ᗵDŽ䱣ⴔ⾥ᘽϢᏗݍこ䍞ᇣቯˈ೼ᇣ ቯϞ⓿␌ˈ䇏㗙гⳟࠄњϔᐙ⫳ࡼӬ㕢ⱘ⫳ᗕ亢᱃⬏DŽ䖭䞠ⱘ⫳ᗕ㞾✊ᬷথ ⴔॳྟ⇨ᙃˈ݋᳝㞾䑿ⱘ㕢ᛳ੠ᄬ೼ӋؐDŽ㕢Бⱘ⫳ᗕ⦃๗ϡাᰃᬙџᚙ㡖 ⱘ㚠᱃ˈ៪㗙ᰃ⾥ᘽ੠ᑌᄬϟᴹⱘࡼ⠽೼ቯϞ⌏ࡼⱘഎ᱃ˈ㗠ᰃϢҪӀⱘ⫳ ᄬᆚߛⳌ݇ⱘϔ⾡⫳ੑ݅ৠԧDŽ䖭Ͼ݅ৠԧᦤկњ⫳ᄬ⦃๗ˈᆍ㒇⫳⠽೼䖭 ⬭ǃᷪᙃDŽ⫳ᗕ⦃๗೼⾥ᘽⱘ⫳⌏Ёথ᣹њ䞡㽕ⱘ԰⫼ˈҪ೼⫳ᗕ㕢᱃ذ䞠 ⱘ❣ᶧϟˈ䑿ᖗᛝᙺˈѻ⫳њ㞾⬅ᛀᛣǃ⏙䴭ᙀ⎵ⱘᖗ๗DŽℷབ㔫ԃ⡍g༹ ᇨ⡍᠔䇈˖Ϣ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ݊Ҫᇣ䇈ЁĀⲥ⣅āϔ㠀ⱘഎ᱃Ⳍ↨ˈ1 ᇣቯĀᅰҎ ⱘ⫳ᗕ᱃㡆㒭Ҏϔ⾡ᑓ䯨ⱘǃ໽ූϔ㠀ⱘᛳ㾝ā˄Alter 1987ˈ66˅DŽ䖭⾡ᛳ㾝 ▔থњ⾥ᘽᇍ⫳ᗕ㞾✊ⱘᭀ⬣Пᚙˈг䅽Ҫⳟࠄњᮄ⫳⌏ⱘᏠᳯDŽ ᇣቯϞ乑ᔎ⫳ᄬⱘ㤝᳼ỡ㹿ˈгᷛᖫⴔᵘᓎ੠䇤⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘৃ㛑DŽ೼偀 ᢝ咬ᖋⱘヨϟˈഄ⧗䙁ফњ㟈ੑⱘ䞡߯ˈԚᰃ䖭ϾᇣቯϞⱘᷥ᳼㢅㤝ैᑌᄬ ϟᴹDŽ

ᑓ㹸ⱘ䌸䘧⛁ᏺ䲼ᵫˈ㽚ⲪⴔᕐℸѸ䫭ⱘᵱ৊ˈ㺙佄ⴔ䭓⒵㢨㮧ⱘ೚ᔶ㮸 㫧ˈ䰇ܝᕜᇥ㛑໳䗣䖛DŽĂĂ 䚼ߚᵫഄᓔ⒵剰㢅DŽ⾥ᘽⳟࠄᴅ㑶㡆ⱘǃⱑ㡆ⱘǃ咘㡆ⱘ㢅㇛DŽҎ㉏੠䞢 ݑ䛑Ꮖ㒣⾏ϪњˈԚᰃ剰㢅˄ҡ✊ᬷথ佭⇨˅˗ϞᏱ୰⠅ᅗӀⱘ㢇佭੠㡆ᔽDŽ (Malamud 1982ˈ42)

1 ՟བljᑫਬNJЁⱘᇣᴖ䋻ᑫˈlj෎䕙ᗼNJЁⱘ⠶᠓ˈlj᠓ᅶNJЁⱘ݀ᆧㄝㄝDŽ

127 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

೼䖭䞠ˈ৘⾡৘ḋⱘᵰᷥǃ༛ᓖ♿Бⱘ㢅ᴉˈ≵᳝㞾✊ᥜ㉝ैձ✊⫳䭓㐕ⲯDŽ ᅗӀᬷথⴔ≕Ҏᖗ㜒ⱘ㢀㢇ˈਜ⦄ߎ㒮Б໮࿓ⱘ㡆ᔽˈ᮶ሩ⦄њ㕢Б੠䇤ⱘ ᱃䈵ˈг๲⏏њ⫳ੑⱘ♉ࡼˈՓቯϞⱘ⫳ᗕ᱃㾖᳈ࡴЄᆠDŽ⾥ᘽ㹿ᅗӀ⏅⏅ ഄᠧࡼњˈҪⴐЁⱘ⫳ᗕ㞾✊ϡҙ݋᳝䆫ᛣˈ䖬ᆠ᳝♉ᗻˈ⫮㟇ৃҹ䖒ࠄৠ ݊䖯㸠Ѹ⌕ⱘ㊒⼲๗⬠DŽⱒ㢅ѝཡⱘ㤝ϯˈᑓ䯨ⱘϯᵫˈᆖ䴭ⱘ⬄ഄˈ⫳⌏ ೼݊Ёⱘ⾥ᘽᗵ✊㞾ᕫDŽҪϢ㞾✊ᅠ㕢ഄ㵡ড়೼ϔ䍋˖ӄᳯ㪱໽ⱑѥˈ㛮䏽 催ቅ໻ഄˈ≤⍈೼㞾✊⬠ⱘ㢅㤝ᷥ᳼ПЁˈ䖛ⴔҎϢ㞾✊੠䇤Ⳍ໘ⱘ⫳⌏DŽ Ҏ㉏᭛ᯢᏆ㒣ϡ໡ᄬ೼ˈ䖭ѯỡ㹿ᷥ᳼ैҡ✊⫳ᴎࢗࢗDŽᅗӀᅶ㾖ഄᄬ೼ⴔˈ ᅲ⦄ⴔ৘㞾ⱘ⫳ੑ䅵ߦDŽ᮴䆎ᰃ೼⾥ᘽ䖬ᰃ೼䇏㗙ᖗЁˈ䛑⊍✊㗠⫳ϔ⾡ᇞ 䞡⫳ੑǃᭀ䞡⫳ᗕ㞾✊ⱘᚙᛳDŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䗮䖛ᇍᇣቯ⫳ᗕ㞾✊ⱘ⫳ࡼᦣݭˈሩ⼎њ㞾Ꮕⱘ⫳ᗕӺ⧚㾖⚍DŽ ᇣቯⱘ⫳ᗕ㞾✊ϡҙҙᰃϔ⾡⠽䋼ᔶᗕˈ㗠Ϩ䖬ᰃϔ⾡♉ᗻП⠽ˈ݋᳝⫳ੑ ԧⱘᛣ䆚ˈ᳝݊ᄬ೼ⱘⳂⱘǃӋؐ੠ᛣНDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍ⫳ᗕ㞾✊ⱘࠏ⬏㭈৿ ⴔ⏅ࠏⱘӺ⧚ᛣНDŽҪᣛߎˈҎ㉏П䯈ⱘ⶯Ⳓ੠ކさϡҙ⸈ണњ⼹੠ⱘ⫳⌏ˈ ݊ᇐ㟈ⱘ⦄ҷ៬ѝ䖬Փᕫ⫳ᗕ㞾✊䙁ࠄњぎࠡⱘ↕ണˈ㟈Փ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳༅㸵ǃ ⫮㟇ᕏᑩ↕♁DŽҎ㉏া᳝㓈ᡸᕐℸП䯈ⱘ੠䇤݇㋏ˈᠡৃ㛑೼㕢དⱘ⫳ᄬ⦃ ๗Ёǃ೼ᑇ㸵ⱘ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳Ё㒻㓁⫳ᄬϟএˈᑊϨЎᄤᄭৢҎ⬭ϟথሩⱘぎ䯈DŽ ⾥ᘽ೼ᇣቯ⃶ᖿǃᙀ䴭ⱘ⫳ᄬ⦃๗Ёˈ䖛ⴔѩѩ᳝ᴵǃᅝ䘌੠䇤ⱘ⫳⌏ˈ 䖭ᰃᵘᓎ੠䇤⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘϔϾᮍ䴶DŽᇣቯ䗋Ҏⱘ᱃㡆ˈϢḌ៬ѝ↕ᥝⱘ㞾✊ ᱃䈵ᔶ៤њ剰ᯢⱘᇍ↨DŽ೼䖭⋟⑶ⴔ⫳ᴎϢ⌏࡯ⱘᚙ๗Ёˈӓԯ᳝ϔ⾡⼲⾬ ⱘ᮴ᔶ࡯䞣ˈ⍌⍺ⴔ⾥ᘽⱘᖗ♉DŽҢⱏϞᇣቯⱘ䙷ϔࠏ䍋ˈҪህϢ䖛এⱘ⫳⌏ ᕏᑩᮁ㒱㘨㋏ˈⴔ᠟ᓎゟ㞾Ꮕⱘሙԣ᠔˖

Ҫᓔྟࡾ࡯ࢇࡼˈᠧᠿᑆޔࠡ䴶ϔϾᇣϔѯⱘቅ⋲ˈ⫼䪕䫆䫆䰸ϔේේⱘ 咥⊹˗ᡃᥝϔᢅᢅⱘ㓴೼ϔ䍋ⱘᑆᶃⱘ㮸㫧˗䖤䗕ߎϔṊṊⱘች⷇੠⑓≭DŽ⾥ᘽ ⳟࠄϸϾ⷇༈ຕᶊˈϔϾ೼ቅ⋲ⱘৢ䴶ˈ䗮ᕔ䕗໻ⱘቅ⋲˗঺ϔϾᰃ޴Т೚ᔶⱘ ⷖችḠᄤˈᅗҢᎺ䖍ⱘ๭Ԍሩ䖛ᴹˈৃҹ԰ЎϔϾ⫼䗨໮ḋⱘ᪡԰ᑇৄDŽҪᠧㅫ 佁ˈ៪㗙㺙䜡ǃׂ⧚㞾Ꮕ䳔㽕ⱘ⠽ક˗Ҫгৃҹ೼Ϟ䴶⚻❂DŽخ೼Ϟ䴶 ĂĂҪ⫼ϔ਼ⱘᯊ䯈ᓎ䗴њϔϾ䴴๭ⱘᶊᄤˈक㣅ሎ催ǃकѠ㣅ሎᆑǃϸ㣅 ሎ⏅ˈҪৃҹ೼Ϟ䴶ᄬᬒ⠽કDŽ 䅸ᅮད⅍Ӯ᳝ϔڣњϔϾ㉫㊭ⱘᇣḠᄤ੠ϔᓴ㒧ᅲⱘᑞˈ⾥ᘽདخĂĂҪ䖬 ϾᇚᴹDŽ˄Malamud 1982ˈ32-33˅

128 ⭻㯥䍣᱗㩰⭼⭥ⱘ⪮᱘䐱⭥㪛㲍㔸㏎

೼⾥ᘽⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈ䖭Ͼᇣቯг䆌ህᰃ໽ූˈ䖭䞠Ӯ᳝ϔϾܼᮄⱘ᳾ᴹDŽҪⱘᖗЁ ܙ⒵▔ᚙ੠Ꮰᳯˈ㽕߯ᓎᮄⱘ⫳⌏ˈ㗠ϨĀҪᇍᮄ⫳⌏ⱘ䗑ᇏᰃ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ݊Ҫ԰ કЁЏҎ݀᮴⊩䍙䍞ⱘā˄Ochshorn 290˅DŽᅲ䰙Ϟˈ䖭⾡ᇍᮄ⫳⌏ⱘᇏ∖ህᰃᵘ ᓎ⫳ᗕӺ⧚㋏㒳ⱘᇱ䆩DŽ ᘽᛣ䆚ࠄˈᛇ㽕೼ᇣቯϞ⫳ᄬϟএˈᖙ乏Ϣ݊⫳ᗕ㋏㒳䖒៤咬༥ˈ೼ֱᣕ⾥ ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ᑇ㸵ǃ〇ᅮǃ੠䇤ⱘࠡᦤϟˈᓎゟϔ༫Ϣᇣቯⱘ⫳ᗕ⦃๗ण䇗ϔ㟈ⱘ⫳ ⌏ᅝᥦDŽЎњ㾷އ亳⠽䯂乬ˈҪࠊ԰њϔᓴᵰᷥഄ೒ˈᑊϨᷛ⊼䇈ᯢ㒧ᵰᅲⱘᯊ 䯈੠ᮍᓣDŽ䞛ᨬἄᄤПৢˈҪ⫼㕞㾦䫸ᭆᓔἄᄤˈ᣸ߎἄཊˈᬒ೼ϔϾ㔤ᄤ䞠ֱ ᄬˈ԰Ў⏙ޝⱘ佂᭭੠㕢ੇⱘ䇗ੇࠖDŽ✊ৢˈҪ⫼䫸ᄤᡞἄᄤᤷ៤㕢ੇⱘ⌚∈ˈ ⏏ࡴ佭㤝៪㗙Ꮋܟ࡯ˈકᇱ䍋ᴹህᰃ㕢ੇⱘ㊪ᵰDŽ佭㬝៤❳ᯊˈҪ੠Ꮧݍህৗᷥ Ϟⱘ佭㬝DŽҪ䖬ᡞ佭㬝ᬒ䖯ϔϾ໻Ṋ䞠থ䝉ˈࠊ៤㕢ੇⱘସ䜦ˈᏗݍ䴲ᐌ୰⃶ୱDŽ ᘽ䖬⫼᮴㢅ᵰǃ㽓⬾㦆ǃᄤㄝࡴϞἄᄤ੠᳼㮃خ៤㕢ੇⱘ≭ᢝDŽ≵᳝ҔМϰ⾥ 㽓ৃҹৗᯊˈҪӀህᠧᓔ≭ϕ剐៪㗙䞥ᵾ剐㔤༈DŽ⾥ᘽ᳝ᯊ䖬❂໻㉇ˈᡞ㠍Ϟ࠽ ϟᴹⱘ䴶㉝⚸៤䴶ࣙDŽ⾥ᘽ䖬ᓔথњϔᇣ⠛∈』⬄ˈᡞ⑾⌕៾ᮁ⫼ᴹ☠⑝DŽҪ೼ ቅ⋲䞠෍㚆∈』⾻㢫ˈПৢ᪁⾡ࠄ』⬄䞠ˈಯϾ᳜Ꮊেⱘᯊ䯈ህᬊ㦋њ∈』DŽҪ 㮣䍋ᴹˈ䖭ḋᡒϡࠄ亳⠽ৗⱘᯊ׭ˈҪӀ䖬㛑㓈ټ੠Ш⊏1 㛑໳ᡞ∈ᵰݍᏠᳯᏗ ᣕ⫳ᄬDŽ⾥ᘽ೼䖭䞠ࢇࡼ㗩԰ˈ䖛ⴔ㞾㒭㞾䎇ⱘϯᵫ⫳⌏ˈᑊϨᡞቯϞⱘ⫳⌏ ᅝᥦᕫѩ✊᳝ᑣDŽ ᘽ೼Ϣࡼ⠽Ѹᕔⱘ䖛⿟ЁˈᇚҪӀ㒇ܹӺ⧚݇ᗔⱘ㣗ೈПݙˈ䖭ᰃᵘᓎ੠⾥ 䇤⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘϔϾ䗨ᕘDŽҹᏗݍ੠Ш⊏Ўҷ㸼ⱘࡼ⠽ϾԧˈҢ᳈催ሖ䴶ਜ⦄њ⫳ ੑԧᄬ೼ⱘӋؐ੠ᛣНDŽ⾥ᘽᡓ䅸ˈҪӀᢹ᳝ৠҎϔḋⱘӺ⧚ഄԡˈ㒭ќҪӀϔ ḋⱘӺ⧚݇ᗔDŽ⾥ᘽϢᏗݍ߱⃵㾕䴶ᯊˈᏗݍህ㒭Ҫ⬭ϟњ⏅ࠏⱘॄ䈵DŽ೼Ҫⴐ 䞠ˈᏗݍᰃ䴲ᐌ㘾᜻ⱘࡼ⠽DŽҪពᕫՓ⫼᠟࢓䇁ˈҪӀП䯈ৃҹѸ⌕DŽℷབ⾥ᘽ ೼থ㸼ষ㢹 ⊇ⱘⓨ䇈ˈҪᢹ᳝㞾Ꮕⱘᴗ߽ˈህ䱣Ҫএڣད˅ݍ᠔䇈˖ĀҪ˄Ꮧ ৻ā˄Malamud 1982ˈ16˅DŽ⾥ᘽᛣ䆚ࠄˈᏗݍ䰸њᢹ᳝੠㞾ᏅⳌৠⱘ⫳ੑᴀ⑤П ໪ˈ䖬᳝䆌໮݅ৠП໘DŽ೼ҪⴐЁˈᏗݍᰃϔϾᴎ♉ⱘᇣ⬋ᄽˈ䭓ⴔϔᓴᆠѢ㸼 ᚙⱘǃܙ⒵⏅ᚙⱘ㜌DŽҪᡞᏗݍⳟ԰ᰃϔϾᅠᭈⱘǃϢ㞾Ꮕᑇㄝⱘᄬ೼DŽ⾥ᘽܙ ߚ㚃ᅮᏗݍ੠㞾ᏅⱘⳌԐП໘ˈ᠔ҹ㛑໳ҹᑇㄝⱘᖗᗕᇍᕙᏗݍDŽ䱣ⴔᇍᕐℸњ

1 ᇣ䇈Ё໻⣽⣽ⱘৡᄫDŽ

129 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

㾷ⱘ⏅ܹˈҪᠧ⍜њᏗݍᇍ㞾Ꮕⱘᘤᚻ੠ᆇᗩDŽ㒣ग़њⷁᯊ䯈ⱘᇍክПৢˈҪӀ ˈ㒜ѢৃҹⳌѦֵ䌪ˈ៤Ў᳟টDŽ⾥ᘽᕜᖿ୰⃶Ϟњ䖭া咥⣽⣽ˈҪ⫼Ā㘾ᯢā Ā䇗Ⲃāㄝᄫⴐᴹᔶᆍ䖭ԡೄ๗ЁⱘৠԈDŽҪՓ⫼᠟࢓䇁㿔ϢᏗݍ䖯㸠≳䗮ˈҢ 㗠Ў㞾Ꮕᆖᆲⱘ⫳⌏๲⏏њϡᇥᖿФDŽ ೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋヨϟˈ⾥ᘽЎҎ㉏བԩϢ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳Ёⱘࡼ⠽Ⳍ໘ᷥゟњὰḋDŽ佪 䎇ⱘ亳⠽੠ܙᦤկݍ໘೼伹␈ПЁˈҪ㒭ᏗݍDŽᏗݍᘽ↿ϡֱ⬭ഄᐂࡽᏗ⾥ˈܜ 佂⫼∈ˈᑊϨᐂࡽҪᨚ㜅♒䲒ᏺᴹⱘᘤᚻDŽᏗݍ䗮ҎᗻDŽҪ䴲ᐌ୰⃶⾥ᘽˈ䖭ϡ Ⳉ㾝ህ㛑ᛳফ׳াᰃ಴Ў⾥ᘽᰃഄ⧗ϞଃϔᑌᄬⱘҎ㉏ˈ᳈䞡㽕ⱘॳ಴೼ѢҪ߁ ࠄ⾥ᘽᇍ㞾Ꮕⱘ୰⠅ˈᑊϨᴀ㛑ഄ᥹䖥⾥ᘽDŽ݊⃵ˈ⾥ᘽ೼ϢᏗݍⱘѸ⌕Ёˈ㸼 ⦄ߎᕜ໻ⱘ⿃ᵕᗻDŽ೼⾥ᄺ㗗ᆳ㠍ϞᯊˈҪ乚ⴔᏗݍϔ䍋⥽ᤝ䗋㮣ⱘ␌៣DŽҪᡧ ˈᯢၮⱘǃ㠍ԧؒ᭰ⱘ⬆ᵓϞ䕀೜DŽ೼ᇣቯϞܝ䙷䭓䭓ⱘǃ⯺⯺ⱘ᠟㞖೼䰇ݍԣᏗ Փ⫼Ꮉ݋ˈᠧᓔ㔤༈ⱘⲪᄤˈ⫼ߔࠞ∈ᵰݍᐂࡽ㞾Ꮕᑆݰ⌏ˈ䖬ᬭӮᏗݍҪ䅽Ꮧ Ⲃˈℷ⹂ഄՓ⫼䫸ᄤㄝㄝDŽ᳔ৢˈ⾥ᘽᡞᏗݍᔧ៤␈ᳯⶹ䆚ⱘ᳟টˈ㗤ᖗഄᓩᇐ ᓔষݍᛳᛣ໪DŽҪ哧ࢅᏗסコ✊Ӯ䆆㣅䇁ˈ⾥ᘽݍҪᄺдҎ㉏ⱘ䇁㿔੠᭛࣪DŽᏗ ᦤկҪ᠔䳔㽕ⱘᐂࡽˈ䖭ЎҪӀⱘ䖯ϔℹ≳䗮ᦤկњᮍ֓DŽݍ䆆䆱ˈᑊϨᜓᛣЎᏗ ҪӀⱘ݇㋏г᳈ࡴ҆ᆚˈ⫼㛇㝞᧖ⴔᇍᮍˈ҆ߛഄ҆ਏᕐℸDŽ⾥ᘽϢᏗݍϔ䍋ᡓ ফቯϞ⫳⌏ⱘ㡄䲒Ϣೄ㢺ˈℷབ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᠔䇈˖ҪӀП䯈Āབᵰϡᰃ⠊҆੠ܓᄤ ᓳ݇㋏ā˄Malamud 1982ˈ26˅DŽҪӀⳌѦձ䌪ˈ໘Ѣᑇㄝⱘܘᰃڣⱘ݇㋏ˈህ᳈ ഄԡDŽ 咥⣽⣽Ꮧݍৃҹᓔষ䆆䆱ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䆒䅵䖭ḋⱘᚙ㡖ˈᑊ䴲াᰃЎњ▔䍋䇏 ੠⾥ᘽϔḋˈ݋᳝Ⳍৠⱘ⫳ᄬӋؐ੠ᛣНˈҹℸݍℸᣛߎˈᏗ׳㗙ⱘ݈䍷ˈҪ䖬 㸼䖒ᇍ⫳ੑԧⱘᭀ⬣ПᚙDŽ䖭ᯊⱘ⾥ᘽ䅸ЎˈᏗݍৠ㞾Ꮕϔḋ݋᳝⣀ゟⱘ䘧ᖋഄ ⳳℷⱘ᳟টˈ㿔㸠خᔧݍԡˈᑨ䆹ѿ᳝ৠḋⱘ⫳ᄬ੠থሩⱘ䳔∖Ϣᴗ߽DŽҪᡞᏗ ᭫㇋㒭׳ⱘᯊ׭ˈҪދᛳࠄ⡍߿ݍⱘ݇⠅˖ᔧ໪䴶ϟ䲼៪㗙ᏗݍПЁ㸼⦄ߎᇍᏗ Ꮧݍˈ䅽Ꮧݍԣ䖯ቅ⋲DŽҪӀП䯈҆ᆚ᮴䯈ⱘᛳᚙሩ⦄њĀ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⳟᕙࡼ⠽ᴀ ᗻⱘ⣀⡍㾖⚍ā˄Ochshorn 291˅ˈ䖭⾡㾖⚍䅸ЎĀҎ੠ࡼ⠽П䯈ᑊϡᄬ೼ⴔ䲒ҹ 䘒䍞ⱘ吓≳ˈҪӀᅠܼৃҹ⫳⌏೼ϔϾ໻ᆊᒁЁā˄ᴢ෍䍙 89˅DŽ䗮䖛⾥ᘽˈ偀 ᢝ咬ᖋᡞҎ㉏Ϣࡼ⠽ᑇㄝ݅໘ⱘᗱᛇ㸼⦄ᕫ⎟ⓧሑ㟈DŽ

130 ⭻㯥䍣᱗㩰⭼⭥ⱘ⪮᱘䐱⭥㪛㲍㔸㏎

⾥ᘽϢ໻⣽⣽Ш⊏1 ⱘ݇㋏ˈ᳈ࡴԧ⦄њᵘᓎ੠䇤⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘৃ㛑ᗻDŽШ⊏ ᢹ᳝ϢҎ㉏ϔḋⱘᚙᛳˈ㛑໳⧚㾷⾥ᘽⱘᖗ๗DŽҪ݋᳝ᛳফ⮯㢺੠ᖿФⱘ㛑࡯ˈ 㟇ሩ⼎ߎ䘧ᖋⱘ䗍䈵ˈ಴ℸˈ᳈ࡴԧ⦄њ⫳ੑԧⱘӋؐ੠ᛣНDŽШ⊏᳒㒣ᬥࡽ⫮ 䖛⾥ᘽDŽ⾥ᘽ಴Ў䙁ফࠄḌ䕤ᇘˈ䱋ܹᯣ䗋⢊ᗕDŽህ೼Ҫᄸ㢺᮴ࡽǃ޴ТϻੑП ᯊˈШ⊏㒭ќҪᖙ㽕ⱘᐂࡽDŽҪ䗕ᴹњ亳⠽੠佂∈ˈ䖬ᡞ⾥ᘽᢪߎቅ⋲ˈ≤⍈䰇 ܝˈ⾥ᘽᠡᕫҹ⌏ϟᴹDŽ⾥ᘽ᳈ࡴᛳফࠄ⫳ੑⱘ⦡䌉ˈ哧䎇࢛⇨⫳⌏ϟএDŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ໮⃵ᦣݭШ⊏㛑໳⧚㾷Ҏ㉏ⱘᚙᛳDŽ⾥ᘽ⫼⠊҆䘫⬭ϟᴹⱘ⬭ໄ ᴎˈ᪁ᬒ䌲㕢䆫DŽ䖭ᯊˈШ⊏ህ㹿਌ᓩ䖛ᴹˈ೼⋲໪ջ㘇ؒ਀DŽҪ䖬୰⃶਀⾥ᘽ Ҫڣ䆆䗄ⱘᬙџˈᇸ݊ᰃ݇ѢҪ⠊҆ⱘᬙџDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋݭࠄ˖Ā໻⣽⣽਀ⴔˈད 㛑໳⧚㾷↣Ͼऩ䆡ĂĂDŽҪ㹿⾥ᘽ⠊҆ⱘҕ᜜ᛳࡼњā˄Malamud 1982ˈ79˅DŽШ ⊏਀ࠄ䖭ѯᬙџˈᯢᰒഄ㹿݊Ёⱘᚙ㡖᠔ᠧࡼDŽ⾥ᘽ䆆ࠄҹ㡆߫Ҏ䗗ࠄ㑶⍋ˈ඗ ⮯㢺ᕫ䛑㽕ુߎᴹϔḋDŽҪ⫮㟇䆩೒Ϣ⬭ڣঞҎⱘ៬䔺೼ৢ䴶㋻㋻䗑䍊ˈШ⊏ད ໄᴎϔ䍋ଅ䌲㕢䆫DŽ೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋⳟᴹˈШ⊏↨݊Ҫⱘࡼ⠽᳈᥹䖥Ҏ㉏DŽℷབ䞠༛ ᳐᠔䇈˖ĀҪৃ㛑᳈⏅䙗ˈüü㟇ᇥৃҹᇚҪ੠݊Ҫ咥⣽⣽ऎߚᓔᴹüü໻⣽⣽ ৃҹુ⊷ˈ㗠咥⣽⣽߭ϡ㛑DŽā˄Richman 1987, 219˅೼⾥ᘽⴐ䞠ˈШ⊏ᰃϔԡĀ㒙 ຿āˈҪֱᣕ㞾ᏅⱘҎḐϢᇞϹDŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ljϞᏱⱘᘽ䌤NJЁˈ㸼䖒њ⫳ᗕӺ⧚ᗱᛇЁ݅ৠԧⱘ㾖ᗉDŽ䖭⾡ 㾖ᗉ䅸Ўˈ䰸њҎ㉏П໪ˈ⫳ᗕӺ⧚݅ৠԧ䖬ᑨ䆹ࣙᣀỡ⠽੠ࡼ⠽ㄝ⫳ੑԧˈ㗠 Ϩ䖭ѯ⫳ੑԧ䛑᳝݊ᄬ೼ⱘড়⧚ᗻ੠ݙ೼ⱘӋؐDŽ೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋヨϟˈᇣቯⱘ⫳ᗕ ⦃๗ᰃϔϾ੠䇤ⱘ⫳ᗕ݅ৠԧˈ⫳⌏೼݊Ёⱘϔߛ⫳ੑԧ䛑ᰃᑇㄝⱘ៤ਬ੠݀ ⧛DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍᇣቯ⫳ᗕ㞾✊ⱘᦣݭˈՓ䇏㗙⏅ࠏഄᛳফ䖭ѯ⫳ੑԧ೼⫳ᗕӺ⇥ ϞⱘᛣН੠ӋؐDŽҪӀԧ⦄њ⫳ੑⱘ㕢БϢ♉ᗻˈབᵰ≵᳝ҪӀˈᇣቯϡӮ᳝䖭 М໮ⱘ㡆ᔽǃໄ䷇੠♉ࡼˈ⾥ᘽⱘϪ⬠гϡӮ䖭МЄᆠ໮ᔽDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼䗄䇈ᇣ ቯ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳থሩⱘ䖛⿟Ёˈܙߚഄሩ⦄њ⾥ᘽϢࡼ⠽П䯈ⱘᕐℸ݇⠅DŽ՟བˈ⾥ ݍᒋ݇ᗔ໛㟇DŽҪᡂⓨњए⫳ⱘ㾦㡆ˈ߽⫼䞛䲚ⱘ㤝㥃ˈ㓧㾷њᏗعᘽᇍࡼ⠽ⱘ ℸᣛߎˈ⫳ᗕ݅ৠԧЁ׳ⴐ⴯ⱘ⮐⮯ˈ䖬Ўҹᠿ2 ⊏ᛜњ㜤㱔ⱘ⠭啓DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ⱘ៤ਬ䛑᳝݊⫳ᄬⱘᛣНˈҎ㉏ϡᑨ䆹ᗑ㾚ᇍҪӀⱘӺ⧚݇ᗔDŽ

ˈⱘ⠭एˈϔϾᕜདⱘҎݏᘽ⫼㞾Ꮕኇ⠊ⱘৡᄫ㒭໻⣽⣽পৡDŽҪⱘኇ⠊ᰃĀϔϾׂ᳝⾥ 1 Ҫ㒭໻ˈݍ㒣ᐌϡᬊӏԩ䌍⫼ህ㒭Ҏׂ㸹⠭啓ā˄Malamud 1982ˈ63˅DŽ⾥ᘽৢᴹਞ䆝Ꮧ ⣽⣽পњ䖭Ͼৡᄫˈгᰃ಴ЎШ⊏gढⲯ乓ⱘ㓬ᬙDŽ 2 ᇣ䇈Ёϔা咥⣽⣽ⱘৡᄫDŽ

131 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䅽⾥ᘽ䙉ᕾњ⫳ᗕӺ⧚ⱘॳ߭ˈᅲ⦄њϢᇣቯ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘ੠䇤݅ ⫳DŽ೼⫳ᗕᄺᆊⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈ݅⫳⦄䈵ᰃĀ৘⾡ⳌѦձᄬⱘϾԧ੠㕸ԧ৥ⳌѦড়԰ ⱘ῵ᓣথሩⱘᛣ৥ā˄༹߽⊶ᖋ 192˅DŽ⾥ᘽϢᇣቯϞⱘቅ∈᱃㡆ǃỡ⠽ǃࡼ⠽П 䯈ህᄬ೼ⴔѦࡽড়԰ⱘথሩ῵ᓣDŽ೼⫳⌏ЁˈҪᡞ㞾Ꮕⳟ԰ᰃ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘⳟᡸ 㗙ˈ㗠ϡᰃ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘЏҎDŽҪ䅸䆚ࠄ㞾Ꮕҙҙᰃᇣቯ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘϔϾ㒘៤ 䚼ߚˈাᰃ⫳⠽䯳ӡЁⱘϔϾ៤ਬDŽҪⶹ䘧ˈ㞾Ꮕⱘੑ䖤ᰃ⬅ᭈϾ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ᴹ Џᆄ੠᥻ࠊⱘDŽ᠔ҹˈҪ೼⫳ᄬⱘ䖛⿟ЁᓎゟϢ⫳ᗕ㞾✊ⱘѦࡼ݇㋏ˈ䖒៤њ Ϣ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘ੠䇤Ϣ咬༥DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ljϞᏱⱘᘽ䌤NJЁˈ㗗㰥ⱘϡҙᰃҎ㉏㞾䑿ⱘ⼒Ӯᄬ೼ˈҪ᳈݇ Ҏ㉏Ϣ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘ݇㋏ҹঞ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘ㞾✊ᄬ೼ⱘӋؐ੠ᛣНDŽℷབ䞠༛᳐᠔⊼ 䇈˖Ҫ˄偀ᢝ咬ᖋ˅೼ᇣ䇈ЁĀҹᆧ㿔ⱘᮍᓣˈᇚ䘧ᖋⱘὖᗉᠽሩᓔᴹˈᡞҎ㉏ ੠ࡼ⠽䛑ࣙᣀ䖯ᴹā˄Richman1987ˈ204˅DŽᑨ䆹䇈ˈ䖭䚼ᇣ䇈ᡞӺ⧚݇ᗔᠽሩ ࠄњ⫳ᗕ⬠ˈ㸼䖒њᭀ⬣⫳ੑˈᦤ׵⫳ᗕ੠䇤ⱘӺ⧚ᗱᛇDŽ

㄀Ѡ㡖 ⫳ᗕӺ⧚ⱘᵘᓎ

೼ljϞᏱⱘᘽ䌤NJЁˈ⾥ᘽᓔྟ㛑໳ҹᑇㄝǃҕ⠅ⱘᖗᗕᇍᕙ⫳ᗕ݅ৠԧЁ ⱘࡼ⠽DŽԚᰃˈ೼ৢᴹⱘⳌ໘ЁˈҪᔎ䇗㞾ᏅⱘӬ䍞ᗻˈᗑ⬹ࡼ⠽ⱘᛳফˈ⌕䴆 ߎĀҎ㉏ЁᖗЏНāⱘᗱᛇDŽ ĀҎ㉏ЁᖗЏНāᗱᛇᰃĀϔ⾡ᡞҎ㕂Ѣϔߛ⫳⠽ЁᖗⱘϪ⬠㾖˖ᡞҎ԰ ЎϔߛӋؐⱘᴹ⑤ˈӋؐ㾖ᗉᰃҎ߯䗴ⱘˈা᳝Ҏ㛑໳ᡞӋؐ䌟ќ㞾✊ⱘ݊Ҫ䚼 ߚDŽҎ㉏ЁᖗЏНህᰃҎ㉏≭᭛ЏНˈҎᰃ⫳⠽ⱘ৯Џˈϔߛџ⠽ⱘሎᑺā˄ゴ ⍋ᆍ 106˅DŽ1 ೼ĀҎ㉏ЁᖗЏНā૆ᄺᗱᛇⱘᕅડϟˈ᭛ᄺ԰કЁߎ⦄њҎ㉏

1 Ѯ䞠຿໮ᖋ᳒㒣䇈˖Āỡ⠽ⱘᄬ೼ᰃЎњ㒭ࡼ⠽ᦤկ亳⠽ˈ㗠ࡼ⠽ⱘᄬ೼ᰃЎњ㒭Ҏᦤկ 亳⠽üüᆊ⬰Ў៥Ӏ᠔᳝ᑊᦤկ亳⠽ˈ㗠䞢⫳ࡼ⠽೼໻໮᭄ᚙމϟ˄ेՓᑊ䴲ܼ䚼˅Ў៥ Ӏᦤկ亳⠽੠݊Ҫᮍ֓ˈ䇌བ㸷᳡੠৘⾡Ꮉ݋DŽ⬅Ѣ໻㞾✊ϡৃ㛑↿᮴⫼໘ഄ߯䗴ӏԩџ ⠽ˈ಴ℸ᠔᳝ⱘࡼ⠽㚃ᅮ䛑ᰃ໻㞾✊ЎњҎ㉏㗠߯䗴ⱘDŽā˄Ѯ䞠຿໮ᖋ 45˅䖭⾡㾖ᗉ䅸 ЎˈҎ㉏↨⫳ᗕ⦃๗Ёⱘỡ⠽੠݊Ҫ⫳⠽䛑催ㄝǃӬ䍞ᕫ໮ˈҢ㗠ЎĀҎ㉏ЁᖗЏНāᗱ ষDŽ׳ᛇᦤկњ㒱དⱘ

132 ⭻㯥䍣᱗㩰⭼⭥ⱘ⪮᱘䐱⭥㪛㲍㔸㏎

ӕ೒៬㚰⫳ᗕ㞾✊ˈҹঞ߽⫼⫳ᗕ㞾✊ЎҎ㉏᳡ࡵㄝЏ乬DŽϢℸৠᯊˈг᳝䆌໮ ԰ᆊ㸼䖒њᇍĀҎ㉏ЁᖗЏНāᗱᛇⱘᡍ߸DŽҪӀ䅸ЎˈӺ⧚݇ᗔⱘ㣗ೈᑨ䆹ᠽ ሩˈᑨ䆹ࣙᣀ⫳ᗕ݅ৠԧЁϔߛ᳝⫳ੑⱘᇍ䈵DŽ⫳ᗕ݅ৠԧЁⱘϔߛ⫳⠽䛑ᰃᑇ ㄝⱘˈҪӀৠḋ݋᳝⫳ੑӋؐDŽ⫳ੑԧП䯈ᑨ䆹ֱᣕᑇㄝⱘǃ҆ᆚⱘ݇㋏ˈ䖭ḋ ᠡ㛑ֱ䆕ᑊϨ֗䖯⫳ᗕ݅ৠԧⱘᓊ㓁੠থሩDŽ ࡽ⾥ᘽⱘ㸠Ўˈ㸼䖒њ㞾ᏅᇍĀҎ㉏ЁᖗЏНāᗱᛇⱘ׳偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ᇣ䇈Ё ᗕᑺDŽ⾥ᘽ೼ᕫⶹᇣቯϞⱘ咥⣽⣽㛑໳Փ⫼Ҏ㉏ⱘ䇁㿔ПৢˈҪⱘᖗᗕ䗤⏤থ⫳ њব࣪DŽҪⴔ᠟偃࣪䖭ѯ咥⣽⣽ˈᛇ㽕ҪӀ᳈᳝⼐䉠ǃ᳈᳝ᬭݏDŽҪᠧㅫᡞҪӀ 㒘㒛䍋ᴹˈᓎ៤ϔϾᇣᇣⱘ⥟೑DŽԚᰃˈ೼䖭ϔ䖛⿟Ёˈ⾥ᘽ㞾ྟ㟇㒜䛑㔎Уᇍ 咥⣽⣽ⱘ⧚㾷DŽҪ┰ᛣ䆚ഄ䅸Ў㞾Ꮕϡҙᰃ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘϔӑᄤˈ㗠Ϩ䖬໘Ѣ⫳ᗕ ㋏㒳ⱘЁᖗˈᰃ䖭Ͼ㋏㒳ⱘЏᆄ㗙DŽ಴ℸˈҪ䅸Ў㞾Ꮕᰃ催ᇮⱘˈ㗠Ꮧݍ䙷ѯࡼ ⠽䛑ᰃԢ䌅ⱘDŽҪ᮴㾚ҪӀⱘ⫳ᄬᴗˈ࡯೒ᇍҪӀⱘ㸠Ў䖯㸠㑴ℷ੠᪡᥻ˈᳳᳯ އᅮҪӀⱘੑ䖤DŽ⾥ᘽ䆩೒⹂ゟ㞾ᏅⱘЁᖗ੠Џԧഄԡˈ≵᳝݀ℷǃᑇㄝഄᇍᕙ ᇣቯϞⱘࡼ⠽ˈ≵᳝ⳳℷഄᡞҪӀᔧ԰㞾ᏅⱘৠԈDŽᇣቯϞℷᐌⱘ⫳ᗕ⾽ᑣ㹿ᡄ ⾡Ў᮹ৢ⶯Ⳓⱘ⟚থඟϟњ⫣خ⾡хњˈᓔྟᯊⱘ㕢ད⫳⌏㹿↕ᥝњDŽ⾥ᘽⱘ䖭 ᄤˈг䅽䇏㗙᳈ࡴ⏅ࠏഄ⧚㾷њᇐ㟈ᚆ࠻থ⫳ⱘӺ⧚಴㋴DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ߯԰ljϞᏱⱘᘽ䌤NJⱘⳂⱘПϔˈህᰃ䈈䋷ĀҎ㉏ЁᖗЏНāᗱᛇ ᇍ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘᨻ⅟ˈҢ䖭ϾᛣНϞ䇈ˈ䖭ᰃϔ䚼݇Ѣ⼒Ӯ䯂乬ⱘ԰કDŽৠᯊˈ偀 ᢝ咬ᖋг݇⊼⾥ᘽ೼⫳ᗕӺ⧚ೄ๗Ёⱘᬥ䌢䯂乬DŽҪᡍ߸⾥ᘽ᮴㾚⫳ᗕӺ⧚㾘㣗 ⱘ㸠ЎˈⳂⱘᰃᳳᳯҪ㛑໳㑴ℷ㞾Ꮕⱘ᠔԰᠔ЎDŽҪᏠᳯˈҎ㉏㛑໳Ң⾥ᘽⱘ㒣 ग़Ё਌পᬭ䆁ˈⳟ⏙䯂乬ⱘᴀ䋼ˈҢ㗠㦋ᕫਃ䖾DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ㸼ᯢˈ㞾Ꮕ᡼ߏⱘᛣ ೒ᰃЎњᬥ䌢ˈЎњ䇈ᯢབԩᠡ㛑ᵘᓎ੠䇤ⱘ⫳ᗕӺ⧚݇㋏DŽҪᇍҎ㉏੠᭛ᯢⱘ ⒵ֵᖗDŽܙথሩҡ✊ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍ⾥ᘽⱘ᥻ࠊ℆䖯㸠њ᡼ߏDŽҪ䅸Ўˈᛇ㽕ᵘᓎ੠䇤ⱘ⫳ᗕӺ⧚݇ ㋏ˈᖙ乏ḍ䰸ĀҎ㉏ЁᖗЏНāⱘᗱᛇˈᨦᓗ᥻ࠊⱘ℆ᳯDŽ⾥ᘽᰃϔϾĀҹ㞾៥ ЎЁᖗāⱘ⾥ᄺᆊˈӕ೒ᇍ਼ೈ⫳ᗕ⦃๗Ёⱘ⫳ੑԧᅲᮑ᥻ࠊDŽ೼ҪⴐЁˈ⫳ᗕ ⦃๗ЁⱘϔߛাᰃҎ㉏᪡᥻ⱘᇍ䈵ˈᰃϔ⾡⠽䋼ᄬ೼ˈ↿᮴⫳⇨ৃ㿔DŽҪᡞᇣቯ ⳟ៤㞾ᏅⱘĀ乚ഄāˈЎњᇍᇣቯ੠ቯϞⱘĀሙ⇥ā䖯㸠᥻ࠊˈҪᵕ࡯㓈ᡸ㞾Ꮕ ⱘੑৡᴗ࡯DŽቯϞ咥⣽⣽ⱘ᭄䞣ϡᮁ๲ࡴˈҪ㱑✊㗗㰥ᇚᇣቯੑৡЎĀ咥⣽⣽ቯāˈ

133 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

Ԛ᳔㒜䖬ᰃ䗝ᢽњĀ⾥ᘽቯā䖭Ͼৡ⿄DŽҪ⫮㟇೼ᇣቯЁ䯈ⱘ⍋ⒽϞᷥゟ䍋ϔϾ ᣛ⼎⠠ˈ೼Ϟ䴶ࠏϞњĀ⾥ᘽቯāϝϾᄫˈᴹᷛᯢᴀഄⱘৡ⿄DŽ ⾥ᘽ䅸Ўˈা᳝㞾Ꮕᠡᢹ᳝⡍ᴗˈ㒭ᇣቯ੠ቯϞⱘϔߛੑৡˈ䖭гᰃҪ᥻ࠊ ℆ⱘϔ⾡㸼⦄DŽᇣቯϞজᴹњѨা咥⣽⣽ˈᏗݍ䖿ϡঞᕙഄ㒭ҪӀ䍋њৡᄫDŽ⾥ ᘽ䘛ࠄ䖭㉏џᚙᯊˈᘏᰃ㸼⦄ᕫᕜᓔᯢDŽҪ㸼⼎䍋ৡᄫᰃϔ⾡䇁㿔ⱘ㞾⬅ˈᇍᏗ ݍ䇈˖ĀབᵰԴাᰃ䍋ϔѯৡᄫˈབᵰԴ㛑џܜਞⶹ៥ˈ៥ᑊϡডᇍā˄Malamud ӏݍDŽԚᅲ䰙Ϟˈ⾥ᘽᖗ䞠ᕜ⫳⇨ˈ㗠ϨҢℸПৢˈҪݡг≵᳝㒭Ꮧ˅103ˈ1982 ԩ䍋ৡᄫⱘᴎӮDŽᇣቯϞজߎ⦄ϝা咥⣽⣽ˈҪᗹⴔ೼ᏗݍПࠡ㒭ҪӀ䍋ৡDŽҪ ߚ߿ḍ᥂㞾ᏅⱘϔϾ䖰᠓ྥྥǃϸϾ޴Т㹿Ҫᖬњⱘ໻ᄺৠᄺⱘৡᄫ㒭ҪӀੑ ৡDŽϢᏗݍ䗝ᢽⱘৡᄫⳌ↨ˈ⾥ᘽ᠔䍋ⱘৡᄫᰒᕫᖂϡ䎇䘧DŽ✊㗠ˈҪ೎ᠻഄ㓈 ᡸ㞾Ꮕⱘੑৡᴗˈ䅸Ў㞾Ꮕᑨ䆹ᡓᢙĀѮᔧⱘ䋷ӏāˈԚᰃҪᖬ䆄њĀ㞾Ꮕᰃഄ ⧗Ϟ᳔ৢϔϾҎˈ㗠ϡᰃ㄀ϔϾҎā˄Helterman1985ˈ110˅DŽ ⾥ᘽⱘ᥻ࠊ℆䖬ԧ⦄೼Ҫ੠Ꮧݍⱘ݇㋏ϞDŽ⾥ᘽᇍᏗݍܙ⒵݇⠅ˈᡞᏗݍⳟ ԰ᰃܘᓳǃᰃܓᄤˈབৠ⠊҆ϔ㠀ഄ✻乒ᏗݍDŽᔧҪᕫⶹᏗݍ㛑໳䆆䆱ᯊˈ⫮㟇 ᓎ䆂ᏗݍিҪĀ⠌⠌āDŽԚᰃˈҪӀП䯈ⱘ݇㋏ᰃϡᑇㄝⱘˈ㔎УⳌѦ䯈ⱘѸ⌕DŽ ⾥ᘽ᮴⊩ᆍᖡ䙺ᖋम຿㒭Ꮧݍ᠔䍋ⱘ৿᳝෎ⴷᬭ৿Нⱘৡᄫˈ᠔ҹ䖬೼⾥ᄺ㗗ᆳ 㠍Ϟⱘᯊ׭ˈҪህᣓߎ䙷ᴀ⫼ᮻⱘljᨽ㽓Ѩ㒣NJˈ䱣ᛣ㗏ࡼⴔⲅᏈᏈⱘк义ˈ✊ ā䖭ϾৡᄫDŽҪ䅸Ў䖭ᰃϔϾ᳝Ӌؐⱘৡᄫˈ㽕↨म຿䍋ⱘৡݍህᛇߎњĀᏗৢ ᄫ᳈ড়䗖DŽҢᄫ䴶Ϟⳟˈ䖭ϸϾৡᄫⱘᛣН໻ⳌᕘᒁDŽᏗݍॳᴹⱘৡᄫៜ⡍㔫ԃˈ 1 ೼ᖋ䇁Ёᐌ⫼ⱘᛣᗱᰃĀ䌲㕢ϞᏱāǃĀᛳ▔ϞᏱāDŽҪ⦄೼ⱘৡᄫĀᏗݍāˈ೼ ljᏠԃᴹ೷㒣NJЁᰃѮԃᢝ㔩ⱘܘᓳᣓ吸ৢҷⱘৡᄫDŽ䖭ᰃϔϾᑊϡ䞡㽕ⱘҎˈ 㗠Ϩ䖭Ͼৡᄫ೼Ꮰԃᴹ䇁Ё᳝Ā㕲䖅āǃĀఆュāǃĀ㘏䖅āПᛣDŽᏗݍᑊϡ䌲ৠ䖭 ϾৡᄫˈᑊϨϔݡᦤߎᡫ䆂DŽ೼ᇣ䇈ⱘ㒧ሒˈҪ䇈ⱘ᳔ৢϔহ䆱ˈህᰃ㽕∖ᬍಲ ॳᴹⱘৡᄫDŽҪ䇈˖Ā៥ϡᰃᏗݍˈ៥ⱘৡᄫᰃៜ⡍㔫ԃā˄Malamud 1982ˈ215˅DŽ ⾥ᘽ䆩೒পҷ䙺ᖋम຿೼ᏗݍᖗЁⱘ⠊҆੠ᇐᏜⱘ㾦㡆ˈᠧㅫ䗕㒭Ꮧݍϔ乊⢍໾ Ҏⱘ೚乊ᇣᐑDŽҪ⫮㟇䖬ᏠᳯˈᏗݍӮ䅽㞾Ꮕ㒭ҪВ㸠ϔϾ៤Ҏ⼐ˈ಴ЎᏗݍᏆ 㒣ⳌᔧѢҎ㉏ 13 ቕⱘᑈ㑾DŽᏗݍ೼䇁㿔ᄺдᮍ䴶᳝໽䌟ˈҪ䖯ℹᕜᖿˈԚᰃ⾥ ᘽैⳟϡࠄҪⱘ៤㒽ˈྟ㒜ᡞҪⳟ԰䖬≵᳝䭓໻ⱘᇣ咥⣽⣽DŽ⾥ᘽᢦ㒱ᡓ䅸Ꮧݍ

1 Ҫॳᴹৡᄫⱘ㣅䇁ᰃ GottlobDŽ

134 ⭻㯥䍣᱗㩰⭼⭥ⱘ⪮᱘䐱⭥㪛㲍㔸㏎

ⱘᱎ᜻ˈгҢᴹ≵᳝䅸ⳳ㗗㰥Ҫⱘᛇ⊩੠㾖⚍DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᮫Ᏸ剰ᯢഄডᇍ⾥ᘽ߽⫼䇁㿔ᇍ咥⣽⣽䖯㸠᥻ࠊⱘӕ೒DŽ⾥ᘽᏠᳯ 䇁㿔ˈৃҹᇍᇣቯϞⱘࡼ⠽䖯㸠ᬍ䗴ˈҢ㗠㓈ᡸ㞾ᏅⱘЁᖗ੠ЏԧഄԡDŽ೼׳߁ Ҫⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈ䇁㿔ϡҙҙᰃѸ⌕ⱘᎹ݋ˈথ᣹ⴔӴ䗦ⶹ䆚ǃѸ⌕㒣偠ㄝᰒ㗠ᯧ㾕 ⱘࡳ㛑DŽҪ䖬ᡞ䇁㿔ㄝৠѢᄬ೼ˈℷབҪᴀҎ᠔䇈˖Ā៥਀㾕㞾Ꮕⱘໄ䷇ˈህⶹ 䘧㞾Ꮕⱘᄬ೼DŽā˄Malamud 1982ˈ55˅Ҫ᳈ᔎ䇗䇁㿔ⱘ⼲೷ᗻˈᜓᛣᡓ䅸䇁㿔ᰃ ϞᏱ߯䗴ⱘDŽҪᣛߎ䆡䇁ᓔ߯њϪ⬠ˈĀϞᏱህᰃljᠬᢝNJDŽҪᰃ⬅䆡䇁㒘៤ⱘā ˄Malamud 1982ˈ92˅DŽҪ⫮㟇ᡞ䇁㿔ⳟ៤ᰃ᭛ᯢϢ䖯ℹⱘ䈵ᕕˈ䅸Ўৃҹ䗮䖛 䇁㿔ᇍቯϞⱘᔶ࢓ᮑࡴᕅડDŽᏗݍ≵᳝ᓔষ䆆䆱Пࠡˈ⾥ᘽህ㒭Ҫ䇏ᬙџ਀DŽĀ៥ ᇍҪ䆆䆱ˈг䆌᳝ϔ໽ҪӮಲᑨˈ䖭ḋҪህᄬ೼Ѣ៥ⱘᄬ೼ПЁDŽҪህ㛑໳ᯢⱑ ៥ⱘᛣᗱā˄Malamud 1982ˈ55˅DŽҪ䅸Ў䗮䖛㿔䇁ˈৃҹᬭ㚆ϔϾϡӮ䇈䆱ǃϡ 㛑䯙䇏ⱘҎˈҢ㗠䖒ࠄᇍҪᮑࡴᕅડǃᅲ⦄᥻ࠊ੠ᬃ䜡ⱘⳂⱘDŽৢᴹˈ⾥ᘽথ⦄ ᅮ߽⫼䇁އࠄ䖭ϔ⚍DŽҪخ䖬ਞ䆝Ҫˈ᠔᳝ⱘࡼ⠽䛑㛑ݍ㛑໳䆆䆱ˈ㗠ϨᏗݍᏗ 㿔ᇍࡼ⠽ᮑࡴᕅડˈ᮶✊㞾Ꮕ੠咥⣽⣽П䯈ᄬ೼ϔ⾡݅ৠⱘ䇁㿔ˈҪህᑨ䆹ᬭ㚆 ҪӀˈ䖒ࠄᶤ⾡ᕜདⱘ⿟ᑺDŽ䇁㿔Ꮖ㒣ՓҎ㉏বᕫ᳈㕢དüü᳈ᴎᱎǃ᳈ᬣᛳǃ ᳈᳝ॳ߭ǃ᳈᳝ᬭݏˈ䙷М䗮䖛䇁㿔ˈҪгৃҹᡞ䖭ѯ咥⣽⣽䛑㒘㒛䍋ᴹˈᬭᇐ ҪӀˈ䅽ҪӀሑᖿথሩࠄҎ㉏ⱘ䰊↉DŽ ⾥ᘽϢ咥⣽⣽П䯈᮴⊩ᅲ⦄ⳳℷⱘѸ⌕DŽ᳝ᯊˈҪⱘ䆱䇁䅽咥⣽⣽ᛳࠄᕜॠ ⚺DŽℷབ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᠔ᦣ䗄ⱘ˖ĀҪӀӮᨛࡼᷥᵱˈӮ৥⾥ᘽᠨമᵰāˈĀ៪催ໄ୞ ি៪ᇣໄ௳઱ā˄Malamud 1982ˈ129˅DŽ⾥ᘽ䴶Јⱘೄ๗ᰃ᳝⏅ࠏⱘᗱᛇḍ⑤ⱘDŽ ҪᏠᳯ䖭ѯ咥⣽⣽㛑໳ᄺӮҎ㉏ⱘ䇁㿔੠᭛ᯢˈԚᰃҪҢᴹ≵ᛇ䖛㽕এњ㾷Ҫ ӀˈৠҪӀѸ⌕ǃߚѿᕐℸ㾖⚍DŽᅲ䰙Ϟˈ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳Ё᠔᳝ⱘ⫳ੑԧ䛑᳝⫳ੑᛣ ᖫDŽҪӀ≵᳝催Ԣ䌉䌅Пߚˈ䛑ᰃ᮴⊩᳓ҷⱘDŽℷབ৆ᗔ⋑᠔䇈˖ĀӺ⧚ϡҙҙ ϢҎˈ㗠ϨϢࡼ⠽г᳝݇㋏ˈࡼ⠽੠៥Ӏϔḋ␈∖ᑌ⽣ˈᡓফ⮯㢺੠⬣ᚻ⅏ѵā ˄৆ᗔ⋑ 88˅DŽ⾥ᘽ⧚᠔ᔧ✊ഄ䅸ᅮ݊Ҫ⫳ੑԧᑨ䆹ЎᏅ᠔⫼ˈᗑ⬹њ䖭ѯ⫳ੑ ԧⱘᄬ೼Ӌؐ੠ᛣНDŽ ⾥ᘽ≵᳝㛑໳䗮䖛䇁㿔ˈ䅽咥⣽⣽ⳳℷ᥹ফ㞾ᏅⱘӴᥜˈড㗠ᰃᏗݍ៤ࡳഄ ᕐℸ䯈ⳌѦѸ⌕ⱘᮍᓣˈᬭӮњҪӀ䆆㣅䇁DŽ׳߁ݍᅲ⦄њᇍ咥⣽⣽ⱘᬭ㚆DŽᏗ 䖭䇈ᯢ䇁㿔ϡҙᰃҎ㉏⼒Ӯⳳℷⱘḍ෎᠔೼ˈ㗠Ϩ䖬ᰃ⦄ᅲ⼒Ӯ㒧ᵘЁⱘϔ⾡

135 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

Ā䘧ᖋ࡯䞣ā˄Richman1987ˈ210˅DŽгህᰃ䇈ˈՓ⫼䇁㿔ᰃϔ⾡ֵӄ㸠Ўˈা ˈ⌕Ⳍֵ㞾ᏅˈᕐℸֵӏˈҪӀህৃҹᄺӮ䇁㿔ǃ䖯㸠Ѹˈݍ㽕咥⣽⣽ӀⳌֵᏗ ⍜䰸ᕐℸП䯈ⱘ䱰⹡DŽ ⾥ᘽϡᜓᛣᬒᓗ㞾Ꮕ偒偁੠Џᆄⱘᴗ߽DŽҪⱘϔߛ㸠Ў䛑ᰃЎњ⒵䎇㞾Ꮕⱘ ℆ᳯ੠䳔∖ˈᔎ䇗㞾ᏅᇍҪ㗙ⱘ཈ᕍ੠偅ՓDŽҪ≵᳝䞡㾚Ꮧݍপᕫⱘ៤ህˈ≵᳝ ⊼ᛣࠄᏗݍᇍ䇁㿔ⱘᥠᦵ⿟ᑺˈ⫮㟇䖒ࠄњৃҹ㑴ℷ㞾Ꮕ䇁⊩䫭䇃ⱘഄℹ˗Ҫг Ңᴹ≵᳝Ң咥⣽⣽ⱘ㾦ᑺᴹ㗗㰥䯂乬ˈϡⳌֵҪӀᰃ᳝ᱎ᜻ⱘ⫳⠽˗ҪᇚቯϞⱘ ⫳⠽ߚЎӬࡷㄝ㑻ˈϡ乒ডᇍˈҹ㞾ᏅⱘᮍᓣᇍҪӀ䖯㸠ᬍ䗴ˈⳂⱘাᰃЎњ⒵ 䎇㞾Ꮕ䖯㸠᥻ࠊ੠᪡԰ⱘ℆ᳯDŽ⾥ᘽⱘ᠔԰᠔Ў䆕ᅲњ䖭হ䆱ˈĀҎ㉏ᰃ໻ഄ↡ ҆ⱘ᳔ᔎ᳝࡯੠᳔ϡৃᗱ䆂ⱘᄽᄤDŽā˄∸಴↨ 15˅⾥ᘽᢹ᳝ᔎ໻ⱘ࡯䞣ˈ಴Ў ߎخϟˈᓔ߯њᮄⱘ⫳⌏ሔ䴶˗Ҫϡৃᗱ䆂ˈ಴ЎҪމҪ೼ᇣቯϞकߚೄ䲒ⱘᚙ њᛮ㷶ⱘВ᥾ˈ↿ϡ⬭ᚙഄ䏉䏣݊Ҫ⫳ੑԧⱘᴗ࡯੠߽ⲞDŽ೼໘⧚Ϣ咥⣽⣽ⱘ݇ ᯊˈ⾥ᘽྟ㒜䅸Ў㞾ᏅሙѢḌᖗഄԡˈᰃቯϞଃϔⱘӋؐ߯䗴㗙ˈгᰃଃϔ᳝㋏ ࠄϢࡼ⠽ⳳℷ䖯㸠Ѹ⌕੠≳䗮DŽخ⫣䌘Ḑⱘゟ⊩㗙੠᥻ࠊ㗙DŽҪ᮴ ӄⱘ෎ⴷᬭПϞDŽ1 ೼䘒ֵݍ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䖬ᣛ䋷⾥ᘽ䆩೒ᇚ⢍໾ᬭֵӄ㕂ѢᏗ ⢍䍞㡖ⱘ⼱䜦䆡Ёˈ⾥ᘽᅷ⿄ቯϞሙ⇥ֵ᳝ӄⱘ㞾⬅DŽԚᰃᅲ䰙ϞˈҪैাᡓ䅸 ໾ᬭˈ䅸ᅮ䖭ᰃቯϞଃϔⱘֵӄˈ㗠ϨቯϞҙ᳝ⱘ㒣᭛೷݌ህᰃϔᴀĀ⸈ᮻⱘljᨽ 㽓Ѩ㒣NJāDŽ⾥ᘽᛇ䈵ϔϾܼᮄⱘᓔྟˈᡞ㞾Ꮕ㾚Ў⢍໾ᬭⱘܜ偅DŽℷབҪ㞾Ꮕ᠔ 䇈˖Āབᵰ䖭Ͼᇣᇣⱘ݅ৠԧ㛑໳䙉㾘ᅜ㑾ǃথሩໂ໻ǃമᣕ䭓Йˈг䆌᳝ϔ໽ Ӯ䆲⫳ϔϾ咥⣽⣽Ѯԃᢝ㔩⠊üüϢϞᏱㅒ䅶༥㑺DŽā˄Malamud 1982ˈ128˅Ҫ ᣛߎˈҎ㉏⼒ӮᏆ㒣↕♁ˈབᵰ咥⣽⣽㛑໳ֵӄ⢍໾ᬭˈг䆌ህ㛑໳ᅠ៤䖯࣪ⱘ 䖛⿟ˈ᳔㒜ⓨ࣪៤Ҏ㉏DŽ2 Ўњݍമֵⱘ෎ⴷᬭ↿᮴⧚㾷ৃ㿔DŽᏗݍᘽ৥咥⣽⣽Ӵᥜ⢍໾ᬭˈ㗠ᇍᏗ⾥ ᛳ䇶⾥ᘽⱘᬥੑПᘽˈ䗕㒭ҪϔϾकᄫᶊDŽҪै䅸ЎᇣቯϞা᳝ϔ⾡ᅫᬭህ䎇໳ њˈҪᛇ㽕ᡞकᄫᶊᠨ䖯໻⍋DŽҪ㒭Ꮧݍ䆆䗄ljᨽ㽓Ѩ㒣NJǃljᏠԃᴹ೷㒣NJЁⱘ ˈᣛߎݍ೼ؒ਀ⱘ䖛⿟Ё೼㛌ࠡߦⴔकᄫˈϡᮁഄᦤࠄ㘊⿷෎ⴷDŽᏗݍᬙџˈᏗ

˖ᑨ䆹⊼ᛣⱘᰃˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ᇣ䇈Ёᑊϡᡞ⢍໾ᬭᔧ԰ଃϔؐᕫ䅸ৃⱘᅫᬭDŽℷབϞᏱ᠔䇈 1 Ā៥ϡᰃϔϾ䚼ᮣⱘϞᏱˈ៥ᰃᅛᅭⱘЏᆄ㗙ā˄Malamud 1982ˈ6˅DŽ䖭䞠ⱘ䚼ᮣᰒ✊ᣛ ⱘᰃ⢍໾⇥ᮣˈгህᰃ䇈ˈϞᏱϡাሲѢ⢍໾ᬭDŽ 2 Ԛᰃˈ⾥ᘽᑊϡᰃϔϾ㰨䆮ⱘ⢍໾ᬭᕦDŽҪᡞ⠊҆㒭㞾Ꮕ䍋ⱘ⢍໾ৡᄫĀ㽓ᨽᇨāᬍЎ Āࡴᇨ᭛āˈ䖭ϾৡᄫϢᮄᬭⱘᬍ䴽㗙ৠৡDŽҪᴀҎⱘ⢍໾ᗻᏆ㒣ϔ⚍⚍⍜䗱DŽ

136 ⭻㯥䍣᱗㩰⭼⭥ⱘ⪮᱘䐱⭥㪛㲍㔸㏎

г䆌㘊⿷থᯢњ䇁㿔DŽҪ⫮㟇ໄ⿄ˈ㘊⿷৥咥⣽⣽䆆䘧DŽ⾥ᘽ㾝ᕫˈབᵰҪӀП ЁϔϾᰃ෎ⴷᕦˈ঺ϔϾᰃ⢍໾ᬭᕦˈᄬ೼ϸ⾡ᅫᬭˈĀ⾥ᘽቯāህϡݡᰃ໽ූ ഄߦⴔकᄫˈ㸼⼎ᡫ䆂ˈ݊Ҫⱘ咥⣽⣽гᬜذϡݍњDŽ⾥ᘽ㒘㒛䘒䍞㡖ᰮᆈˈᏗ 䙷ϡᰃ䖭ϾҾᓣⱘϔ䚼ߚˈ䙷ᰃ঺໪ˈخݡܓĀԴৃҹ䖛ϔӮˈݍӓDŽҪ䄺ਞᏗ ϔ⾡ᮍᓣā˄Malamud 1982ˈ113˅DŽৢᴹˈҪᑆ㛚ህ㺙԰≵ⳟ㾕ˈᇍ咥⣽⣽ⱘᡫ 䆂г᮴ࡼѢ㹋DŽ⾥ᘽᠧㅫᡞ⢍໾ᬭᔎࡴ೼咥⣽⣽䑿ϞˈᛇᡞҪӀব៤᳈དⱘ⢍໾ Ҏˈ䖭⾡ࡾ࡯೼⧚䆎Ϟ਀䍋ᴹᕜདˈԚᰃ೼ᅲ䏉Ϟै㸠ϡ䗮DŽ ⾥ᘽϢᏗݍᇍljᏠԃᴹ೷㒣NJЁĀҹᩦ㹿㓮āџӊ1 ᳝ⴔϡৠⱘ⧚㾷ˈг㸼 ⱘᇍ䆱Ёˈ⾥ᘽᣛߎˈ䖭ϾᬙџĀг䆌ᰃᡫݍᯢҪӀ೼ֵӄϞᄬ೼ߚ℻DŽ೼ϢᏗ 䆂੠ডᇍᇚҎ㉏䖯㸠⤂⽁ˈ䙷ህᰃ៥᠔䇈ⱘ䅽Ҏ㉏᳈Ҏᗻ࣪üüབᵰԴ㛑⧚㾷៥ ⱘᛣᗱDŽā˄Malamud 1982ˈ73˅Ҫ䯤䗄㞾Ꮕⱘ㾖⚍ˈेᑨ䆹⫼ࡼ⠽ҷ᳓Ҏᴹ⤂⽁ˈ 䖭ḋ᳈Ҏᗻ࣪DŽҪ㾷䞞ҹᩦৢᴹⱘ㒧ሔˈ䅸Ўҹᩦ㹿໽ՓᏺࠄӞ⬌ುˈ೼䙷䞠ӥ ᙃˈ⠊҆ՓҪ䑿Ϟ䙁ফⱘӸষ䗤⏤ᛜড়DŽҪᣛߎҹᩦ㦋ᕫњᬥ䌢ˈ䖭䆕ᯢĀҎ㉏ ␈ᳯ䅽⅏㗙䞡⫳DŽ㗗㰥ࠄ⅏ѵⱘᴀ䋼üü⅏ѵϔᮺࠄᴹˈӮᣕ㓁໮䭓ᯊ䯈üü䇕 㛑ᣛ䋷៥Ӏ㰮ᵘњᬥ䌢˛ā˄Malamud 1982ˈ75˅䖭⾡㾖⚍ᓩ䍋ᏗݍⱘϡᅝDŽ԰ Ў咥⣽⣽ˈҪᇍ⾥ᘽⱘ䇈⊩㞾✊ϡӮᛳࠄ㟦᳡DŽҪড假⾥ᘽˈᣛߎϡ㛑ᡞ䇟ᴔࡼ ⠽ⱘ㸠Ў䇈៤ᰃ᭛ᯢⱘDŽҪ䅸Ўˈ⫼݀㕞ҷ᳓ҹᩦˈ⫼ࡼ⠽⤂⽁ᴹপҷҎ㉏⤂⽁ ᄤⱘଢ଼੭āDŽܓDŽ㗠Ϩҹᩦ⹂ᅲ㹿⤂⽁њˈѮԃᢝ㔩Āࡆ⸈њᇣ⫣خᑊϡᰃ᳈Ҏᗻⱘ ᘽ⊼䞡Ҏ㉏Ͼԧ⫳ੑⱘ䞡㽕ᗻˈᗑ⬹њࡼ⠽Ͼԧ⫳ੑⱘӋؐˈ≵᳝䅸䆚ࠄĀা⾥ ᳝ᔧҎ䅸Ў᠔᳝⫳ੑˈࣙᣀҎⱘ⫳ੑ੠ϔߛ⫳⠽ⱘ⫳ੑ䛑ᰃৠḋ⼲೷ⱘᯊ׭ˈҪ ᠡᰃӺ⧚ⱘā (৆ᗔ⋑ 9) ˈҪг಴ℸϢᏗݍѻ⫳њϹ䞡ⱘߚ℻DŽ ৠԧЁⱘϔߛ៤ਬП䯈ᑨ䆹ֱᣕϔ⾡ᑇㄝⱘ݇㋏ˈԚᰃĀҎ㉏ЁᖗЏ݅⠽⫳ НāᗱᛇՓᕫ⾥ᘽᡞ㞾Ꮕᔧ԰ᰃቯϞ⫳⌏ⱘЏᆄϢḌᖗˈᰃᇣቯⱘĀ㒱ᇍЏҎāˈ ҪӀ㱑✊гᰃ᳝⫳ੑⱘˈԚᰃᑨ䆹᳡ࡵѢ㞾ݍĀ催催೼Ϟⱘ৯⥟āϔḋDŽᏗڣህ Ꮕⱘ䳔㽕੠ᛳফDŽ೼⾥ᘽⳟᴹˈ԰Ў⠽⾡ˈҎ㉏㽕ӬѢ咥⣽⣽ˈ㞾Ꮕ׵ᇐⱘ⢍໾ ᬭг䖰䖰↨Ꮧݍҷ㸼ⱘ෎ⴷᬭ᳈䞡㽕ǃ᳈᳝ᛣНDŽᅲ䰙Ϟˈϸ⾡ᅫᬭᴀ䑿≵᳝Ӌ ໻ᇣⱘऎ߿ˈ䛑᳝݊ᄬ೼ⱘⳂⱘ੠ᛣНDŽᅶ㾖ᄬ೼⠽ⱘ䞡㽕ᗻϡ㛑಴ЎҎⱘЏؐ 㾖୰ད㗠ᬍবˈ݊݋᳝ⱘӋؐгᑨ䆹ϢҎⱘᛣ೒Ⳍ࠹⾏DŽབᵰাᰃ಴ЎᰃҪ㗙ⱘ

1 ᇣ䇈Ёⱘ㄀ 72-75 义੠ 124 义ˈᏗݍ䛑䇋∖⾥ᘽ䆆䗄Āҹᩦ㹿㓮āⱘᬙџDŽ

137 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ӄ㗠䅸Ў݊≵᳝԰⫼ˈᗑ⬹݊䞡㽕ᛣНˈ䖭ᰒ✊ᰃϢӺ⧚㾘߭Ⳍ䖱㚠DŽ⾥ᘽᕏֵ ⦃䖭ѯ⫳ੑԧⱘֵӄ㞾⬅ˈ಴㗠೼Ӵᥜ⢍໾ᬭ䖛⿟ЁˈᇍҪӀ㸼ݍᑩഄ৺ᅮњᏗ ߎⱘϡৠᛣ㾕㾚㗠ϡ㾕DŽҪᡞ㞾ᏅϢ咥⣽⣽ⱘ݇㋏ⳟ៤ᰃᬍ䗴Ϣ㹿ᬍ䗴ⱘ݇㋏ˈ ˈ偒ѢҪ㗙ПϞޠাᛇᡞҪӀᣝ✻㞾Ꮕ୰⃶ⱘᮍᓣࡴҹ䆁㒗DŽ⾥ᘽᇚ㞾Ꮕⱘֵӄ ᰃᇍ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳Ё݊Ҫ⫳ੑԧⱘ㮤㾚੠৺ᅮˈҢ㗠ᓩথњ咥⣽⣽Ӏⱘᲈ࡯⫣خҪⱘ ডᡫDŽ 䖯㸠њ⫣خ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍ⾥ᘽӕ೒ᣝ✻Ҏ㉏᭛ᯢ⼒Ӯⱘᮍᓣˈᴹ偃࣪咥⣽⣽ⱘ ᡍ߸DŽ䱣ⴔ᳈໮ⱘ咥⣽⣽೼ᇣቯϞߎ⦄ˈ⾥ᘽⱘᖗЁܙ⒵ᮄ⫳⌏ⱘ▔ᚙDŽҪ␈ᳯ ϔϾ᳈ܝᯢǃ᳈㕢དⱘ᳾ᴹDŽ೼Ҫⱘᛇ⊩ЁˈҎ㉏ⱘᴀᗻӬѢࡼ⠽ˈᰃ᳔ᅠ㕢ⱘˈ ᠔ҹҪᠧㅫ৥ቯϞⱘࡼ⠽ӴᥜҎ㉏᭛ᯢDŽ⾥ᘽᓔྟᅲᮑ㤦૤ⱘ䅵ߦˈҪ䙉ᕾҎ㉏ ⼒Ӯⱘ⫳⌏ᮍᓣএᬭᇐࡼ⠽ˈᛇ㽕ՓҪӀⱘ⫳⌏᳈催㑻ˈ᳈Ҏᗻ࣪DŽҪḍ᥂㞾Ꮕ Ҏ㉏ϔḋˈ᳈དഄ⧚㾷Ҏ㉏⼒Ӯⱘ㾘߭ˈ䖯࣪ڣⱘ䖯࣪䆎ⶹ䆚ˈⳌֵ咥⣽⣽ৃҹ ៤Ў᳈᳝䘧ᖋⱘ⫳⠽DŽ1 ⾥ᘽ㞾䅸Ў᳝乚ᇐᠡ㛑ˈৃҹ㒘ᓎϔϾ᳝ᬜⱘ⼒Ӯ݅ৠԧDŽҪᓎゟĀ᷵ᷥāˈ ϔ਼⫼݁໽ᯊ䯈ˈ৥咥⣽⣽ӀӴᥜ᭛ᯢⶹ䆚ˈ䅽ҪӀᯢ䕼ᰃ䴲୘ᙊDŽ2 Ҫᔎ䇗ˈ ЎњᓎゟϔϾ᳝ゴ⿟ⱘǃⳳℷ䆆䘧ᖋⱘ೑ᆊˈҪӀ䳔㽕݅ৠᡓᢙϔᅮⱘ䋷ӏ੠Н ࡵDŽҪᣛߎˈ䖭Ͼ݅ৠԧݙ᠔᳝ⱘ៤ਬ䛑ᰃট୘ⱘˈᑇഛߚ䜡亳⠽ˈ㗠Ϩ䛑䳔㽕 এᎹ԰ˈ䖭ḋᠡ㛑ֱ䆕᳝䎇໳ⱘ亳⠽DŽҪ䆩೒৥咥⣽⣽☠䕧⼒ӮᗻⱘᛣНˈ೼Ҫ ӀЁ䯈ᅷᡀҎᗻˈ䗮䖛ᇍҪӀ䖯㸠⋫㛥ˈᴹ⍜䰸ҪӀⱘ㞾✊ᴀᗻDŽᓔྟᯊˈ䰸њ ≴ᇨᢅᗼ௳ನ޴হˈ咥⣽⣽ӀԐТ᥹㒇њҪӴᥜⱘֵᙃˈҪӀ⫮㟇ي੠ҹᠿݍᏗ ᳝њࡼ⠽ᴀᴹⱘд⇨DŽ⾥ᘽ⌕䴆ߎ偃᳡ࡼ⠽ⱘ⋟⋟㞾ᕫˈ䅸Ўা᳝㞾Ꮕᠡᰃᇣቯ ⱘা㛑ᰃ਀خⱘⳳℷⱘЏҎDŽ೼⾥ᘽ䴶ࠡˈ䖭ѯࡼ⠽≵᳝㞾៥ⱘЏԧᗻˈҪӀ᠔ 䆱㗠ᏆDŽ ೼⾥ᘽⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈ᭛ᯢⱘⳂⱘህᰃय़ᡥǃᬍবᴀᗻˈবᕫ᳈⧚ᛇˈҢ㗠ᅲ⦄ ᳈催ⱘⳂᷛDŽҪ৥咥⣽⣽㾷䞞ˈḌ♒䲒੠Ҏ㉏↕♁ⱘॳ಴ᰃ⬅ѢҎ㉏ⱘϡ⧚ᱎ㸠 Ўˈ⬅ѢĀᶤ⾡࣪ᄺᮍ䴶ⱘॳ಴ˈ༅᥻ⱘ෎಴ᇐ㟈њϔ⾡ϡ㡃ⱘᛣ䆚ā˄Malamud 1982ˈ133˅DŽҪᣛߎˈབᵰҎ㉏㛑໳⫼⧚ᱎᴹ᥻ࠊ੠य़ᡥ㞾Ꮕⱘ䞢㳂ᴀ㛑ˈህϡ

1 ೼⾥ᘽⱘ㾖ᗉЁˈᬭᇐ咥⣽⣽ህᛣੇⴔ㽕䅽ҪӀҎᗻ࣪DŽ⾥ᘽᠧㅫḍ᥂Ҏ㉏ⱘᮍᓣล䗴咥 ⣽⣽ลˈԚᰃҪᗑ⬹њℷᰃ᳈᭛ᯢⱘҎ㉏↕♁њ䖭ϾϪ⬠˄Helterman1985, 108˅DŽ 2 ⾥ᘽ䅸Ўˈ㄀ϗ໽ᑨ䆹ӥᙃˈ䖭ḋህᰒ⼎њ㞾ᏅᇍϞᏱⱘᇞ䞡DŽ

138 ⭻㯥䍣᱗㩰⭼⭥ⱘ⪮᱘䐱⭥㪛㲍㔸㏎

Ӯথ⫳໻ሴᴔџӊDŽ಴ℸˈϔᅮⱘ㑺ᴳᰃᖙ乏ⱘˈ㗠Ϩা㛑䗮䖛ᬭ࣪ᴹᅲ⦄DŽᅲ 䰙Ϟˈ៬ѝⱘ⟚থᑊϡᰃ಴ЎҎ㉏ⱘ䞢㳂ᴀᗻDŽℷབ偀ᇨᑧา᠔䇈˖Ā䲚Ё㧹ǃ 䗔ˈ㗠ᰃ⦄ҷ⾥ᄺᡔᴃצ໻ሴᴔǃϪ⬠໻៬੠ॳᄤᔍ䖭ѯϰ㽓䛑ϡᰃ䞢㳂⢊ᗕⱘ ੠㒳⊏៤ህⱘᖙ✊㒧ᵰā˄偀ᇨᑧา 19˅DŽৠḋˈ⾥ᘽг䅸Ўᗻ䘧ᖋᰃᖙ㽕ⱘˈ ԚᰃҪैᗑ⬹њ䖭ḋϔϾџᅲˈ䙷ህᰃ԰Ўࡼ⠽ˈ咥⣽⣽ⱘᗻ㸠ЎЏ㽕ফࠄᄷ㡖 䕂ಲㄝ㞾✊಴㋴ⱘ᥻ࠊDŽ 㞾Ꮕⱘᬭᇐˈ咥⣽⣽ৃҹ䍞䖛⫳⠽䖯࣪ⱘ㞾✊㾘ᕟˈᇚ㞾䑿׳ᘽ䅸Ўˈ߁⾥ Ԣ䌅ⱘᴀᗻࠨ䰸ߎএˈ݋᳝Ҏⱘ⧚ᗻDŽ䖭ḋˈҪህৃҹ߯䗴ߎ᳝⧚ᗻⱘ咥⣽⣽ˈ DŽԚᰃҪᗑ㾚њϔ⚍ˈय़ࠊᑨ䆹᳝ϔᅮޚ䅽ҪӀヺড়Ҏ㉏⼒ӮӺ⧚Ӌؐⱘ߸ᮁᷛ ⱘ䰤ᑺˈĀᑨ䆹᳝ϔᅮⱘぎ䯈ˈ䖭ḋᴀ㛑ކࡼᠡ㛑ҹ⼒Ӯ᥹ফⱘᮍᓣ䞞ᬒߎᴹā ˄Abramson1993ˈ121˅DŽ೼Ҫⱘय़ࠊϟˈ咥⣽⣽ϡᮁ᥻ࠊǃय़ᡥ㞾Ꮕⱘᴀᗻˈ 䗤⏤༅এ㞾✊໽ᗻDŽ⾥ᘽᡞቯϞⱘࡼ⠽ᔧ԰ᛮー㩭᯻ⱘ⡆⬰ˈᇍҪӀ≵᳝ϔ⚍ҕ Ҫ㞾ᏅᦤࠄⱘĀ⠅ϡᰃϔ⾡᱂䘡ⱘ⦄䈵DŽҎӀাᰃ䇜䆎⠅ˈԚᰃⳳℷⱘڣህˈ⠅ ⠅া᳝᠟ᣛ䙷М⏅ā˄Malamud 1982ˈ133˅DŽ咥⣽⣽᮴⊩ᕫࠄ݀ℷǃᑇㄝⱘᕙ䘛ˈ ҪӀᕜᖿህ䍋ᴹডᇍ⾥ᘽDŽ՟བˈҹᠿህᦤߎ䋼⭥ˈϡ⫼ࢇࡼህ᳝∈ᵰ԰Ў亳⠽ˈ ЎҔМ䖬㽕⚺ᙐ˛ЎҔМय़ᡥᴀᗻএপᙺϔϾҎ㉏˛Ҫ݀ᓔ哧ࡼ咥⣽⣽ϡএࢇ ࡼˈ㗠Ϩ䖬䅸Ўϡᑨ䆹৺ᅮᗻކࡼⱘᴀ㛑DŽ⾥ᘽ≝⍌Ѣ䆆ᥜПЁˈܼ✊≵᳝乒ᖠ 㞾Ꮕⱘ㸠Ўᰃ৺ヺড়⫳ᗕӺ⧚⊩߭DŽ ⾥ᘽЎњ偃࣪ቯϞⱘ咥⣽⣽ˈ䖬ӓ✻Āᨽ㽓क䆿āˈࠊ䅶њĀϗ䆿āDŽ೼䖭ѯ ៦ᕟϞˈҪϢࡼ⠽П䯈гᄬ೼ߚ℻DŽĀϗ䆿āЁⱘ㄀Ѡᴵ᳔Ⳉ᥹㸼ᯢњ䖭ϔ㾖⚍DŽ Ҫݭࠄ˖ĀϞᏱϡᰃ⠅DŽϞᏱህᰃϞᏱDŽ䆄ԣҪDŽā˄Malamud 1982ˈ171˅⾥ᘽ䅸 ЎˈϞᏱⳟ䍋ᴹ≵᳝⠅ᖗˈгϡҕ᜜DŽ೼ᇣ䇈ⱘᓔྟˈҪህ᳒㒣䆬䯂ǃ䋷䲒ϞᏱDŽ Ҫᣛ䋷ϞᏱ䖱㚠ৠҎ㉏ㅒ䅶ⱘ༥㑺ˈ೼Ḍ♒䲒Пৢݡ⃵⋾∈⊯Ⓓˈሴᴔ⫳♉DŽҪ ˈ䇈˖Ā㄀ϔ⃵໻↕♁ৢˈԴֱ᳒䆕ϡӮݡ᳝⋾∈њDŽþ∌䖰ϡӮݡ᳝⋾∈↕♁ഄ⧗ÿ ≴䙷ᰃԴ੠䇎Ѯҹঞ᠔᳝⌏ⴔⱘ⫳⠽ⱘ㑺ᅮDŽ✊㗠ˈԴݡ⃵⋾∈⊯ⒹDŽ೼⚜☿Ё ᳝㹿⚻⅏ⱘҎ䛑೼㢺⍽ⱘ⋾∈Ё㹿⏍⅏њˈ⋾∈জϔ⃵⏍≵њ໻ഄDŽā˄Malamud 1982ˈ4˅⾥ᘽᇍϞᏱⱘᗕᑺ≵᳝⛁⠅ˈ᳈໮ⱘᰃᭀ⬣DŽᏗݍህᣛߎˈ⾥ᘽⱘ䫭 䇃ህ೼ѢҪ≵᳝ӴᥜĀ⠅āDŽ᳔ৢˈҪপҷњ⾥ᘽˈᓔྟ乚ᇐ঺໪ܿা咥⣽⣽DŽ Ҫ᳈ᬍњ⾥ᘽⱘ៦ᕟˈᬍЎĀϞᏱህᰃ⠅āDŽ

139 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

⾥ᘽᴀҎϡ୰⃶䖭ѯ咥⣽⣽ˈᇍҪӀⱘ⫳ᄬ⢊މгϱ↿ϡᛳ݈䍷DŽ೼Ҫⴐ䞠ˈ ҪӀ㱑✊᥹ফњ㞾ᏅⱘᬭᇐˈԚҡ✊ᰃࡼ⠽ˈ∌䖰໘Ѣ↨㞾ᏅԢϟⱘԡ㕂DŽҪᇍ ߮߮Ңⲥ⣅Ё㹿䞞ᬒߎᴹDŽҪ⫮㟇ᚻڣ㾕ˈ䅸ЎҪӀⳟ䍋ᴹདأ咥⣽⣽ϔⳈᣕ᳝ ᗩҪӀˈ䅸ЎҪӀᇚ᳈໮ⱘॳྟᲈ࡯ⱘ಴㋴ᏺࠄњቯϞDŽҪ೼⋲ষᓎ䗴๭ຕǃᅝ ᬒњϔϾ⒮ࡼⱘ㺙㕂ˈᴹ䰆ᕵҪӀৃ㛑ᏺᴹⱘॅ䰽DŽᔧҹᠿ੠঺໪ϸা咥⣽⣽ሴ ᴔ⢦⢦ᯊˈҪ䅸ЎҪӀⱘ㸠Ў≵᳝ϔ⚍Ҏᗻˈ↿ϡ䖳⭥ഄᡞҪӀҢ㞾Ꮕ㒘ᓎⱘ݅ ৠԧЁ偅䗤ߎএDŽ೼ĀҎ㉏ЁᖗЏНā⧚ᗉⱘᕅડϟˈ⾥ᘽ೼ᇍᕙࡼ⠽ᯊˈ䞛প ८ℸ㭘ᕐⱘᗕᑺˈ㔎ᇥᇍ݊Џԧᛣ䆚ⱘ㗗㰥DŽҪໄ⿄㞾Ꮕᇍᴗ߽ϡᛳ݈䍷ˈϡᛇ ᢹ᳝ӏԩϾҎ߽ⲞˈԚᰃҪैᡞ㞾Ꮕ㾚ЎᇣቯⱘĀֱᡸ㗙āˈҪ᠔䇈ⱘĀϔѯড় ⧚ⱘᣛᇐāˈᛣੇⴔ咥⣽⣽া㛑ᣝ✻Ҫⱘ㣗ᓣᴹ㸠џDŽ⾥ᘽ੠ࡼ⠽П䯈༅এњॳ ᳝ⱘ݇ᗔ੠୰⠅ˈĀ≵᳝ሑࠄᇍᕐℸⱘНࡵ੠䋷ӏüü≵㛑ᓎゟܘᓳᚙ䇞˗༅এ њ㕢དⱘϪ⬠ˈ⫮㟇⫳ੑā˄Abramson1994ˈ147˅DŽ خ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ᡼ߏ⾥ᘽᘏᰃҹ㞾Ꮕⱘ߽ⲞЎ䞡ǃᗑ⬹݊Ҫ⫳ੑԧӋؐ੠䳔∖ⱘ DŽ⾥ᘽҢᴹ䛑ϡ䞡㾚咥⣽⣽ⱘᴀᗻˈᇸ݊೼⍝ঞ㞾Ꮕ߽Ⲟⱘᯊ׭DŽ1 ᇣ䇈ЁӮ⫣ 䇈䆱ⱘ咥⣽⣽ⱘߎഎˈ㒭᭛ᄺ䆘䆎⬠ᏺᴹϡᇣⱘކߏDŽ⾥ᘽϢ咥⣽⣽⥯БП䯈ⱘ ᗻ⠅݇㋏᳈ᰃᥔ䍋њ䔽✊໻⊶DŽϢ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ݊Ҫᇣ䇈ЁⱘЏҎ݀ϔḋˈ⾥ᘽг⫳ ⌏೼ೄ๗ПЁDŽ԰Ўഄ⧗ϞଃϔᑌᄬⱘҎ㉏ˈҪ⫳⌏೼ᄸ⣀੠ᆖᆲПЁˈা㛑Ң 咥⣽⣽䙷䞠ᇏᡒᅝᝄDŽ⥯БᰃቯϞଃϔⱘ䲠⣽⣽ˈ⾥ᘽϢཌྷϔ䍋䯙䇏lj㔫ᆚ⃻Ϣ ᴅБ৊NJˈ㒭ཌྷ䆆䗄㞾⬅ϢᇞϹⱘ⎉НDŽ⥯Б䗤⏤㹿Ҏᗻ࣪ˈ㜅⾏ࡼ⠽ⱘᴀᗻˈ ᳝њ⠅ϢᗻⱘὖᗉDŽℷབཌྷᇍ⾥ᘽ᠔䇈˖ĀԴᛇ䅽៥ӀᄺӮԴⱘ䇁㿔ˈ⦄೼៥ᄺ Ӯњˈ៥Ϣ䖛এϡϔḋњDŽབᵰ៥≵᳝ᄺӮབԩএ䇈ǃএ⧚㾷Ҏ㉏ⱘ䇁㿔ˈ៥ህ Ӯᡞ㞾Ꮕਜ⦄㒭ቯϞⱘ↣ϔϾ䲘ᗻDŽā˄Malamud 1982ˈ152˅⥯Б䅸Ўˈা᳝⾥ ᘽ㛑໳⧚㾷⌾⓿П⠅DŽ಴ℸˈཌྷ㱑✊໘ѢথᚙᳳˈԚᰃैᢦ㒱݊Ҫⱘ䲘⣽⣽ˈϡ ᜓ䱣ᛣϢҪӀѸ䜡DŽཌྷⱘ㸠Ў䅽咥⣽⣽ᛳࠄೄᚥ੠ᛸᗦ˖Ꮧݍ᮴⊩⧚㾷⥯Бय़ᡥ 㞾Ꮕᴀ㛑ކࡼⱘ㸠Ўˈ䅸ЎĀཌྷㅔⳈ⮃њā˗ҹᠿ߭ᣛߎˈᰃ⾥ᘽⱘᬭᇐ䅽ཌྷ᳝ њ㞾ᇞᖗDŽᗻᮍ䴶ⱘय़ᡥ᳈ࡴ▔䍋咥⣽⣽ᇍ⾥ᘽⱘႝས੠қᘼDŽ ⾥ᘽᡓ䅸ˈ⥯Б⹂ᅲ૸䝦њҪⱘ℆ᳯDŽᔧҪӀϔ䍋೼⍋䖍ᬷℹᯊˈҪህ㾝ᕫ

1 ೼ᇣ䇈ᓔ㆛ˈϞᏱᇍ⾥ᘽ䇈˖Ā៥䅽Ҏ㉏㞾⬅ˈԚҪӀⒹ⫼њ㞾⬅ˈ㒧ᵰ↕♁њ㞾ᏅDŽā ˄Malamud 1982ˈ5˅⾥ᘽᇚ㞾⬅Ϣᴗ࡯ޠ偒ѢӺ⧚䋷ӏϢНࡵПϞˈ᳔㒜гᖙᇚ↕♁㞾 ᏅDŽ

140 ⭻㯥䍣᱗㩰⭼⭥ⱘ⪮᱘䐱⭥㪛㲍㔸㏎

Ҏ㉏ǃᕜ䗋ҎDŽҪ୰⃶ཌྷ⏽੠ⱘ㻤㡆ⴐ⼲ǃϱ㓌㠀ⱘ咥༈থDŽҪӀ䱋ڣཌྷ䭓ᕫᕜ ܹ⠅⊇ПЁˈ݀ᓔ೼ቯϞ⡉᠟ᬷℹˈ᥹ਏ⼎⠅DŽᏗݍ৥⾥ᘽᦤߎᡫ䆂ˈᣛߎ⥯Б Ϣ⾥ᘽϡᰃϔ㉏⠽⾡ˈཌྷሲѢҪӀⱘᮣ㉏DŽ⾥ᘽैЎ㞾Ꮕ䆵䕽ˈҪ䇈䘧˖ĀቯϞ া᳝ϔ㉏üü᳝ᛳⶹ㛑࡯ⱘǃ᳝ᱎ᜻ⱘ⫳⠽ā˄Malamud 1982ˈ157˅DŽгህᰃ䇈ˈ ϔḋⱘݍҪ䅸Ў⥯БᰃϔϾ᳝ᱎ᜻ⱘ⫳⠽ˈϡݡᰃݑ㉏DŽҪᢦϡᡓ䅸㞾Ꮕ᳝䎳Ꮧ ᴀ㛑ކࡼˈチ࡯䆕ᅲ㞾Ꮕ㸠Ўⱘড়⧚ᗻDŽҪ⫮㟇ᅠܼϡ乒lj೷㒣g߽᳾䆄NJ੠lj೷ 㒣g⬇ੑ䆄NJЁⱘ៦ᕟ㾘ᅮˈ1 އᅮ᥹ফ⥯Б԰ЎҪⱘᮄ࿬DŽ⾥ᘽᰃϔϾস⫳⠽ ᄺᆊˈ໻໮᭄ᯊ䯈䛑೼ⷨお⫳⠽䖯࣪ⱘ䖛⿟DŽҪ᳝ⴔᵕ໻䞢ᖗˈᛣ೒Ϣ⥯Б⫳ϟ ഄ䅸Ў㞾Ꮕ݋᳝ᱎ᜻ˈᰃᇣቯϞⱘĀϛچϔϾᄽᄤˈ߯䗴ϔϾܼᮄⱘ⠽⾡DŽҪ催 ⠽П♉āˈ㞾Ꮕⱘ෎಴ӮⳈ᥹᥼ࡼ⫳⠽䖯࣪ⱘ䖛⿟DŽҪϢ⥯Бⱘ෎಴ᅠ㕢ഄ㒧ড় 䍋ᴹˈৃҹ߯䗴ߎϔϾ䲚Ҏ㉏੠咥⣽⣽ⱘӬ⚍Ѣϔԧⱘ⠽⾡DŽҪ⫮㟇䅸Ўˈ㞾Ꮕ ᰃЎњĀֱᄬҎ㉏੠ৢҎⱘᇚᴹāDŽ೼⾥ᘽⱘ⧚ᗉЁˈ㞾Ꮕᰃ᳔ড়䗖ⱘҎخ䖭М 䗝ˈৃҹᢙ䋳䍋ᡓ䗦⫳⠽ੑ㛝ⱘ䋷ӏDŽ ᘽⱘ℆ᳯ੠䞢ᖗ㩭㬑њҪⱘӋؐ㾖ˈ݊㸠Ўਜ⦄ߎϔ⾡ҸҎೄᚥⱘᙪ䈀DŽ⾥ ⫳Ҫ㞾⿄㞾ᏅϢ⠊᳝҆ⴔᆚߛⱘ݇㘨ˈ⠊҆ⱘᗻᚙǃֵӄ੠Ӻ⧚䘧ᖋ㾖ᇍ㞾Ꮕѻ њ䞡໻ⱘᕅડDŽџᅲϞˈҪⱘ᠔԰᠔Ўै䖱㚠њ⠊҆᠔ҷ㸼ⱘӺ⧚⊩߭DŽҪⱘϔ ߛ⌏ࡼ䛑ҹ⒵䎇㞾Ꮕⱘѿফ੠䳔∖ЎⳂⱘˈϡ㚃ᬒᓗ㞾ᏅⱘЏᆄ੠偒偁ⱘഄԡDŽ Ҫӕ೒߽⫼㞾Ꮕ੠⥯Бⱘ෎಴ᬍ䗴⠽⾡ˈᅲ䰙ϞˈҪⱘࡾ࡯ᑊ≵᳝পᕫⳳℷⱘ៤ ࡳDŽҪ੠⥯Бⱘཇܓ㒻ᡓњҎ㉏ⱘϔѯ⡍⚍ˈཌྷ᳝ⴔϢҎ㉏ϔḋⱘᯢ҂ⴐ⴯ˈԚ ᰃཌྷᑊ≵᳝ᬍবࡼ⠽ⱘдᗻDŽཌྷ䒎೼⾥ᘽᗔ䞠਀⠊҆䆆ᬙџᯊˈैৗᥝњ⾥ᘽ㒭 DŽܼعⱘ⥽݋࿗࿗ⱘ༈DŽ⾥ᘽⱘ᠔԰᠔Ўᰒ⼎Ҫⱘ⧚ᱎᑊϡخཌྷ 㾕ˈҢϡ㗗㰥ҪӀⱘᱎ᜻੠㊒⼲䗑∖ㄝㄝᛣ䆚DŽĀϔϾأᘽᇍ咥⣽⣽ᣕ᳝⾥ ݋᳝ᛳফ㛑࡯ⱘᄬ೼⠽ˈ㟇ᇥᢹ᳝ϔ⾡߽Ⲟ˖ԧ偠ᛝᖿ੠䙓ܡ⮯㢺DŽā˄ԩᗔᅣ 382˅咥⣽⣽݋᳝ᛳফ㛑࡯ˈҪӀህᑨ䆹᳝߽Ⲟ䳔∖ˈҹঞ䗑∖ᖿФ੠ᑌ⽣ⱘᴗ ࡯DŽ⾥ᘽⱘ㸠Ў㸼ᯢˈҪ≵᳝㗗㰥ࡼ⠽ⱘᛳফ੠䳔∖DŽҪ㱑✊୰⃶⥯Бˈ⫼㠍Ϟ њϔӊ㺭ᄤᔧ԰ီ㒅ˈԚᰃҪҢᴹ≵ᡞ⥯Бᔧ៤ᑇㄝⱘৠԈᴹⳟخⱘᏚᏗЎཌྷ ᕙDŽ⥯Бമᅮഄᡓ䅸ᇍ⾥ᘽⱘ⠅ˈԚᰃ⾥ᘽᇍℸ㒭ߎⱘҙҙᰃϔѯ῵ễϸৃⱘㄨ ໡DŽҪϡ乒⥯Бⱘᛳফˈチ࡯Џᓴ㒭ཇܓ䍋ϔϾ⢍໾ҎⱘৡᄫˈᑊϨ㒭⥯Бᬍњ

1 䖭ѯᬭНᯢ⹂㾘ᅮˈ⽕ℶҎ㉏Ϣࡼ⠽থ⫳ᗻ㸠ЎDŽ

141 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ϔϾ⢍໾Ҏᐌ⫼ⱘৡᄫˈҪ㾝ᕫ䖭ḋ䎳ཌྷӀ೼ϔ䍋ᠡӮᛳࠄ᳈㟦᳡DŽҪ⫮㟇㗗㰥 ੠⥯БВ㸠ϔϾ⢍໾ᬭⱘီ⼐DŽℷབ⍋ᇨ⡍᳐᠔䇈˖⾥ᘽĀ䖛ߚഄ༌㗔㞾Ꮕⱘ⠽ ⾡ǃᅫᬭǃ᭛࣪੠ᱎ᜻ˈҹ⧚ᗻЎ෎⸔ࠊᅮϔ㋏߫ⱘ㾘߭ˈ៤Ўゟ⊩㗙ˈԚᰃै Ңᴹ≵᳝ᇞ䞡݊Ҫ⫳ੑԧⱘᛣ㾕੠ⳟ⊩ā˄Helterman 1985ˈ108˅DŽҪⱘ᠔԰᠔Ў ϡヺড়⫳ᗕӺ⧚㾘߭DŽ ⾥ᘽᡞ㞾Ꮕⱘഄԡᦤ催ࠄᇣቯϞ݊Ҫϔߛ⫳ੑԧПϞˈଃ៥⣀ᇞǃ䱣ᖗ᠔℆ǃ џ䖱㚠Ӻ⧚ॳ߭ǃᛮམ㤦䈀DŽҪⱘ䖭⾡㸠ЎϡҙϡӮ㒭㞾ᏅᏺᴹخЎ᠔℆ЎDŽҪ ᑌ⽣ⱘ⫳⌏੠ᆊᒁⱘᅝܼᛳˈ᳔ৢ䖬Ӯফࠄᚽ㔮ˈ಴ЎĀӏԩϔ⾡ϡফӺ⧚䰤ࠊ ⱘ࡯䞣䛑ᰃ݋᳝⸈ണᗻⱘˈ݊㒧ᵰᖙᅮᰃ䗴៤ϔ⾡䲒ҹᤑಲⱘ↕♁ᗻ࡯䞣ā˄࿀ ᤃ⍋ 92˅DŽ⾥ᘽ᮴䰤ࠊഄय़ࠊᇣቯϞ咥⣽⣽ⱘᴀ㛑੠ކࡼˈҪӀ᮴໘䞞ᬒˈ᳔㒜 ಲᔦࡼ⠽ⱘ㞾✊ᴀᗻDŽℷབҹᠿ᠔䇈˖Āা᳝៥Ӏⱘ⢍໾ᬭᏜ䱣ᯊৃҹথ⫳ᗻ㸠 Ўˈᇍ䈵ैᙄདᰃϢ៥Ӏ݇㋏᳈䖥ⱘৠ㉏˗៥Ӏ࠽ϟ䖭ѯҎैҔМ䛑≵᳝ā ˄Malamud 1982ˈ194˅ˈĀԴ˄⾥ᘽ˅༎䍄њ៥ⱘ᳾ီྏˈ䖿ՓཌྷᗔϞњԴⱘᄽ ᄤDŽ៥㽕ᭆ⹢Դ༈Ϟⱘ↣ϔḍ⢍໾偼༈DŽā˄Malamud 1982ˈ201˅ ⾥ᘽϢ咥⣽⣽П䯈ⱘ⶯ⳒϢކさ㒜Ѣܼ䴶⟚থњDŽ咥⣽⣽ᓔྟϡ䙉ᅜĀ៦ ᕟāˈ䞛পᲈ࡯੠ᣥ㸙ⱘᮍᓣDŽҪӀሴᴔ⢦⢦ⱘᄽᄤǃ⾥ᘽ੠⥯Бⱘᄽᄤǃ᳔ৢ 䖬ᡞ⾥ᘽ䗕Ϟњ⽁യDŽҪӀⱘ䑿ԧ⡍ᕕ੠⫳⌏дᗻгᘶ໡៤ॳᴹⱘḋᄤ˖༅এњ 䇁㿔ࡳ㛑ˈϡᜓᛣݡফ㸷᳡ⱘᴳ㓮ˈᓔྟ䌸䑿㻌ԧDŽ䱣ⴔ咥⣽⣽ᘶ໡ᴀᗻˈ⾥ᘽ ᰃ䫭䇃ⱘˈℷབ߽⫣خ䆩೒߯䗴ⱘᇣቯ⫳ᗕ݅ৠԧг㽚♁њDŽҢᴀ䋼Ϟ䇈ˈҪⱘ ˈᖋ᠔䇈˖ĀᔧϔϾџ⠽᳝ࡽѢֱᡸ⫳⠽݅ৠԧⱘ੠䇤ǃ〇ᅮ੠㕢Бⱘᯊ׭⊷༹ ᅗህᰃℷ⹂ⱘ˗ᔧᅗ䍄৥ড䴶ᯊˈህᰃ䫭䇃ⱘDŽā(༹߽⊶ᖋ 213)⾥ᘽ䆩೒ᣥ㸙ǃ ㆵᬍ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳Ёࡼ⠽㐕Ⅺ䖯࣪ⱘ䖯⿟ˈҪⱘ㸠Ў䖱㚠⫳ᗕ㞾✊䖯࣪ⱘ㾘ᕟˈᡄх ϡৃ㛑㦋ᕫ៤ࡳˈ᳔㒜া㛑ҹ༅䋹ਞ㒜DŽ⫣خ⾡ᗕ݅ৠԧⱘ੠䇤Ϣ〇ᅮDŽ䖭⫳ ⾥ᘽ䅸ЎˈⳌᇍ咥⣽⣽㗠㿔ˈ㞾Ꮕ໘ѢӬ䍞ⱘԡ㕂DŽҪⱘ䖭⾡Ӭ䍞ᛳ㔎У⧚ 䆎෎⸔ˈҪⱘĀҎ㉏ЁᖗЏНāᗱᛇг↿᮴䘧⧚ৃ㿔DŽ1 ℷབҪᴀҎ೼㾷䞞⫳⠽ 䖯࣪䆎ǃ䆆䗄㉏Ҏ⤓Ϣ⦄ҷҎ㉏ⱘ䖯࣪䖛⿟ᯊ᠔ᣛߎⱘ˖

ℸ䇈ᯢˈ⾥ᘽাᰃᏺⴔ׳ᇣ䇈Ёϔাⱑ⤓ᡶ䍄њ⾥ᘽⱘ䴶݋ˈᏺ೼㞾Ꮕⱘ㜌Ϟˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ 1 䴶݋ⱘⱑ⤓㗠ᏆˈҪϢቯϞⱘࡼ⠽≵᳝ऎ߿DŽབᵰ⾥ᘽ㛑໳⧚㾷䖭ϔ⚍ˈҪህӮ᳈݀ℷഄ ᇍᕙ䖭ѯࡼ⠽DŽ

142 ⭻㯥䍣᱗㩰⭼⭥ⱘ⪮᱘䐱⭥㪛㲍㔸㏎

ĂĂ咥⣽⣽੠ഄ⧗Ϟ᳒㒣ⱘҎ㉏П䯈ᄬ೼҆ᆚⱘ㘨㋏ˈг䆌↨䖒ᇨ᭛⣰ᛇ ⱘ䖬㽕ᆚߛDŽҪӀ᳝݅ৠⱘ⼪ܜˈг䆌ህᰃ⫳⌏೼ϸग໮ϛᑈࠡⱘᢝ偀Ҏ ⤓ˈĂĂDŽ 咥⣽⣽੠Ҏ㉏೼䑿ԧϞⱘⳌԐП໘ਜ⦄೼㸔⎆੠໻㛥Ёˈг㸼⦄೼໪㸼੠ 㸠ЎВℶϞDŽĂĂ޴Тϔḋⱘ෎಴ˈĂĂDŽ᠔᳝䖭ѯ㸼ᯢˈѨⱒϛᑈࠡˈ៥Ӏ೼ ߚᄤ䩳Ϟᢹ᳝Ⳍৠⱘ⼪ܜˈ䖭䴲ᐌҸҎ䌲্DŽ˄Malamud 1982ˈ162-163˅

⾥ᘽⱘ䖭⬾䆱䆆ߎњ䖯࣪䆎ⱘḌᖗ㽕⚍ˈ䙷ህᰃ咥⣽⣽ϢҎ㉏ⱘ䖯࣪䖛⿟ᰃⳌৠ ⱘˈᰃ⬅ৠϔ⫳ੑᴀ⑤ग़㒣Ϟⱒϛᑈⱘ䖯࣪ⓨব㗠ᴹⱘDŽ಴ℸˈҎ㉏াᰃ⫳ᗕ݅ ৠԧⱘϔϾ៤ਬˈ㗠ϡᰃ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘᕕ᳡㗙៪㗙Џᆄ㗙DŽҎ㉏Ā᮶ϡᰃ⫳⌏೼ᅛ ᅭⱘЁᖗˈгϡᰃ೼⫳⠽ᄺϞϢ݊Ҫ⫳⠽᮴݇DŽҢ䖯࣪ⱘ㾦ᑺⳟˈ៥ӀϢ݊Ҫ᠔ ᳝ࡼ⠽ˈ⫮㟇೼ᖗ⧚ǃ⼒Ӯ៪᭛࣪Ϟ䛑≵᳝ҔМᴀ䋼ⱘϡৠˈ㗠Ϩˈ៥Ӏгϡᰃ ໘೼䖯࣪ⱘþ㒜⚍ÿā˄ゴ⍋ᆍ 106˅DŽ ᘽᑨ䆹ⳟࠄ㞾䑿П໪݊Ҫ⫳ੑԧⱘӋؐ੠ᛣНDŽҪϢ咥⣽⣽䛑ᰃᇣቯ⫳ᗕ⾥ ݅ৠԧЁⱘ៤ਬˈᑨ䆹䞡㾚ҪӀⱘ䳔∖੠ⳂᷛˈᑇㄝഄᇍᕙҪӀˈ䖭ḋᠡヺড়⫳ ᗕӺ⧚䘧ᖋⱘ㽕∖DŽԚᰃˈ⾥ᘽⱘĀҎ㉏ЁᖗЏНāᗱᛇ᮴䰤㝼㚔DŽҪᡞ㞾Ꮕⳟ ៤ᇣቯⱘЏҎˈᬃ䜡݊Ҫ⫳ੑԧⱘ⫳⌏ˈᡞ䗑∖㞾䑿ⱘ߽Ⲟˈ⒵䎇㞾Ꮕⱘ℆ᳯ㾚 њ⫳ᗕӺ⧚㾘߭ⱘ㑺ᴳˈ㒭咥⣽⣽ᏺᴹ⮯㢺DŽৠᯊˈҪ⾏أЎ↨ϔߛ䛑䞡㽕DŽҪ гࡼᨛњ㞾Ꮕ᠔䇧ⱘĀЁᖗāഄԡˈᓩ䍋ࡼ⠽ⱘᛸᗦ੠ᗼᘼˈ㒭㞾Ꮕᏺᴹњࡿ䲒DŽ ⫣⧛ᘽⱘ䙁䘛䯤ᯢˈҎ㉏⼒Ӯⱘথሩ䖯ℹˈᑨ䆹䙉ᕾ⫳ᗕ㞾✊ⱘӺ⾥׳偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ߭੠থሩ㾘ᕟDŽ䖱㚠⫳ᗕӺ⧚⊩߭ǃ᮴㾚⫳ᗕӺ⧚䋷ӏǃㆵᬍ⫳ᗕথሩ㾘ᕟˈᖙ ᇚ㒭ࣙᣀҎ㉏㞾䑿೼ݙⱘᭈϾ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ᏺᴹ↕♁ᗻⱘৢᵰDŽ ⾥ᘽ࡯೒೼ᇣቯϞ䞡ᓎҎ㉏᭛ᯢˈ᳔㒜ैᰃ↕♁ⱘ㒧ᵰˈϢ㞾Ꮕⱘ߱㹋ᔶ៤ ໽ຸП߿DŽҪⱘੑ䖤ᰃĀҎ㉏ЁᖗЏНā⧚ᗉⱘᚆ࠻ˈ᳈ᰃĀᕕ᳡㗙āⱘᚆ࠻DŽ ℷབ༹߽⊶ᖋ᠔䇈˖

೼Ҏ㉏ग़৆Ϟˈ៥ӀᏆ㒣ⶹ䘧ˈᕕ᳡㗙᳔㒜䛑ᇚ⽌ঞ㞾䑿DŽЎҔМབℸ˛䖭 ᰃ಴Ўˈ೼ᕕ᳡㗙䖭Ͼ㾦㡆Ёࣙ৿ⴔ䖭ḋϔ⾡ᛣᗱ˖Ҫህᰃᴗ࿕ˈेা᳝䖭ԡᕕ ᳡㗙ᠡ㛑ⶹ䘧ˈᰃҔМ೼Փ䖭Ͼ݅ৠԧ䖤䕀ˈҹঞ೼䖭Ͼ݅ৠԧⱘ⫳⌏ЁˈҔМ ϰ㽓੠ҔМҎᰃ᳝ӋؐⱘˈҔМϰ㽓੠ҔМҎᰃ≵᳝ӋؐⱘDŽ㒧ᵰਸ਼ˈҪᘏᰃҔ Мгϡⶹ䘧ˈ᠔ҹ䖭гᰃЎҔМҪⱘᕕ᳡᳔㒜াᰃ᢯㟈ᴀ䑿ⱘ༅䋹DŽā˄༹߽⊶ᖋ 194˅

143 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

⾥ᘽⱘᚆ࠻ᦤߎ䄺⼎ˈҎ㉏া᳝ࡾ࡯㓈ᡸ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘ੠䇤থሩˈᠡ㛑ᓊ㓁㞾䑿ⱘ ᄬ೼ˈ಴ЎĀҎϡᰃᄬ೼ⱘЏᆄˈҎᰃᄬ೼ⱘ⠻Ҏā˄ᕤ߮ 133˅DŽҎ㉏া᳝ᡓᢙ 䍋⫳ᗕӺ⧚䋷ӏˈ㸼⦄ߎᇍϔߛ⫳ੑԧⱘ⫳ᗕӺ⧚݇ᗔˈᠡ㛑ᨚ㜅⫳ᗕӺ⧚ೄ๗ˈ ᵘᓎ੠䇤ⱘ⫳ᗕӺ⧚㋏㒳DŽ ೼ljϞᏱⱘᘽ䌤NJЁˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ㵡⦄ᅲЏН੠䈵ᕕЏНѢϔԧˈᡞӺ⧚ⱘ㾖 ᗉᠽሩࠄ⫳ᗕ⬠ˈሩ⦄њ⦄ҷ᭛ᯢЁҎ㉏ⱘ⫳ᄬೄ๗䯂乬DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䅸Ўˈ⫳ᗕ ㋏㒳Ёⱘϔߛ⫳ੑԧ䛑᳝ⴔ৘㞾ϡৠⱘᴀᗻˈ䛑ᑇㄝഄѿ᳝ᴗ߽ˈ䙉ᕾ৘ϡⳌৠ ⱘӺ⧚ӋؐDŽĀҎ㉏ᰃഄ⧗⫳⠽೜ݙ䖯࣪䰊ẃϞᦤछᕫ᳔催ⱘ⫳⠽ˈԚ䖭া㛑ᛣ ੇⴔҎ㉏ᇍѢ㓈ᡸ㞾✊೼ᭈԧϞⱘᅠ୘ǃᅠ㕢ᢙᔧⴔ᳈໮ⱘ䋷ӏā˄剕ᵶܗ 387˅DŽ гህᰃ䇈ˈҎ㉏԰Ўഄ⧗Ϟ᳔݋᳝⧚ᗻⱘ⫳⠽ˈᑨ䆹ᡓ䅸⫳ᗕ㋏㒳Ё᠔᳝⫳ੑԧ ᄬⱘӋؐ੠ᛣНˈᡓᢙ䍋ᇍᭈϾ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘ䘧ᖋ䋷ӏDŽ⾥ᘽᠻ䗋Ѣ㞾Ꮕⱘ⼒Ӯ⫳ 䋷ӏПЁˈᇚ㞾Ꮕⱘᛣᖫᔎࡴ೼ࡼ⠽䑿Ϟˈܼ✊᮴㾚ᑨ䆹ᡓᢙⱘ⫳ᗕӺ⧚䋷ӏˈ ᖙᇚ䱋ܹ⫳ᗕӺ⧚ⱘೄ๗ПЁDŽ ࡽ⾥ᘽ೼⫳ᗕӺ⧚⾽ᑣЁᇍ㞾Ꮕ䑿ӑ੠ԡ㕂ⱘ᥶∖ˈ㸼䖒њᇍҎ׳偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ㉏ੑ䖤੠ࠡ䗨ⱘ݇⊼ˈгЎҎ㉏⼒ӮϢ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘ੠䇤থሩᣛᯢњߎ䏃DŽ៥Ӏᑨ 㾕ˈᡯᓗ៥Ӏᇍ݊Ҫ⫳ੑⱘ⭣䖰ᗻˈϢ៥Ӏ਼ೈⱘ⫳ੑӥ៮Ϣأ䆹Āᨚ㜅㞾Ꮕⱘ ݅ˈ䙷М៥Ӏህᰃ䘧ᖋⱘDŽা᳝䖭ḋˈ៥ӀᠡᰃⳳℷⱘҎ˗া᳝䖭ḋˈ៥ӀᠡӮ ᳝ϔ⾡⡍⅞ⱘǃϡӮ⅏এⱘǃϡᮁഄথሩⱘ੠ᮍ৥ᯢ⹂ⱘᖋᗻDŽā˄৆ᗔ⋑ 19˅ Ҏ㉏ϡ㛑ҙҙাЎ㞾Ꮕⴔᛇˈ㞾䑿ⱘ⫳ᄬ੠থሩϡ㛑ҹ⡎⡆݊Ҫ⫳ੑԧⱘ߽ⲞЎ ҷӋDŽҎ㉏ᑨ䆹ᑇㄝഄᇍᕙϔߛ⫳ੑԧˈᇞ䞡ϔߛ⫳ੑԧⱘᴀᗻˈᇞ䞡ϔߛ⫳ੑ ≲ԧⱘᚙᛳ੠ᛣᖫˈᡓ䅸ϔߛ⫳ੑԧ䛑݋᳝⫳ᄬⱘӋؐ੠ᛣНDŽҎϢҎП䯈䳔㽕 䗮੠⧚㾷ˈҎϢ⫳ᗕ⦃๗Ёⱘϔߛ⫳ੑԧП䯈ৠḋ䳔㽕≳䗮੠⧚㾷ˈ䖭ḋᠡ㛑⍜ 䰸䇃㾷ˈᠡ㛑ᇞ䞡ᕐℸⱘдᗻDŽҎ㉏ᑨ䆹Ϣ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ֱᣕϔ⾡Ā҆੠ā݇㋏ˈা ᳝䖭ḋᠡ㛑ᅲ⦄Ϣ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘ੠䇤থሩDŽ ljϞᏱⱘᘽ䌤NJᰃϔ䚼݇ѢҎ㉏ੑ䖤ⱘਃ⼎ᔩˈᓩথ䇏㗙⏅ܹᗱ㗗㞾៥ǃ⼒ ♁↕Ӯҹঞ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘӋؐ੠ᛣНˈ㭈৿ⴔ⏅ࠏⱘ⫳ᗕӺ⧚ᗱᛇDŽ⛁Ḍ៬ѝ䗴៤ ᗻⱘ♒䲒ˈПৢⱘ⋾∈ᅠܼᨻ↕Ҏ㉏੠᠔᳝⫳⠽ˈᇣ䇈г಴ℸ㹿䅸Ўᰃ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ ᳔ᚆ㾖ⱘ԰કDŽ1 Ԛᰃˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᴀҎ೼䆓䇜Ё᳒ᣛߎˈĀᇍᇣ䇈ⱘϔ⾡䇃䇏ĂĂ

1 偀ᢝ咬ᖋг᳒㒣ᡓ䅸ˈ㞾Ꮕ↨䖛এ᳈ᚆ㾖њ˄Benedict 36˅DŽ

144 ⭻㯥䍣᱗㩰⭼⭥ⱘ⪮᱘䐱⭥㪛㲍㔸㏎

ህᰃ䅸Ўᇣ䇈ҹᚆ࠻㒧ሒDŽ᳝ѯ䆘䆎㗙≵᳝ᛣ䆚ࠄ໻⣽⣽Ш⊏Ўࡴᇨ᭛g⾥ᘽ⼜ ⽋ᯊଅⱘ䌲㕢䆫1ˈ䙷⹂ᅲህᰃ˄㸼ᯢ˅Ф㾖ⱘϔϾॳ಴DŽ⼜⽋ᴀ䑿ህᰃϞᏱᘽ 䌤ⱘϔ⾡㸼⦄᠟↉ā˄Abramson1993ˈ127˅DŽৢᴹˈҪজ䇈˖Ā៥ϡᛇ߯԰ᚆ࠻ ⱘ԰કˈ៥ϡᛇ䅽៥ⱘ᳔ৢϔ䚼԰ક៤Ўᚆ࠻ā˄Davis 324˅DŽᇣ䇈᳔ৢᅮḐ೼Ш ⊏Ў⾥ᘽ⼜⽋ᯊ᠔ଅⱘ䌲㕢䆫ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ℸ㸼ᯢˈĀ㱑✊ᇣ䇈ЁⱘҎ㉏ϡᄬ೼ њˈԚᰃҎᗻⱘક䋼ҡ✊ֱᣕⴔā˄Mesher2001ˈ111-112˅DŽШ⊏Ӯ䅽㞾Ꮕⱘҕ ⠅ܙⲜϪ䯈ǃ⍺⋑ϛ⠽DŽᏠᳯ䖬೼ˈ⫳⌏ҡ✊㒻㓁ˈ䖭䅽䇏㗙ᇍ᳾ᴹܙ⒵᮴䰤ᳳ ᳯDŽ

1 㣅᭛Ў kaddishDŽ

145 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

㒧 䆎

偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ӫ໮ⷨお㗙ⴐЁˈᐌᐌ㹿䅸Ўᰃ㕢೑⢍໾᭛ᄺⱘЏ㽕ҷ㸼԰ᆊDŽ ಴ℸˈҢĀ⢍໾ᗻā㾦ᑺᴹ㾷䇏Ҫ԰કⱘⷨおऴ᳝ᕜ໻↨䞡ˈҪг⬅ℸ㹿䌈Ϟњ Ā᳔݋⢍໾ᗻ԰ᆊāⱘᷛㅒDŽヨ㗙೼ড໡ⷨ䇏偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍ㞾Ꮕ߯԰ⱘ䆎䗄ᯊথ⦄ˈ Ҫ᳈໮݇⊼ⱘᰃҎӀབԩᨚ㜅⫳ᄬЁⱘೄ๗ˈᇏ∖㕢ད⫳⌏ⱘ䯂乬DŽҪ᳒㒣ᦤࠄˈ ᇍѢ԰ᆊᴹ䇈ˈĀ៥Ӏ᳔䞡㽕ⱘ㞾✊㋴ᴤህᰃþҎÿDŽĂĂ៥ⱘࠡᦤህᰃ៥Ӏϡ㛑 ↕ᥝᕐℸˈ៥Ӏ㽕㒻㓁⫳⌏ϟএˈᇏ∖ϔ⾡᳈དⱘ⫳⌏DŽ៥Ӏг䆌ϡӮবᕫ᳈དˈ Ԛᰃ㟇ᇥ៥ӀӮ᥶ᇏ᳈㕢དⱘҎ⫳DŽĂĂ៥ᬃᣕҎ᭛ЏНˈডᇍ㰮᮴ЏНDŽā ˄Wershba M2˅Ҫ೼᥹ফ೑ᆊ೒к༪ⱘ䆆䆱Ёг䇈ࠄ˖Ā೼៥ⳟᴹˈ԰ᆊ᳔䞡㽕 ग़৆ڣ៥Ӏ↣ϾҎ೼Ҫ䱤⾬ݙᖗЁⱘ䙷ḋˈህڣⱘӏࡵህᰃݡ⦄Ҏ㉏ⱘᔶ䈵ˈህ ੠᭛ᄺϔⳈᰒ⼎ⱘ䙷ḋDŽ԰ᆊ೼ሩ⦄ⱘৠᯊˈᖙ乏ЎҎӀᛇ䈵ϔϾ᳈དⱘϪ ⬠ˈĂĂDŽĂĂˈҪӮ䞛প᳔དⱘᮍᓣˈֱᣕ㞾⬅ҹঞ㞾Ꮕ᳔催ᇮⱘӋؐ㾖DŽā ˄Malamud 1960, 173˅偀ᢝ咬ᖋᔎ䇗ˈ᭛ᄺ߯԰ⱘⳂⱘǃ԰ᆊ߯԰ⱘⳂᷛህᰃ䅽 ҎӀᗱ㗗Ҏⱘ⫳⌏おコᛣੇⴔҔМDŽҪᦤ䝦ҎӀˈ㽕䖛ϔ⾡䋳䋷ӏⱘǃ催ᇮⱘ⫳ ⌏DŽ ᔧ✊ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⶹ䘧ᇏ∖䖭⾡⫳⌏᳝ϔᅮⱘ䲒ᑺDŽҪথ⦄ˈ⦄Ҟ⼒Ӯⱘ⢊މ ҸҎᢙᖻDŽĀ乥㐕⟚থⱘ៬ѝҸ⫳ੑবᕫᒝӋ˗ҎӀ㹿䲚ᴗЏН↦ᆇˈᱫ㞾Ⳍֵ ҎᗻᏆ㒣⋃♁˗ফࠄ⠽䋼⼒ӮӋؐ㾖ⱘℎ偫ˈ≵᳝њ㞾ᇞ˗ĂĂ៪㗙಴ЎҎ㉏߯ ,䗴ߎњ♁㒱ⱘᮍᓣˈϡݡ⦡㾚㞾Ꮕˈ↣໽⫳⌏೼ᘤᚻПЁˈĂĂDŽā˄Malamud 1960 173˅೼䖭⾡⫳ᄬ๗䘛ЁˈҎӀ೼໘⧚৘⾡݇㋏䯂乬ᯊˈᐌᐌ໘Ѣለሀǃ⮯㢺ⱘ ๗ഄDŽϪ⬠ሔ࢓ࡼ㤵ϡᅝˈ㕢೑೑ݙⱘᔶᓣ亢ѥবᑏˈ԰Ў⢍໾㺨԰ᆊˈ偀ᢝ咬 ᖋⳟࠄⱘ੠㒣ग़ⱘ䛑㽕໮ѢᑇᐌҎˈҪᇍҎ㉏Ӻ⧚ೄ๗ⱘᛳফг᳈⏅ࠏDŽ偀ᢝ咬 ᖋ⏅ফ⢍໾᭛࣪Ӵ㒳ЁФ㾖ЏН੠㕢೑Ҏ᭛ЏН᭛࣪Ӵ㒳ЁҎ䘧ЏНᗱᛇⱘᕅ ડˈҪⱘ԰ક⋟⑶ⴔᇍϾԧǃ⼒Ӯ੠Ҏ㉏ⱘֵӄDŽҪⳌֵҎ㉏㛑໳䍄ߎೄ๗ˈ䖛 Ϟ㕢ད⫳⌏ˈ䖭ϔֵᗉ೼݊޴Т᠔᳝ⱘ԰કЁ䛑᳝᠔ԧ⦄DŽ಴ℸˈヨ㗙䗝ᅮњᇍ

146 ㆂ㔼

偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈ЁⱘӺ⧚Џ乬䖯㸠ⷨおˈᑊϨᡞⷨおⱘ䞡⚍ᬒ㕂೼བԩᨚ㜅Ӻ⧚ೄ ๗ǃ㦋ᕫᬥ䌢ⱘ䖛⿟ϞDŽ㒉㾖偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ԰કˈ៥ӀৃҹҢҹϟಯϾ䰊↉ᴹὖᣀ ҪᇍӺ⧚Џ乬ⱘ᥶䅼DŽ ㄀ϔ䰊↉ˈҹ  ᑈߎ⠜ⱘ䭓㆛ᇣ䇈lj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJЎЏˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ݇ 㕢೑⦄ҷ⼒Ӯ⫳⌏ЁⱘҎ䰙Ӻ⧚DŽ೼lj໽⫳ⱘ䖤ࡼਬNJЁˈϾҎЏНⱘӋؐ㾖⊼ ߏDŽ೼䖭⾡Ӌؐ㾖ⱘᕅડϟˈᇣ䇈䞠ⱘҎ⠽᠔ކ߭䗴៤њᵕ໻ⱘޚ⧛ᇍӴ㒳ⱘӺ ⒵њ䰠⫳ᛳ੠⭣䖰ܙⱘϔߛ䛑াЎᅲ⦄ϾҎṺᛇǃ⒵䎇ϾҎ℆ᳯDŽҪӀⳌѦ䯈خ ᛳˈ಴㗠䱋ܹњӺ⧚ೄᚥ੠㊒⼲ॅᴎПЁDŽϡ䖛ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼䅸䆚ࠄ䖭⾡Ӻ⧚ೄ ๗ⱘৠᯊˈ≵᳝ᬒᓗᇏ∖ᬥ䌢ⱘৃ㛑DŽᇣ䇈ⱘЏҎ݀೼⠅Ϣ䋷ӏⱘᡓᢙЁˈᡯᓗ њᇍৡ߽੠⠽䋼䋶ᆠⱘ䗑∖ˈᡥࠊ㞾Ꮕⱘ℆ᳯˈᓎゟϢҪҎⱘ㡃ད݇㋏DŽ䖭гℷ ᰃҪ䍄ߎҎ䰙Ӻ⧚ೄ๗ˈᅲ⦄ᬥ䌢ⱘ䖛⿟DŽ ㄀Ѡ䰊↉ˈҹ  ᑈҷߎ⠜ⱘ䭓㆛ᇣ䇈lj෎䕙ᗼNJЎҷ㸼ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼߯԰ Ё㾷䇏⢍໾Ӻ⧚DŽ೼䖭䚼ᇣ䇈Ёˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋࠏ⬏њϔϾ⫳⌏೼㢺䲒Ёⱘ⢍໾Ҏᔶ 䈵ˈݡ⦄њড⢍ЏН㒭⢍໾Ҏᏺᴹⱘ⮯㢺੠ᡬ⺼DŽৠᯊˈҪг᥶䅼њ⢍໾Ҏ೼䖭 ⾡⫳ᄬ๗䘛Ё᠔໘ⱘӺ⧚ೄ๗ˈे೼ᓖඳⱘ᭛࣪⦃๗Ёˈϔᮍ䴶ᛇ㽕ᡯᓗ⢍໾䑿 ӑǃ㵡ܹЏ⌕⼒Ӯˈ঺ϔᮍ䴶೼┰ᛣ䆚Ё䖬ফࠄ⢍໾᭛࣪Ӵ㒳ⱘᕅડDŽᇣ䇈ⱘЏ Ҏ᳔݀㒜ಲᔦ⢍໾Ӻ⧚Ӵ㒳ˈϢড⢍ЏН䖯㸠᭫ѝDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䗮䖛ᦣݭ⢍໾Ҏⱘ ϡৠ⫳ᄬ⢊ᗕᣛߎˈ⢍໾Ҏᑨ䆹ᡓ䅸⢍໾⇥ᮣⱘग़৆੠ᄬ೼ˈᡓᢙᇍᴀ⇥ᮣⱘ䋷 ӏˈ䖭ḋᠡ㛑ᨚ㜅⫳ᄬೄ๗ˈᅲ⦄ᬥ䌢DŽ ㄀ϝ䰊↉ˈҹ  ᑈҷߎ⠜ⱘ䭓㆛ᇣ䇈lj᠓ᅶNJЎЏˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ㘮⛺њ㕢೑ ⼒ӮЁⱘ⇥ᮣӺ⧚DŽ೼䖭䚼ᇣ䇈Ёˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋล䗴њ⢍໾ⱑҎ԰ᆊ੠咥Ҏ԰ᆊⱘ Ҏ⠽ᔶ䈵ˈ᥶䅼њϡৠ⇥ᮣ೼Ѹᕔᯊⱘ݇㋏䯂乬DŽ೼偀ᢝ咬ᖋヨϟˈϸԡЏҎ݀ П䯈ⱘ݇㋏ਜ⦄ϸ⾡ᅠܼϡৠⱘ῵ᓣ˖ϔ⾡ᰃⳌѦ݇✻ǃⳌѦ⃷䌣ˈᄬ೼ᓎゟĀܘ ᓳᚙ䇞āⱘৃ㛑ᗻ˗ϔ⾡ᰃ⇥ᮣ᭛࣪ⱘᏂ߿੠ߚ℻㟈ՓҪӀП䯈⟚থњϹ䞡ⱘ⶯ Ⳓˈ⫮㟇಴Ў߯԰ᗱᛇ੠߯԰ᮍᓣⱘϡৠˈᇐ㟈ކさϡᮁࡴ࠻ˈ᳔㒜೼᧣᭫ЁⳌ Ѧ⅟ᴔDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᑊ≵᳝ᇍ⇥ᮣ݇㋏ⱘথሩᣕ᳝ᚆ㾖ⱘᗕᑺˈҪ䗮䖛ᇣ䇈ⱘ㒧ሒ ࠄѦ㸹݅خᣛߎˈϡৠ⇥ᮣ೼ѸᕔЁˈা㽕ֱᣕⳌѦᆑᆍ੠ԧ䇙ⱘᗕᑺˈህ㛑໳ ᄬˈህ᳝ৃ㛑ᅲ⦄⇥ᮣ੠㾷DŽ ㄀ಯ䰊↉ˈ೼  ᑈҷߎ⠜ⱘ᳔ৢϔ䚼䭓㆛ᇣ䇈ljϞᏱⱘᘽ䌤NJЁˈ偀ᢝ咬

147 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ᖋ䯤䞞њ⦄ҷ⼒ӮЁⱘ⫳ᗕӺ⧚ೄ๗DŽ೼䖭䚼ᇣ䇈Ёˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ㰮ᵘњϔϾ⛁ᏺ ⦃ᇣቯˈ೼ഄ⧗ⱘ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳䙁ࠄ⛁Ḍ៬ѝ⸈ണǃҎ㉏জϔ⃵㹿⋾∈↕♁Пৢˈݡ њ⫳ᗕӺ⧚ᵘᓎⱘ䖛⿟DŽሩ⦄೼ᇣቯϞⱘҎ㉏Ϣ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘ݇㋏ᄬ೼ϸ⾡⢊ᗕ˖ ϔˈ䗮䖛ᇚ⫳ᗕ⦃๗Ёⱘỡ㹿੠ࡼ⠽㒇ܹӺ⧚݇ᗔⱘ㣗ೈПݙˈ⹂ゟ⫳ᗕ݅ৠ݊ ԧϔߛ៤ਬП䯈ᑇㄝѦࡽⱘ݇㋏ˈᅲ⦄Ҏ㉏Ϣ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘ੠䇤݅ᄬ˗݊Ѡˈ೼ĀҎ ㉏ЁᖗЏНāᗱᛇⱘ԰⫼ϟˈҎ㉏䆩೒䗮䖛᥻ࠊ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳Ёⱘ݊Ҫ⫳ੑԧˈ⹂ゟ Ёᖗ੠Џԧഄԡˈ⫮㟇མ೒ᬍব⫳⠽䖯࣪ⱘ䖛⿟DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䗮䖛ᦣݭЏҎ݀Ϣ݊ ࡼ⠽П䯈䫭㓐໡ᴖⱘ݇㋏ᣛߎˈҎ㉏ᑨ䆹ᡓᢙ⫳ᗕӺ⧚䋷ӏˈ䙉ᕾ⫳ᗕӺ⧚⊩߭ˈ 䖭ḋᠡ㛑⹂ֱ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳ⱘ੠䇤থሩDŽ 㒉㾖偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍӺ⧚Џ乬᥶䅼ⱘ䖭ಯϾ䰊↉ৃҹথ⦄ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘᇣ䇈߯԰ 䌃こⴔϔḍ⏙᱄ⱘҹӺ⧚ЎЏ㒓ⱘᗱᛇ㛝㒰DŽ೼থ㸼Ѣϡৠᑈҷⱘᇣ䇈Ёˈ偀ᢝ ˖咬ᖋᇍӺ⧚݇⊼ⱘջ䞡⚍᳝᠔ϡৠDŽҪᇍӺ⧚䯂乬ⱘ䅸䆚ࣙ৿ಯϾᮍ䴶ⱘݙᆍ ϔᰃ݇⊼⼒Ӯ⫳⌏੠㘠ϮথሩЁⱘҎ䰙Ѹᕔೄ๗˗Ѡᰃ᥶䅼⢍໾⇥ᮣ೼ড⢍ЏН 㚠᱃ϟ䙁ফⱘ䖿ᆇ੠⺼䲒˗ϝᰃ㾷䇏ϡৠ⇥ᮣ᭛࣪থ⫳⶯Ⳓ੠ކさᯊⱘለሀ๗ 䘛˗᳔ৢᰃߚᵤҎ㉏᭛ᯢ䖯⿟Ё᠔䴶Јⱘ⫳ᗕॅᴎDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇍӺ⧚Џ乬ⱘ䯤䞞 㒣ग़њϔϾ⬅⌙ܹ⏅ǃሖሖ䗦䖯ⱘথሩব࣪䖛⿟ˈሩ⦄њҪᇍϾԧϢҪ㗙ǃϾԧ Ϣ䲚ԧǃ⇥ᮣϢ⇥ᮣҹঞҎ㉏Ϣ⫳ᗕ㋏㒳П䯈Ӻ⧚䯂乬ⱘᗱ㗗DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ᇣ䇈Ё⌕䴆ߎᇍҎ㉏⫳ᄬೄ๗ⱘᖻᗱDŽԚᰃˈሩ⦄Ҏ㉏ⱘ⫳ᄬೄ ๗ᑊϡᰃҪⱘ߯԰ⳂⱘDŽҪᦣݭЏҎ݀䙁䘛ⱘ⮯㢺੠ᡬ⺼ˈ݊ᛣ೒ϡҙҙᰃЎњ ˈℸ᡼ߏ᮴㾚Ӻ⧚㾘㣗ⱘ㸠ЎDŽৠᯊ׳䅽ҎӀ䅸䆚ࠄϪ⬠Ϟ䖬ᄬ೼㢺䲒੠य़䖿ˈᑊ Ҫ᳈ࡴᔎ䇗ೄ๗Ёⱘᬥ䌢DŽгህᰃ䇈ˈҪ≵᳝䅽ᇣ䇈ЁⱘЏҎ݀೼ೄ๗Ё↕♁ˈ 㗠ᰃ䗮䖛ҪӀᴹ᥶䅼䍄ߎೄ๗ǃᘶ໡Ҏᗻǃᅲ⦄ݡ⫳ⱘ䗨ᕘDŽ಴ℸˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ ᇣ䇈ϡҙሩ⦄⼒Ӯ⫳⌏Ёⱘ㢺䲒ˈ㗠Ϩ᳈ࡴ݇⊼ᅲ⦄ᬥ䌢ⱘᮍᓣDŽᅗӀ㗗ᆳⱘᰃ Ҏ㉏ⱘ⫳ᄬೄ๗ҹঞᬥ䌢䖛⿟Ё৘⾡݇㋏ⱘব࣪ˈ㭈৿ⴔ⏅ࠏⱘӺ⧚ݙ⎉DŽ 偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘᇣ䇈㒭䇏㗙ᚆ࠻ᛳˈԚᰃҪⱘᇣ䇈ᑊϡᚆ㾖DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䅸Ўˈ԰ ᆊⱘ߯԰Ⳃⱘᑨ䆹ᰃ䘧ᖋϞⱘˈ᭛ᄺ԰કᑨ䆹ᣛᓩҎӀ䍄৥ℷ⹂ⱘᮍ৥DŽҪЏᓴˈ Ҏ㽕䖛ϔ⾡䘧ᖋⱘ੠Ҏ䘧ЏНⱘ⫳⌏ˈ᮴䆎໘Ѣᗢḋⱘೄ๗ПЁ䛑ᖙ乏ࡾ࡯മᣕ ϟএˈᅲ⦄ᬥ䌢DŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘЏҎ݀䛑೼ᇏ∖㾷އĀҎᑨ䆹ᗢḋ⫳⌏āⱘ䯂乬DŽ ҪӀг䆌ϡᅠ㕢ˈ೼ᶤѯᮍ䴶䖬᳝㔎䱋ˈ೼⼒Ӯ⫳⌏Ёгᐌᐌ䱋ܹᖗ⧚੠ᚙᛳⱘ

148 ㆂ㔼

ೄ๗DŽԚᰃˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᑊ≵᳝䅽ҪӀഴܹ㒱ᳯⱘ⏅⏞ˈेՓ೼ߎ⦄໻ሴᴔǃ⇥ᮣ さǃ⫮㟇Ҏ㉏䴶Ј↕♁ㄝᘤᗪഎ᱃ЁˈҪԐТҡ✊Ⳍֵˈᑨ䆹䅽ކ䯈থ⫳⶯Ⳓ੠ ⫳⒵ֵᖗDŽ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ೼ᇣ䇈Ё㸼䖒њᇍܙ㞾ᏅⱘЏҎ݀ᣕ᳝മᅮⱘֵӄˈᇍ᳾ᴹ ǃᇍҎ㉏ⱘֵӄDŽҢ䖭ϾᛣНϞ䇈ˈҪⱘ԰ક䍙䍞њ⇥ᮣ੠ᯊぎⱘ⬠䰤ˈ݋᳝⌏ ᱂䘡ⱘӋؐ੠ᛣНDŽ 㓐Ϟ᠔䗄ˈᴀ䆎᭛೼᭛ᴀ㒚䇏ⱘ෎⸔Ϟˈᇍ偀ᢝ咬ᖋಯ䚼ᇣ䇈ЁⱘӺ⧚Џ乬䖯 㸠㗗ᆳˈЎ೑ݙ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⷨおᦤկϔϾᮄⱘ㾚㾦DŽৠᯊˈᴀ䆎᭛೼ಯϾᮍ䴶ሩᓔᇍ Ӻ⧚Џ乬ⱘ᥶䅼ˈ䖭ḋህৃҹ೼໮Ͼሖ䴶Ϟ㾷䇏偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈ЁⱘӺ⧚Џ乬ˈᢧሩ ⷨおⱘ㣗⭈DŽ㗠Ϩᴀ䆎᭛䗮䖛ᇍಯϾᮍ䴶Ӻ⧚Џ乬ⱘ᥶おˈ䆎䆕Ӻ⧚ೄ๗੠ᬥ䌢ᰃ ݊ˈ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈Ӻ⧚Џ乬ⱘ㘨㒧⚍ˈᣛߎ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᦣݭЏҎ݀䙁䘛ⱘ⮯㢺੠⺼䲒 ᛣ೒ᰃ᥶䅼䍄ߎೄ๗ǃᅲ⦄ᬥ䌢ⱘ䗨ᕘDŽ ᴀ䆎᭛䆩೒ܼ䴶ഄᡞᦵ偀ᢝ咬ᖋ䖭ḋϔԡᗱᛇ⏅༹ⱘ԰ᆊˈ࡯೒Ў䖯ϔℹⷨ お偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ⫳ᑇǃ԰કҹঞ㕢೑⢍໾԰ᆊǃ԰કᦤկ᳈໮ⱘ䌘᭭੠ֵᙃDŽ⬅Ѣ ヨ㗙ⶹ䆚∈ᑇ᳝䰤ˈᴀ䆎᭛ᇮᄬ೼ϡ䎇П໘ˈ೼䯤䞞੠䆎䆕ⱘ䖛⿟Ё᳝ϡᅠ㕢ⱘ ੠ᅠ୘DŽܙഄᮍˈ᳝ѯ䯂乬䖬䳔㽕⏅ܹ᥶䅼ˈⳌֵ䖭ѯ೼ҹৢⱘⷨおЁ㛑໳ᕫࠄ㸹

149 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

English Summary

Bernard Malamud (1914-1986) is regarded as one of the most important American Jewish writers of the age. He, along with three other writers, Isaac Bashevis

Singer˄1904-1991˅, Saul Bellow˄1915-2005 , and Philip Roth˄1933- , has built up the “framework of American Jewish literature” (Qiao Guoqiang 2008, 441). In contemporary American literature, his works occupy a very important position. Jefferey Helterman points out, “While Malamud does not have the intellectual range of Bellow or command of Roth’s verbal pyrotechnics, his moral vision reaches depths

unprobed by either of his peers.”˄Helterman1978, 291˅According to Helterman’s view, Malamud expresses all aspects of morality in human life in his works. He believes it is because of his themes and topics most critics think Malamud is one of the best American Jewish writers. It should be admitted that Helterman’s review is very pertinent. During his career as a writer, Malamud perfectly expresses his unique ethics in his fiction. Essentially, his ethics has direct relation with his life experiences.

About the Author

Malamud was born on April 26th 1914 in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Russian-Jewish immigrants. His father Max Malamud and his mother Bertha Fidelman came to America at the beginning of the 20th century. 1 His parents lived on a small grocery after their marriage, in which he spent much of his boyhood. Malamud’s father was a typical Jew, who worked hard to support his family. “He

1 From the end of the 19th century, a lot of East European Jews left their homeland to come to America. Many of them lived in Bronx and Brooklyn in New York. Malamud’s parents came to America and lived in Brooklyn.

150 English Summary used to get up at six a. m. and work seven days a week, until about ten or eleven p. m., apparently the kind of life he was used to and the only kind he would respect.”˄Davis 12˅His father assumed his responsibility and was good to his family although he was unambitious and stubborn sometimes. Malamud’s parents had deep love for their children. Later Malamud said that having parents who were able to love their children was a lift to his imagination. As a boy, Malamud had the power of imagination. He liked to make up some stories to tell his classmates, or to write them down. He also had the gift of re-telling the other children the stories he had seen at the movies. Sometimes he spoke in a more interesting manner with his imagination. It was as though he expressed his understanding towards life and world through the way of storytelling, which earned him attention and praise. Malamud’s family lived a life of poverty, but his father presented the kind-heartedness of Jews. He was easily moved and helped people who were ill or in trouble. He befriended a poor medical student, and helped realize his dream to be a doctor. His father helped pay his rent, buy those costly text books, and when the student graduated he helped him establish himself in a doctor’s office. In Malamud’s memory, his father was kind, good, trustworthy and reliable. Influenced by his father, Malamud created “a model of contemporary American Jew ——Morris Bober in The Assistant (1957)” (Qiao Guoqiang 2008, 387). In this Jewish family, Malamud had access to Jewish culture and tradition. His friend recalled Malamud once told him that, coming from a Yiddish-speaking1 home, he did not speak English until he went to kindergarten. His parents confined their reading to the Jewish paper, The Daily Forward. On Jewish holidays his family sometimes went to the theater in Manhattan to see the plays of Shalom Aleichem2, so he was familiar with Jewish literature in his early age. He once learnt some basic Hebrew with a Hebrew teacher. He was bar-mitzvahed at home when he was 13. 3

1 Yiddish is a language which comes mainly from German. It is spoken by many Jewish people of European origin. 2 Shalom Aleichem (1859-1916) is an important Jewish writer and humorist. 3 Bar-mitzvaha is a ceremony marking the 13th birthday of a Jewish boy and signifying the beginning of religious responsibility.

151 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

Malamud’s parents offered him access to more formal examples of Jewish culture.

Malamud once said, “Their world taught me their values. ĂĂTheirs was a person-centered world, one that regarded the qualities of people. When I think of my father, I am filled with a sense of sweet humanity.” (Lask 43) He admitted some of his knowledge of Jewish past came to him through the immigrant Jews of New York, those who visited his house to sit and talk, and those whom he saw on the streets and in the trolley cars. Malamud’s success in writing depends on the influence of Jewish culture and then he expresses his understanding of Jewish culture in his works. He said he was shocked by the misery of the Jews, especially the holocaust in World War II. He began to study the Jewish history and culture carefully. He once walked in the ghetto1 in Rome and visited Jews there who had been tortured by Nazis. 2 Then he reflected the fate of the Jewish people. He said, “The rise of totalitarianism, the Second World War, and the situation of the Jews in Europe helped me to come to what I wanted to say as a writer.”˄Benedict 34˅In his later fiction, with Jewish characters he expresses more concern about Jewish people, the fate of mankind and even the world situation. Malamud is also under the influence of other Jewish writers. “In the best of his stories and in his best novel, Malamud has re-created the same disconsolate and hungry world one finds in the masters of nineteenth-century Yiddish folk realism; and, like them, but with his own unique powers, he has filled it also with spiritual illuminations.” Richman1966, 26 He convinces us that in some aspects his writings do belong to the tradition of Jewish literature. Isaac Bashevis Singer once pointed out there were two features in Jewish literary works: one is societal, the other is sentimental Singer 32 . Malamud really inherits from them these two features. His works not only describe the suffering of the Jewish people, but show the changes occurring in the life of Jews nowadays. In addition, Malamud admits Kafka’s writing has a great influence on him. “(Kafka) writes well. He moves me. He makes me want to write well and move my reader.” Solotaroff 148) Both of them describe two major

1 A ghetto is a part of a city in which Jewish people live. 2 In 1956 Malamud went to Italy with his family and they lived there for about a year.

152 English Summary themes in Jewish culture: “suffering” and “mystery”. They believe that only “love” and “responsibility” can make people survive in this mysterious world. Jewish writers also influence Malamud in terms of technique of expression. He creates in accordance with traditional Jewish writing mode. “If refracted by time and place, it is on the whole the same kind of comedy, ‘the comedy of exile’, which pervades the work of Sholom Aleichem.” (Richman1966, 26)When dealing with difficulties in life, Jewish writers often resort to optimistic attitude to solve the problem. Malamud’s protagonists have the characteristics of such a figure as that from Jewish folktales, the schlemiel, who can be seen in traditional Jewish stories. Their helplessness makes readers remember the embarrassing situation of the Jews in history. 1 Malamud’s works have obvious resemblance to Jewish literature in writing mode, with its special feature of the fusion of “the fabulous and the factual” being called “lyrical realism”. Just as Howe said, “...... in his best stories there is a hard and bitter kind of pity, a wry affection preferable to the wet gestures of love, which makes him seem a grandson”˄Howe˖595˅. Malamud blends Jewish culture and literature in his writing, which expresses his profound Jewish feelings. Malamud is one of the best of the Jewish novelists. He expresses experiences of Jewish fathers to emphasize the Jewishness of his novels, illustrating there is a close connection between Jewish culture and his fiction. He has been more successful than others in universalizing Jewishness. Jewish culture, history and religion take root in Malamud’s mind, which are very important for us to understand his novels. Besides Jewish culture, American culture is also supposed to extend to Malamud’s writing. Jewish immigrants have relatively kept stable tradition, but they also accept influences from the outside world. American education has a great effect on Malamud. Jews have always put emphasis on education, so did Malamud’s parents. Although their life was not rich, they tried to make their children receive more and better education. What helped Malamud succeed in literary writing is the excellent free public

1 They are convinced they are the “chosen people” by God, but in real life they are in oppressed and persecuted situation.

153 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠ education in New York. He began to read books when he was in elementary school. He was enchanted with reading and said, “Reading was the mode by which I felt self-important. Appreciation of literature made me feel valuable, made me feel life was valuable: life in books lived with intensity. ”˄Davis 36˅In 1929 he went to study in Erasmus Hall High School. He read many classic literary works, which formed the solid foundation for his literary career. He also contributed to the school magazine, The Erasmian, and edited it for a period. In 1936 and 1942 he got BA and MA in City College in Manhattan and Columbia University. It was the education that made Malamud go out of the limits of home in Brooklyn and enter the mainstream American society. From 1949 Malamud taught in colleges and took to creative writing at the same time, so he was familiar with American literature and culture. Malamud talks mainly about the problems in American society in his works. His novels reflect the phenomenon appearing in modern American society in the aspects of content and ideology. His novels are parables about modern American life, presenting various ethical problems in real life. Sometimes he “is criticized by Jewish publications for failing to include specifically Jewish religious content in his works”

˄Hershinow 8˅. Malamud also has contact with the philosophy of existentialism, which puts emphasis on the existence in a meaningless disordered society. Existentialists believe that only when the person actively participates in life and struggles against all kinds of difficulties can he find meaning for himself in disorder. Malamud believes that writers should not get out of the shadowy aspect of social life, but deeply explore the meaning of survival. He thinks there are many intolerable problems in society, but people should keep their own self-respect, take responsibility and eliminate conflict to maintain survival. Malamud shows respect for self in his works. His protagonists are in trouble and crisis, or even are hurt, but they still keep the nobility of human spirit. They transcend the disorder that surrounds them, finding meaning in the power of love and moral commitment. Malamud concerns himself with the ethical problem in his writing. The early and middle periods of his literary career, that is, the prolific period from 1958 to 1966

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“established Malamud as one of the foremost writers of moral fiction in America”

Helterman1985, 2). Malamud devotes himself to describing moral battlegrounds as Dostoevsky, which is illustrated in two aspects: To start with, Jewish ethics has much influence on his writing. The essential feature of Judaism is faith in God and human. Malamud’s fiction may not show enthusiastic belief in God, but expresses firm belief in human, believing in the potentiality of men; secondly, he shares his concern for morality with American literary tradition. Thus in his works there are more profound and general values and meanings. Malamud makes people in misery get comfort and take heart at a glimpse of hope. He leads people to the perfect life. From Malamud’s experience, we can see that traditional Jewish culture, western culture, and traditional ethical concept have played leading roles in all his novels. In March 1950, Malamud published his first short story “Cost of Living” in Harper’s Bazaar. Since then, he has published eight novels. In addition to the above mentioned The Assistant, he published The Natural (1952), A New Life (1961), The Fixer (1966), Pictures of Fidelman: An Exhibition (1969), The Tenants (1971), Dubin’s Lives (1979) and God’s Grace (1982). He also published three collections of short stories: The Magic Barrel (1958), Idiots First (1963) and Rembrandt’s Hat (1973). Malamud has created many influential works. In 1958, Malamud received the Daroff Memorial Award and the Rosenthal Award of the National Institute of Arts and Letters for The Assistant, which established his position in the history of American literature. He received the National Book award for the first time for The Magic Barrel in 1959. In 1964 he became a member of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. He received Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award for The Fixer in 1967, and he became a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He also got other awards, such as O. Henry Awards in 1969 and 1973 and so on. He was elected to the presidency of the P. E. N. American center from 1979 to 1981. After his death, his publisher announced the establishment of Bernard Malamud Prize for literature to be in memory of the great American Jewish writer.

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Literary Review on Malamud

Among the research study on Malamud, Bernard Malamud: A Descriptive Bibliography (Kosofsky 1-263) by Rita N. Kosofsky is very important. There are more than 490 pieces of review of his works and about 446 critical essays on his works. In addition, there are 48 doctoral dissertations about him, among which 25 center on him. In this book Kosofsky puts emphasis on the author’s life, literary review of his works, criticism on the theme and the writing technique in his works, the relation between Malamud and literary tradition and so on, representing the main academic achievements in Malamud’s study. Another important book is Bernard Malamud: A Reference Guide (Salzberg 1985, 1-211) by Joel Salzberg. It includes the important research result on Malamud over the years. There are about 882 critical items, covering the author’s life, criticism on his works, social and cultural setting, criticism from the point of literary theory and so on. It is essential for scholars to study Malamud by consulting this book. Abroad, critics comment on Malamud’s works mainly from three aspects: cultural and social problems, the themes in his works, and the narrating technique. Critics talk mainly about cultural and social problems. They study in terms of the influence of Jewish culture, the effect of American literary tradition on Malamud’s writing, and the concern with social reality in his works. Some critics focus on Jewishness in his works. Cynthia Ozick thinks that Malamud’s writing presents the characteristics of Jewish culture. She says, “He wrote about suffering Jews, about poor Jews, about grocers and fixers and birds and horses and angels in Harlem and matchmakers and salesmen and rabbis and landlords and tenants and egg chandlers and writers and chimpanzees; he wrote about the plentitude and unity of the world.” Ozick 27) She notices Malamud concerns himself with the fate and history of Jews, and explores how he creates literary works by using the suffering Jews as protagonists. Ruth Wisse also thinks that Jewish culture has much influence on Malamud’s works. He gives attention to the character of “schlemiel” in

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Pictures of Fidelman. He considers that Fidelman’s suffering reproduces the concept of “paradoxical” failure in the Jewish culture, that is, Fidelman realizes his understanding of art creation and life in suffering˄Wisse 159-166˅. In addition, critics also pay more attention to the relation between Malamud’s works and The Hebrew Bible and Judaism. Harold Fisch believes there is implied Jewish meaning in the protagonist’s name in The Fixer. He points out “Bok” is a “goat” in The Fixer, and the midrash in his later life is a symbol of tragic fate of the Jews. He contends the name “Yacov” is connecting with Jacob. He plays the role of the archetypal schlemiel figure˄Fisch 162˅. Alan Warren Friedman thinks Malamud’s superb understanding of Jewish spirit reveals itself in his masterful device of “Talmudic tautology”. Malamud’s works “not only define themselves by the force of existential anguish, they derive their special quality from the ancient Jewish teachings and spirit embodied in the Torah and the Talmud” Friedman 288). He points out Malamud inherits the essence of Jewish culture, standing to the value of Jewish tradition. Critics such as Ozick, Wisse, Fisch and Friedman only take notice of Jewish tradition in Malamud’s fiction. That is, they hold that Malamud is deeply influenced by Jewish culture, and shows the influence in his fiction. It is convinced they conclude Malamud is a Jewish writer by analyzing the Jewish elements, but they do not associate it with the importance of morality in his fiction. In fact, Malamud describes the suffering of the Jews to discuss the loss of morality exhibited in the Jewish people in the alien culture. While some critics recognize Malamud’s Jewishness, there are also critics who express query to it. Sidney Richman says, “Too often there is the uneasy sensation that the subject is not really a writer who happens also to be a Jew but a Jew who happens also to be a writer. In any case, one must in part rescue Malamud from many of the conditions of his fame; one is obliged to do so at the point where his particularly literary concerns carry over into wider and more ambiguous social concerns.” Richman1966, 19 By analyzing the aspects of “The Self Alone”, “Struggle for Roots”, “Literary Tradition”, and “Comic Mode” in Malamud’s early

157 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠ fiction, he concludes it is unreasonable to group Malamud as a Jewish writer. Besides Sidney, Harold Bloom suggests Malamud can not be grouped as a definitive Jewish writer. He says in the introduction to the book Modern Critical View: Bernard Malamud, “The Jewishness of Malamud’s fiction has been a puzzle from the start, as his better critics always indicated. Malamud’s vision is personal, original, and almost wholly unrelated to the most characteristic or normative Jewish thought and tradition.” Bloom 1 He thinks that Malamud is apart from the Jewish tradition, and his works do not belong to Jewish literature. In fact, Richman and Bloom confine themselves to explore some features in Malamud’s fiction, rather than the actual meaning of Jewishness. In other words, they do not discuss how to define the concept of “Jewishness”. If they take into account the connotation and extension of “Jewishness”, they will realize that “Jewishness” in Malamud’s works is very prominent. We can see that in all of his works, Malamud almost does not describe any non-Jews, and the non-Jewish protagonists also show some Jewish features (such as Roy and Frank). Therefore, the purpose of Malamud’s writing is to make people give attention to the fate of Jews. Malamud himself rejects the label of “Jewish writer”. In an interview he says, “I handle the Jew as a symbol of the tragic experience of man existentially. I try to see the Jew as universal man. Every man is a Jew though he may not know it. The Jewish drama is a symbol of the fight for existence in the highest possible terms. Jewish history is God’s gift of drama.” Abramson1994ˈ2 Malamud represents experience of humankind by displaying the life of the Jews. Later he says to Daniel Stern, “ĂĂI make characters Jewish because I think I will understand them better as people, not because I am out to prove anything. ĂĂthe point I am making is that I was born in America and respond, in American life, to more than Jewish experience. I wrote for those who read.” (Stern 1996˖20) Malamud takes Jewish experience as an example to demonstrate the life of the American or even the whole humankind. In fact he thinks what he is after in his writing is to show the life of most people, using the material as the way to attain his goal rather than the goal itself. Many critics recognize the deeper meaning of Malamud’s works. In explaining

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Malamud’s identity, Cythia Ozick argues that the label of “Jewish writer” makes him feel puzzled, because it “carries with it the smudge of so-called ethnicity”, “a cataloguing of traits or vulnerabilities in place of meaning”. “The Jewish spirit is the opposite of ethnicity or parochialism, ĂĂ. It is everywhere.” Ozick 26 She reveals Malamud puts emphasis on the Jewish spirit in the works. Robert Alter examines Malamud’s works in the early and middle periods. He thinks Malamud derives material from Jewish folklore, with the juxtaposition of reality, fantasy and folk figure. He says, “Although most of his protagonists are avowedly Jewish, he has never really written about Jews in the manner of other American Jewish novelists.” Alter 1970ˈ 30 He believes Malamud clearly makes Jewishness to function as “an ethical symbol”, “a moral stance”. Critics such as Ozick and Alter take notice that the creative source of Malamud’s writing comes from the living condition of Jews in real life. They pay attention to Malamud’s Jewishness and explore it by studying the history of human culture. However, they often fail to demonstrate the association between Jewishness and morality in Malamud’s works. Alter just simply mentions there is a close relation between Jewishness and morality, but he does not analyze it in detail. Some critics focus on the relation between Malamud’s writing and American literary tradition. David Burrows recognizes in Levin in A New Life indebtedness to Emerson’s Self-Reliance, and to Thoreau’s and James’ moral vision. He points out Malamud arranges such parallels and connections to create a contemporary version of

“the American Adam”˄Burrows 86-94˅.Christof Wegelin demonstrates the close connection between Malamud and American literary tradition. He believes Malamud’s “international theme” is from James’, because his Italian stories also reveal the differences between Europeans and Americans. But he acknowledges Malamud only gets his inspiration from James in subject. He concludes Malamud’s American characters are no longer innocent and detached; they are often the same “distorted characters” as Kafka’s˄Wegelin 77-88˅. There are similarities between Malamud’s works and American humanism and romanticism. Malamud once said, “I’ve been influenced by Hawthorne, James, Mark

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Twain, Hemingway, more than I have been by Sholem Aleichem and I. L. Peretz.”

Stern 1996, 20 So Edward A. Abramson categorizes Malamud as belonging to American literary tradition. In Bernard Malamud Revisited he points out that Malamud’s use of immigrant English, American Black English and slang, and his employment of humor are similar to Mark Twain’s Abramson1993, 7 . Furthermore, he notices that Malamud is concerned with the moral growth of the individual, which can be identified with Hawthorne’s belief. He means that Malamud and Hawthorne share common faith, believing that only honesty and selflessness can help the individual grow morally. Abramson concludes that Malamud does not concern with secret evil in human beings. In his opinion, Malamud is not pessimistic as Hawthorne, because he plants his works in active and lyrical humanism. These critics focus on the similarities between Malamud’s works and American literary tradition. They fail to give enough attention to the Jewish culture and humanistic morality in the works. There are also critics who have questioned the American elements in Malamud’s works. Philip Roth thinks that Malamud plays the role of bridge between Jewish culture and American culture, but he also says that the Jews in his works are not “the Jews of New York or Chicago”, “they are a kind of invention, a metaphor to stand for certain human possibilities and human promises ĂĂ” Roth1969, 142-158) Malamud does not present the trouble, suffering and dilemma of contemporary American Jews, so Roth concludes the purpose of Malamud’s writing is to dramatically describe the theme of morality instead of getting material from contemporary American society. Alfred Kazin believes that The Assistant is “a hymn to a symbolic Jew as he is confronted by a hostile, baffled, and finally envious Gentile” (Kazin 26). He points out the most wonderful part of the novel is the description of suffering, and the American Jew remains too generalized, with the gentile too shadowy and invisible. So readers tend to realize their function is only symbolic. Roth and Kazin do not like the unassimilated American Jews in Malamud’s fiction. Their purpose is to illustrate Malamud’s common Jewishness, but they do not

160 English Summary analyze his works from the point of culture, history and society. Critics are greatly interested in social phenomenon in Malamud’s works. Max F. Schulz discusses the functions of the characters from the aspects of mythic pattern and social criticism. He illustrates on two levels: the mythic hero bringing renewal to the wasteland; the proletarian hero getting justice to the society. Schulz points out they are the “mythic savior and the social scapegoat” Schulz 194 . He thinks that Malamud constructs dual theme and structure through the use of realism and symbolism. He puts emphasis on Malamud’s criticism of social injustice. Joel Salzberg discusses the social reality in Malamud’s works in detail. In his opinion in the novels such as The Fixer and The Tenants there is “racial and political turmoil of the 1960s” Salzberg 1985, xvi). He thinks there are descriptions of political oppression and social injustice, linking The Fixer with the Holocaust and The Tenants with the oppression of blacks in America in 1960s. Alvin B. Kernan and Iska Alter analyze the social phenomenon in Malamud’s works. Kernan believes The Tenants gives a picture of social reality, “the tenement is not only a realistic depiction of the desperate state of much of New York City, ĂĂ but of the wasteland of modern western society and the incursion of this reality into literature toward the end of a terrifying century.” Kernan 198 In his opinion the content of his fiction is from real life. Iska Alter claims that many critics have neglected or ignored social criticism about Malamud’s fiction. In fact his later novels are more concerned about changes in life of the Jews in American society. “He is not only interested in describing actual social structures, or the human interactions that sustain them; he is also concerned with defining and dramatizing the underlying forces which form the bases upon which a given community is built.” Alter 1981, 3 He reveals how the American dream has declined into a nightmare in the decayed society. What these critics underline is the importance of social problems in Malamud’s writing, but they fail to associate the understanding of society with the changes of the protagonists’ morality, and can not see the author’s purpose is to illustrate his moral values.

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As for the study of themes, some critics emphasize the significance of morality in Malamud’s fiction; some investigate protagonists’ longing for survival; some explain the function of Holocaust in expressing theme. Malamud puts moral vision at the center of his writing, and his fiction is concerned with the basic morality of humankind in the 20th century. He once said, “It

(art) tends toward morality. It values life. Even when it doesn’t it tends to. ĂĂ Morality begins with an awareness of the sanctity of one’s life, hence the lives of others üüeven Hitler’s to begin withüüthe sheer privilege of being, in this miraculous cosmos, and trying to figure out why. Art in essence, celebrates life and gives us our measure.” Stern 1975, 51 Malamud thinks writers should reproduce “humanity of humankind”, and rediscover freedom and hope for people. Many critics notice Malamud expresses the moral conflict of the individual’s inner mind. JonathanBaumbach studies the mythic setting in The Natural, The Assistant and A New Life to demonstrate how Malamud reveals the moral significance of the individual life. He concludes Malamud not only describes the natural and social phenomenon, but discusses the inner conflict of the individual when bearing moral responsibility. In Malamud’s fiction love and responsibility are important for people to conquer evil and bring about salvation Baumbach 438-457 . Louis Harap studies the paradoxical psychology of the protagonist in The Fixer. He points out Malamud resists nihilism. Yakov is not a simple victim, and he always has to make a moral decision Harap 131 . From the above analysis, we find that critics have often discussed the moral problems in Malamud’s novels from the aspects of the society, history and psychology. All of these studies have laid foundation for us to explore further the moral meaning of Malamud’s novels. In each novel Malamud attempts to link the protagonist’s situation with his growth of morality. He often takes advantage of the characters’ suffering to express the function of experiences in the process of moral growth. Critics, however, have often chosen only two or three works, so there are some limitations for the research of morality in Malamud’s works. Sheldon J. Hershinow and Jeffrey Helterman fully discuss the power of morality

162 English Summary in Malamud’s fiction. Hershinow systematically analyzes the moral principles in Malamud’s works. He thinks that “Although the subjects and settings of Malamud’s works vary widely, one characteristic remains consistent throughout: his moral earnestness.” Hershinow 1 Malamud is a moral writer, “the nobility of the human spirit” is the basis of his writing, and only the readers who respect moral principles can really understand his fiction. Hershinow pays much attention to “the nobility of the human spirit”, instead of the causes Malamud concerns with morality. In other words, he does not explain why Malamud is interested in morality from the perspective of history and culture. Only considering Malamud’s experience, his value and writing theories can one clearly understand this theme. Jeffrey Helterman analyzes all of Malamud’s works in detail. He emphasizes the moral importance of Martin Buber’s “Iüüthou” pattern in Malamud’s writing. He claims that Malamud extends his moral concern to mankind, and makes the conclusion two kinds of responsibilities are very important in his works, which are “I suffer for you” and “I am responsible for you” (Helterman 21) . Helterman realizes moral value has produced great power on the protagonists. But he gives much attention to the story, while ignoring how the moral direction functions, and how it is effectively constructed. Malamud is one of the writers who are beset with the problem of survival. Arvindra Sant explores the theme of survival in Malamud’s works, emphasizing the importance of suffering in explaining the theme. By analyzing the physical, emotional and mental aspects, Sant illustrates the misery of the protagonist in The Fixer to demonstrate Malamud’s paradoxical theory of survival, that is, the real freedom can be achieved only through some kind of bondage. He thinks that Malamud employs the blending of fantasy and reality to enhance the inner strength of the protagonist and to lend a surrealistic touch to the narrative˄Sant 177-187˅. Malamud once commented on Ādilemmaā in his fiction, ĀPerhaps I use it as a metaphor for the dilemma of all menĂĂ. Social injustice, apathy, ignorance. ĂĂA man has to construct, invent, his freedom.” (Stern 1996, 18) He believes the task of writers is to create freedom through arts and keep freedom in his writing.

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Philippe Codde puts emphasis on the connection between survival and existentialism. He analyzes the living condition of the protagonists in The Assistant and The Fixer. According to him, the theme of survival can be examined from two aspects: on the one hand, Malamud’s protagonists live lonely in a meaningless world in the cold and materialistic society; on the other hand, they have a firm faith in the future, believing that they can change the reality. His protagonist “fears his fate, is caught up in it, yet manages to outrun it” Shenker, 20 . Codde thinks that Malamud’s novels are about the survival problems, such as suffering, freedom, moral choice, Jewish identity, the death of God, human responsibility and so on. His novels also provide the way for getting out of despair in modern society. Malamud has fulfilled the task of contemporary writers, that is, to remind people it is important for us to survive in the world Codde 192 . These critics only refer to suffering and existentialism in explanation of the theme of survival, regardless of the problem of moral dilemma in the living circumstances, and the writer’s purpose to explore moral phenomenon. Moreover, the texts they choose are just The Assistant and The Fixer, and accordingly their explanation of the relation between the theme of survival and morality is not systematic. Critics explain the theme of Holocaust in Malamud’s fiction, and focus on the relation between the theme and the fate of Jews and humankind. Taking into account the works of Saul Bellow, I. B. Singer, Cynthia Ozick, Chaim Potok, Bernard Malamud, S. Lillian Kremer inquires in her Book Witness Through the Imagination: Jewish American Holocaust Literature the influence of Holocaust on American Jewish writers and the development of American Jewish literature. Kremer considers there are similarities between Tsar Russia and Nazis Germany in social structure and politics. Then she claims The Fixer really records the history of Holocaust. Bok is caught in prison just because he is a Jew, and his circumstance is the symbol of the fate of the Jews during World War II. Malamud describes the Jewish suffering as a metaphor for the Holocaust Kremer 81-102 .Michael Brown interprets the theme of Holocaust in “The Last Mohican”, The Assistant and The Fixer. He believes Malamud

164 English Summary does not discuss the theme directly, but explores it indirectly through the use of symbol and metaphor. The author views the event as a symbol of inhumanity˄Brown 479-88˅. Langer demonstrates the differences in living universe between Malamud’s protagonists and the Holocaust. He concludes Malamud connects suffering and dignity closely, so his fiction belongs to tragedy, which is beyond the Holocaust experience itself and universalizes the event˄Langer 115-125˅. These critics lay emphasis on the importance of the theme of Holocaust in Malamud’s fiction, but they only take notice of the event itself, or just pay attention to the relation between the event and the living condition of humankind. They do not consider the event from the point of moral setting, and then ignore the author’s purpose of illustrating the moral experience of protagonists through the Holocaust. Critics explore the narrating technique in Malamud’s fiction mainly from three aspects: the quest narrative; the myth narrative; and the technique of humor. Tonny Tanner focuses on the quest narrative in Malamud’s six novels. He points out first the protagonists are in a quest for better life, next they are involved in frustration and difficulty, then there are some changes for their understanding of quest and finally they can reshape themselves by bearing responsibility. According to him, they are “like Herzog and Portnoy, are also eager to begin” Tanner 129 . James Beyer expands Tanner’s research. He examines the works before Dubin’s lives, and points out his works are repetitious in theme, characterization and narrating technique. He thinks it is important for us to understand Malamud’s works through the analysis of quest narrative Beyer 203 . Kathleen G. Ochshorn systematically discusses the quest narrative in Malamud’s works. Using the theories of psychology, society, culture, and philosophy, Ochshorn does research for the meaning of quest. She also explores the combination of Jewish suffering and quest, the function of growing process in the quest and the influence of responsibility and emotion on the reconstruction of personality in the quest. Ochshorn studies all of Malamud’s works in detail and concludes their quest is for both material and spiritual development (Ochshorn 3-9). These critics analyze the quest narrative technique in Malamud’s works, but they

165 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠ do not associate the quest narrative strategy with the protagonists’ moral confusion in the quest process. They simply analyze the quest mode, but do not point out the reasons causing the quest. In fact, Malamud displays the characters’ anxiety to reflect the moral growth and moral regression in the quest process. These critics are too keen on the value of the plot and narrative strategies, not paying enough attention to the purpose of the narrative technique. They do not realize Malamud actually emphasize the moral significance of the work. Critics are also interested in the mythical narrative of Malamud’s works. In his dissertation Bernard Malamud’s The Natural and Other Oedipal Analogs in Baseball Fiction, Harvey Kudler believes that among American novelists Malamud first noticed there are Oedipal materials inherently contained in the game of baseball. After analyzing the father-son relationship and sexual relationship in the novel, he suggests the character models are from Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex. He claims that Malamud dramatizes baseball as a metaphor for a duel between a father and his son, which is a common narrative mode for Malamud’s later works (Kudler 305). Earl R Wasserman and James Mellard analyze the archetypal narrative in Malamud’s works in detail. Wasserman takes The Natural as an example to talk about how Malamud uses baseball, the Grail legend, and Jungian archetypes as a basis to organize historical incidents and sport, which make the novel an epic for measuring psychological and moral state of the individual. He believes Malamud has employed the device of symbols, the writing material and their close connection to formulate his understanding of the world. He concludes the intention of Grail myth in the novel is beyond the limitation of Jungian archetypes. “In addition to its own artistic integrity,

The Natural is the necessary reference test for a reading of his subsequent fiction.” Wasserman 64  James Mellard extends Wasserman’s statement by analyzing the Grail quest, the vegetation myth and rituals, seasonal and pastoral cycles, fertility myths and so on in Malamud’s first four novels. He points out these novels represent different versions of pastoral mode. He regards the pastoral mode as having four roles in the novels, “an archetypal narrative structure of great flexibility, a durable convention of

166 English Summary characterization, a consistent pattern of imagery and symbols, and a style and rhetorical strategy of lucidity and power” Mellard 101 . Mellard further points out there are fewer critics who have recognized the importance of Jewish spirit in the growth of characters. These critics have paid much attention to the similarities between the mythic narrative in Malamud’s writing and archetypal myth in classic literary works, while having less explored other elements, such as the consideration of morality pervading in the text. There are fewer critics who have recognized that moral spirit is the force to propel characters to change, while mythic mode is only an element embedded within the writing. Critics such as Earl H. Rovit and Sheldon Norma Grebstein argue that Malamud has used humor and comic mode to create characters and literary world. Rovit thinks that Malamud has inherited the tradition of Jewish culture. He uses humor to describe the uncertainty of life. Rovit goes on to point out Malamud is beyond the limit of Jewish tradition. His narrating mode does not wholly belong to the Jewish tradition

Rovit 6 . Grebstein believes Malamud blends humor and theme in his writing. He points out Malamud uses a different kind of humor to express the serious theme, which makes him different from other Jewish writer (Grebstein 175-212). The critics who examine Malamud’s fiction from the aspect of writing technique focus on the form of the works, with less reference to the content and meaning implied in the usage of the form. They may simply discuss the Jewish cultural setting, but they usually do not explore the crisis of moral faith that the Jews present in the Christian society, failing to observe that the author’s purpose is to describe the living condition of humankind through form and technique. At home, we have achieved some success in Malamud studies, but comparing with Malamud studies abroad, we still have a long way to go. Firstly, critics focus on The Assistant and The Fixer. Thus for Malamud’s eight novels, we should expand our study. Secondly, critics put more emphasis on Malamud’s Jewishness, and the methods they use are also repetitious, centering on theme and writing technique. Therefore, for narrating technique, post-colonial theory and cultural criticism in

167 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

Malamud’s fiction that critics study abroad, we do not explore them. Moreover, we only study Malamud’s ethics in term of Jewish ethics in The Assistant and The Fixer. We need wholly and systematically explore ethics in Malamud’s works. For these points, Malamud studies at home need further development.

Research MethodˈResearch Purpose and the Dissertation

In general, we should clarify the two concepts of “ethics” and “morality” when we interpret any literary work from the point of ethics. In western etymology the word “ethics” originates from the Greek “ethos”, which refers to the stable nature of certain phenomenon, including special temperament of people. “Morality” is from Latin “moralis”, which means “customs”, “habits”. Later it has gradually evolved the meanings of “features” and “quality” (Thiroux 3). From etymology, there is no essential difference between the two terms: one derives from Greek, and the other is from Latin. Later, gradual distinction has appeared in the practice process. We use “ethics” to refer to the theory, and morality to the practice behavior. In other words, “ethics” is used to characterize the objective existence of social relation, having certain social tendencies; “morality” has a personal tendency to express the inner world of the individual. In Chinese “ethics” refers to relation between people, while “morality” means the norms of people’s behavior in the society. “Ethics” and “morality” are closely linked, and at the same time there are differences between the two concepts. In daily life, the two words can be used interchangeably, without strict distinction, but in fact they are two concepts that can not be confused. “Ethics” refers to the relation between people, between things, between people and things, as well as the natural form, structure and order within the things. “Morality” is the rules, norms and values that people hold when they do something under the guidance of ethics.

168 English Summary

Ethics appears in certain social, historical, and cultural contexts, and there are different ethics in different conditions. We can consider a kind of relation as a kind of ethics. The relation between people or things is intricate and complex, so there are various kinds of ethics. “Interpersonal ethics” is the relation that people have when they interact with others in day-to-day life in society. It can include the relation between colleagues, between neighbors, between friends, between sexes and so on. “Jewish ethics” can also be referred to as ethics of Judaism, which refers to the traditional ethical values in Judaism. These values include the Jewish responsibility ethics, ethical optimism, Jewish family ethics, and the Jewish concept of freedom. They permeate all aspects of Jewish life, guiding and constraining ideas and behaviors of the Jews. In social life, people of different ethnic groups participate in daily activities, and play their respective roles. They form different ethnic subjects. There is complex relation between the ethnic subjects. Therefore, the concept of “ethnic ethics” comes into being. “Ecological ethics” breaks the concept of traditional ethics. It expands the scope of ethical concern, regarding the rights of all natural objects as important. Ecological ethics emphasizes and reflects the relation between various things in the ecosystem, including the independence, freedom and dignity of life, the relation between life forms, the relation between life forms and ecological community and so on. The focus of the ethical research is the change in the relation between the people or things; moral research focuses on if the changes in the relation are in compliance with the existing norms, that is, to determine whether this relation change is reasonable. Ethical research on literary works is to objectively reproduce the phenomenon of specific era; moral study of literary works is to give subjective evaluation. In broad sense ethical research of literary works covers moral study, because it is bound to evaluate when we explore specific phenomenon of the times. This dissertation is mainly based on the theme of ethics in Malamud’s novels. Malamud lives and grows in the era, when the world has undergone tremendous

169 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠ changes. He has experienced or indirectly realized some of the major historical events, such as the Great Depression, the outbreak of the Second World War, persecution and massacre of the Jews by fascists, nuclear explosion in Hiroshima, civil rights movement, the long Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union and so on. Meanwhile, science and technology have developed rapidly and economy has grown for a long time. All of these have brought huge changes to the American and people all over the world. Under these circumstances, as an American Jewish writer, Malamud has been exposed to Jewish culture and the American culture. His works explore in depth the traditional spiritual values of the Jewish culture, and at the same time illustrate the values of American society, reflecting the relation between individual and others, between individual and the collective, between different ethnic groups as well as between human and ecosystem. This dissertation explores Malamud’s four novels, The Natural (1952), The Fixer (1966), The Tenants (1971) and God’s Grace (1982). The four novels represent Malamud’s writing ideas and styles, and they are the most important works of Malamud. Thematic interpretation from four aspects of interpersonal ethics, Jewish ethics, ethnic ethics and ecological ethics can make us have a comprehensive analysis of the profound ethical connotation implicated in Malamud’s novels. The author of the dissertation combines the macro method of ethical criticism with micro study of analyzing the text, making full use of relevant literary and cultural studies, and other scholars’ ideas. The author focuses on the analysis of the protagonists’ ethical dilemma, explores the way to be out of crisis to reveal the ethical ideas in the fiction, and the guidance of these ideas to the American and humankind. Dilemma and redemption is an important problem reflected in Malamud’s novels and the core theme of his works is ethics. The first chapter of this dissertation explores the interpersonal dilemma and salvation. In Malamud’s first novel, The Natural (1952), values of individualism and pragmatism have great effects on the protagonist, making him fall into ethical confusion and spiritual crisis in the process of interacting with others. Malamud reveals the essence of these values on one side, and on the other side he does not give

170 English Summary up the hope of looking for a way out. He points out that only love and responsibility can lead the individuals to establish good relationship with others and achieve moral salvation. The second chapter analyzes the Jewish dilemma and salvation. After The Natural, Malamud publishes The Fixer (1966), reflecting the influence of Jewish ethics on Jews. In the novel he reproduces the harsh living environment of the Jews in the circumstance of anti-Semitism. The protagonist of the novel departs from the Jewish ethics, and then he is falsely accused guilty of murder. He suffers a painful ordeal in prison and sinks into confusion and perplex. Malamud thinks that Jews should admit the real survival situation and the history of the Jewish people. It is only through assuming responsibility for his ethnic group that the Jews can get out of trouble. The third chapter discusses the ethnic dilemma and salvation. After The Fixer, Malamud publishes The Tenants (1971), relating to the problem how to deal with the ethical relation between peoples. In the novel both the Jewish writer and the black writer are fascinated in writing and thus have to be in a dilemma in their life. They have different culture backgrounds and writing understandings, which result in contradictions in their common life and creative process. And the conflicts lead to an escalating degree, even to the point of a “life-and-death struggle”. Most importantly, Malamud also discusses how to eliminate the contradictions and conflicts between peoples. He believes that the different ethnic groups should maintain mutual tolerance and understanding, and ensure equality and mutual trust. Only in this way can we be out of the moral dilemma and achieve reconciliation between peoples. The fourth chapter studies the ecological dilemma and salvation. God’s Grace (1982) is Malamud’s last published novel, exploring the problem of ecological crisis. Malamud thinks that people should correctly understand their position in the ecological environment, so that it is possible to build a harmonious relation between people and the ecosystem, while violation of ecological ethics can only have devastating consequences. Malamud gives warnings to humankind: people should bear ecological responsibilities; and the development and progress of society should

171 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠ follow the rules of ecological ethics, otherwise, there will be catastrophe to the ecosystem, including human beings. Meanwhile, Malamud presents hope for the future in the tragic atmosphere. He points out that there are still possibilities for getting out of trouble and achieving regeneration. In short, Malamud’s characters are always caught in pain and suffering, but they all have positive attitudes when looking at life and the future, convinced that they can eventually overcome adversity and obtain salvation.

172 Bibliography

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Primary Sources

Novels

Malamud, Bernard. God’s Grace. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1982.

üü. The Fixer. Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1977. üü. The Natural. New York: The Noonday Press, 1991. üü. The Tenants. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1988. 偀ᢝ咬ᖋˈԃ㒇ᖋ˖lj෎䕙ᗼNJˈᴼҕᭀ䆥DŽफҀ˖∳㢣Ҏ⇥ߎ⠜⼒ˈ1984 ᑈDŽ

Nonfiction

Malamud, Bernard. “Long Work, Short Life.” Talking Horse: Bernard Malamud on Life and Work. Cheuse, Alan and Delbanco, Nicholas, eds. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996.

üü. “The Writer’s Task.” Writing in America. John Fischer and Robert B. Silvers eds. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1960.

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Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1973: 175-212. Gretta, George. “Baseball and the American Dream.” Massachusetts Review, No.16, 1975: 552. Harap, Louis. In the Mainstream: The Jewish Presence in Twentieth-Century American Literature 1950s-1980s. New York: Greenwood Press, 1987. Hassan, Ihab. “Bernard Malamud: 1976 Fictions Within Our Fictions.” In The Fiction of Bernard Malamud. Richard Astro and Jackson J. Benson, eds. Corvaillis: Oregon State University Press, 1977: 43-64. Helterman, Jeffrey. “Bernard Malamud.” Dictionary of Literary Biography: Americna Novelits Since World War II. Jerrey Helterman and Richard Layman, eds. Detroit: Gale Reasearch Company, 1978: 291-304. ——. Understanding Bernard Malamud. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1985. Hershinow, Sheldon J. Bernard Malamud. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1980. Hicks, Granville. “Generations of the Fifties: Malamud, Gold and Updike.” In The Creative Present: Notes on Contemporary American Fiction, Nona Balakian and Charles Simmons, eds. New York: Doubleday & Co., 1963: 217-237. ——“One Man Who Stands for Six Million.” Saturday Review Vol.49 No.10 Septermber 1966: 37-39. Howe, Irving. World of Our Fathers. New York: Harcout Brace Jovanovich, 1976. Kazin, Alfred. “Fantasist of the Ordinary.” In Critical Essays on Bernard Malamud. Joel Salzberg, ed. Boston : G. K. Hall, 1987: 25-29. Kernan, Alvin B. “ ‘The Tenants’: ‘Battering the Object’ .” In Bernard Malamud. Harold Bloom, ed. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986: 193-207. Klein, Marcus. After Alienation: American Novels in Mid-Century. Cleveland, 1964. Kosofsky, Rita Nathalie. Bernard Malamud: A Descriptive Bibliography. New York: Greenwood Press, 1991. Kremer, S. Lillian. “Seekers and Survivors: The Holocaust –Haunted Literature of Bernard Malamud.” In Witness Through the Imagination: Jewish American

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Holocaust Literature. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1989: 81-102. Kudler, Harvey. Bernard Malamud’s Natural and Other Oedipal Analogs in Baseball Fiction. New York: St. John’s University, 1976. Langer, Lawrence L. “Malamud’s Jews and the Holocaust Experience.” In Critical Essays on Bernard Malamud. Joel Salzberg, ed. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1987: 115-125. Lask, Thomas. “Malamud’s Lives.” New York Times Book Review, 21 January 1979: 43. Lelchuk, Alan. “Review of God’s Grace.” New York Times Book Review 29 Aug. 1982: 14-15. Mailer, Norman. “The White Negro.” In Advertisement for Myself. New York: Signet Books, 1960: 306. Mellard, James M. “Four Versions of Pastoral.” In Bernard Malamud. Harold Bloom, ed. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986: 101-113. Mesher, David R. “Gorilla in the Myth: Malamud’s God’s Grace.” In The Magic Worlds of Bernard Malamud. Evelyn Avery, ed. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001: 111-123. —— “Names and Stereotypes in Malamud’s ‘The Tenants’.” Studies in Americna Jewish Literature Vol. 4 No. 1 Spring 1978: 57-68. Ochshorn, Kathleen G.. The Heart’s Essential Landscape: Bernard Malamud’s Hero. New York: Peter Lang. Publishing, Inc., 1990. Ozick, Cynthia. “Remembrances: Bernard Malamud.” In The Magic World of Bernard Malamud. Evelyn Avery, ed. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001: 25-29. Podhoretz, Norman. “My Negro Problem-and Ours.” Commentary Vol. 35 No. 2 February 1963: 97. Pradhan, S. V. “Spinoza and Malamud’s The Fixer.” Indian Journal of American Studies No.5 1976: 38-39. Richman, Sidney. Bernard Malamud. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1966. ——. “Malamud’s Quarrel with God.” In Critical Essays on Bernard Malamud. Joel

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179 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

㣼࿕Ḑˈᮃ˖ljᓖッⱘᴗ߽NJˈ䍉ৄᅝㄝ䆥DŽ࣫Ҁ˖࣫Ҁϝ㘨кᑫˈ ᑈDŽ የ䘧ᗵǃᴅӳㄝ㓪˖ljĀބቅā⧚䆎˖ᇍ䆱Ϣ┰ᇍ䆱NJDŽ࣫Ҁ˖ᎹҎߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ 䌍㟡ᇨˈܟࢇᮃ˖ljᖋ೑ড⢍৆NJˈ䪅സ䆥DŽफҀ˖∳㢣Ҏ⇥ߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ ᓫ㔫ྚˈ඗䞠Ꮰ˖ljऴ᳝䖬ᰃ⫳ᄬüüϔϾᮄ⼒Ӯⱘ㊒⼲෎⸔NJˈ݇ቅ䆥DŽ⫳⌏g䇏 кgᮄⶹϝ㘨кᑫˈ ᑈDŽ ᓫ⋯Ӟᖋˈ㽓Ḑ㩭ᖋ˖ljᨽ㽓Ϣϔ⼲ᬭNJˈᴢሩᓔ䆥DŽ࣫Ҁ˖࣫Ҁϝ㘨кᑫˈ ᑈDŽ

࢛ٙ˖ljԃ㒇ᖋg偀ᢝ咬ᖋüüϔԡ⣀⡍ⱘ㕢೑⢍໾԰ᆊNJDŽ࣫Ҁ˖໪䇁ᬭᄺϢⷨ おߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ üülj偀ᢝ咬ᖋϢ㕢೑⼲䆱NJDŽlj໪೑䇁᭛NJˈ ᑈ㄀  ᳳ˖DŽ üüljᇏ∖㞾៥ᛣ䆚üü䆎偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈Ёⱘཇᗻᔶ䈵NJˈljᔧҷ໪೑᭛ᄺNJˈ  ᑈ㄀  ᳳˈDŽ ˈüülj⿏⇥ⱘ๗䘛üü偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈Ёⱘ⾡ᮣᡦݭNJDŽljᔧҷ໪೑᭛ᄺNJ ᑈ㄀  ᳳ˖DŽ üülj೼⠊䕜ⱘϪ⬠䞠üüᇍ偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈ЁĀ⠊Ϣᄤā↡乬ⱘ᭛࣪㾷䇏NJDŽljᔧ ҷ໪೑᭛ᄺNJˈ ᑈ㄀  ᳳ˖DŽ স䇶Ӟ䇎໿ǃӞᇨ߽⡍㣼˖lj㽓ᮍӺ⧚ᄺㅔ৆NJˈ߬⤂⌆ㄝ䆥DŽ࣫Ҁ˖Ё೑Ҏ⇥ ໻ᄺߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ 乒ᰧ号˖lj⢍໾üüܙ⒵Āᙪ䆎āⱘ᭛࣪NJDŽᵁᎲ˖⌭∳Ҏ⇥ߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ 䈾ˈ⃻᭛˖lj⠊䕜ⱘϪ⬠NJˈ⥟⍋㡃ˈ䍉ゟ㸠䆥DŽϞ⍋˖ϝ㘨кᑫˈ ᑈDŽ ԩᗔᅣЏ㓪˖lj⫳ᗕӺ⧚ü㊒⼲䌘⑤Ϣ૆ᄺ෎⸔NJDŽ⷇ᆊᑘ˖⊇࣫໻ᄺߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ 䌎䲘亲˖ljֵӄϢॅᴎüü⢍໾ᗱᛇϢЁ೑䯂乬NJDŽ࣫Ҁ˖ढ啘ߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ ⋾∝哢㓪˖ljᮃᆒ䇎㥢䇏ᴀNJDŽ࣫Ҁ˖Ё༂㓪䆥ߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ 䳡㗤⡍ˈ䰓ܟาᇨ˖ljЎᡓ䅸㗠᭫ѝNJˈ㚵㒻ढㄝ䆥DŽϞ⍋˖Ϟ⍋Ϫ㑾ߎ⠜䲚ಶˈ  ᑈDŽ ᇓݰ䆥DŽ࣫Ҁ˖ϰᮍߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽރˈঢ়ᢝᇨˈࢦݙ˖lj᳓㔾㕞NJ ࿀ᤃ⍋Џ㓪˖lj⫳ᗕ᭛ᯢ䆎NJDŽ࣫Ҁ˖Ҏ⇥ߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ ᭀफ㧆˖ljߎ䏃ˈ䖬ᰃᑏ䈵˖Ң ᑨ䆌Пഄ!ǃ ᑫਬ!ǃ 㕢೑⠻℠!ⳟ⢍໾Ҏⱘ㕢

180 Bibliography

೑ṺᇏNJDŽϞ⍋˖Ϟ⍋໪೑䇁໻ᄺम຿ᄺԡ䆎᭛ˈ ᑈDŽ ᓔ᱂݄ˈᨽ䖾߃˖lj⢍໾ᬭ˖ϔ⾡᭛ᯢNJˈ咘⽣℺ˈᓴゟᬍ䆥DŽ⌢फ˖ቅϰ໻ᄺߎ ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ ⾥ᘽˈѮԃᢝ㔩˖lj໻ӫศ᳼ᖋNJˈⲪ䗞䆥DŽ⌢फ˖ቅϰ໻ᄺߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ ⾥Ѽˈา㓾ᇨ6˖lj⢍໾ᬭüüϔ⾡⫳⌏П䘧NJˈᕤᮄˈᓴ߽ӳㄝ䆥DŽ៤䛑˖ಯ ᎱҎ⇥ߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ ࢦ㓈㒇ᮃˈ඗偀㒑඗ᇨ˖ljศ᳼ᖋಯ䆆NJˈ݇ᅱ㡇䆥DŽ࣫Ҁ˖ଚࡵॄк佚ˈ ᑈDŽ ༹߽⊶ᖋˈ༹ᇨ໮˖lj≭еᑈ䡈NJˈփ᭛㬭䆥DŽ䭓᯹˖ঢ়ᵫҎ⇥ߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ ᴢ෍䍙˖lj㞾✊ⱘӺ⧚ᇞϹNJDŽफᯠ˖∳㽓Ҏ⇥ߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ ᴢ㧡˖ljϰᮍӺ⧚ᗱᛇㅔ৆NJDŽ࣫Ҁ˖Ё೑Ҏ⇥໻ᄺߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ ߬⋾ϔ˖lj⠊Ϣᄤ᭛࣪↡乬Ϣ᭛ᄺᄤ乬üüü䆎㕢೑⢍໾᭛ᄺⱘϔ⾡Џ乬῵ ᓣNJDŽlj໪೑᭛ᄺ䆘䆎NJˈ ᑈ㄀  ᳳ˖DŽ üü˖lj䍄৥᭛࣪䆫ᄺüü㕢೑⢍໾ᇣ䇈ⷨおNJDŽ࣫Ҁ˖࣫Ҁ໻ᄺߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ ߬ᇣᵿ˖lj≝䞡ⱘ㙝䑿üü⦄ҷᗻӺ⧚ⱘভџ㒀䇁NJDŽ࣫Ҁ˖ढ໣ߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ 剕ᵶܗ˖lj⫳ᗕ᭛㡎ᄺNJDŽ㽓ᅝ˖䰩㽓Ҏ⇥ᬭ㚆ߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ 㔫ԃ䗞ˈ䁍ྚ຿˖lj㕢೑⼲䆱㕢೑⦄ᅲNJˈ䌒⾔ϰㄝ䆥DŽ࣫Ҁ˖Ё೑⼒Ӯ⾥ᄺߎ ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ 㔫ᇨᮃ乓ˈ䳡ᇨྚᮃ˖lj૆ᄺ䍄৥㤦䞢NJˈ߬㘇ǃ৊ᑇ䆥DŽ䭓᯹˖ঢ়ᵫҎ⇥ߎ⠜⼒ˈ  ᑈDŽ 偀ᇨᑧาˈ䌿ԃ⡍˖lj⦄ҷ᭛ᯢϢҎⱘೄ๗ü偀ᇨᑧา᭛䲚NJˈᴢᇣ݉ㄝ䆥DŽϞ⍋˖ Ϟ⍋ϝ㘨кᑫˈ ᑈDŽ 偀ᑧᮃˈ䲙৘g⨲ᖋ˖lj㕢೑⢍໾Ҏˈ˖ϔ䚼ग़৆NJˈᴼ⊶ǃᅟゟᅣǃ ᕤ࿙ವ䆥DŽϞ⍋˖Ϟ⍋Ҏ⇥ߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ 㒇Ҕˈ㔫ᖋ䞠ܟ˖lj໻㞾✊ⱘᴗ߽NJˈᴼ䗮䖯䆥DŽ䴦ቯ˖䴦ቯߎ⠜⼒  ᑈDŽ DŽӭ䅵!ⱘᚙ㡖῵ᓣNJDŽlj໪೑᭛ᄺⷨおNJˈ ᑈ㄀  ᳳ˖ lj䆎˖ބ׾ 㘖⦡䩞˖lj᭛ᄺӺ⧚ᄺᡍ䆘˖᭛ᄺᡍ䆘ᮍ⊩ᮄ᥶㋶NJDŽlj໪೑᭛ᄺⷨおNJˈ

181 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

ᑈ㄀  ᳳ˖DŽ ᴈ⥝˖ljѢ⌕ᬷЁкݭ䑿ӑ䅸ৠNJDŽঢ়ᵫ໻ᄺम຿ᄺԡ䆎᭛ˈ ᑈDŽ Ш೑ᔎ˖lj䆎ԃ㒇ᖋg偀ᢝ咬ᖋϢᔧҷ㕢೑⢍໾᭛ᄺ䖤ࡼNJDŽlj໽⋹໪೑䇁ᄺ䰶ᄺ ᡹NJˈ ᑈ㄀  ᳳDŽ üü˖lj㕢೑咥Ҏ԰ᆊϢ⢍໾԰ᆊⱘ⫳⅏ᇍ䆱üüᵤԃ㒇ᖋg偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ ᠓ᅶ!NJDŽ lj໪೑᭛ᄺ䆘䆎NJˈ ᑈ㄀  ᳳ˖DŽ üü˖lj㕢೑⢍໾᭛ᄺNJDŽ࣫Ҁ˖ଚࡵॄк佚ˈ ᑈDŽ üü˖lj㕢೑⢍໾ᇣ䇈Ёⱘϸ⾡෎ᴀҎ⠽㉏ൟNJDŽlj㣅㕢᭛ᄺⷨお䆎ϯNJˈ ᑈ ㄀  ᳳ˖DŽ üü˖lj᭛ᄺӺ⧚ᄺᡍ䆘āПㅵ㾕NJDŽlj໪೑᭛ᄺⷨおNJˈ ᑈ㄀  ᳳ˖DŽ üü˖ljϔ䚼ᆧ㿔⢍໾⇥ᮣग़৆ⱘਃ⼎ᔩüü䆎偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘ䭓㆛ᇣ䇈 ϞᏱⱘᘽ 䌤!NJDŽljᔧҷ໪೑᭛ᄺNJˈ ᑈ㄀  ᳳ˖DŽ าᇨ㣼ˈ㔫ԃ⡍g0˖lj⢍໾ⱘᗱᛇNJˈ䍉ゟ㸠ǃރ⦂䆥DŽϞ⍋˖Ϟ⍋ϝ㘨кᑫˈ  ᑈDŽ lj೷㒣NJ੠ড়ᴀ˄Ё㣅᭛ᇍ✻ᴀ˅DŽफҀ˖Ё೑෎ⴷᬭϝ㞾⠅೑䖤ࡼྨਬӮˈ ᑈDŽ ᱎ࢛䆥DŽ䭓᯹˖ঢ়ᵫߎ⠜䲚ಶ᳝䰤䋷ӏټˈᢝ∝ˈЍሐᇨ˖ljϾҎЏНⱘ䈅㋏NJ≭ ݀ৌˈ ᑈDŽ ⬇ࢆᵒ˖ljҢ偀ᢝ咬ᖋⷁ㆛ᇣ䇈 ␪⬨⎥ཇ!ⳟĀ໻ሴᴔāϢ⢍໾䑿ӑⱘᵘᓎNJDŽlj೑ ໪᭛ᄺNJˈ ᑈ㄀  ᳳ˖DŽ ৆ᗔ⋑ˈ䰓ᇨ䋱⡍˖ljᭀ⬣⫳ੑNJˈ䰜⋑⦃䆥DŽϞ⍋˖Ϟ⍋⼒Ӯ⾥ᄺ䰶ߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ ᮃᆒ䇎㥢˖ljӺ⧚ᄺNJˈ䌎味䆥DŽ࣫Ҁ˖ଚࡵॄк佚ˈ ᑈDŽ ᄭ৥᰼˖lj䴶ᇍҪ㗙üü㦅㓈㒇ᮃ૆ᄺᗱᛇⷨおNJDŽϞ⍋˖Ϟ⍋ϝ㘨кᑫˈ ᑈDŽ ∸಴↨ˈ䰓䇎ᖋ˖ljҎ㉏Ϣ໻ഄ↡҆NJˈᕤ⊶䆥DŽϞ⍋˖Ϟ⍋Ҏ⇥ߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ ϛ֞Ҏǃ૤᭛ᯢЏ㓪˖lj Ϫ㑾㽓ᮍӺ⧚ᄺ㒣݌üüӺ⧚ᄺࠡ⊓˖䘧ᖋϢ⼒ӮNJ ˄LY˅DŽ࣫Ҁ˖Ё೑Ҏ⇥໻ᄺߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ

182 Bibliography

⥟∳ᵒljᚆ࠻ҎᗻϢᚆ࠻Ҏ⫳NJDŽ࣫ҀЁ೑⼒Ӯ⾥ᄺߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ ⥟ᅕ˖lj⌕ᬷ᭛ᄺϢ᭛࣪䑿ӑ䅸ৠNJDŽlj⼒Ӯ⾥ᄺNJˈ ᑈ㄀  ᳳ˖DŽ üü˖lj᭛࣪ⷨおⱘग़৆Ϣ⦄⢊˖㽓ᮍϢЁ೑NJˈlj᭛࣪ⷨおNJ˄㄀䕥˅DŽ໽⋹˖ ໽⋹⼒Ӯ⾥ᄺ䰶ߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ ⥟㧡ǃ⥟िᑇ˖ljĀ㕢೑Ṻā䞞䆥NJDŽlj℺∝⧚Ꮉ໻ᄺᄺ᡹NJˈ ᑈ㄀  ᳳ˖ DŽ ⥟ᇣ䫵˖lj䘧ᖋˈӺ⧚ˈᑨ䆹ঞ݊ⳌѦ݇㋏NJDŽlj∳⍋ᄺߞNJ ᑈ㄀  ᳳ˖ DŽ 儣ୌ亲˖lj ӭ䅵!ЁⱘĀⳌ䘛ā૆ᄺNJDŽlj໪೑᭛ᄺNJˈ ᑈ㄀  ᳳ˖DŽ üü˖lj㕢೑⢍໾ᇣ䇈Ёⱘ⢍໾㊒⼲NJDŽЁ೑⼒Ӯ⾥ᄺ䰶म຿ᄺԡ䆎᭛ˈ ᑈDŽ 㽓㕢ᇨˈḐ༹ᇨḐ˖lj䋻Ꮥ૆ᄺNJDŽ䰜២ཇǃ㘓ᓔ৯ǃ᭛㘬ܗ⋑DŽ࣫Ҁ˖ढ໣ߎ ⠜⼒  ᑈDŽ üülj䞥䪅ǃᗻ߿ǃ⦄ҷ⫳⌏亢ḐNJˈ乒ҕᯢ䆥DŽϞ⍋˖ᄺᵫߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ ᕤ߮˖ljᣃᬥ໻ഄNJˈ࣫Ҁ˖Ё೑᭛㘨ߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ ᕤᮄ˖ljড⢍ЏН㾷ᵤNJDŽϞ⍋˖Ϟ⍋ϝ㘨кᑫˈ ᑈDŽ Ѯ䞠຿໮ᖋ˖ljᬓ⊏ᄺNJˈ䕀ᓩ㞾䳡ᇨྚᮃg⋯ᇨᮃ乓˖lj⦃๗Ӻ⧚ᄺNJˈᴼ䗮䖯䆥DŽ ࣫Ҁ˖Ё೑⼒Ӯ⾥ᄺߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ ˖ ᑈ㄀  ᳳֵ!NJDŽlj໪೑᭛ᄺⷨおNJˈ ᴼᑓᅛ˖lj䆩䆎偀ᢝ咬ᖋⱘᇣ䇈 DŽ ˈ⼒⠜lj䁍ྚᮃ᭛䗝NJˈϛ֞Ҏǃ䰜Ѯݯㄝ㓪䆥DŽ࣫Ҁ˖⼒Ӯ⾥ᄺ᭛⤂ߎ ᑈDŽ ゴ⍋ᆍ˖lj⫳ᗕӺ⧚Ϣ⫳ᗕ㕢ᄺNJDŽϞ⍋˖໡ᮺ໻ᄺߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ ˈ᳒㡇䪄˖lj䆎偀ᢝ咬ᖋᇣ䇈߯԰Ёⱘ㞾✊ЏНؒ৥NJDŽlj໪೑᭛ᄺⷨおNJ ᑈ㄀  ᳳ˖DŽ ⍋䞥˖lj䆎⢍໾Ҏⱘ㢺䲒㾖NJˈlj⢍໾ⷨおNJ˄㄀䕥˅ˈ᳝ٙᖋЏ㓪DŽቅϰ໻ᄺ਼ ߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ ਼फ㗐˖lj⢍໾ᇣ䇈Ёⱘ⠊҆ᔶ䈵NJDŽlj໪೑᭛ᄺⷨおNJˈ ᑈ㄀  ᳳ˖DŽ üü˖lj䗑ᇏϔϾᮄⱘ⧚ᛇ೑˖㋶ᇨg䋱࿘ǃԃ㒇ᖋg偀ᢝ咬ᖋϢ䕯㽓࿙g༹㡱 ܟᇣ䇈ⷨおNJDŽॺ䮼໻ᄺम຿ᄺԡ䆎᭛ˈ ᑈDŽ

183 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

਼⟂㮽˖lj⢍໾ᬭᇣ䆡݌NJDŽϞ⍋˖Ϟ⍋䕲кߎ⠜⼒ˈ ᑈDŽ 䚍ᱎ࢛˖lj䆎ᔧҷ㕢೑⢍໾᭛ᄺⱘ⢍໾ᗻঞ݊ᔶ㗠ϞᗻNJDŽlj໪೑᭛ᄺⷨおNJˈ  ᑈ㄀  ᳳ˖DŽ üü˖lj偀ᢝ咬ᖋヨϟⱘফ䲒ᔶ䈵NJDŽlj℺∝⧚Ꮉ໻ᄺᄺ᡹NJˈ ᑈ㄀  ᳳ˖DŽ 

184 Appendix: Chronology of Bernard Malamud

Appendix: Chronology of Bernard Malamud

(Based on Philip Davis’ Bernard Malamud: A Writer’s Life and Joel Salzberg’s Bernard Malamud: A Reference Guide.)

1914 Malamud is born in Brooklyn, New York on April 26 to Max Malamud and Bertha Fidelman. 1920 Attends elementary school, Cortelyou Road, Brooklyn. 1928-32 Attends Erasmus Hall High School. Wins Richard Young essay prize for

“Lifeüüfrom behind a Counter” in 1932. 1929 Death in mental hospital of mother, Bertha, who had been admitted to King’s County Hospital in 1927. 1932-6 Attends City College in Manhattan; receives BA in 1936. 1937-8 Attends Columbia University on government loan; gains MA in 1942. 1938-9 Unemployed; odd jobs; tutors German-Jewish refugees in English; temporary teaching position 1940 Clerk, U. S. Census Bureau, Washington, D. C. Begins to writer while at his work desk and publishes sketches of real life in Washington Post. 1940-8 Teaches at Erasmus Hall High School; teaches evening classes; writes short stories. 1942 Begins to write novel The light Sleeper, completed in 1948, but rejected by publishers and burnt by Malamud in 1951. 1943 Short stories published. 1945 Marries Ann de Chiara in November. 1947 Son, Paul Francis Malamud, born. 1949-61 Moves to Corvallis, Oregon, to teach at Oregon State College. 1950 Short stories published in major periodicals. 1952 First novel, The Natural, published. Begun writing early 1950.

185 ㎈㈔䈌㈩㭋ᷛ⤏㚪⭣᱅㕎㎎㚍⭣㾂㯖⭥㔸㏎䑘㳃䁱㈠

1953-4 Short stories published. 1956-7 Gains Partisan Review and Rockefeller Foundation fellowship in fiction; takes family to live and write in Rome; visits Austria and France. 1957 Second novel, The Assistant appeared. Begun in 1954 and completed in 1956. 1958 Short stories published. Receives both Rosenthal Award and Daroff Memorial Fiction Award for The Assistant. 1959 Wins National Book Award for The Magic Barrel. Allowed to teach literature, as well as creative writing, at Oregon State. 1961 Teaches creative writing at summer school at Harvard. Moves to Bennington College, Vermont. Third novel , A New Life published. Begin in 1957. 1963 More short stories published and collected in Idiots First. Elected to American Institute of Arts and Letters. Travels in England and Italy. 1965 Travels in Spain, France and Soviet Union. 1966 Fourth novel, The Fixer, published. Begun in 1963. Visiting lecturer at Harvard. 1967 Wins both National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize for The Fixer. Elected member of American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 1968 Visits Israel in March. 1969 Fifth novel, Pictures of Fidelman: An Exhibition, published. O. Henry Prize for short story “Man in the Drawer”. 1971 Sixth novel, The Tenants, published. Begun in 1969. 1973 Third volume of short stories Rembrandt’s Hat appeared. 1976 Receives the Jewish Heritage Award. 1978 Visits Hungary. 1979 Seventh novel, Dubin’s Lives, published. Begun in 1973. Serves as President of PEN American center, 1979-81. 1980 Receives the Governor’s Award from the Vermont Council on the Arts. 1981 Brandeis Creative Arts Award.

186 Appendix: Chronology of Bernard Malamud

1982 Eighth novel, God’s Grace, published. Begun in 1980. Suffers stroke during heart surgery at Stanford in March. 1983 The Stories of Bernard Malamud published. Wins Gold Medal for fiction from American Academy and Institute for Arts and Sciences. 1986 Dies of heart attack on 18 March. 1989 Unfinished novel The People published. Begun in 1984. 1997 The Complete Stories published.

      

187