Phylogenetic Analysis
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Ecological Correlates of Ghost Lineages in Ruminants
Paleobiology, 38(1), 2012, pp. 101–111 Ecological correlates of ghost lineages in ruminants Juan L. Cantalapiedra, Manuel Herna´ndez Ferna´ndez, Gema M. Alcalde, Beatriz Azanza, Daniel DeMiguel, and Jorge Morales Abstract.—Integration between phylogenetic systematics and paleontological data has proved to be an effective method for identifying periods that lack fossil evidence in the evolutionary history of clades. In this study we aim to analyze whether there is any correlation between various ecomorphological variables and the duration of these underrepresented portions of lineages, which we call ghost lineages for simplicity, in ruminants. Analyses within phylogenetic (Generalized Estimating Equations) and non-phylogenetic (ANOVAs and Pearson correlations) frameworks were performed on the whole phylogeny of this suborder of Cetartiodactyla (Mammalia). This is the first time ghost lineages are focused in this way. To test the robustness of our data, we compared the magnitude of ghost lineages among different continents and among phylogenies pruned at different ages (4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 Ma). Differences in mean ghost lineage were not significantly related to either geographic or temporal factors. Our results indicate that the proportion of the known fossil record in ruminants appears to be influenced by the preservation potential of the bone remains in different environments. Furthermore, large geographical ranges of species increase the likelihood of preservation. Juan L. Cantalapiedra, Gema Alcalde, and Jorge Morales. Departamento de Paleobiologı´a, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, UCM-CSIC, Pinar 25, 28006 Madrid, Spain. E-mail: [email protected] Manuel Herna´ndez Ferna´ndez. Departamento de Paleontologı´a, Facultad de Ciencias Geolo´gicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid y Departamento de Cambio Medioambiental, Instituto de Geociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas, Jose´ Antonio Novais 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain Daniel DeMiguel. -
Lecture Notes: the Mathematics of Phylogenetics
Lecture Notes: The Mathematics of Phylogenetics Elizabeth S. Allman, John A. Rhodes IAS/Park City Mathematics Institute June-July, 2005 University of Alaska Fairbanks Spring 2009, 2012, 2016 c 2005, Elizabeth S. Allman and John A. Rhodes ii Contents 1 Sequences and Molecular Evolution 3 1.1 DNA structure . .4 1.2 Mutations . .5 1.3 Aligned Orthologous Sequences . .7 2 Combinatorics of Trees I 9 2.1 Graphs and Trees . .9 2.2 Counting Binary Trees . 14 2.3 Metric Trees . 15 2.4 Ultrametric Trees and Molecular Clocks . 17 2.5 Rooting Trees with Outgroups . 18 2.6 Newick Notation . 19 2.7 Exercises . 20 3 Parsimony 25 3.1 The Parsimony Criterion . 25 3.2 The Fitch-Hartigan Algorithm . 28 3.3 Informative Characters . 33 3.4 Complexity . 35 3.5 Weighted Parsimony . 36 3.6 Recovering Minimal Extensions . 38 3.7 Further Issues . 39 3.8 Exercises . 40 4 Combinatorics of Trees II 45 4.1 Splits and Clades . 45 4.2 Refinements and Consensus Trees . 49 4.3 Quartets . 52 4.4 Supertrees . 53 4.5 Final Comments . 54 4.6 Exercises . 55 iii iv CONTENTS 5 Distance Methods 57 5.1 Dissimilarity Measures . 57 5.2 An Algorithmic Construction: UPGMA . 60 5.3 Unequal Branch Lengths . 62 5.4 The Four-point Condition . 66 5.5 The Neighbor Joining Algorithm . 70 5.6 Additional Comments . 72 5.7 Exercises . 73 6 Probabilistic Models of DNA Mutation 81 6.1 A first example . 81 6.2 Markov Models on Trees . 87 6.3 Jukes-Cantor and Kimura Models . -
Mutations, the Molecular Clock, and Models of Sequence Evolution
Mutations, the molecular clock, and models of sequence evolution Why are mutations important? Mutations can Mutations drive be deleterious evolution Replicative proofreading and DNA repair constrain mutation rate UV damage to DNA UV Thymine dimers What happens if damage is not repaired? Deinococcus radiodurans is amazingly resistant to ionizing radiation • 10 Gray will kill a human • 60 Gray will kill an E. coli culture • Deinococcus can survive 5000 Gray DNA Structure OH 3’ 5’ T A Information polarity Strands complementary T A G-C: 3 hydrogen bonds C G A-T: 2 hydrogen bonds T Two base types: A - Purines (A, G) C G - Pyrimidines (T, C) 5’ 3’ OH Not all base substitutions are created equal • Transitions • Purine to purine (A ! G or G ! A) • Pyrimidine to pyrimidine (C ! T or T ! C) • Transversions • Purine to pyrimidine (A ! C or T; G ! C or T ) • Pyrimidine to purine (C ! A or G; T ! A or G) Transition rate ~2x transversion rate Substitution rates differ across genomes Splice sites Start of transcription Polyadenylation site Alignment of 3,165 human-mouse pairs Mutations vs. Substitutions • Mutations are changes in DNA • Substitutions are mutations that evolution has tolerated Which rate is greater? How are mutations inherited? Are all mutations bad? Selectionist vs. Neutralist Positions beneficial beneficial deleterious deleterious neutral • Most mutations are • Some mutations are deleterious; removed via deleterious, many negative selection mutations neutral • Advantageous mutations • Neutral alleles do not positively selected alter fitness • Variability arises via • Most variability arises selection from genetic drift What is the rate of mutations? Rate of substitution constant: implies that there is a molecular clock Rates proportional to amount of functionally constrained sequence Why care about a molecular clock? (1) The clock has important implications for our understanding of the mechanisms of molecular evolution. -
Species Concepts Should Not Conflict with Evolutionary History, but Often Do
ARTICLE IN PRESS Stud. Hist. Phil. Biol. & Biomed. Sci. xxx (2008) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Stud. Hist. Phil. Biol. & Biomed. Sci. journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/shpsc Species concepts should not conflict with evolutionary history, but often do Joel D. Velasco Department of Philosophy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 5185 White Hall, 600 North Park St., Madison, WI 53719, USA Department of Philosophy, Building 90, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA article info abstract Keywords: Many phylogenetic systematists have criticized the Biological Species Concept (BSC) because it distorts Biological Species Concept evolutionary history. While defences against this particular criticism have been attempted, I argue that Phylogenetic Species Concept these responses are unsuccessful. In addition, I argue that the source of this problem leads to previously Phylogenetic Trees unappreciated, and deeper, fatal objections. These objections to the BSC also straightforwardly apply to Taxonomy other species concepts that are not defined by genealogical history. What is missing from many previous discussions is the fact that the Tree of Life, which represents phylogenetic history, is independent of our choice of species concept. Some species concepts are consistent with species having unique positions on the Tree while others, including the BSC, are not. Since representing history is of primary importance in evolutionary biology, these problems lead to the conclusion that the BSC, along with many other species concepts, are unacceptable. If species are to be taxa used in phylogenetic inferences, we need a history- based species concept. Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. When citing this paper, please use the full journal title Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 1. -
Phylogeny of a Rapidly Evolving Clade: the Cichlid Fishes of Lake Malawi
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 96, pp. 5107–5110, April 1999 Evolution Phylogeny of a rapidly evolving clade: The cichlid fishes of Lake Malawi, East Africa (adaptive radiationysexual selectionyspeciationyamplified fragment length polymorphismylineage sorting) R. C. ALBERTSON,J.A.MARKERT,P.D.DANLEY, AND T. D. KOCHER† Department of Zoology and Program in Genetics, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 Communicated by John C. Avise, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, March 12, 1999 (received for review December 17, 1998) ABSTRACT Lake Malawi contains a flock of >500 spe- sponsible for speciation, then we expect that sister taxa will cies of cichlid fish that have evolved from a common ancestor frequently differ in color pattern but not morphology. within the last million years. The rapid diversification of this Most attempts to determine the relationships among cichlid group has been attributed to morphological adaptation and to species have used morphological characters, which may be sexual selection, but the relative timing and importance of prone to convergence (8). Molecular sequences normally these mechanisms is not known. A phylogeny of the group provide the independent estimate of phylogeny needed to infer would help identify the role each mechanism has played in the evolutionary mechanisms. The Lake Malawi cichlids, however, evolution of the flock. Previous attempts to reconstruct the are speciating faster than alleles can become fixed within a relationships among these taxa using molecular methods have species (9, 10). The coalescence of mtDNA haplotypes found been frustrated by the persistence of ancestral polymorphisms within populations predates the origin of many species (11). In within species. -
Major Clades of Agaricales: a Multilocus Phylogenetic Overview
Mycologia, 98(6), 2006, pp. 982–995. # 2006 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview P. Brandon Matheny1 Duur K. Aanen Judd M. Curtis Laboratory of Genetics, Arboretumlaan 4, 6703 BD, Biology Department, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Wageningen, The Netherlands Worcester, Massachusetts, 01610 Matthew DeNitis Vale´rie Hofstetter 127 Harrington Way, Worcester, Massachusetts 01604 Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 Graciela M. Daniele Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologı´a Vegetal, M. Catherine Aime CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Co´rdoba, Casilla USDA-ARS, Systematic Botany and Mycology de Correo 495, 5000 Co´rdoba, Argentina Laboratory, Room 304, Building 011A, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350 Dennis E. Desjardin Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, Jean-Marc Moncalvo San Francisco, California 94132 Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Royal Ontario Museum and Department of Botany, University Bradley R. Kropp of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2C6 Canada Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322 Zai-Wei Ge Zhu-Liang Yang Lorelei L. Norvell Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Pacific Northwest Mycology Service, 6720 NW Skyline Sciences, Kunming 650204, P.R. China Boulevard, Portland, Oregon 97229-1309 Jason C. Slot Andrew Parker Biology Department, Clark University, 950 Main Street, 127 Raven Way, Metaline Falls, Washington 99153- Worcester, Massachusetts, 01609 9720 Joseph F. Ammirati Else C. Vellinga University of Washington, Biology Department, Box Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 355325, Seattle, Washington 98195 Koshland Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3102 Timothy J. -
A Phylogenomic Analysis of Turtles ⇑ Nicholas G
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 83 (2015) 250–257 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev A phylogenomic analysis of turtles ⇑ Nicholas G. Crawford a,b,1, James F. Parham c, ,1, Anna B. Sellas a, Brant C. Faircloth d, Travis C. Glenn e, Theodore J. Papenfuss f, James B. Henderson a, Madison H. Hansen a,g, W. Brian Simison a a Center for Comparative Genomics, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA b Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA c John D. Cooper Archaeological and Paleontological Center, Department of Geological Sciences, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA d Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA e Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA f Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA g Mathematical and Computational Biology Department, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, CA 9171, USA article info abstract Article history: Molecular analyses of turtle relationships have overturned prevailing morphological hypotheses and Received 11 July 2014 prompted the development of a new taxonomy. Here we provide the first genome-scale analysis of turtle Revised 16 October 2014 phylogeny. We sequenced 2381 ultraconserved element (UCE) loci representing a total of 1,718,154 bp of Accepted 28 October 2014 aligned sequence. Our sampling includes 32 turtle taxa representing all 14 recognized turtle families and Available online 4 November 2014 an additional six outgroups. Maximum likelihood, Bayesian, and species tree methods produce a single resolved phylogeny. -
Phylogenetic Comparative Methods: a User's Guide for Paleontologists
Phylogenetic Comparative Methods: A User’s Guide for Paleontologists Laura C. Soul - Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA David F. Wright - Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024, USA and Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA Abstract. Recent advances in statistical approaches called Phylogenetic Comparative Methods (PCMs) have provided paleontologists with a powerful set of analytical tools for investigating evolutionary tempo and mode in fossil lineages. However, attempts to integrate PCMs with fossil data often present workers with practical challenges or unfamiliar literature. In this paper, we present guides to the theory behind, and application of, PCMs with fossil taxa. Based on an empirical dataset of Paleozoic crinoids, we present example analyses to illustrate common applications of PCMs to fossil data, including investigating patterns of correlated trait evolution, and macroevolutionary models of morphological change. We emphasize the importance of accounting for sources of uncertainty, and discuss how to evaluate model fit and adequacy. Finally, we discuss several promising methods for modelling heterogenous evolutionary dynamics with fossil phylogenies. Integrating phylogeny-based approaches with the fossil record provides a rigorous, quantitative perspective to understanding key patterns in the history of life. 1. Introduction A fundamental prediction of biological evolution is that a species will most commonly share many characteristics with lineages from which it has recently diverged, and fewer characteristics with lineages from which it diverged further in the past. This principle, which results from descent with modification, is one of the most basic in biology (Darwin 1859). -
Phylogeny Codon Models • Last Lecture: Poor Man’S Way of Calculating Dn/Ds (Ka/Ks) • Tabulate Synonymous/Non-Synonymous Substitutions • Normalize by the Possibilities
Phylogeny Codon models • Last lecture: poor man’s way of calculating dN/dS (Ka/Ks) • Tabulate synonymous/non-synonymous substitutions • Normalize by the possibilities • Transform to genetic distance KJC or Kk2p • In reality we use codon model • Amino acid substitution rates meet nucleotide models • Codon(nucleotide triplet) Codon model parameterization Stop codons are not allowed, reducing the matrix from 64x64 to 61x61 The entire codon matrix can be parameterized using: κ kappa, the transition/transversionratio ω omega, the dN/dS ratio – optimizing this parameter gives the an estimate of selection force πj the equilibrium codon frequency of codon j (Goldman and Yang. MBE 1994) Empirical codon substitution matrix Observations: Instantaneous rates of double nucleotide changes seem to be non-zero There should be a mechanism for mutating 2 adjacent nucleotides at once! (Kosiol and Goldman) • • Phylogeny • • Last lecture: Inferring distance from Phylogenetic trees given an alignment How to infer trees and distance distance How do we infer trees given an alignment • • Branch length Topology d 6-p E 6'B o F P Edo 3 vvi"oH!.- !fi*+nYolF r66HiH- .) Od-:oXP m a^--'*A ]9; E F: i ts X o Q I E itl Fl xo_-+,<Po r! UoaQrj*l.AP-^PA NJ o - +p-5 H .lXei:i'tH 'i,x+<ox;+x"'o 4 + = '" I = 9o FF^' ^X i! .poxHo dF*x€;. lqEgrE x< f <QrDGYa u5l =.ID * c 3 < 6+6_ y+ltl+5<->-^Hry ni F.O+O* E 3E E-f e= FaFO;o E rH y hl o < H ! E Y P /-)^\-B 91 X-6p-a' 6J. -
Congruence of Morphologically-Defined Genera with Molecular Phylogenies
Congruence of morphologically-defined genera with molecular phylogenies David Jablonskia,1 and John A. Finarellib,c aDepartment of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637; bDepartment of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, 2534 C. C. Little Building, 1100 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and cUniversity of Michigan Museum of Paleontology, 1529 Ruthven Museum, 1109 Geddes Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Communicated by James W. Valentine, University of California, Berkeley, CA, March 24, 2009 (received for review December 4, 2008) Morphologically-defined mammalian and molluscan genera (herein ‘‘morphogenera’’) are significantly more likely to be mono- ABCDEHI J GFKLMNOPQRST phyletic relative to molecular phylogenies than random, under 3 different models of expected monophyly rates: Ϸ63% of 425 surveyed morphogenera are monophyletic and 19% are polyphyl- etic, although certain groups appear to be problematic (e.g., nonmarine, unionoid bivalves). Compiled nonmonophyly rates are probably extreme values, because molecular analyses have fo- cused on ‘‘problem’’ taxa, and molecular topologies (treated herein as error-free) contain contradictory groupings across analyses for 10% of molluscan morphogenera and 37% of mammalian mor- phogenera. Both body size and geographic range, 2 key macro- evolutionary and macroecological variables, show significant rank correlations between values for morphogenera and molecularly- defined clades, even when strictly monophyletic morphogenera EVOLUTION are excluded from analyses. Thus, although morphogenera can be imperfect reflections of phylogeny, large-scale statistical treat- ments of diversity dynamics or macroevolutionary variables in time and space are unlikely to be misleading. biogeography ͉ body size ͉ macroecology ͉ macroevolution ͉ systematics Fig. 1. Diagrammatic representations of monophyletic, uniparaphyletic, multiparaphyletic, and polyphyletic morphogenera. -
Early Tetrapod Relationships Revisited
Biol. Rev. (2003), 78, pp. 251–345. f Cambridge Philosophical Society 251 DOI: 10.1017/S1464793102006103 Printed in the United Kingdom Early tetrapod relationships revisited MARCELLO RUTA1*, MICHAEL I. COATES1 and DONALD L. J. QUICKE2 1 The Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637-1508, USA ([email protected]; [email protected]) 2 Department of Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL57PY, UK and Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW75BD, UK ([email protected]) (Received 29 November 2001; revised 28 August 2002; accepted 2 September 2002) ABSTRACT In an attempt to investigate differences between the most widely discussed hypotheses of early tetrapod relation- ships, we assembled a new data matrix including 90 taxa coded for 319 cranial and postcranial characters. We have incorporated, where possible, original observations of numerous taxa spread throughout the major tetrapod clades. A stem-based (total-group) definition of Tetrapoda is preferred over apomorphy- and node-based (crown-group) definitions. This definition is operational, since it is based on a formal character analysis. A PAUP* search using a recently implemented version of the parsimony ratchet method yields 64 shortest trees. Differ- ences between these trees concern: (1) the internal relationships of aı¨stopods, the three selected species of which form a trichotomy; (2) the internal relationships of embolomeres, with Archeria -
Botany Without Bias
editorial Botany without bias In the Gospel According to Matthew Chapter seven, Verse fve, Jesus says “frst cast out the beam out of thine own eye; and then shalt thou see clearly to cast out the mote out of thy brother’s eye”. We should remember this entreaty before too casually casting accusations of ‘plant blindness’. anguage usage helps maintain unconscious biases. In plant biology Lfor example, there is the careless use of the term ‘higher plants’, without thinking about its meaning or implication. If there is a definition of ‘higher plants’ then it is synonymous with vascular plants, but the image it conjures is of upstanding, leafy land-dwelling plants. The problem is that ‘higher’ is a charged term implying superiority of this group over their non-vascular cousins. This stratification is a manifestation of orthogenesis, the idea that evolution has both a direction and a goal. A perfect illustration of orthogenesis is the frequent meme of The Road to Homo Sapiens, the original version of which was drawn by Rudolph Zallinger for a 1965 edition of Life Nature Library1. Also known as The March of Progress, it shows a line of assumed human ancestors, starting with a gibbon-like in their News and Views3, “innovations spend much of their discussions on what Pliopithecus, processing from left to right, associated with improving water use the similarities of these organisms to becoming taller and more upright in stance, efficiency […] may be more fundamental angiosperms can tell about the history and culminating in a modern human. to the evolution of vascular plants than the of plants’ colonization of dry land, and The implication is clear, our evolutionary vascular system from which they derive much less on their characteristics and ancestors are only of interest as waypoints their name”.