Quick viewing(Text Mode)

The A-Z Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drug Abuse

The A-Z Encyclopedia of and Abuse

The A-Z Encyclopedia of Alcohol and

Drug Abuse

The A-Z Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drug Abuse

Copyright © 2002 Thomas Nordegren All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system Or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without written permission from the publisher.

Brown Walker Press Parkland, Florida USA - 2002

First Edition

1-58112-404-X paperback 1-58112-405-8 ebook www.BrownWalker.com/books/nordegren.htm

A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

Foreword

Welcome to the A- Z Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drug Abuse produced in co-operation with the 1907 founded International Council on Alcohol and Addiction (ICAA), which is the worlds leading non-governmental organisation in the field. This encyclopedia contains more than 30.000 entries. It has been produced together with some of the leading experts on alcohol and drug abuse. The names of the substances are those used in International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for Pharmaceutical Substances (WHO, 1982). Every effort has been made to make the encyclopedia as accurate as possible. It covers many aspects of the subject as medicine, psychology, history, social policy, economics, advertising, international trafficking, law enforcement, prevention, epidemiology, international cooperation, colloquial terms and drug-slang. The text was originally produced as part of the CD-ROM Encyclopaedia on Substance Abuse. Many users asked for a traditional book-encyclopedia that still has some advantages. The encyclopedia is also available as downloadable pdf-file. The soft-cover version can be or- dered from booksellers and distributors or online bookstores as amazon.com. The CD-ROM version is by far the most complete, it contains more chemical names, have hun- dreds of photographs, illustrations and chemical formulas and uses more than 100.000 jumps to quickly move around. It is easy to print the material or incorporate it in your word-processing program or presentation. The CD-ROM also contains several hundred thousands pages of full- length documents, quotations and historical texts. The CD-ROM is updated every 6th month. As buyer of this book you are entitled to a 30-day free trial version of the CD-ROM, just write, tele- phone, fax send e-mail or go to our web-sites www.landborgen.com/encyclopaedia or www.icaa.ch. The free CD-ROM is a full working version but it only works on your computer for 30 days after you have used it for the first time. There are no strings attached. If you like to continue using the encyclopaedia after the trial-period you have to place an order.

Thomas Nordegren

5

6 row alcoholics gathered around the Systembo- laget, state-monopoly liquor-stores. A-mu-kia Turbina corymbosa. A-nam Pentazocine. A-notion ao-titara Calamus. A-poxide 1. . 2. Chlordi- azepoxide hydrochloride. A.B.T. Abbreviation for Alice B Toklas. A A.D. Colloquial term for addict. A 1. Colloquial term for amfetamines. A.E.P. . 2. Colloquial term for LSD ( from the first let- A.N.R. sodium. ter in acid). A.P.P. Phenobarbital. A 4624 Methadone. A.T.A. Amfetamine sulfate. Colloquial term for MDMA. AA See: . A Boot Colloquial term for being under the AA Bum Colloquial term for member of Al- influence of a drug. coholics Anonymous. A Cry for Love Cry for Love. AAA 1. High quality from China. A draw of toke Colloquial term for inhaling 2. Colloquial term for amfetamines (helps you smoke. travel long distance like triple A - American A la canona Colloquial term for Automobile Association). 3. Acronym for withdrawal without medication. Atheist Alcoholics Anonymous. 4. A potent Synonyme: Cold Turkey. LSD, which has the letters 'AAA' on each dot. A Monkey in winter Monkey in winter. AAAA Al-anon term, acronym for four impor- A Star is born Star is born. tant aspects for recovery of a person who is a A taste of Colloquial term for taking a small co-dependent upon an alcoholic are: Accep- amount of without experiencing the ef- tance, Awareness, Adjustment, and Attitude. fects. Aan het gas zitten Dutch colloquial term A-21 1. Ketobemidone. 2. Drug containing for starting using heroin after a negative more than one substance whereof one under experience. international control: Phenobarbital. Aap South African term for marijuana. A-65 Piritramide. AAPA American Academy of Psychiatrists in A-66 1. Phenmetrazine. 2. Phenmetrazine and Addiction. hydrochloride. AAS Acronym for Anabolic and Androge- A-71 . nous Steroids. A-101 . A´s Colloquial term for LSD. A-102 . Ab Colloquial term for abscess from using an A-124 . infected needle. A-157 Drug containing more than one sub- AB 35616 1. . 2. Clorazepate stance whereof one under international con- dipotassium. trol: Phenobarbital. AB 39083 Clorazepate. A-178 Drug containing more than one sub- Abaca Ocinum micrantum, Ayahuasca ad- stance whereof one under international con- mixture plant. trol: Phenobarbital. Abactio Abortion or labor started by drugs or A-302 Methadone hydrochloride. surgery. A-30400 1. Pemoline 2. Pemoline magne- Abalgin Dextropropoxyphene hydrochloride. sium. Abaphen Drug containing more than one ac- A-31528 Pemoline magnesium. tive substance whereof one under international A-E-A compound . control: Phenobarbital. A-Klinikk treatment Abber Danish term for a person who does not clinics in Finland. take drugs. A-THC Tetrahydrocannabinol. Abbey Commercial Belgian beers licenced A-bomb 1. Colloquial term for marijuana by abbeys. and heroin smoked together in a cigarette. Abbot pump A small pump that allows ex- 2. Colloquial term for heroin. 3. Colloquial act amounts of a drug to go through an intra- term for marijuana. venous tube. A-buzz Colloquial term for being drunk. Abbott Colloquial term for Nembutal, from A-head 1. Colloquial term for heavy amfe- the manufacturers name. tamine-user. 2. Colloquial term for heavy Abbott 30400 Pemoline magnesium. LSD-user (from acid-head). Abbott 35616 Clorazepate dipotassium. A-laget Swedish Colloquial term for skid- Abbott 39083 Clorazepate monopotas-sium.

7

Abboxapam . drug use. ABC-laws Acronym for Alcohol Beverage Abgreifen German colloquial term for arrest- Control Laws. ing a drug user or drug dealer. Abces de fixation French colloquial term Abhanigkeiten Journal of the Swiss Insti- for a place where drugs are sold. tute for the Prevention of Alcohol Problems Abchecken German term for checking a (ISPA). situation or a person. Abheben German colloquial term for eupho- Abdröhnen German colloquial term for get- ria after drug taking. ting high. Abhini Opium. Abdrücken German colloquial term for in- Abhängigkeit German term for dependence. jecting drugs. Abini Opium. Abdul Nasser Colloquial term for strong Abinol . hashish. Abkari Opium. Abe US Colloquial term for $5 worth of Ablinken German colloquial term for: drugs. From the portrait of president Abraham 1. Cheating in drug deals. 2. Offering bogus Lincoln on a five-dollar bill. or poor quality drugs. Abe's cabe Colloquial term for $5 bill in Abnehmkraut German name for Aconitum drug deals. napellus. ABEAD Acronym for the Brazilian Associa- Abnormal drinker A person whose drinking tion of Studies on Alcohol and Other Drugs. of alcohol beverages is not normal compared Abensanil Acetaminophen. with the group to which he belongs. Aberrant motivational syndrome Syn- Abolic Colloquial term for veterinary steroid. drome found among chronic cannabis- From anabolic steroids. smokers characterized by of loss of the inter- Abona Tabernanthe iboga. containing the est for the immediate environment and a stimulant ibogaine. strong identification with the drug-culture, Abonete Tabernanthe iboga. containing the compare with amotivational syndrome. stimulant ibogaine. Abessinischer Tee Tea containing khat. Abortifacient Drug which brings about Abessinskt te Scandinavian colloquial term abortion. for Abyssinian thea. Abortion Ending of a pregnancy before the Abflippen German colloquial term for bad fetus is developed sufficiently to survive. feeling while being high on drugs. Aborts Colloquial term for Absolut vodka Abflug machen 1. German colloquial term and port mixed together. for fleeing. 2. German colloquial term for dy- Abott 47631 . ing of a drug overdose. Aboua Tabernanthe iboga. containing the Abfucken German colloquial term for goof- stimulant ibogaine. ing up a drug deal. About Done Colloquial term for being Abgang German colloquial term for begin- drunk. ning of a drug effect. About Full Colloquial term for being drunk. Abgang machen 1. German colloquial About Had It Colloquial term for being term for leaving the drug scene. 2. German drunk. colloquial term for dying of a drug overdose. About Right Colloquial term for being Abgebrannt German colloquial term for drunk. having no possibility to get drugs. About Shot Colloquial term for being Abgefahren German colloquial term for be- drunk. ing high on drugs. About to get busy Colloquial tern for: Abgefuckt German colloquial term for: Time to start selling drugs. 1. Being disappointed. 2. Having gone down Abpacken German colloquial term for divid- the road to ruin. 3. Not having drugs. ing drugs into portions. Abgehen German colloquial term for: Abraxas Foundation started in Pennsylvania, 1. Drug deals on the way. 2. Drug delivery on USA providing drug-treatment programmes the way. 3. Drugs available. for adolescents in gender specific residential Abgestellt German colloquial term for being programmes of therapeutic community type as disappointed (for bad drug effects). well as non-residential programmes. Abraxas Abgetörnt German colloquial term for being Foundation is well known for good evaluation disappointed (for bad drug effects). Abre-o-sol Sinicuichi. Abgewogenes German colloquial term for a Abrego, Juan Garcia One of Mexico´s quantity of heroin on the street. most important drug dealers, leader of the Abgewrackt German colloquial term for: gold-cartel, has a significant political influ- 1. Being addicted. 2. Collapse after excessive ence and has been accused as responsible for

8 many assassinations among them the murder is now prohibited in many countries of Mr. Colisio, the presidential candidate for because of its toxicity. the governing party PRI, 1994. Abrego was Flavoured, distilled liquor, yellowish green arrested by the police in January 1996. colour, turning to cloudy, opalescent white Abreojos Colloquial term for eye opener, the when mixed with water. Highly aromatic. this first drugs or alcohol of the day. liqueur is dry and somewhat bitter in taste. Abricotine Apricot-flavoured liqueur. Absinthe is made from spirit high in alcohol. Abrir a sente Colloquial term for use of such as brandy, and marketed with alcoholic drugs to stimulate mental activity and produce content of 68 percent by volume. Wormwood mental inspiration, may be removal of inhibi- (Artemisia absinthium) is the chief flavouring tions about perfection, rather than actual ingredient- other aromatic ingredients include stimulation. licorice, usually predominating in the aroma, Abrir la boca Colloquial term for informing hyssop, fennel, angelica root, aniseed, and sta- on someone. ranise. The beverage was first produced com- Abromalin Drug containing more than one mercially in 1797 by Henry-Louis Pernod, active substance whereof one under interna- who purchased the formula from a French ex- tional control: Phenobarbital calcium. ile living in Switzerland. Abroncodid Hydrocodone bitartrate. The oil of wormwood probably due to its con- Abrupto placenta Premature detachment of tent of thujone, a fragrant ketone (C10H16O) placenta. Serious complication in pregnancy came to be considered dangerous to health, that has a relatively high incidence among supposedly causing hallucinations, mental de- pregnant women who uses stimulants like co- terioration, and sterility, although some au- caine during pregnancy. thorities suggest that any harmful effects of Abscess Accumulation of pus in tissues as the liquor are caused by its high alcohol con- a result of infection. Characterized by in- tent and not its other ingredients. Absinthe flammation and painful swelling, it may oc- manufacture was prohibited in Switzerland in cur in various parts of the body, e.g., skin, 1908, in France in 1915 and eventually in gum, eyelid, and middle ear. Many abscesses many other countries. In 1918 Pernod Fils es- respond to treatment with antibiotics; others tablished a factory in Tarragona, Spain, to require surgical drainage. Abscesses are manufacture both absinthe and a similar bev- common among intravenous drug abusers. erage, without wormwood for export to those Abschiessen German colloquial term for in- countries prohibiting true absinthe. jecting (drugs). Beverages developed as substitutes similar in Abschotten German colloquial term for: taste but lower in alcohol content and without 1. Reducing aggresions. 2. Keeping from get- wormwood, are known by such names as anis, ting caught. or anisette, pastis, ouzo, or raki. Anis and pas- Absenteeism 1. Habitual failure to ap- tis are also popularly known under such trade pear, especially for work or other regular names as Pernod, Pernod 45, and Ricard. duty. Absinthe is usually served diluted with water 2. The of occurrence of habitual absence and ice and may be used to flavour mixed from work or duty. drinks The classic absinthe drink, the absinthe Absetzen German colloquial term for quit- drip, is served in a special drip glass allowing ting to take drugs. water to slowly drip through a sugar cube into Absint 1. See: Absinthe. 2. . the liquor- Pastis also turns cloudy white when Absint-alsem Dutch name for Artemisia ab- mixed with water, and anise turns to a cloudy, sinthium. greenish-tinged white. Absinth See: Absinthe. Absinthium Wormwood; the dead leaves Absinthe From Old French, from Latin ab- and flowering tops of Artemisia absinhium. sinthium, from Greek apsinthion. Absinthium majus Synonym for Artemisia 1. A perennial aromatic European herb (Ar- absinthium. temisia absinthium), naturalised in eastern Absinthium officinale Synonym for Ar- North America and having pinnatifid, silvery temisia absinthium. silky leaves and numerous nodding flower Absinthium vulgare Synonym for Ar- heads. Also called common wormwood. 2. temisia absinthium. An extract of absinthium and other bitter Absinthkraut Artemisia absinthium. herbs, containing 60 per cent alcohol; pro- Absintism Misuse and dependence of ab- longed ingestion causes nervousness, con- sinthe. vulsions, trismus, amblyopia, optic neuritis, Absolute Absolvere to set loose, free from and mental deterioration. The liqueur have a limitations; unlimited; uncombined. bitter anise or licorice flavour. Production of From Latin absolutus.

9

Absolute alcohol Ethanol containing not or to a behaviour after a period of abstinence. more than 1% by mass of water. In some cases The initial relapse often proceeds to uncon- the definition is ethanol of at least 99,6 per trolled use or behaviour. The AVE occurs cent purity. when the person believes that the main cause Absolutes Honesty, unselfishness, and love, or causes of the relapse are factors like lack of AA-term from the Oxford movement. willpower or underlying diseases. In relapse Absolutist In some languages a synonym for prevention the attention is focused on control- abstainer, a person who does not drink alco- lable external or situational factors that may hol. trigger relapse. The goal is to provide the per- Absorb Colloquial term for drinking alco- son with the ability to return to abstinence as hol. soon as possible after a relapse. This can be Absorption Taking of molecules of one achieved through therapeutic interventions to substance directly into another substance. deal with feelings of failure and guilt immedi- Absorption may be either a physical or a ately after a relapse. AVE can be limited or chemical process. Physical absorption de- prevented by educating persons in treatment pends on the solubility of the substance ab- programmes that a brief relapse is undesirable sorbed, and chemical absorption involves but common in the treatment process and that chemical reactions between the absorbed it is important to seek help if it happens. substance and the absorbing medium. Abstinence, conditioned See: With- Drugs can be absorbed through the bodily mu- drawal, conditioned. cous membranes e g cocaine is absorbed Abstinence-epilepsia See: Epilepsy. through the mucous membrane in the nose . Abstinence-hallucinosis See: Hallucino- Abstainer To hold back, to refrain from sis. something by one's own choice. Those who Abstinence-orientated treatment practise abstinence from alcohol are termed Treatment where the abstinence from all alco- "abstainers", total abstainers", or - in a more hol and drug taking is one of the main rules. old-fashioned formulation - "teetotallers". These rulings often includes all use of psy- The term "current abstainer", often used in chopharmacological products. The term is population surveys, is usually defined as a used to differ these treatment program from person who has not drunk an alcoholic bever- those working with medications and/or main- age in the preceding 12 months; this definition tenance programs such as methadone mainte- does not necessarily coincide with a respon- nance. The idea behind these rules is that the dent's self-description as an abstainer. roots of drug-taking disorders is to be found in From French abstenir, from Latin abstinare. the personality and that it is easy to shift from Abstemious 1. Abstaining from alcohol. a drug abuse to an alcohol or pill-abuse These 2. To be temperate or moderate in the amount principles applies to most therapeutic commu- of alcohol consumed. nities even though they sometimes can be Abstemonious Abstemious. modified to meet individual needs. Abstemoniously Soberly. Abstinent alcoholic An alcoholic who no Abstention Temperance or moderation in longer drinks alcoholic beverages, one whose the amount of alcohol consumed. alcoholism is in remission. The term often Abstinence 1. Abstention from alcoholic used within Alcoholics Anonymous to point beverages. 2. The act or practice of refrain- out the view that alcoholism is a chronic dis- ing from indulging an appetite, as for food. ease and that moderate drinking is impossible 3. Restraint of one's appetites or desires. when you are an alcoholic. 4. The willful avoidance of pleasures, espe- Abstract Colloquial term for LSD on paper. cially of food and drink. Abstraktum German colloquial term for LSD on paper. The term "abstinence" should not be con- Abtörnen German colloquial term for getting fused with "abstinence syndrome," an older high on drugs. term for withdrawal syndrome. Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Abdallah ibn From French abstenance, from Latin abstinen- Sina See: Avicenna. tia, from abstinns, abstinent-, present partici- Abua Tabernanthe iboga. containing the ple of abstinre, to hold back. stimulant ibogaine. See also: ; Temperance. Abulemin Amfepramone hydrochloride. Abstinence delirium. See: Delirium. Abulruh Mandrake. Abstinence syndrome Older term for Aburi Nigerian term for marijuana. Withdrawal syndrome. Abuse (drug, alcohol, chemical, substance, Abstinence violation effect AVE, the or psychoactive substance) mechanism of relapsing to use of a substance A group of terms in wide use but of varying

10 meaning. In DSM-IIIR, "psychoactive sub- 1. Psychotropic drugs that do not produce de- stance abuse is defined as "a maladaptive pat- pendence, such as and neuro- tern of use indicated by continued use despite leptics; 2. Laxatives (misuse of which is knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent termed the "laxative habit"); 3. Analgesics social, occupational, psychological or physical which may be purchased without medical pre- problem that is caused or exacerbated by the scription, such as aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) use [or by] recurrent use in situations in which and paracetamol (acetaminophen); 4. Steroids it is physically hazardous". It is a residual and other hormones; 5. Vitamins; and 6. Ant- category, with dependence taking precedence acids. when applicable. The term "abuse" is some- These substances do not typically have pleas- times used disapprovingly to refer to any use urable psychic effects, yet attempts to discour- at all, particularly of illicit drugs. Because of age or forbid their use are met with resistance. its ambiguity, the term is not used in ICD-10 Despite the patient's strong motivation to take (except in the case of non-dependence- the substance, neither the dependence syn- producing substances, see below); harmful use drome nor the withdrawal syndrome develops. and hazardous use are the equivalent terms in These substances do not have dependence po- WHO usage, although they usually relate only tential in the sense of intrinsic pharmacologi- to effects on health and not to social conse- cal effects, but are capable of inducing psy- quences. The Office of Substance Abuse Pre- chological dependence. vention in the USA has also discouraged em- Abuse potential Likelihood of a drug being ployment of the word "abuse", although terms abused. such as "substance abuse" remain in wide use Abusive drinker Alcohol abuser, pejorative in North America and in many other countries term implying . to refer generally to problems of psychoactive Abusus Latin for abuse, sometimes used in substance use. In other contexts, abuse has re- older medical terminology as abusus alco- ferred to non-medical or unsanctioned patterns holicus or abusus narcoticus. The term was of use, irrespective of consequences. Thus the used to describe a limited misuse as compared definition published in 1969 by the WHO Ex- to the more chronic alcoholismus and narco- pert Committee on Drug Dependence was mania. "persistent or medical practice" Abusus alcoholicus Latin, older diagnostic See: Misuse, drug or alcohol. term for an alcoholic habit not yet developed Abuse liability The propensity of a particu- to full alcoholism (alcoholismus). lar psychoactive substance to be susceptible to Abusus narcoticus Latin, older diagnostic abuse, defined in terms of the relative prob- term for a drug habit not yet as severe as nar- ability that use of the substance will result in comania. social, psychological, or physical problems for Abuta Abuta grandiflora, Ayahuasca admix- an individual or for society. Under interna- ture plant. tional drug control treaties . WHO is respon- ABV Acronym for Alcohol By Volume. sible for determining the abuse liability and ABW Acronym for Alcohol By Weight. dependence potential, as distinct from thera- Abyssinian tea From Abyssinian, Ethiopi- peutic usefulness, of controlled substances. an. Tea made from the leaves of khat. See also: Abuse; Harmful use. AC Acronym for Alcoholics for Christ, a 12 Abuse of non-dependence-producing Step group similar to AA, but recognizing Je- substances Defined in ICD-10 (F55) as re- sus Christ as the "higher Power". peated and inappropriate use of a substance ACA See: Child of an alcoholic. which, though the substance has no depend- Acacia niopo See: Niopo. ence potential, is accompanied by harmful Academy of TV Arts & Sciences anti- physical or psychological effects, or involves drug program American organisation that unnecessary contact with health professionals has a program for educating members about (or both). This category might more appropri- the media glamourization and tolerance of il- ately be termed "misuse of non psychoactive licit drug use. substances" (compare misuse, drug or alco- Acamol Acetaminophen. hol). In ICD-10, this diagnosis is included Acamprosate A substance that has been within the section "Behavioural syndromes as- shown to decrease voluntary alcohol intake in sociated with physiological disturbances and rats and humans. Acamprosate is an agonist of physical factors" (F50-F59). A wide variety of GABA. It has been studied primarily in prescription drugs, proprietary (over-the- France. A large multicentre study in 1991 counter) drugs, and herbal and folk remedies found that the group of patients receiving may be involved. The particularly important acamprosate compared favourably with the groups are: placebo-group, when severely dependent per-

11 sons were evaluated for relapse 3 months after control: Phenobarbital. abstinence was initiated. Acetabarb Phenobarbital. ACAP Acronym for American Council on Acetaldehyde CH3CHO, also called acetic Alcohol Problems. aldehyde ethanol and ethylaldehyde, is an or- Acapulco Gold Colloquial term for espe- ganic compound belonging to the aldehyde cially potent, high-quality, golden brown group. A colourless flammable liquid with a Mexican marijuana originally grown near the pungent, fruity odour, it is important as an in- town Acapulco. termediate in the manufacture of many chemi- Acapulco Gold papers Cigarette papers cals, pharmaceuticals, and plastics, including made from cannabis fiber. acetic acid, butyl alcohol, , and pyri- Acapulco Red Colloquial term for reddish dine and is used in the manufacture of per- brown Mexican marijuana originally grown fumes and flavours. Acetaldehyde is widely near the town Acapulco. used as a starting material for the synthesis of Acarophobia Irrational fear of mites or of many organic compounds. other minute animate (insects, worms) or in- Acetaldehyde may cause irritation of mucous animate (pins, needles) objects, sometimes ac- membranes, lacrimation, photophobia, con- companied by fear of parasites crawling be- junctivitis, corneal injury, rhinitis, anosmia, neath the skin. bronchitis, pneumonia, pleurisy, headache, A special form of acarophobia can occur in and unconsciousness. cocaine abuse see Magnans syndrome. Acetaldehyde is also the principal product Accelerase PB Drug containing more than when ethanol is broken down. It is formed in one active substance whereof one under inter- the by oxidation of ethanol, the reaction national control: Phenobarbital . being catalysed principally by alcohol dehy- Accelerator Colloquial term for amfeta- drogenase. It is itself oxidised to acetate by mines. aldehyde dehydrogenase. Acetaldehyde is a Accidential overdose Overdose without toxic substance, implicated in the alcohol suicidal aim. flush reaction and in certain physical sequelae See: Overdose . of alcohol consumption. Accounts, Casting up his Colloquial term See also: Alcohol-sensitising drug; . for being drunk. Acetaldehydedehydrogenase Aldehyde Accrocher French colloquial term for being dehydrogenase (NAD+). dependent upon the use of one or more drugs. Acetalgan Drug containing more than one Accumulation To gather or pile up. Drugs active substance whereof one under interna- and its metabolites can be accumulated in the tional control: Phenobarbital . body after repeted intake. Acetalgin Acetaminophen. Latin accumulare to pile up (from cumulus, Acetaminophen C8H9NO2, A crystalline heap). compound, , used in chemical synthesis and in Ace 1. Old colloquial term for a marijuana- medicine to relieve minor pain, such as head- cigar or cigarette. 2. Colloquial term for PCP. aches and structural muscle aches, and to re- Aced Colloquial term for being drunk. duce fever. Best known by the trade name Ty- Acedicon Thebacon hydrochloride. lenol. It does not relieve intense pain or the Acedicone Thebacon hyrochloride. pain caused by spasms of smooth muscles Acedikon Thebacon hydrochloride. (such as the muscles lining the digestive or Aceite Colloquial term for LSD. urinary tracts). Like the other common analge- Aceituna Colloquial term for user of LSD. sic drugs, aspirin and ibuprofen, acetamino- Acelerado 1. Mexican colloquial term for phen works by inhibiting the synthesis of an inhalant user. 2. Argentinean colloquial prostaglandins in the body. However, it does term for being turned on, excited by a drug. not have the anti-inflammatory and anti- Acelerador 1. Mexican colloquial term for rheumatic properties of the other two analge- amfetamines. 2. Colloquial term for an inha- sics, neither does it irritate the stomach lining, lant. 3. Colloquial term for LSD. as aspirin tends to do for some users. It is of- Acelerante Colloquial term for amfetamines. ten used as a substitute for aspirin. Aceta- Acelide Colloquial term for LSD. minophen's fever-reducing, or antipyretic, Acemethadone Acetylmethadol. properties result from its chemical similarity See: LAAM. to the antipyretic drug phenacetin, which is a Aceta-tal Drug containing more than one ac- more toxic chemical. A large overdose of tive substance whereof one under international acetaminophen may cause severe liver dam- control: Phenobarbital . age. Acetabar Drug containing more than one ac- Acetaminophen Butalbital. tive substance whereof one under international Acetarex Drug containing more than one ac-

12 tive substance whereof one under international tional control: sodium . control: Phenobarbital . Acetophenazine C23H29N3O2S, antipsy- Acetate A salt or an ester of acetic acid. chotic patented 1961. Breakdown product of acetaldehyde which Acetophenetidin Phenacetin, white crystal- can be used as enegry by the body. line compound, an aniline derivative that is Acetate de méthadyl Acetylmethadol. used as a mild analgesic. This drug, which has See: LAAM. antipyretic (fever-reducing) as well as analge- Acetedol Amfetamine sulfate. sic (pain-reducing) effects, may be used alone Acetedron Amfetamine. or in combination with aspirin and either caf- Acethydrocodone Thebacon. feine or ; such combinations are called Acetic acid Chemical formed by bacteria APC mixtures. Because of the possible kidney causing wine to turn to vinegar. damage that may be caused by high doses and Acetic acid, [[4,5-epoxy-3-methoxy-a7- prolonged use of acetophenetidin, aspirin is methylmorphinan-6- sometimes used as a substitute. ylidene)amino]oxy]-,(5a)- CH3COOH. Acetorfina Acetorphine. Codoxime. A , a colorless corrosive Acetorphin Acetorphine. liquid with pungent smell. The comcentration Acetorphine C27H35NO5. Derivate of the- in vinegar is usually between 3 an 6%. baine under international control according to Acetic aldehyde ethanal See: Acetalde- the UN Single Convention 1961 and its hyde. amendments, Schedule I and IV. Molecular Acetification The process by which acetic weight 453. 6. Percentage of anhydrous base: acid or vinegar i formed. Often referring to the 100. effect of the exposure of mild alcoholic bever- Acetorphine hydrochloride C27H35NO5 ages to air, whereby acetic organisems enter HCl. Derivate of thebaine under international and turn the alcohol to acetic acid. control according to the UN Single Conven- Acetil-alfa-metilfentanilo Acetyl-alpha- tion 1961 and its amendments, Schedule I and methylfentanyl. IV. Molecular weight 490.1. Percentage of Acetilcodena Acetyldihydrocodeine. anhydrous base: 92.6 Acetildemetilodihidrotebaína Thebacon. Acetorphinum Acetorphine. Acetildihidrocodeinona Thebacon. Acetum 1. Vinegar. 2. An acetic acid solu- Acetildihydrocodeína Acetyldihydroco- tion of a drug. deine. Latin acêtum. Acetildiidrocodeina Acetyldihydrocodeine. Acetyl coenzyme A CoAS-COCH3, con- Acetilmetadol Acetylmethadole. densation product of coenzyme A and Acetic Acetilmetadone Acetylmethadol. acid. See: LAAM. Acetyl-alpha-methylfentanyl C22H28N2O. Acetobacter Bacteria which changes wine Synthetic substance under international con- into vinegar. trol according to the UN Single Convention Acetomorfin Heroin. 1961 and its amendments, Schedule I and IV. Acetomorfine Heroin. Molecular weight: 336.0. Percentage of anhy- Acetomorphine Heroin. drous base: 100. CH3COCH3, Dimethyl ketone. A Acetylation To bring an acetyl group into an colorless, volatile, extremely flammable liquid organic molecule. ketone, widely used as an organic solvent. Acetylcholine A reversible acetic acid es- Acetone has a pleasant ethereal odor it is a terer of choline; it is a cholinergic agonist and commonly used solvent and one of the ketone serves as a neurotransmitter at the myoneural bodies produced in ketoacidosis. junctions of striated muscles, at autonomic ef- In pharmacy, it is used as a solvent and, in fector cells innervated by parasympathetic concentrations above 80 per cent, as an anti- nerves, at the reganglionic synapses of the the septic; the official preparation contains at least sympathetic and parasympatetic nervous sys- 99 per cent of acetone calculated in an adhy- tems, and at various sites in the central nerv- drous basis. ous system. AChE has few therapeutic appli- Acetone is necessary to produce cocaine from cations owing to its diffuse action and rapid coca leaves. It is also used in extracting mor- hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase (AChE), phine from opium. Acetone is an important synhetic derivatives are used for more spe- precursor in the illegal production of drugs cific, prolonged action. AchE used as a vaso- and its export and import is therefore moni- dilator in pharmacoangiography, administered tored to combat illegal drug laboratories. by intra-arterial infusion. Acetonova Drug containing more than one Acetylcodon, -e Acetyldihydrocodeine hy- active substance whereof one under interna- drochloride.

13

Acetyldemethylodihydrothebain Theba- user. con. Acid Freak Colloquial term for a person who Acetyldemethylodihydrothebain, -e,- fruquently uses LSD and exhibits bizarre be- um Thebacon. haviour induced by LSD. Acetyldesmethyldihydrothebaine The- Acid Funk Colloquial term for LSD-induced bacon. depression. Acetyldihydrocodein, -e, -um Acetyldihy- Acid Head Colloquial term for LSD-user. drocodeine. Acid House Rock music term introduced at Acetyldihydrocodeine C20H25NO4. Deri- the end of the 1980s referring to the music vate of codeine under international control ac- style of groups such as The Mob and The cording to the UN Single Convention 1961 Royal House. The word Acid' referred to LSD and its amendments, Scheudle II. Molecular while the word House' referred to the music weight: 343.4. Percentage of anhydrous base: which first appeared in Chicago at a dance 100. venue called The Warehouse. More recently Acetyldihydrocodeine hydrochloride the term has been reduced to House', but is C20H25NO4 HCl. Derivate of codeine. Syn- only one of many types of dance music. Acid thetic substance under international control house had strong connections with the use of according to the UN Single Convention 1961 hallucinogens, especially LSD. It developed and its amendments, Scheudle II. Molecular into Disco acid, often called Techno House. weight: 379.8. Percentage of anhydrous base: The music is characterized by a simple base 90.4. beat with synthesizers. It is played in discos Acetyldihydrocodeinon, -e Thebacon. and at rave-parties where hallucinogens are Acetyldihydrocodeinone Thebacon. preferred rather than alcohol. Acetyldihydrodemethylothebaine The- Acid Jazz Music style combining rock, acid bacon. rock, soul, R&B, and jazz influences. Some- Acetyldihydrokodein Acetyldihydroco- times connected with the use of hallucinogens deine. from where it got its name. Acetyldihydrokodeinon Thebacon. Acid Lab Colloquial term for a place where Acetyldimepheptanol Acetylmethadol. LSD is made. See: LAAM. Acid Party Colloquial term for a party where Acetylmetadol -um Acetylmethadol. LSD is used. Acetylmethadol C23H31NO2. Synthetic sub- Acid Rock A type of rock music that was stance under international control according to created in connection with the use of psyche- the UN Single Convention 1961 and its delics, especially LSD, in San Francisco in the amendments, Scheudle I. Molecular weight: 1960s. Acid rock has a prominent repetitive 353. 5. Percentage of anhydrous base: 100. beat and lyrics that suggest psychedelic ex- See: LAAM. periences. Acetylmethadol, -e, -um Acetylmethadol. Acid Tests Parties held i the 1960:s espe- Acetylo-dihydro-codeinon Thebacon. cially on the US west coast. Guests dressed in Acetylsalicylacid Chemical name for Aspi- psychedelic clothes and listened to acid rock rin. and used hallucinogens especially LSD. Achi Mexican Colloquial term for marijuana. Acid Trip Colloquial term for LSD- Achiva Colloquial term for heroin. intoxication. Achonat Oxazepam. Acid caps LSD in powder form. Acht German colloquial term for heroin. Acid funk Colloquial term for depression af- Achteck German colloquial term for LSD on ter LSD use. paper. Acid man Colloquial term for LSD-addict or Achteckiger Stern German colloquial term LSD-dealer. for LSD on paper. Acid mung Colloquial term for the oily face Achter German colloquial term for injection of an LSD-user. of heroin. Acid pad Colloquial term for a place where Achtzehn German colloquial term for a LSD i taken. marijuana cigarette. Acid party Colloquial term for a LSD- Achuma San Pedro. session. Aci-vanton Phenobarbital sodium. Acid trail Colloquial term for LSD use. Acicalar Colloquial term for preparing pack- Acide (cyano-3 diphényl-3,3 propyl)-1 ets of marijuana. phényl-4 pipéridine carboxylique-4 Acici Turkish term for amfetamines. Difenoxin. Acid Colloquial term for LSD. Acide (cyclohexène-1 yl-1) 5 éthyl-5 Acid Dropper Colloquial term for a LSD- barbiturique Cyclobarbital.

14

Acide (méthyl-1 butyl)-5 vinyl-5 barbi- . turique . Acido 5,5-dialilbarbitúrico . Acide allyl-5 (methyl-1butyl)-5 barbi- Acido 5,5-dietilbarbitúrico . turique Secobarbital. Acido 5-(1-metilbutil)-5-vinil- Acide allyl-5 isobutyl-5 barbiturique Bu- barbitúrico Vinylbital. talbital. Acido 5-alil-5-(1-metilbutil)-barbitúrico Acide butyl-5 ethyl-5 barbiturique Buto- Secobarbital. barbital. Acido 5-alil-5-(2-metilpropil)- Acide chloro-7-dihydro-2,3 oxo-2 phé- barbitúrico Butalbital. nyl-5 1H-benzodiazépine-1,4 carbox- Acido 5-alil-5-isobutilbarbitúrico Bu- ylique-3 Clorazepate. talbital. Acide diallyl-5,5 barbiturique Allobarbi- Acido 5-butil-5-etilbarbitúrico Butobar- tal. bital. Acide diphényl-1,1 méthyl-2 morpho- Acido 5-etil-1-metil-5-fenilbarbitúrico lino-3 carboxylique Moramide Amobarbital. intermediate. Acido 5-etil-5-(1-metilbutil)barbiturico Acide diéthyl-5,5 barbiturique Barbital. Pentobarbital. Acide ethyl-5 (cyclohexényl-1)- 5 barbi- Acido 5-etil-5-(3-metilbutil)-barbitúrico turique Cyclobarbital. Amobarbital. Acide isopentyl-5 ethyl-5 barbiturique Acido 5-etil-5-fenilbarbitúrico Pheno- Amobarbital. barbital. Acide methyl-2 morpholino-3 diphenyl- Acido 5-isobutil-5-alil-barbitúrico Bu- 1,1 propane carboxylique Moramide in- talbital. termediate. Acido 5-sec-butil-5-etilbarbitúrico Acide méthyl-1 phényl-4 pipéridine Secbutabarbital. carboxylique-4 Pethidine intermediate C. Acido alil-metil barbitúrico Secobarbital. Acide méthyl-l phényl-5 éthyl-5 barbi- Acido allil-5-(metil-1-butil)-5- turique Methylphenobarbital. barbiturico Secobarbital. Acide phényl-éthyl-5 barbiturique Phe- Acido fenil-etil-barbitúrico Phenobarbi- nobarbital. tal. Acide sec-butyl-5 éthyl-5 barbiturique Acido gevelinico Pethidine intermediate C. Secbutabarbital. Acidosis An abnormal increase in the acidity Acide éthyl- (méthyl-3-butyl)-5 barbi- of the body's fluids, caused either by accumu- turique Amobarbital. lation of acids or by depletion of bicarbonates. Acide éthyl-5 (méthyl- 1butyl)-5 barbi- Often seen in heavy alcohol drinkers and a se- turique Pentobarbital. rious symptom in poisoning. Acide éthyl-5 isoamyl-5 barbiturique Acidules French colloquial term for a LSD- Amobarbital. users. Acide éthyl-5 isoamyl-5 éthyl-5 barbi- Acidum5-(1-methylbutyl)-5-aethyl- turique Amobarbital. barbituricum Pentobarbital. Acide éthyl-5 méthyl-1 phényl-5 barbi- Acidum 5-(1-methylbutyl)-5-aethyl- turique Methylphenobarbital. barbituricum Pentobarbital. Acide éthyl-5 phényl-5 barbiturique Acidum 5-(3-methyl-n-butyl)-5- Phenobarbital. aethylbarbituricum Amobarbital. Acidity Tartness imbued by fruit acids to Acidum 5-aethyl-5 (1-methylbutyl)- wine. barbituricum Pentobarbital. Acido Spanish and portuguese colloquial Acidum 5-aethyl-5-isoamyl- term for LSD. barbituricum Amobarbital. Acido 1,1-difenil-2-metil-3-morfolín Acidum 5-aethyl-5-phenylbarbituricum propano carboxílico Moramide intermedi- Phenobarbital. ate. Acidum 5-allyl-5 (1-methylbutyl)- Acido 1-(3-ciano-3,3-difenilpropil)-4- barbituricum Secobarbital. fenilisonipecótico Difenoxin. Acidum N-methyl-aethyl-phenyl- Acido 1-metil-4-fenilpiperidín-4- barbituricum Methylphenobarbital. carboxílico Pethidine intermediate C. Acidum aethylbutylbarbituricum Buto- Acido 2-metil-3-morfolín difenilpro- barbital. pano carboxílico Moramide intermediate. Acidum aethylisoamylbarbituricum Acido 5 (1-ciclohexen-1-il)-5- Amobarbital. etilbarbitúrico Cyclobarbital. Acidum aethylmethylbutyl- Acido 5 etil-1-metil-5-fenilbarbitúrico barbituricum Pentobarbital.

15

Acidum cyclohexenylaethyl- French aconit, from Latin aconìtum, from barbituricum Cyclobarbital. Greek akoniton. Acidum diaethylbarbituricum Barbital. Aconito napello See: Aconite. Acidum diallylbarbituricum Allobarbital. Aconitum compactum Synonym for Aco- Acidum diethyl-barbituricum Barbital. nitum napellus. Acidum difenoxilicum Difenoxin. Aconitum ferox Monkshood. The strongest Acidum isoamylaethylbarbituricum poisonous plant of the Himalayas. Tibetan Amobarbital. medicinal herb also traditionally used as poi- Acidum isobutylallylbarbituricum Bu- son applied to tips of arrows. Usually dried talbital. and mixed with ganja. 3 to 6 grams of aco- Acidum methyl-phenylaethyl- nitin is the lethal dose. barbituricum Methylphenobarbital. Aconitum napellus Monkshood. Strong Acidum n-butylaethylbarbituricum Bu- poisonous plant. Traditionally used in witch- tobarbital. ointments. 3 to 6 grams of aconitin is the lethal Acidum phenylaethyl-N-methyl- dose. barbituricum Methylphenobarbital. Aconitum napellus var. ferox See: Aconi- Acidum phenylaethylbarbituricum Phe- tum ferox. nobarbital. Aconitum neomontanum Synonym for Acihuit Psidium guajava. Aconitum napellus. Ack Ack Colloquial term for smoking heroin Aconitum pyramidale Synonym for Aconi- by placing it on the tip of a burning cigarette. tum napellus. Ack-ack Colloquial term for smoking a her- Aconitum vironum See: Aconitum ferox. oin-dusted cigarette. Acononitum ferox See: Aconitum ferox. Ackermagen Calamus Acor meconicus Morphine. Ackern German colloquial term for prostitu- Acordin Diazepam. tion. Acore Hallucinogen drug prepared by the Ackerwurtz Calamus. Cree-Indians of the north-western Canada of Ackerwurz Calamus. the Acorus Calamus. The active ingredients Ackoffs model A method of determine the are asarone. In high doses it gives visual hal- assignment of alcoholic patients to treatment lucinations similar to LSD. facilities which takes into account alternative Acore aromatique Calamus. courses of action. Acore odorant Calamus. ACM Acronym for American Council on Acore vrai Calamus. Marijuana and other Psychoactive Drugs. Acori Calamus. Acne rosacea A chronic dermatitis of the Acorin A bitter glycoside from Calamus, face, especially of the nose and cheeks, char- splits into oil of calamus and sugar. acterized by a red or rosy coloration, caused Acoro Calamus. by dilation of capillaries, and the appearance Acoro verdadero Calamus. of acne like pimples. One of the causes is al- Acorus aromaticus Synonym for Acorus coholism. calamus See: Calamus. Latin (acne) rosacea, rose-colored (acne), Acorus calamus See: Calamus. from Latin, feminine of rosceus, made of Acorus odoratus Synonym for Acorus roses. See: Rosacea. calamus. See: Calamus. Acnida cannabinum Cannabis sativa. Acorus vulgaris Synonym for Acorus cala- ACoA Acronym for Adult Child of Alcohol- mus. See: Calamus. ics. Acoyo Piper auritum. Acodon Diazepam or . Acqired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome Acogesic Amfetamine phosphate. See: Aids. Acomicial . Acquavite See: Aquavit. Aconit Aconitum napellus. Acrois Calamus. Aconit napel Aconitum napellus. Acromegali A chronic disease of adults Aconite 1. Any of various, usually poison- marked by enlargement of the bones of the ous perennial herbs of the genus Aconitum, extremities, face, and jaw that is caused by having tuberous roots, overactivity of the pituitary gland. Can be palmately lobed leaves, blue or white flow- caused by abuse of anabolic steroids. ers with large hoodlike upper sepals, and an Acromegaly, chronic disease marked by aggregate of follicles. 2. The dried poison- overgrowth of hands, feet, and lower part of ous roots of these plants, used as a source of the face, resulting from excessive production drugs. Also called monkshood. 3. Aconitum of somatotropin, the growth-stimulating ferox. 4. Aconitum napellus. hormone. In many cases, oversecretion of

16 the hormone can be traced to a tumor of the dles were stone. Later, bronze, gold, or silver pituitary gland. Acromegaly is accompanied was used and today needles are usually made by progressive weakness and sometimes by of steel. Initially, needles were used only to diabetes mellitus; on occasion it occurs dur- prick boils and ulcers. Acupuncture was de- ing lactation. The disease usually appears in veloped in response to the theory that there are adulthood and frequently affects more than special meridian points on the body connected one member of a family. Treatment consists to the internal organs and that vital energy of microsurgical removal of hyperfunction- flows along the meridian lines. According to ing tissue, pituitary irradiation, and drugs this theory, diseases are caused by interrupted that suppress growth hormone. A similar energy flow, and inserting and twirling nee- disorder, gigantism, occurs in children, pro- dles restores normal flow. ducing overgrowth of the long bones of the After the discovery in 1975 of enkephalins body. A deficiency in growth hormone pro- and endorphins (natural pain inhibitors in the duction results in dwarfism, a condition body), some neurophysiologists suggested that marked by abnormally short bone develop- the needles may trigger the release of one or ment. more of these substances, which inhibit pain From French acromegalie : Greek akron, ex- signals by blocking their pathway through the tremity, megas, megal-, big. spinal cord. This view is supported by both Acrused Pentobarbital sodium and Pheno- American and Chinese studies showing that barbital. placing acupuncture needles in certain parts of Act of Parliament Colloquial term for beer. the brain of dogs causes a rise in the level of Actedrin Amfetamine sulfate. endorphins in the spinal fluid. Scientists in the Actedron Amfetamine sulfate. US have also shown that acupuncture analge- Actemin Amfetamine phosphate. sia is at least partly reversible by naloxone, a Acteminetas Amfetamine phosphate. drug which blocks the action of morphine and ACTH-hormone Adrenocorticotropic hor- morphine like chemicals such as endorphins. mone. Modern research has focused on the use of Acticarbine Phenobarbital. acupuncture in pain relief and anaesthesia, to Action 1. Colloquial term for purchase or counteract the side effects of chemotherapy, sale of drugs. 2. Colloquial term for a drug and as an aid in reducing the cravings of for- happening. 3. Colloquial term for drugs in mer smokers and drug addicts. large quantities available. In treatment of drug dependents, acupunctire Action Research A cyclical evaluation is used to counteract withdrawal-symptoms process where action or intervention is and to prevent relapse. The method seems to intentionally researched and modified, leading specially attract the rather large group of drug to the next stage of action which is then again misusers who mistrust modern medicine and intentionally examined for further change and believe in alternative-treatment. In the west- so on, as the intervention develops and is ern hemisphere acupuncture was mistrusted further improved. but won recognition at the beginning of the Actional "L" Lorazepam. 1970s when a programme for systematic use Actiphos Amfetamine sulfate. of acupuncture in drug abuse treatment was Activamin Amfetamine. developed by Dr Michael Smith in South Activamina Amfetamine sulfate. Bronx, New York. This programme has been Activan Lorazepam. the model for about 50 acupuncture pro- Activar Pemoline. grammes in the USA and Western Europe. Activated Colloquial term for being drunk. The programme consists of acupuncture, Chi- Active ingredient Substance in a drug or a nese exercises (Qi-Gong), herbal treatment plant that is primarily resposible for its psy- massage and psychotherapy. The programme choactive effects. is group-based has three phases and lasts for Actonorm Phenobarbital. 6-8 weeks with regular urine-controls. It ends Actuss Pholcodine. with establishing contacts with self-help Acucron Phenobarbital. groups. Acuja Anadenanthera peregrina. Acupressure A variant of acupuncture in Acupan . which the practitioner uses manipulation Acupuncture Latin acus, needle. A tech- rather than penetration to alleviate pain or nique for relieving pain or inducing regional other symptoms, is in widespread use in Japan anaesthesia, in which thin needles are inserted and has begun to find adherents in the USA. into the body at specific points. Also known as shiatsu, acupressure is admin- Acupuncture needles dating from 4000 years istered by pressing with the fingertips and ago have been found in China. The first nee- sometimes the elbows or knees along a com-

17 plex network of trigger points (see below) in Acétylodémethylodihydrothébaïne The- the patient's body. bacon. Acute In general, sharp. In medicine rapid. Acúcar Portuguese Colloquial term for her- 1. Referring to drugs, the short term effects of oin. a single administration, as opposed to chronic, AD Colloquial term for PCP. or long-term effects of administration. AD-3 Phenobarbital. 2. A condition that rapidly develops into cri- Ad 1. Colloquial term for PCP. 2. Collo- sis. quial term for addict. Acute Alcohol Poisoning Loss of con- Ad modum Latin for the same way as; "ac- sciousness and possible death due to arrest of cording XX:s method". For example metha- breathing from excessive alcohol consump- done maintenance is often mentioned as tion. See: Intoxication. Methadone maintenance ad modum Dole- Acute adaptation to alcohol See: Adapta- Nyswander to refer to the method that was in- tion. vented by Vincent Dole and Marie Nyswan- Acute addiction An ambiguous term. der. Sometimes used to describe intoxication, poi- Ad mortem Latin for: to death. "Go ad mor- soning or a temporary disturbance caused by tem" means to die. excessive short-term drug use. Ad-Nil Levamfetamine or Levamfetamine sul- Acute alcoholic See: Alcoholic. fate. Acute alcoholic states Broad non-specific ADAC Acronym for Alberta Alcohol and term for any physical or mental disorder pre- Drug Commission, Canada. sumed to be caused by alcohol. Adalgur Meprobamate. Acute alcoholism See: Alcoholism. Adam Colloquial term for ecstasy. Acute amnesia See: Blackout; Intoxication, Adam and Eve Colloquial term for a combi- pathological. nation of MDMA and MDEA . See: Ecstasy. Acute hallucinatoric confusion See: Hal- Adam-kökü Mandrake. lucination. Adam´s Ale Colloquial term for water. Acute intoxication See Intoxication. Adam´s Wine Colloquial term for water. Acute tolerance See: Tolerance. ADAMHA Former USA: Alcohol, Drug Acuya Piper auritum. Abuse and Mental Health Administration un- Acuyo Piper auritum. der the US Department of Health and Human Acéméthadone Acetylmethadol. Services. See: LAAM. Adanon Methadone hydrochloride. Acétate (ester) de phényl-4 piperidinol- Adanon hydrochloride Methadone hydro- 4 PEPAP. chloride. Acétate de dihydrocodéinone énolique Adanon, -e Methadone. Thebacon. Adapan Amfetamine sulfate. Acétorphine Acetorphine. Adaphol Pholcodine. Acétoxy-3 dimethylamino-6 diphényl- Adaption See: Tolerance. 4,4 heptane Acetylmethadol. Adatuss Hydrocodone Bitartrate. Acétoxy-5[hydroxy-1(R) méthyl-1- Adavans Colloquial term for . butyl]-2a méthoxy-3 méthyl-12éthéno- ADD Acronym for Attention Deficit Disorder. 3,9a iminoéthano-9,9b hexahydro- Addict 1. To cause to become compulsively 1,2,3,3a,8,9 phénanthro [4,5- and physiologically dependent on a habit- bcd]furanne Acetorphine. forming substance. 2. Individual with a com- Acétyl-6 dihydro-7,8 codéine Acetyldihy- pulsive need to use a particular substance. See: drocodeine. Addiction. Acétyl-O-3 (hydroxy-1 méthylbutyl)- Addict subcultur See: Subculture. 7a endoétheno-6,14 tétrahydo- Addictant The substance or behaviour to oripavine Acetorphine. which a person is addicted. Acétyl-O3 [hydroxy-1(R) méthyl-1 bu- Addictie Dutch Colloquial term for a drug- tyl]-7a méthyl-O6 endoéhéno-6,14 di- addict. hydro-7,8 morphine Acetorphine. Addiction, drug or alcohol Repeated use Acétyl-alpha-méthylfentanyl Acetyl- of a psychoactive substance or substances, to alpha-methylfentanyl. the extent that the user (referred to as an ad- Acétyldihydrocodéine Acetyldihydroco- dict) is periodically or chronically intoxicated, deine. shows a compulsion to take the preferred sub- Acétyldéméthylodihydrothébaïne The- stance (or substances), has great difficulty in bacon. voluntarily ceasing or modifying substance Acétylméthadole Acetylmethadole. use, and exhibits determination to obtain psy-

18 choactive substances by almost any means. Director of the ARF from 1951-1976. E M Typically, tolerance is prominent and a with- Jellinek played an important role in the first drawal syndrome frequently occurs when sub- research programmes. stance use is interrupted. The life of the addict ARF has been a pioneer in epidemiological may be dominated by substance use to the vir- studies such as household surveys, student- tual exclusion of all other activities and re- surveys, analyses of the effects of prices and sponsibilities. The term addiction also conveys availability on alcohol consumption. In the the sense that such substance use has a detri- medical fields ARF has developed the hypoxic mental effect on society, as well as on the in- theory of alcohol liver damage and its treat- dividual: when applied to the use of alcohol, it ment by propylthiouracil, development of is equivalent to alcoholism. clinical trail unit for the evaluation of medica- Addiction is a term of long-standing and vari- tions used in reducing alcohol consumption able usage. It is regarded by many as a dis- and research in the mechanisms of reinforce- crete disease entity, a debilitating disorder ment, tolerance, and dependence in relation to rooted in the pharmacological effects of the alcohol, , nicotine, . It drug, which is remorselessly progressive. has also contributed with many evaluations of From the 1920s to the 1960s attempts were different treatment and prevention pro- made to differentiate between addiction and grammes. ARF publications includes mono- habituation, a less severe form of psychologi- graphs, bibliographies ands critical reviews. cal adaptation, In the 1960s the World Health ARF provides professional training for the Organisation recommended that both terms be staff of addiction programmes in many coun- abandoned in favour of dependence, which tries and is a main international player in the can exist in various degrees of severity. drug abuse field. Addiction is not a diagnostic term in ICD-10, Addiction Severity Index A structured in- but continues to be very widely employed by terview to provide information about aspects professionals and the general public alike. of the life of persons with substance abuse See also: Dependence: Dependence syndrome. problems, developed by McLellan in 1981. It Addiction The oldest specialist journal in the has been translated and used world-wide. The substance abuse field. Founded 1884 as Pro- basic idea is that substance abuse is best un- ceedings for the Society for the Study and derstood in terms of the life events that pre- Cure of Inebriety, then as the British Journal ceded, occurred at the same time as or resulted of Inebriety, then the British Journal of Addic- from the abuse. tion. The present title was adopted in 1993. The ASI focus on seven areas: medical status; Published in London and contains research re- employment and support; drug use; alcohol ports, debates and commentaries with ab- use; legal status; family and social status; and stracts in French and Spanish. psychiatric status. In each area the interviewer Addiction Abstracts An international cur- uses a 10-point scoring scale of lifetime prob- rent awareness journal published in conjunc- lems as well as a multi-item composite score tion with the National Addiction Centre, Lon- of the problems in the past 30-days. The inter- don, England. Provides abstracts of significant view takes about one hour. Researchers have issues in the addiction field. found the ASI useful because it can be used Addiction Research Foundation One of with accuracy to compare different groups and the worlds leading and the first major North treatment programmes over time. American institution to study and treat alcohol Addiction liability Substance that can be- and other drugs. Founded 1949 as Alcoholism come addicting. Research Foundation by the Province of On- In the USA in the late tario in Canada with the mandate to conduct 1980s, this became the preferred term for the research into the causes, prevention, and branch of medicine dealing with alcohol- and treatment of alcoholism. In 1961 the mandate drug-related conditions. The term for a practi- was broadened to include research on sub- tioner of addiction medicine is "addictionist". stances other than alcohol. The name was See also: Narcologist, Narcology. changed to Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Addiction producing drug A substance Research Foundation (ARF), often shortened which is capable of causing addiction. to Addiction Research Foundation. In 1977 Addiction-prone personality Individual ARF became the first officially designated with a special personality characteristic that collaborating centre of WHO for research and renders him inclined to use drugs in order to training on drug dependence. The staff con- deal with personal problems. sists of several hundred scientists, clinicians, See Addictive personality. community development workers and educa- ADDICIONES Spanish journal on addiction. tors. David H. Archibald was the Executive Addictionology The science of addiction.

19

Addictions Forum Founded in 1991 in the Adiparthrol-Ethyl Etilamfetamine. United Kingdom to encourage debate about Adipat Amfepramone hydrochloride. current issues of concern and controversy and Adipex 1. Metamfetamine hydrochloride. to promote information exchange, education 2. Metamfetamine tartrate; Phentermine hy- and training in the addictions field. Increas- drochloride. ingly active at an international level in co- Adipex neu Phentermine resinate. sponsoring and organizing international meet- Adipex-8 CT Phentermine hydrochloride. ings. Adipex-P Phentermine hydrochloride. Addictive Having the potential to cause ad- Adipo Il Phendimetrazine bitartrate. diction. Adiposan Amfepramone hydrochloride. Addictive Behaviours An international Adiposetten Cathine. professional journal designed to publish origi- Adiposid Phenmetrazine. nal research and theoretical papers in the area Adiposon Amfepramone hydrochloride. of addictions, including eating disorders. Adipsia Absence of thirst. Addictive personality 1. A personality Adipyn Amfepramone hydrochloride. which is prone to the development of some Adistop C Cathine hydrochloride. form of addiction. 2. Pre-addictive personal- Adistop-F Cathine hydrochloride. ity, characteristics that are presumed to pre- Adler 1. German colloquial term for a 100- date and therefore are predictive of substance mark bill. 2. German colloquial term for LSD abuse. These aspects may include difficulties on paper. in impulse control, anxiety, depression and Administration Method of route or mode of submission to authority. 3. A recurrent pattern administration, i.e. the way in which a sub- among alcohol dependents and other sub- stance is introduced into the body, such as oral stance abusers characterized by impulsivity, ingestion, intravenous (IV), subcutaneous, or immaturity, poor frustration tolerance, anxiety intramuscular injection, inhalation, smoking, and depression. or absorption through skin or mucosal sur- Additive effect Impact of two or more sub- faces, such as the gums, rectum, or genitalia. stances taken together. See also: IDU, IVDU. See also: Potentiation and Synergism. Admiral of the Blue Colloquial term for a Additive poisoning See: Synergism. tavern keeper. Addiveness See: Synergism. Admiral of the Narrow Seas Naval term Addled Colloquial term for being drunk. for a drunken sailor who vomits into lap of ADE DEA. another sailor. Adedate Dexamfetamine sulfate. Admiral of the Red Colloquial term for a Adelgaton Amfetamine sulfate. drunkard. Adelgol Amfetamine sulfate. Admiral, Tap the Colloquial term for drink- Adenokellina sedativa Phenobarbital. ing surreptitiously. Adenopurin Phenobarbital. Admixture 1. The act of mixing or min- Adepsina Phenmetrazine hydrochloride. gling. 2. The state of being mingled or Adepsique Diazepam. mixed. 3. Something that is produced by Adepto Colloquial term for a drug addict. mixing; a mixture. 4. Something added in ADFS Acronym for Alcohol Alliance for a mixing. See also: Mixture. Drug Free Society. ADMS Acronym for Alcohol, Drug Abuse ADH Alcohol dehydrogenaze. and Mental Health Services. ADHD Acronym for Attention Deficit Hyper- ADN Acronym for Adicto a Drogas Narcoti- activity Disorder. cas. Addicted to narcotics. Adicto a drogas narcoticas Addicted to Adnephrin Phenobarbital. narcotics. ADNET Acronym for AntiDrug Network. Adifuge Amfetamine. Adolan Methadone . Adike Areca catechu. Adolens Pethidine hydrochloride. C19H18ClN5, Triazolobenzodi- Adolescence The period of life beginning azepine with and anxiolytic with the appearance of secondary sex charac- properties. teristics and terminating with the cessation of See: Benzodiazepines. somatic growth, roughly from 11 to 19 years Adipan 1. Amfepramone hydrochloride. of age. 2. Amfetamine sulfate. 3. Tradename for Latin adolescentia Dexamfetamine tartrate and Metamfetamine Adolinfant . tartrate. Adolor Barbital. Adiparthrol 1. Amfetamine sulfate. Adonal Phenobarbital. 2. Dexamfetamine sulfate; Etilamfetamine. ADONIS Acronym for Alcohol, Drugs en

20

Overige middelen Nederlands Informatie Sys- system. Cortisol has two primary roles: (1) teem, text-database on substance abuse in the gluconeogenesis - i. e, the breakdown of pro- Netherlands operated by NIAD. tein to form glucose; and (2) an anti- Adorm CyclobarbitaI calcium. inflammatory action. Thus cortisol can reduce Adormidera 1. Colloquial term for opium disease manifestations without having any di- poppy. 2. Colloquial term for heroin. rect effect on the causative agent. Modified ADPA Acronym for Alcohol and Drug Prob- glucocorticoids, now produced synthetically, lems Association of North America, formerly are superior to naturally secreted steroids for the North American Association of Alcohol- treatment of Addison's disease and other dis- ism Programmes (NAAAP). orders. ADPANA Acronym for Alcohol and Drug Adrenalin Adrenaline. Problems Association of North America, for- Adrenaline and noradrenaline Also merly the North American Association of Al- called epinephrine and norephrine, separate, coholism Programmes (NAAAP). active principles secreted by the medulla of Adphen Phendimetrazine bitartrate. the adrenal glands (q.v.). They are also liber- Adphen forte Phendimetrazine bitartrate. ated at the ends of sympathetic nerve fibres Adren(o) From Latin ad near + ren kidney, a where they serve as chemical mediators for combining form denoting relationship to the conveying the nerve impulses to effector or- adrenal gland. gans. Chemically, the two compounds differ Adrenal gland Adrenal Gland, also called only slightly; and they exert similar pharma- Suprarenal gland. Either of two small and vir- cological actions, which resemble the effects tually identical triangular endocrine glands, of stimulation of the sympathetic nervous sys- one at the upper end of each kidney. Vital or- tem. They are, therefore, classified as sym- gan in humans. pathomimetic agents The active secretion of The medulla of the adrenal gland, composed the adrenal medulla contains approximately 80 of chromaffin, is made up of columnar cells percent adrenaline and 20 percent noradrena- that secrete the hormone epinephrine also line; but this proportion is reversed in the called adrenaline, in response to stimulation symphatetic nerves, which contain predomi- of the sympathetic nervous system at times of nantly noradrenaline. stress. The medulla also secretes the hormone The purified, active compounds are used clini- norepinephrine, which plays a role in main- cally and are obtained from the adrenal glands taining normal blood circulation. These hor- of domesticated animals or prepared syntheti- mones belong to the class of chemicals called cally. The administration of adrenaline results cathecholamines, which are darkened when in an increase in blood pressure by increasing oxidised by potassium dichromate. The me- the rate and force of contraction of the heart dulla is frequently referred to as chromaffin and by constricting the peripheral blood ves- tissue. sels. It also dilates the bronchioles and in this Unlike the cortex, the medulla can be removed way is an aid to respiration. Adrenaline exerts without endangering the life of an individual. a metabolic effect manifested by a rise in The adrenal outer layer, cortex, secretes about blood glucose. Noradrenaline elicits similar 30 steroid hormones, but only a few are se- responses but its metabolic effects and actions creted in significant amounts. In the adult hu- on the heart are much less than those of man the cortex comprises about 90 percent of adrenaline. The rise in blood pressure after the the gland. The cortex is made up of three administration of noradrenaline is due to its structurally different concentric zones- From powerful vasoconstrictor action. Adrenaline is the outermost inward they are zona glomeru- used in combination with local anaesthetics losa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. The because its vasco-constriction properties delay zona glomerulosa is principally responsible the absorption of the local anaesthetics, and in for the secretion of aldesterone, one of the this way prolongs their activity and reduces most important hormones. This steroid hor- their toxicity. It is useful in acute allergic dis- mone is known as a minneralocorticoid - a orders, such as drug reactions, hives, and hay regulator of sodium and potassium metabo- fever. Occasionally it is applied as a local lism. The inner two zones - fasciculata and re- vasoconstrictor in the control of superficial ticularis - operate almost as a physiological haemorrhage from the skin and mucous mem- unit and are controlled by ACTH (adrenocor- branes and to relieve the nasal congestion as- ticotropic hormone), a hormone secreted by sociated with certain allergic conditions. the pituitary gland (q.v.). Their principal func- Noradrenaline is administered by intravenous tion is the secretion of cortisol and of some infusion to combat the acute fall in blood pres- adrenal androgens, or male hormones, which sure associated with certain types of shock. have a minor influence on the reproductive Large doses of these compounds may result in

21 such serious consequences as cerebral haem- Adrenin Adrenaline. orrhage and cardiac abnormalities. Adrenine Adrenaline. Adrenergic 1. Activated by, characteristic Adrenitis Adrenaline. of, or secreting epinephrine or related sub- Adrenoceptive Pertaining to the sites on ef- stances, particularly referring to the sympa- fector organs that are acted upon by adrener- thetic nerve fibers that liberate norepinephrine gic transmitters. at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes. Adrenoceptor Adrenergic receptor. 2. An agent that produces such an effect. Adrenochrome 1. A red (pink adrenaline) Adrenergic drug Also called sympaticomi- derivate of adrenaline that produces hallu- metic drug, any member of a class of drugs af- cinogenic effects. Adrenochrome is an oxida- fecting the nervous system. Adrenergic drugs tion product of epinephrine which possesses stimulate the release of adrenaline or hemostatic properties due to its effect on cap- noradrenaline neurotransmitters, or com- illary permeability, and has been used as an pounds that diffuse from the end of a stimu- experimental psychomimetic. It is used in the lated nerve cell across a space called the syn- form of its stable derivative carbazochrome aptic cleft to a neighbouring nerve cell, which salicylate. 2. Colloquial term for Barbiturates. is thus stimulated. Adrenergic drugs may in- Adrenocortical Pertaining to or arising hibit the metabolism of these neurotransmit- from the cortex of the adrenal gland. ters or may mimic their effects. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Adrenergics affect cardiac muscles and the also called corticotropin, a polypeptide hor- muscles involved in blood-vessel elasticity mone formed in the pituitary gland that regu- and may exacerbate heart disease or urinary lates the activity of the outer region (cortex) of tract obstruction They are used to treat sys- the adrenal glands. In mammals the action of temic trauma including bronchial asthma, ACTH is limited to those areas of the adrenal shock, and cardiac arrest; to effect nasal de- cortex in which the glucocorticoid hormones- congestion and appetite suppression; and to re- cortisol and corticosterone (see corticoid)-are lieve allergic disorders. They increase both formed. The secretion of ACTH by the pitui- glandular secretions and the heart rate, and tary is itself regulated by another polypeptide, prolong the action of local anaesthetics. a so-called corticotropin-releasing hormone Adrenergic blocking drugs (e.g. benzamine or (CRH), that is discharged from the hypo- propanolol) inhibit certain responses of sym- thalamus in response to impulses transmitted pathetic nerves to adrenaline or noradrenaline by the nervous system. any of various drugs that interfere with the Adrenokinetic Stimulating the adrenal functioning of the sympathetic nervous system gland. by affecting the release or action of norepi- Adrip Colloquial term for being drunk. nephrine and epinephrine. The former are Adrizine Dexamfetamine sulfate. hormones, secreted by the adrenal gland, that Adulbran Diazepam. constrict blood vessels (thus increasing blood Adult child Colloquial term for an adult, dur- pressure) and accelerate the rate and force of ing whose childhood alcoholism was prevalent contractions of the heart. in the family (does not indicate immaturity in Adrenergic drugs that stimulate the release or spite of the nomenclature). activity of norepinephrine or that mimic its ef- Adult child of an alcoholic See: Child of fects are termed sympathomimetic agents. an alcoholic. Among the sympathomimetic drugs are the Adulteration The act of making any com- amfetamine and ephedrine. Because these modity impure by admixture of other or baser drugs raise the blood pressure and increase the ingredients. This admixture may corrupt the heart rate, they are useful in treating systemic nature of the original to the extent of destroy- trauma, including bronchial asthma, shock, ing its identity, or it may merely lower the and cardiac arrest. They are also used to effect value or effectiveness of the finished product. nasal decongestion and appetite suppression Adulteration of foods and beverages has been and to relieve allergic disorders. performed with the same aim - increasing Drugs that block or inhibit the release or activ- profits for the manufacturer or merchant - ity of norepinephrine are known as adrenergic since early times, when laws in ancient Greece blocking agents. These drugs dilate blood ves- and Rome addressed the colouring and fla- sels (thus lowering blood pressure) and slow vouring of wine. England has had laws against the heart rate. They are very useful in treating adulteration of beer, bread, and other com- hypertension, angina, and heart dysrhythmias. modities since the 13th century, culminating Among the adrenergic blocking agents are in the Adulteration of Food or Drink Act of phenoxybenzamine, propranolol, and prazosin. 1872 with its stiff penalties - six months at Adrenic Pertaining to the adrenal glands. hard labour for a second offence. The law was

22 modernised with the 1955 Food and Drug Act. gas, e.g., fog. 2. A bactericidal solution which In the US numerous state and federal bills can be finely atomized for the purpose of ster- were introduced in the 1890s, finally resulting ilizing the air of a room. 3. A solution of a in the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906. This drug which can be atomized into a fine mist act was ineffective because of its light penal- for inhalation therapy. ties, and in 1938 it was superseded by the Aerosols Aerosols were formerly defined as Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, which colloidal systems consisting of very finely outlaws foods and drugs dangerous to health, subdivided liquid or solid particles dispersed sold in interstate commerce. The 1938 law has in a gas. Today, the term aerosol, in general been amended to cover food colourings and usage, has become synonymous with a pres- additives and supplemented by similar state surized package. For pharmaceutical purposes legislation aimed at foods and drugs that do aerosols may be divided into two types. Space not come within the scope of interstate com- sprays disperse the medicament as a finely di- merce. Adulteration not only functions to de- vided spray with particles not exceeding 50 fraud consumers but it can also pose a health microns (0.05 millimetre, or 0.002 inch) in di- threat. ameter. Surface-coating aerosols produce a In the case of illegal drugs, adulteration is coarse or wet spray and are used to coat sur- generally in the form of inert or harmless faces with a residual film. Propellants used in compounds added to the illicit substance. aerosols are of two main types: liquefied gases These serve to reduce the purity and to in- and compressed gases. The former consist of crease profits. The relative purity of drugs easily liquefiable gases such as halogenated such as heroin or amfetamine which are sold hydrocarbons. The drug is dissolved in the on the illicit market varies considerably be- liquefied gas or in a mixture of the gas and a tween and within countries. Sometimes deadly suitable solvent. When these are sealed into poisons, such as sodium cyanide, have been the container, the system separates into a liq- sold as or mixed with the drugs. On other oc- uid and a vapour phase and soon reaches an casions, when drugs such as heroin have been equilibrium. The vapour pressure pushes the sold to misusers in a more pure form than liquid phase up the standpipe and against the normally available, this has also led to over- valve. When the valve is opened by pressing doses and other serious health problems. down, the liquid phase is expelled into air at Adumbran Oxazepam. atmospheric pressure and immediately vapor- Adumbran Forte Oxazepam. izes, leaving an aerosol of the drug. The pres- Adumran Oxazepam. sure inside the container is maintained at a Adverse drug reaction Harmful, unin- constant value as more liquid changes into va- tended or unwanted consequences of taking a pour. When compressed gases are used as the drug. In the general medical and pharmacol- propellant, the pressure falls steadily as the ogical fields, denotes a toxic physical or (less contents of the aerosol are used, and for this commonly) psychological reaction to a thera- reason liquefied gases are used whenever pos- peutic agent. The reaction may be predictable, sible. Pharmaceutical aerosols include solu- or allergic or idiosyncratic (unpredictable). In tions, suspensions, emulsions, powders, and the context of substance use, the term includes semisolid preparations. The products include unpleasant psychological or physical reactions inhalation aerosols, spray-on bandages, to drug taking. Includes anxiety, paranoia, creams, and ointments. The application of sense of loss of control, dysphoria. See also: these latter to wounds and burns is obviously Bad trip. advantageous, as rubbing is eliminated, and Advil Acetylsalicylacid. the fine film produced promotes rapid absorp- Advocaat Liqueur made with egg, brandy tion. Inhalation aerosols often include a meter- and spices. ing valve, so that measured quantities of drug Adyne PB Phenobarbital. may be administered; these are rapidly replac- Adypsia Absence of thirst. ing old hand sprays. Adystonin Phenobarbital. Sprays, solutions of drugs in aqueous or oily AEDS Acronym for Alcohol Epidemiologic solutions, are applied by means of an atomizer Data System. to the mucous membranes of the nose or Aéine Phenobarbital. throat. Oily solutions are no longer considered Aenid Epic poem of the Roman poet Virgil in desirable, and the ideal spray is an aqueous so- which opium is mentioned as a soporific and a lution isotonic (equal in osmotic pressure) drug that induces drowsiness. with nasal secretions and of the same pH. Aephenal Phenobarbital. Aether Ether. Aerosol 1. A colloid system in which the Aethinal Barbital. continuous phase (dispersion medium) is a Aethinamatum .

23

Aethomorphinum Ethylmorphine. century Aretaeus of Cappadocia and in mod- Aethonitazen Etonitazene. ern times by the German psychiatrist Emil Aethyl-amphetamin Etilamfetamine. Kraeplin. The current term is derived from fo- Aethylamphetamin Etilamfetamine. lie maniaco-melancholique, which was intro- Aethylbarbital Barbital. duced in the 17th century. See also: Psychotic Aethylium-N-methyl-4-phenylpiperidin- disorder, residual and late onset, alcohol- or 4-carbonicum Pethidine. drug-induced. Aethyliumcarboxylat-1-methyl-4- Affective education Education which fo- phenylpiperidin Pethidine. cuses on emotional content and reactions in Aethylmethylthiambuten, -um Ethyl- contrast to cognitive content. In drug educa- methylthiambutene. tion, for instance, it covers how to achieve Aethylmorphin, -e, -i, -um Ethylmorphine. feelings of excitement without drugs and on Aethylmorphinum hydrochloricum Eth- psychodrama-like role-play to identify ways ylmorphine hydrochloride. of dealing with situations such as being of- Aethylomorphinum Ethylmorphine. fered drugs or when a friend wants to drive Aethyltheophyllin-amphetamin Fenetyl- whilst drunk etc. In general drug education line. with affective elements appear to have better Aethylum-dl-trans-2-dimethyl- results than education where the goals are to ammonium-1-phenylcyclohex-3-en- promote drug-negative attitudes. carbonicum Tilidine. Affectomotor Elevated mood and hyperac- Aetylmorfin Ethylmorphine. tivity as in mania, typical effect of stimulants Afagil Phenmetrazine hydrochloride. as amfetamine and cocaine. Afatin Dexamfetamine sulfate or Dexamfeta- Affen German colloquial term for satisfying mine tartrate. one´s addiction. Afegao Portuguese term for marijuana. Affimichi Pakistianian colloquial term for Aferina Phenobarbital. opium addict. Affe 1. German colloquial term for with- Afflicted Colloquial term for being drunk. drawal symptoms. 2. German colloquial term Afga Finnish Colloquial term for hashish for LSD on paper. from Afghanistan. Affective disorder, residual, alcohol- or Afgan Swedish Colloquial term for hashish drug-related Alcohol- or drug-induced from Afghanistan. changes which persist beyond the period when Afghan Hashish from Afghanistan, usually a direct effect of alcohol or drugs might rea- dark brown to black. sonably be assumed to be operating. Mental Afghane German colloquial term for hashish disorder characterized by dramatic changes in, from Afghanistan. or extremes of, mood. Affective disorders may Afghani 1. Marijuana or hashish from Af- include manic (elevated, expansive, or irrita- ghanistan. 2. Hashish oil. ble mood with hyperactivity, pressured Afgyun Colloquial term for opium. speech, and inflated self-esteem) or depressive Afihm Opium. (dejected mood with disinterest in life, sleep Afilan Mazindol. disturbance, agitation and feelings of worth- Afim Opium. lessness or guilt) episodes and often combina- Afina Opium. tions of the two. Persons with an affective dis- Afinal Phenobarbital calcium. order may or may not have psychotic symp- Afioni Colloquial term for opium. toms such as delusions, hallucinations, or Afiun Opium. other loss of contact with reality. In manic- Afiyun Opium. depressive disorders, periods of mania and de- Afióni Opium. pression may alternate with abrupt onsets and Afjon Opium. recoveries. Depression is the more common Afkick Dutch colloquial term for feeling symptom, and many patients never develop a withdrawal symptoms. genuine manic phase, although they may ex- Afkicken Dutch colloquial term for trying to perience a brief period of over-optimism and stop using drugs. mild euphoria while recovering from a de- AFLC Acronym for Alcohol Free Living Cen- pression. The most extreme manifestation of ter, a residence in which all participants are mania is violence against others, while that of alcohol free, have a 3 month plan of recovery, depression is suicide. Statistical studies have and are participating in 12 Step groups. suggested hereditary predisposition to the dis- Afloat Colloquial term for being drunk. order, which commonly appears for the first Afluol Methadone. time in young adults. Manic-depressive disor- AFP Alphafetoprotein. ders were described in antiquity by the 2nd- African Colloquial term for African hashish.

24

African black Colloquial term for African fully known. marijuana i blackish color. Agardenti, Synonyme for Agua Ardiente. African bush Colloquial term for marijuana. Agaric 1. Any mushroom. 2. The tinder or African woodbine Colloquial term for a punk prepared from dried mushroom. marijuana cigarette. 3. Mushroom of the species Agaricus.Greek Afrikanische Juckbohne Mucuna pruri- agarikon. See: Fly agaric and Amanita mus- ens. caria. Afrogras Colloquial term for marijuana. Agaricaceae A family of fungi of the order Aftaaien Dutch colloquial term for trying to Agaricales, subclass Holobasidiomycetidae, stop a drug habit. including the genus Agaricus. After Seven Colloquial term for heroin. Agaricales Fungis of the subclass Holo- After-image Colloquial term for effects of basidiomycetidae, series Hymenomycetes, hallucinogens. consisting of the mushrooms including the After-trip Unexpected reaccurence of hallu- families Agarcaceae and Amanitaceae. Some cinations after use of LSD or other hallucino- species are edible, some poisonous and some genic drugs. hallucinogenic. Aftercare Treatment or care given to conva- Agarico Fly agaric (poison in fly paper) hal- lescent patients after release from a hospital or lucinogenic. an institution. Aftercare is of great importance Agaricus A genus of mushrooms of the fam- to prevent relapses in alcohol and drug abuse. ily Agaricaceae, order Agaricales. Scheduled follow ups, sometimes in combina- Agaricus muscarius Synonyme for Ama- tion with drug-testing, are often an integral nita muscaria. part of a treatment programme. Many institu- Agarrar onda Colloquial term for getting tions strongly recommend participation in high, stoned, trip out. self-help groups such as Alcoholics Anony- Agastanis secundiflora Synonym for mous. Sophora secundiflora. Afterdinner Man Colloquial term for heavy Agates Barbiturates. evening drinker. Agave Latin and Greek agaue, admirable. A Afterhour Colloquial term for a party after genus of amaryllidaceous plants with many the party, usually starts in the early morning species possesing spiny-margined leaves and after rave or techno parties and last until mid- tall candelabra-shaped inflorescences. Some day. species serve as a source of alcoholic bever- Afternoon Man Colloquial term for heavy ages. The juice of Agave Americana i purga- afternoon drinker. tive and diuretic, and has been used as an Afternoon-farmer Colloquial term for abortifacient. Several species contain sapon- opium smoker who does not keep appoint- ins. ments. Agave americana American aloe, some- Aftersafe Colloquial term for rectum serving times called century plants, named in the be- as cache for drugs (hidden in a condom). lief that they flower once in a hudred years. Aftersave Colloquial term for rectum serving Sometimes used as a synonyme for Agave as cache for drugs (hidden in a condom). atrocirens or Agave mexicana. Aftershafe Colloquial term for rectum serv- Agave atrovirens The principal species ing as cache for drugs (hidden in a condom). from which pulque is made. Sometimes con- Aftershave Colloquial term for rectum serv- fusingly even called Agave potatorum, ing as cache for drugs (hidden in a condom). Agave americana or Agave mexicana. Aftertaste Lingering taste in the mouth after Agave compluviata In spanish maguéy wine has been swallowed. verde, yielding pulque. Aftertreatment See Aftercare. Agave mapisaga In Spanish maguéy Aftertrip Sudden recurrence of effects from mapisaga, which yields pulque. drugs without additional use. Agave melliflua In Spanish maguéy Afyon Opium. manso, yielding a juice drunk unfermented. Afyoun Opium. Agave quiotfern In Spanish maguéy ce- Afyun Opium. niso, yielding pulque. Agara Drug made from the tree Galibu- Agave tequilana Central american plant limima Belgraveana, up to 30 meter tall, from which tequila is distilled. growing in the North Eastern part of Australia Agave worm The maguey worm, the larva and New Guinea. The natives make a hallu- of various butterflies which feed on the agaves cinogen beverage by boiling the bark and and which are fried and eaten in Mexico. One leaves. Agara is primarily known for its visual is deposited in a brand of tequila as a form of hallucinations. The active alkaloids are not advertising display.

25

Top View