Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-2, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
Exploring Types of Linguistic Deviations in the Poem Adonais
Sohaila Abbas M.Phil Student (English Literature and Linguistics) Sardar Bahadur Khan Women's University Quetta, Pakistan.
Abstract: The present study makes an attempt to Crystal (2003) defines discourse as utterance set explore the types of linguistics deviations and the that occurs in any speech event. Discourse is the reasons for the usage of linguistic deviations by the language usage either in written or spoken form for poet P. B. Shelley in his poem Adonais. Linguistic the production of meaning. All the above deviations embody stylistic beauty to the writing. It definitions collectively mean that language in use is also a distinct way of analyzing discourse. The is called discourse. poem has been analyzed based on the theory of linguistic deviations which has been proposed by Cook (1989) states that the search which facilitates Leech in 1969. Literary works always contain discourse with coherence is called discourse certain linguistic deviations. This research only analysis. Discourse analysis studies the spoken or takes the poem Adonais. The linguistic deviation written language in relation to its social and theory revolves around eight types of deviations. psychological context. It constructs a bond The study has found out that Adonais contains six between language and the context in which types of linguistic deviations out of the eight language is utilized. Every writer has his/her own proposed by Leech. The study concludes that there peculiar style of writing. Turner (1973) states that are several reasons for using linguistic deviations. style is the way in which a person expresses Linguistic deviations are used for abrogating the himself by speaking or writing (i. e. style is ‘what regular grammatical and syntactic rules, they are grammar leaves out’). Style refers to usage of used to enhance aesthetic sense and express language in a manner that varies from person to certain emotions. They are also used to create new person. Style can be deemed as a distinctive use of words. The study has been accessed through language which differs from one to another. textual analysis in a qualitative mode of inquiry. Stylistics is the study of style. Turner (1973) Textual analysis has further been specified to deems stylistics as domain of linguistics that content analysis and the data is analyzed using emphasizes on the variations in language use. It descriptive method. The theoretical framework that places its focus on the use of language in literature. supports the study is linguistic deviation theory of Stylistics is the study of style which is very Leech (1969). The study ends up discovering the organized and systematic. The variations in types of linguistic deviations and the reasons for language use are the root cause of linguistics their use in the poem Adonais by P. B. Shelley. deviations. Linguistics deviation is a creative Key words: Linguistic Deviation, Leech, manner of using language in a way that is distinct Discourse, Stylistics, Adonais from everyday speech. Leech (1969) claims that linguistic deviation paves the way for the creation of interesting elements and surprise. Deviations can be of various forms-phonological, INTRODUCTION grammatical, lexical, semantic etc. any sort of linguistic or social deviation from a set norm is 1.1. Introduction: referred to as foregrounding. Foregrounding resembles a situation in which a picture is viewed Discourse is a word that explores structures of against a background. Linguistic deviations have language beyond the sentence level. It exists in two been incorporated by many writers and poets in forms-written and spoken. Ochs & Shieffeline their works in order to make their work more (1983) declare that discourse is a sequence that inventive and creative in nature. The use of interacts between two or more speakers. Language linguistic deviations, in fact, makes the writing when used is regarded as discourse (Brown & style of each writer different from the other. Yule, 1983). Carter (1993) defines discourse as a term that is parallel to text. Generally speaking, The present study transpires to explore the types of discourse is spoken or written stretch of language. linguistic deviations inculcated in the poem
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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-2, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
Adonais written by P. B. Shelley in 1821. Adonais The study also informs the readers the reason why is a poem that was written as an elegy to mourn the linguistic deviations have been incorporated into death of John Keats, a friend of Shelley. Shelley the poem Adonais. This is a linguistic analysis of adopted “Adonais” the title of the poem from the poem Adonais. “Adonis”, the Greek mythical character believed to 1.6. Delimitations: have conquered the heart of Aphrodite, the goddess The current study is delimited to the exploration of of love. Adonais is celebrated as the poem of linguistic deviations in one of the poems Adonais Shelley that is perfect in its form, use of written by Shelley. The study is accessed by the Spenserian stanza and imagery. The poem is qualitative mode of inquiry which is further divided into fifty five Spenserian stanza. The specified to content analysis in textual analysis. youthful death of Keats left many grieved and The study uses Leech’s theory of linguistic mourning like Shelley. Shelley expresses his grief deviation (1969) as its theoretical framework. Data and sorrow for Keats’ death in the composition of analysis has been executed by descriptive method his poem Adonais. This poem capture the rank of as the data has been described in words. being finest and most sublime among the English elegies. LITERATURE REVIEW
Shelley considered Keats’ death a lose that was irreplaceable for nature and poetry. The current 2.1. Discourse and Discourse Analysis: study is supported by the theory of linguistic In linguistics, discourse refers to an in depth study deviations proposed by Leech in 1969 and follows of sentence structure be it written or spoken. a qualitative mode of inquiry. Discourse is the meaningful use of language, it is the use of language for communication in either 1.2. Research Objectives: written or spoken form. Once discourse is analyzed To explore the types of linguistic in relation to the context in which it is carried out deviations that have been used in the poem is called discourse analysis. It does not exclusively Adonais by P. B. Shelley. concentrate on texts of different types, but also the spoken language in conversations and talks. Carter To discover the purpose of incorporating (1993) opines that discourse analysis is a novel linguistic deviations in the poem Adonais. domain of linguistics that seeks to illustrate the
irregularities and irregularities in sentences which 1.3. Research Questions: cannot be comprehended at grammatical level. He is of the view that discourse analysis concerns the What are the types of linguistic deviations exploration of language beyond sentence which have been used in the poem Adonais by P. boundaries to form an understanding of B. Shelley? organizations of texts. Discourse analysis is an What is the purpose of incorporating investigation of language use in all possible forms linguistic deviations in the poem Adonais? and functions. It not only probes the social function of language, but also unveils how texts 1.4. Significance of the Research: have been constructed in appropriate form that is Adonais is the poem that constitutes a number of the expression of both thought and experience different types of linguistic deviations. The (Yule, 1996). Grenoble (2000) mentions that researcher tries to unearth what types of linguistic discourse analysis demands a comprehensive deviations have been integrated into the poem by knowledge of understanding language. using Leech’s theory of linguistic deviations Comprehensive knowledge not only refers to (1969), and why have they been incorporated. The competency in speaking, but literary and social study is significant as it will give us a linguistic traditions’ understanding. She furthermore states analysis of the poem from stylistic point of view. It that a thorough analysis of discourse requires also casts light on the writing style of P. B. Shelley command on phonetics, syntax, pragmatics, and the creative elements he has used in his poem. semantics, paralinguistic features and knowledge of real world. 1.5. Statement of the Problem: 2.2. Introduction to Style and Stylistics: It has been observed that the use of language varies Style generally refers to different types of activities greatly from one person to another. The reason that executed by human beings. It can be an individual demarcates distinctions in writing style of different characteristic, a variant personality, a fashion mode authors or poets is the incorporation of linguistic or living manner. Style refers to the way one deviations in their writings. The current study expresses himself through speaking or writing explores the types of linguistic deviations (Turner, 1973). Wale in 1990 (as cited in embodied in the poem Adonais by P. B. Shelley. Missikova, 2003) states that style is a language
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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-2, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in variation used for literary or non-literary purpose. They came up with the reason that why It is the sum total of those linguistic features which phonological deviations have been used and how prove to be the characteristics of authors. It also they reflect Dickens’ philosophy and style in refers to the selection of items, the way they are presenting class distinction in the novel. The result distributed and arranged into patterns. Crystal also revealed that Dickens has inculcated two types (2003, p. 440) defines style in broad as of phonological deviations to gain his aim of ‘situationally distinctive uses (varieties) of portraying the social class of characters. language’. Whereas, in narrow sense, style is the Khan & Jabeen (2015) attempted to make stylistic relation of formality among the people in analysis of the poem To Autumn which is written communication. The study of style is termed as by John Keats in. The study ended up finding stylistics. Stylistics approach the study of style in a graphlogical, grammatical, syntactical and scientific and systematic manner. Turner (1973) phonological patterns along with tropes and states that like linguistics, stylistics also constitutes schemes. Another similar study is conducted by Al phonological and lexical levels. Widdowson Shawa (2015) who made stylistic analysis of the (1979) claims that stylistics refers to the situation poem To A Skylark which is written by P. B. when linguistic orientation becomes the basis of Shelley in 1820. Miyata (1981) conducted a literary discourse study. Crystal (2003) refers to research on the types of linguistic deviations in the stylistics as a term that determines the link present novel Oliver Twist which is written by Charles between the forms and their effect in a particular Dickens in 1839. This study successfully explored variety of language. the various types of linguistic deviations ingeniously used by Charles Dickens in Oliver 2.3. Linguistic Deviations: Twist. Alazawi (2014) attempted a foregrounding The term linguistic deviation is associated to analysis of E. E. Cumming’s poem next to of inventive and creative usage of language that course god America I and revealed that Cumming varies in norms from the everyday usage. Cook has used all types of foregrounding for elevation of (1989) refers to deviation as a term that lacks theme of his poem. conformity with the regular structure of discourse. The poem Adonais has not been analyzed from the Crystal (2003) states that deviation occurs when a perspective of linguistic deviations; hence, the sentence or any linguistic unit abrogates the rules current study aims to target the types of linguistic and appear to seem deformed phonologically, deviations that have been used by Shelley in his grammatically or semantically. Linguistic poem Adonais. deviation is the distortion of a normal communication process that marks a space in METHODOLOGY comprehending a text. This space can only be covered if one comprehends the text beyond its 3.1. Methodology: superficiality. The current study attempts to uncover types of 2.4. Foregrounding: linguistic deviations that have been used in the Stylistic uses a term ‘foregrounding’ to indicate the poem Adonais by P. B. Shelley. The study is violation from a linguistic or socially backed by Leech’s theory of linguistic deviations acknowledged norm. It can be compared to a that was proposed in 1969. The study’s unit of situation when one looks at a picture against its analysis is Adonais, the poem written by Shelley in background. Linguistically, foregrounding points 1821, and the study has been accessed through to novel data that contradicts the items present in a qualitative method in general and textual analysis sentence. The sentence builds a background in particular. Textual analysis has further been against which novel data is to be comprehended. specified to content analysis. The data in the paper Foregrounding is gained by parallelism other than has been analyzed through descriptive method as deviating from the norm. Foregrounding is deemed the data is explained in words. as the prime element necessary for aesthetic communication, deep interpretations and 3.2. Theoretical Framework: perpetually memorable. Leech (1969) discussed various linguistic deviations which distinguished the three central 2.5. Previous Studies: levels of language: realization, form, and Sadoon & Al- Aassam (n. d) attempted to study the semantics. Phonology and graphology aid in phonological deviations in the novel Hard Times Realization; grammar and lexicon are part of form; which is written by Charles Dickens in 1854. Their whereas cognitive and denotative meaning refers to study revealed that Dickens used phonological semantics. Leech’s classification of language into deviations to exhibit the social class of characters. three levels is significant in solving myriad
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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-2, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in language problems. For example, words which Graphological deviation is getting evolved since it have same pronunciation but differ in their is seen in different ways that people use to express: meanings are called Homophones (e.g. water emphasis using, spacing and special symbols. At (noun) and water (verb). Words which have similar times, capitalization of differing sizes is used for meaning but are different in forms are called the following purposes: emphasis, irony, satire, synonyms (e.g. cold, frigid, and chill). In this case, and other literary purposes. Hyphen is used for two dividing language in two parts-form and meaning types of word separation: a break at the end of a is not enough. Knowledge of a language demands line, and the parts of a compound word (green- knowledge of its Form (Grammar and Lexicon), eyed). It is also used to produce a contrast in Realization (Phonology and Graphology), and meaning which is delivered (Crystal, 2003). Dash Semantics (meaning). is used to exhibit a comment or after thought at the end of a sentence, or simply an incomplete There are various types of linguistic deviations utterance. Sometimes it is used to signal a missing which give birth to foregrounding. word or letter. Grammatical Deviation Lexical Deviation Grammatical deviation refers to deviation in syntax Neologism is a fine example of lexical deviation. and morphology. English has large numbers of Neologism refers to formation of a novel word rules for grammar which create more chances of introduced in language, e.g. nonce-formation. foregrounding by grammatical deviations (Short, Nonce-formation is process for inventing new 1969). One essential form of grammatical words. Leech (1969) states that a word is a nonce- deviation is the situation of ungrammatical like: "I formation if it is created for the nonce, i.e. for a dose not like him" (Leech, 1969). It is important to single occasion. Crystal (2003) explains a nonce- mention that grammatical deviation demonstrates formation to be a form of linguistic unit which is the social classes of the speakers. The presence of accidentally or at times consciously created by a variations in language between different social speaker and is used on a single occasion. classes can be illustrated by the following sentences: There are many reasons for nonce-formation, e.g. a particular word may not be remembered by Uneducated Class Educated Class speaker, so an alternative form of the word is I aint done nothing. I haven't done coined. Words can also be coined on newspaper anything. headlines. Nonce-formations are used frequently in a community and hence stop to be nonce- I weren't me that done it. I didn't do it. formation, they turn to be neologisms. Functional conversion is also actively taking part in lexical (Trudgill, 2000, p. 65) deviations. It refers to the conversion of word from The most essential kind of grammatical deviation one grammatical form to another. Short (1969) is when a writer utilizes a double negation, a states that this is a common literary language. Slip double comparative and a double superlative. of the tongue and error in speech is also a process Negation has been used many times in a single of lexical deviation where the speaker moves away sentence in Old and Middle English. As in these from the intentional words and create new words. examples: "I will never do nothing no more" and These tongue slips are regarded as malapropism. It "This was the most unkindest cut of all" (Brook, is the misuse of words that occurs when a speaker 1977, p. 146). Grammatical deviation is mostly the utters "reprehend" for "apprehend", "derangement" result of false analogy. Analogy refers to a manner for "arrangement" and so on (Clark, 1977, p. of regularization which influences the exceptional 287). forms in the language grammar. The effect of the Graphological Deviation regular rule of plural formation in the English can be heard in the treatment of irregular forms in the This deviation is comparatively small and early utterances of children, e.g. mens, mans, superficial portion of style. It concerns problems mouses. The children are producing these forms on like spelling, capitalization, hyphenation, the analogy with the regular patterns, e.g. boy, italization and paragraphing. These problems are boys, cat, cats (Crystal, 2003, p. 23). Foreign determined by syntax and are noticed in learners too make false analogy by applying expressions when a graphological choice is made regular forms for irregular forms such as: goed, by a writer that is to some extent marked or seed, knowed, etc. Processes of analogical creation unconventional, example can be intentional are one of the main tendencies in the history of misspelling (Leech and Short, 1981). languages, as when verbs which had an irregular past tense form in Old English came to be
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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-2, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in produced with regular “ed” ending, e.g. “help” Apocope: the omission of a final part, oft becomes “helped”, “play” becomes “played”. Semantic Deviation The smallest part of syntax is word. Morphemes combine to form words, for example, cupboard Semantic deviation deemed as ‘non-sense’ or consists of two morphemes (cup) and (board). The ‘absurdity’, as we comprehend that sense is used two morphemes are capable of standing alone on literal sense. their own as words, and are regarded as free Examples: morphemes. All morphemes are not free: for example, the word (washer) has two morphemes I am not yet born; O hear me. (Louis MacNeice’s (wash) and (er). Here, (er) is a bound morpheme. Prayer before Birth) Word deviation occurs when an unusual ending is attached to a word which normally is not added to The child is father of the man. (Wordsworth’s My that. “Perhapless mystery of paradise”. “By Heart Leaps Up) comparing (perhapless) with normal paradigm, we She was a phantom of delight (Shakespeare) can see that Cummings is pointing to an apparently contradictory of heaven, namely that it is a mystery Beauty is truth, truth beauty (Keats) with no uncertainty” (Short, 1996, p. 51). Dialectal Deviation (Dialectism) Phonological Deviation It is the process of borrowing social or regional Short (1969) emphasizes that the sound of a features of dialects. language relates to speech and literature is mostly in written form, that’s why there is small chance Example: of phonological deviation. Sound pattern turns to heydeguyes (a type of dance) and rontes (young be explicit when the literature is read aloud. To a The Shepheardes Calendar large extent, this implicit phonological patterning bullocks) in Spenser’s is determined by the choice of words and structure Deviation of Register at the syntactic level, where it can be regarded as an important ingredient of stylistic value (Leech The usage of a several registers in unsuitable field and Short, 1981). Phonological deviation is linked is deviation in register. In poetry, register to the social class. Individuals and social needs borrowing is characterized by the further determine phonetic behavior. Education is a need, incongruity of register mixing, or the use in the and a reason that shows conformity to a same text of features characteristic of different serviceable norm which operates as a type of registers. standard in every speech community. Educated English people display a large range of differences For example: in pronunciation and usage. It is governed partially In Auden’s Letter to Lord Byron: And many a by a literary norm and partially by social norms bandit, not so gently born Kills vermin every though the partly educated often quit good local winter with the Quorn speech for something which is difficult to refer to as a norm (Firth, 1972). Trudgill (2000) Quorn (trademark a vegetable substance that can emphasizes that grammatical deviation from be used in cooking instead of meat) Standard English is dependent on phonetic and phonological variations, although this is not Deviation of Historical Period demonstrated on the printed page, meaning there The usage of linguistic units of dead languages are social-class dialects as well as social accents. such as Latin, Greek and archaism is deviation of Sometimes habits makes speakers move away from historical period. The revival of past languages in the normal manner of sound or its the present languages is called deviation of mispronunciation, e.g. “childish mispronunciation historical period. which have never be corrected or they may arise from physical defect” (Jones, 1918, p. 12). For example: In P.B. Shelley’s poem Adonais, Phonological deviation is of three types. And keep thy heart light lest it make thee sink Aphesis: the omission of an initial part of a word (stanza no. xlvii) or phrase, ‘tis
Syncope: the omission of a middle part, Ne’er, o’er, pow’r DATA ANALYSIS
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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-2, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
Data analysis has been conducted through They ne’er will gather strength, or find a home descriptive method and the data has been divided again. (stanza no. ix) into different parts depending upon the types of Palms of her tender feet where’er they fell: (stanza linguistic deviations that have been discovered in no. xxiv) the poem Adonais. To spill the venom when thy fangs o’erflow; (stanza no. xxxvii) And cold hops swarm like worms within our living 4.1. Lexical Deviation: c’ay. (stanza no. xxxix) Apocope: it refers to the omission Lexical deviation often results in neologism or of final part of the word. non-formation i.e. words that are coined for use in single situation only. Torturing th’ unwilling dross that checks its flight (stanza no. xliii) Following are the examples of lexical deviations in the poem Adonais. Special pronunciation: it is a The passion-winged Ministers of thought (stanza deliberate deviation in pronunciation of word. no.ix) Another Splendour on his mouth alit (stanza no. Break it not thou! Too surely shalt thou find xii) Thine own well full, if thou returnest home, All baser things pant with life’s sacred thirst; Of tears and gall. From the world’s bitter wind (stanza no.xix) (stanza no. li) A pardlike Spirit beautiful and swift--- The reason the poets use phonological deviation is Thine own well full, if thou returnest home, to compose verses that produces rhyming effect. (stanza no. li) Phonological deviations are conventional licenses The poet has used these new words for producing used for verse composition. They alter the rhetorical effect. The new words produced are pronunciations of words to help the poet in often used by the producer himself in particular arranging the patterns of sounds in a better and situations. They are not usually used by others. easier way. It also helps the poet to gain the These new words produced for particular purpose communicative effect which he intends to gain. give some stylistic effect and largely enhance the power of newness and expression of the language. 4.3. Grammatical Deviations: Grammatical deviation is of two types-syntactic 4. 2. Phonological Deviation: and morphological. Syntactic deviations occur Phonological deviation occurs when a poet omits when a writer deviates from the norms of syntax. It some parts of the words in order to build rhyming is departures from normal rules of grammar. These sequence in his verses. Poetic license gives a poet constitutes certain features such as insertion of the authority to deviate from some followed unusual clause. Sentence rules are disregarded by standards. the poets. Morphological deviations involve addition of Examples of omissions in the poem Adonais are as affixes to words which they usually do not take, or follows: removal of their ‘usual’ affixes. It also refers to break down of words into their morphemes, or Aphesis: it refers to omission of the unstressed writing many words together so that they seem as initial part of the word. one long word. ’Mid listening Echoes, in her Paradise (stanza no. ii) Syntactic Deviations: She knew not ’twas her own; as with no stain (stanza no. x) Following are examples of syntactic deviations in ’Tis we, who lost in stormy visions, keep (stanza the poem Adonais. no. xxxix) Not all to that bright station dared to climb; He lives, he wakes—’tis Death is dead, not he; And happier they their happiness who knew, (stanza no. xli) (stanza no. v) ’Tis Adonais calls! Oh, hasten thither, (stanza no. Like a pale flower by some sad maiden cherished, liii) (stanza no. vi) Awake him not! Surely he takes his fill (stanza no. Syncope: it refers to the omission of middle part of vii) word. Since she can mimic not his lips, more dear (stanza Yet reigns o’er earth; the third among the sons of no. xv) light. (stanza no. iv)
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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-2, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
Her kindling buds, as if she Autumn were, (stanza He lives, he wakes—’tis Death is dead, not he; no. xvi) (stanza no. xli) Ah, woe is me! Winter is come and gone, (stanza The soft sky smiles,--the low wind whispers near: no. xviii) (stanza no. liii) ‘Leave me not wild and drear and comfortless, Poets use semantic deviations to evoke (stanza no. xxv) psychological impressions. This kind of deviation Thus ceased she: and the mountain shepherds is mostly used to prompt the reader to seek the came, (stanza no. xxx) underlying meanings of the words in order to Can touch him not and torture not again; (stanza interpret the text. no. xl) May be eclipsed, but are extinguished not; (stanza no. xliv) 4.5. Graphological Deviations: For such as he can lend,--thy borrow not (stanza Graphological deviations refer to the kind of print, no. xlviii) grammetrics, punctuation, indentation, etc. Break it not thou! Too surely shalt thou find Graphology is the process which encodes meaning (stanza no. li) in visual symbols. No more let Life divide what Death can join Examples of graphological deviations used in the together. (stanza no. liii) poem Adonais are as follows. Morphological deviations: Capitalization: When thy Son lay, pierced by the shaft which flies Following are the examples of morphological (stanza no. ii) deviations used in the poem Adonais. Wake, melancholy Mother, wake and weep! Since she can mimic not his lips, more dear (stanza no. iii) (stanza no. xv) Into the gulf of death; but his clear Sprite (stanza For whom should she have waked the sullen year? no. iv) (stanza no. xvi) To that high Capital, where kingly Death (stanza The airs and streams renew their joyous tone; no. vii) (stanza no. xviii) Invisible Corruption waits to trace (stanza no. viii) A wound more fierce than his, with tears and Lost Echo sits amid the voiceless mountains, sighs.’ (stanza no. xxii) (stanza no. xv) And barbed tongues, and thoughts more sharp than they, (stanza no. xxiv) Capitalization in writing intensifies the effect of Invulnerable nothings,--We decay (stanza no. the words and feelings. xxxix) Dash:
4.4. Semantic Deviations: I weep for Adonais---he is dead! (stanza no.1) Semantic deviations exhibit a transfer in the Lament anew, Urania!---He died, (stanza no. iii) meaning of words. It can be a phrase that contains He will awake no more, oh, never more!--- (stanza a word whose meaning flouts the anticipation that no. viii) is produced by the words which surround it. By sightless lightning?---the intense atom glows Semantic deviation refers to ‘non-sense’ or (stanza no. xx) ‘absurdity’, but the sense in which the word or phrase has been used has a literal meaning that can Our Adonais has drunk poison---oh! (stanza no. be inconsistent logically or paradoxical in nature. xxxvi) Following are the examples of semantic deviations Poets use dash as a substitute for some punctuation which have been used in the poem Adonais. marks which shows stronger effect or difference in With which, like flowers that mock the corse meaning. Dash at the end of a verse conveys that beneath, (stanza no. ii) the sentence has not ended. Most musical of mourners, weep again! (stanza Italization: no. iv) Invulnerable nothings,---We decay (stanza no. Death feeds on his mute voice, and laughs at our xxxix) despair. (stanza no. iii) He will awake no more, oh, never more! (stanza Lost Angel of a ruined Paradise! (stanza no. x) no. xxi) Ah, woe is me! Winter is come and gone, (stanza The poets italicize certain words to show emotion no. xviii) that is strong. But, italization does not show as And barbed tongues, and thoughts more sharp strong expression of emotions as capitalization than they, (stanza no. xxiv) does. Punctuation:
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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-2, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
I weep for Adonais---he is dead! (stanza no. i) purposes which can be abrogating the regular When Adonais dies? With veiled eyes, (stanza no. norms of grammar, enhancing the aesthetic sense ii) of the poems, showing certain emotions, creation Of lust and blood; he went, unterrified, (stanza no. of new words, enhancing the rhyming schemes in iv) the poems and to make readers interpret certain Had held in holy silence, cried: ‘Arise!’ (stanza no. phrases, sentences beyond the surface meanings. xxii) The study provides a detailed analysis of linguistic They fawn on the proud feet that spurn them lying deviations supported by examples that have been low. (stanza no. xxviii) extracted from the poem. Poets use certain punctuation marks to show that an idea has ended, an idea continues or is extended. Punctuation marks also exhibit emotions REFERENCES of the poets. 1. Alazawi, S. K. (2014). A Foregrounding 4.6. Deviation of Historical Period: Analysis of E. E. Cummings “next to of It refers to the use of archaic words in the writings course god america i.”. which are no more used in a language. 2. Al Shawa, W. (2015). Stylistic Analysis of the Poem ‘To A Skylark’ By P. B. Examples of deviations of historical period in the Shelley. Journal of Humanities And poem Adonais are as follows. Social Science. Vol. 22, p. 124-137 And thou, sad Hour, selected from all years 3. Brown, G. and Yule, G. (1983). Discourse (stanza no. i) Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge Thy fiery tears, and let thy loud heart keep (stanza University Press. no. iii) 4. Carter, R. (1993). Introducing Applied But droop there, whence they sprung; and mourn Linguistics. England: Penguin English their lot (stanza no. ix) Group. Cook, G. (1989). Discourse. Not so the eagle, who like thee could scale (stanza Oxford: Oxford University Press. no. xvii) 5. Crystal, D. (2003a). A Dictionary of Now thou art dead, as if it were a part (stanza no. Linguistics and Phonetics. Oxford: Basil xxvi) Blackwell. ‘O gentle child, beautiful as thou wert, (stanza no. 6. Crystal, D. (2003b). The Cambridge xxvii) Encyclopedia of the English Language, Athwart what brow is that dark mantle thrown? 2nd Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge (stanza no. xxxv) University Press. But be thyself, and know thyself to be! (stanza no. 7. Firth, G. (1972). The Tongues of Men xxxvii) and Speech. London: Basil Blackwell. Which once he made more lovely: he doth bear Grenoble, L. (2000). Discourse Analysis. (stanza no. xliii) A paper distributed for discussion at The poets used archaic words in order to enhance Sling2k Workshop, 1-23. the aesthetic values and senses in the poems. 8. Jones, D. (1918). An Outline of English Phonetics. Cambridge: Heffner and Sons FINDING AND DISCUSSION Ltd. The current endeavor has attempted to explore the 9. Khan, A. B., & Jabeen, T. (2015). types of linguistic deviations which have been STYLISTICS ANALYSIS OF THE incorporated by the poet P.B. Shelley in the poem POEM ‘TO AUTUMN’BY JOHN Adonais. Linguistics deviations are structures KEATS. International Journal of which deviate from the regular use of a language Academic Research and Reflection, 3(1), on certain grounds. The study has been approached 127-137. by the theory that has been proposed by Leech in 10. Leech, G (1969). A Linguistic Guide to 1969. He has mentioned eight types of linguistic English Poetry. London: Longman. deviations in his theory. The study has been 11. Leech, G. and Short, M. (1981) Style in executed in a qualitative mode by the help of Fiction. Harlow: Longman. textual analysis. Textual analysis has further been 12. Missikova, G, (2003). Linguistic specified to content analysis. The study concludes Stylistics. Filozoficka Fakulta Online, 8- that the poet has integrated six out of eight types of 27. Retrieved from: linguistic deviations which are: lexical, http://www.dibilim.info/yukseklisans/styli phonological, semantic, historical period, stic/linguistic /...Pdf grammatical and graphological. The study reveals that the poets use these deviations for certain
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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-2, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
13. Miyata, M. (1981). Types of linguistic 16. Short, M. (1969). Exploring the Language deviation in Oliver Twist. Bulletin of of Poems, plays, and Prose. Edinburgh: Shikoku Women’s University, 1(1), 1-18. Pearson Education Ltd. 14. Ochs, E. and Schieffelin, B. (1983). 17. Trudgill, P. (2000). Sociolinguistics: An Acquiring Conversational Competence. Introduction to Language and Society. 4th London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. ed., London: Penguin Books . 15. Sadoon, M. M. & Al Aassam, S. A. A. (n. 18. Turner, G. (1973). Stylistics. England: d). Phonological Deviations in Dickens’ Penguin Books Ltd. Hard Times. Retrieved from: 19. Widdowson, H. (1979). Stylistics and http://www.dankalia.com/literature/lty302 Teaching of Literature. London: Longman .pdf group Ltd. 20. Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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