NU32-FrontMatter ARI 26 June 2012 13:26 by 24.59.144.93 on 03/02/13. For personal use only. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2012.32:1-15. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org NU32CH01-Nesheim ARI 18 June 2012 11:0

An Unexpected Life in Nutrition

Malden C. Nesheim

Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; email: [email protected]

Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2012. 32:1–15 Keywords First published online as a Review in Advance on Cornell, , genetics, parasites March 8, 2012

The Annual Review of Nutrition is online at Abstract nutr.annualreviews.org In this biographical article, I describe the evolution of my career in This article’s doi: nutrition from an early period as an animal nutritionist interested in 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071811-150715 amino acid and genetic variation in nutrient requirements Copyright c 2012 by Annual Reviews. to an involvement in human nutrition and international public health. All rights reserved The career changes were in some respects a mirror of the evolution of 0199-9885/12/0821-0001$20.00 nutritional science in my lifetime. I spent my entire career at Cornell University in what I think of as three distinct phases. As a researcher and teacher in the Poultry Science Department, I was able to do re- search in animal nutrition and witness the rapid industrialization of the

by 24.59.144.93 on 03/02/13. For personal use only. production of poultry meat and eggs, helped by the findings of the era of nutrient discovery in nutritional science. Later I had the opportunity to lead the reorganization of human nutrition at Cornell during a pe-

Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2012.32:1-15. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org riod when research in nutritional science turned away from identifying new nutrients and became increasingly concerned with the roles of diet and chronic disease. During this period my research focus evolved as I became interested in aspects of international nutrition problems, partic- ularly the influence of parasitic infections on child health and nutrition. I also became involved nationally in nutrition issues through participa- tion in organizations such as the National Nutrition Consortium, the Food and Nutrition Board, and National Institutes of Health study sec- tions at a time of great ferment in nutrition about the relationship of dietary patterns to health. Finally, I became provost of Cornell Univer- sity and involved in the administration of a major research university. I describe my career in the context of my origins and early education springing from life on a sustainable family farm in rural Illinois.

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had no electricity until 1938, the farm pro- Contents duced most of the food for the family—crops of corn, oats, and hay that were fed to cattle and INTRODUCTION...... 2 lambs brought from Western ranges to be fat- ORIGINS...... 2 tened prior to being sent to the Chicago stock- ANIMAL NUTRITION YEARS . . . . . 4 yards. We had three or four cows for our milk, CHANGE OF DIRECTION ...... 7 cream, and butter and always had a few pigs. ANEWOPPORTUNITY...... 8 The manure went back on the land. My mother NUTRITION AND PARASITES . . . . 9 cared for a flock of chickens that provided eggs PUBLICSERVICE...... 10 and meat. We exchanged excess eggs for staple ANOTHER CORNELL CAREER . . . 13 foods such as flour and sugar at a local gro- cery store. We tended an apple orchard and a large garden. We preserved food by home can- INTRODUCTION ning and by home curing ham and bacon. Our 170 acres produced sufficient food and income It never occurred to me while growing up on a to support our large family. farm in rural Illinois that I would become deeply IworkedonthefarmasIgrewup,andI involved in the science of nutrition and spend drove a tractor from the age of 8. The farm is my life at an Eastern university. But I have had no longer in the family. Today it produces corn an unusual opportunity to be part of nutritional and soybeans, has no livestock, and is farmed as science and to observe its evolution for nearly part of a large commercial operation. When I 60 years. I began my academic career as an ex- visited the farm recently, there was no garden perimental animal nutritionist, but over time or orchard; the barn, silo, corn crib, and feedlot my focus changed as I became interested in hu- were gone; and there was no food in sight—a man nutrition and its role in public health. My prime example of the vast change in Midwest- career also included a variety of administrative ern agriculture in the past 60 years. roles that expanded my skills and perspective. Education was important in my family, per- Perhaps my experience can help those begin- haps because of my mother’s background as a ning in the field now to recognize the ways in teacher. Six of the eight children completed col- which careers in nutritional science can and do lege, three obtained PhDs and the other three evolve. earned master’s degrees. I attended grades 1 by 24.59.144.93 on 03/02/13. For personal use only. through 8 in the same one-room rural school ORIGINS where my mother had taught. When I gradu- I am the seventh of eight children of a farm ated from the eighth grade, the total enrollment

Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2012.32:1-15. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org family from near Rochelle, Illinois. My father of the school consisted of two eighth-graders was a Norwegian immigrant who arrived in the and one second-grader. In earlier years there United States in 1904 at the age of 14 after had been as many as 18 pupils among the eight completing the schooling mandated in Norway grades. I graduated from Rochelle Township at that time. My mother was the daughter of High School in 1949 as one of a class of 66. I German immigrants who came to this country was a good student (second in my class academ- right after the American Civil War. She com- ically), and I was senior class president. pleted high school, which was sufficient educa- In the fall of 1949 I enrolled at the Uni- tion for her to become an elementary school versity of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign, which teacher in a one-room rural school near her fa- seemed to me to be the only college to consider. ther’s farm. In 1929 my parents bought a 170- I won a county scholarship to study agricul- acre farm, where I was born in 1931. ture. This paid my tuition of $40 per semester By today’s standards, the farm would be con- for four years. I worked summers for a local sidered a model sustainable farm. Although we contractor as a carpenter, constructing farm

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buildings in the local area and saving enough always reminds me of the folly of underestimat- to pay most of my college expenses. My par- ing one’s students and short-changing them by ents provided very little financial help. This ex- providing watered-down instruction that limits perience is in sharp contrast to the challenges options. In the spring of 1953, I entered gradu- faced by today’s students and families, as sup- ate school at Illinois to pursue a master’s degree port for public higher education has waned and in animal nutrition, working with Gene Becker public universities have become much more ex- and Stanley Terrell in the Animal Science pensive. The University of Illinois at Urbana- Department. Champaign listed 2011–12 tuition for Illinois Illinois was a wonderful place to get a basic residents as $14,414 to $19,238, depending on knowledge of nutrition and . Carl the major, with total estimated costs of up to Vestling taught basic biochemistry, Herbert $33,028. It is hard to imagine working one’s way Carter and Lavelle Henderson taught advanced through college today without substantial fam- courses, and nutrition pioneer W. C. Rose ily help or without incurring considerable debt. was still on the campus, though retired. Tom I initially followed a general agriculture cur- Hamilton and Harold H. Mitchell taught a riculum, having little experience beyond the graduate-level course in comparative nutrition farm and no clue as to what I wished to do with that met five days a week for two semesters. my life at that stage. It seemed only natural for They covered the whole field of nutrition in a farm boy to study agriculture. Fortunately for depth during that year. I took the course during me, my older brother, Robert Nesheim, who the last year in which Mitchell taught before had served in the United States Army in World he retired. His was an extraordinary course in War II, enrolled as a graduate student in ani- classical energy metabolism and nutrition that mal nutrition at Illinois in 1950. I had grown has stayed relevant and important to this day. up with Bob, an admired big brother. Observ- Hans Fisher was in the same class that year, and ing his graduate study opened up possibilities he relates a similar experience in his own career that were new to me. He was working with B. reflections in the 2009 volume of the Annual Connor Johnson on studies of vitamin B12 re- Review of Nutrition. Mitchell had received quirements in baby pigs. Some of his research his PhD in chemistry from the University of required use of a purified diet designed as an ar- Illinois in 1915. He provided a perspective tificial milk. I would help him from time to time on nutrition dating from the days of Atwater, as he made late-night trips to the lab to feed his Armsby, Benedict, Osbourne, and Mendel that by 24.59.144.93 on 03/02/13. For personal use only. pigs, and I was exposed to the processes and provided wonderful insights for a young gradu- excitement of research. At that time I also had ate student. At Illinois, I studied the tryptophan a part-time job helping to summarize research requirements of young pigs and received an

Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2012.32:1-15. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org records for Jim Craig, a geneticist in the Animal M.S. degree in animal nutrition in 1954. Science Department. In July that year I reported for duty in the These experiences led me to consider United States Air Force. I was in the ROTC as graduate study for myself, and I changed from an undergraduate and was obligated to spend general agriculture to a science-based curricu- two years on active duty. I was stationed at lum. This required me to catch up on chemistry Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, and math courses that were missing in my early Ohio as a staff officer for an engineering group college education. Unfortunately, the curricula that was standardizing equipment used to ser- for agriculture students in those days included vice aircraft from the U.S., Canadian, and special basic courses in chemistry and biology British air forces. Not much nutrition was in- that were considered good enough for farmers. volved, but I learned a lot about screw threads I had to retake some more comprehensive and grease nipples. introductory courses to provide a better back- While in the Air Force, I made plans to ground for graduate study. This experience continue studying animal nutrition when my

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military service was complete. My advisor at In the nutrient-discovery era, findings were Illinois, Gene Becker, was a Cornell PhD. rapidly turned into practical use in feeding ani- He advised me to apply to Cornell to get a mals, which promoted the development of com- background in poultry nutrition as a means of mercial feeds. The feed industry supported the broadening my experience to make me more intensive raising of young chickens, turkeys, employable in the animal feed industry upon and pigs on simple diets made up primarily of graduation. I was admitted to Cornell’s doc- corn and oil-seed meals supplemented with es- toral program in animal nutrition in September sential nutrients. 1956. At the time I enrolled, I had no idea I I arrived at Cornell when the leadership of would spend the rest of my life associated with nutrition on campus was changing. Leonard Cornell. Maynard, the key figure in nutrition at Cornell since 1915, had just retired. McCay was still active in the Animal Science Department. ANIMAL NUTRITION YEARS Richard Barnes had arrived on campus to The science of nutrition from the early days replace Maynard in leading the School of of the twentieth century was preoccupied Nutrition. Strong animal nutrition programs with the identification and characterization were centered in the departments of Animal of the essential nutrients. By the early 1950s, Science and Poultry Science. the nutrient-discovery era was coming to an The nutrition group in the Poultry Science end as vitamin B12 and folic acid were finally Department was led by Leo Norris (Maynard’s characterized. But the identification, structure, first graduate student). His colleagues were synthesis, biochemical function, and require- Milton Scott and Fred Hill, who were both ments of the essential nutrients were still the former graduate students of Norris. This predominant themes of nutrition research. I group had long been involved in the discovery had been fascinated at Illinois as Carl Vestling of the essential nutrients, the characterization unveiled the wonders of the Krebs cycle and the of deficiencies, and the estimation of require- roles of vitamins as cofactors in intermediary ments in avian species. These themes still metabolism in my first biochemistry course. characterized much of the ongoing research in Most nutrition teaching programs everywhere the department. In 1956, Norris’s group was at that time had laboratory courses where trying to identify a component (later identified various vitamin- or mineral-deficiency diseases as zinc) present in the ash fraction of several by 24.59.144.93 on 03/02/13. For personal use only. were produced in rats or chicks. Richard Forbes food materials. When the ash was added to a taught such a laboratory course at Illinois and purified diet, it stimulated chick growth. Hill Clive McCay taught a similar course at Cornell. was interested in energy metabolism and fat

Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2012.32:1-15. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org They constructed diets made up of highly pu- utilization in chickens. rified ingredients to produce these deficiency Scott was investigating a factor that pre- diseases. In some cases, nutrient-deficient diets vented an edema, termed exudative diathesis, had to be fed to pregnant rats or flocks of laying that developed in young chicks fed a semipuri- hens to produce offspring with nutrient stores fied diet containing an unusual source, low enough to allow deficiency symptoms to torula yeast. The condition could be prevented develop. Few such courses exist today, and by adding to the chicks’ diets either vitamin E most modern nutrition graduates have never or some unidentified component of brewer’s seen a nutritional deficiency in an animal. In yeast. Scott had studied these dietary conditions my view, without such training, they have little because Klaus Schwartz at the National Insti- appreciation about how hard it is to produce tutes of Health (NIH) was trying to purify and some of these nutrient deficiencies and how identify a substance in brewer’s yeast, which rare nutrient deficiencies are in diets made up he called Factor 3, that would prevent liver of a variety of unprocessed ingredients. necrosis in rats fed a similar purified diet low

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in vitamin E. In collaboration with Schwartz, As I completed graduate study, I considered Scott found that concentrates of Factor 3 what I wished to do next. I had never consid- would prevent exudative diathesis in chicks. ered a university career as an objective. Brother I chose Scott as my PhD advisor, and Bob was now working in the feed industry at he strongly suggested that I work on the the Quaker Oats Company, and I had assumed vitamin E problem. Vitamin E–deficiency that some career in industry was my most likely diseases in young chicks were very complex. next step. In any case, few university positions It appeared that three distinct syndromes— were open at that time. When my graduate pro- exudative diathesis, muscular dystrophy, and gram was nearly complete, I began interview- encephalomalacia—could be produced in ing for positions at several companies. As I was chicks, depending on the composition of the about to decide among several offers, my de- diet. All of these syndromes could be prevented partment chair, J. H. Bruckner, told me that the by adding vitamin E to the diets. The muscular department wanted me to join the faculty as an dystrophy, however, was also prevented by the assistant professor. This is an example of how amino acid methionine; the exudative diathesis academic hiring was done at that time. There could be prevented by that unknown factor in was no search committee, I had no formal in- brewer’s yeast; and encephalomalacia could be terview, and to my knowledge no other candi- prevented by synthetic antioxidants. dates were considered. I accepted the offer and Some aspects of this complex situation be- joined the Cornell faculty on February 15, 1959 came clearer one day in 1957 when Schwartz with an appointment in the Poultry Science De- mailed Scott three small glass vials containing partment as well as in the Graduate School of tiny amounts of white powders. He suggested Nutrition. that we find out whether the material in the vials The Cornell Poultry Science Department could prevent exudative diathesis in chicks. It offered many advantages for nutrition research was my job to do the experiment. Much to our at that time. Experimental facilities were good, surprise, none of the chicks fed diets to which and large numbers of young chicks were avail- the Schwartz materials had been added showed able to use in experiments at low cost. Depart- any sign of exudative diathesis. Schwartz then ment funds supported the research as well as revealed that the three vials contained sodium graduate student stipends, and the Graduate selenite, seleno-methionine, and elemental se- School of Nutrition provided funds for a re- lenium. Given the earlier history of selenium search technician to support my work. I had by 24.59.144.93 on 03/02/13. For personal use only. as a toxic element, this was an astounding light teaching loads and good colleagues do- revelation. ing interesting nutrition research. But as a new The Schwartz discovery came at the same faculty member in the same department as my

Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2012.32:1-15. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org time as Patterson and his colleagues at Led- graduate mentor, I felt that I needed to develop erle Laboratories made a similar finding. The an identity and a research program of my own. Patterson and Schwartz groups published the Doing this meant that I had to abandon the vi- results in the same issue of the Proceedings of tamin E and selenium field, which at Cornell the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine was the domain of Milton Scott. in September of 1957 (25, 26). The data from I decided to examine the effects of other my experiment with the Schwartz material are amino acid deficiencies, including arginine, on included in the Schwartz paper. The thrill of the development of muscular dystrophy. Chick- having played a small part in the discovery of ens, as well as other birds, excrete nitrogen as an essential nutrient hooked me on the rewards uric acid rather than urea, and they do not have of nutrition research. My PhD thesis research a functioning urea cycle. Arginine is not syn- involved further study of the selenium–vitamin thesized and is an essential amino acid. Puri- E relationship, and I published my findings in fied diets for chickens that contain casein as 1958 (21). the source of protein are deficient in arginine,

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and this amino acid must be added to make At the time we carried out these studies, the diet complete. Since dietary methionine af- nutrition scientists were interested in how fected the development of muscular dystrophy much genetic variation might occur in nutrient in chicks fed vitamin E–deficient diets, I won- requirements. The studies with animal models dered if arginine had the same effect. I found a provided an opportunity to examine this marked variation in the response of individual variation experimentally. In further studies, chicks to an arginine deficiency. This intrigued we explored the degree of variation in other me and made me wonder whether there could requirements for other nutrients. In most be large genetic differences in some nutrient chickens, the response to nutritional deficiency requirements. showed little variation among individuals, but I had a department colleague, Professor F. B. the conversion of tryptophan to niacin showed Hutt, a distinguished geneticist who along with considerable variation. We developed strains of his colleague R. K. Cole had selected strains chickens that differed in their ability to convert of chickens resistant or susceptible to Marek’s tryptophan to niacin (15). Not surprisingly, it disease, a viral tumor that could cause high became evident that nutrients with more com- mortality in poultry flocks. During our discus- plex metabolic fates showed the most variability sions of genetic variations in nutritional needs, in the response of animals to a deficiency. Hutt suggested that we try to find out whether In my time in the Poultry Science Depart- his distinct strains of chickens would respond ment, my graduate students and I worked on in similar ways to diets deficient in arginine. a variety of other problems. We studied the Much to our surprise, chicks from the strain effects on digestion of trypsin inhibitors in soy- susceptible to the virus tumor grew only half beans and other beans. We carried out studies as well on the arginine-deficient diet as those on essential fatty acids, bile acids, choline from the resistant strain. When arginine was requirements, and sodium, potassium, and adequate, they all grew at the same rate. We chloride relationships. I worked with Roland published these observations in Science in 1962 Leach, now at Pennsylvania State University, (20). who developed strains of chickens to study On the basis of these observations, Hutt and a bone disorder of growing chickens—tibial I decided to see if we could select for chicken dyschondroplasia—which affected certain strains with different arginine requirements. strains of rapidly growing chickens used in the Over the next few years we developed strains broiler industry (12). by 24.59.144.93 on 03/02/13. For personal use only. of chickens with low or high arginine require- Growing chickens were a useful experi- ments, and we studied the metabolic differences mental animal for nutrition studies. Chickens that distinguished the two groups (10). We ob- grow rapidly, making them highly sensitive to

Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2012.32:1-15. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org tained NIH support. Along with several of my nutrient deficiencies. They readily consume students over the next few years, we studied highly purified diets. Large numbers were arginine metabolism in chickens. Eventually, available for study at low cost. It was easy we figured out that we were really studying to design well-controlled experiments with an arginine–lysine relationship. Excess lysine, large numbers of experimental birds. The which is high in a protein such as casein, in- disadvantage was that chickens are not mam- duced elevated levels of kidney arginase when mals. They were not considered a good model fed to chicks (17). The strains that had a high for nutrition problems relevant to humans; arginine requirement did not degrade excess therefore, results obtained were out of the lysine well and displayed elevated blood lev- mainstream of nutritional science. els of lysine and kidney arginase activity (30). In 1965 Leslie Card, head of the Animal We studied the biochemistry of these differ- Science Department at the University of ences, but the techniques that are now available Illinois, asked me to help him revise his book to study the genetics did not yet exist. Poultry Production, first published in 1914 by

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W. A. Lippincott. The book’s authors became carry out some digestibility studies on heat- Lippincott and Card in 1934, and Card and damaged (18). We studied the extent to I published the tenth edition in 1966 (1). which poor-quality proteins could adequately Introductory courses in poultry production support growth when they were fed at higher were common in agricultural colleges at that levels. time, and the book was quite widely used. An unexpected benefit of the sabbatical Having coauthored the textbook, I was asked to leave was meeting a young parasitologist, David teach the introductory course for several years Crompton, who was working in the Molteno in the 1960s, early in the era of industrial-scale Institute for Parasitology at Cambridge. poultry production. I continued working on Crompton was interested in Acanthocephala the book through its twelfth edition in 1979, worms inhabiting the intestinal tract of ani- when I asked my colleague Richard Austic to mals. He postulated that the behavior of these be a coauthor. He continued the book with me parasites in the gut depended on the nutritional as a coauthor through the thirteenth edition in environment at the specific sites at which they 1990. The book has not been revised since, but lived. Our common interest involved aspects of it had a remarkable run of some 76 years. intestinal physiology, and we considered that In 1971, I collaborated with my colleagues host-parasite interactions might be modified M. L. Scott and R. J. Young to publish Nutri- by host nutrition. Crompton made plans to tion of the Chicken (27). We published this basic come to Cornell in the summer of 1968 and text in three editions, the last in 1982. During again in 1970. We began studies to examine those years, this was the standard reference for the habitat of intestinal parasites at various sites feeding chickens. in the intestinal tract. At Cornell we initially Ironically, the current local-food move- investigated amino acid and bile acid gradients ment has brought back interest in small-scale at various levels of the intestinal tract of ducks. backyard chicken-raising as a reaction against We chose ducks because they hosted the industrial-scale agriculture. Some of the older Acanthocephala parasite Polymorphus minutus. out-of-date books on raising poultry are now This began a 30-year research collaboration back in vogue. This is an interesting develop- and lifetime friendship that changed both of ment given that I started out on a family farm our research directions. raising backyard chickens but began working in I spent a year-long sabbatical leave at the poultry science as industrialization came to full University of Cambridge from 1972 to 1973, by 24.59.144.93 on 03/02/13. For personal use only. flower. this time working in the Molteno Institute with David Crompton. I was supported by an NIH senior postdoctoral fellowship and an overseas

Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2012.32:1-15. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org CHANGE OF DIRECTION fellowship at Churchill College, Cambridge. In 1966, with the help of a Rockefeller Founda- During this period, we showed that we could tion Fellowship, I took a sabbatical leave at the affect the growth and location of the parasite University of Cambridge in England to work Moniliformis dubius in the rat intestine by with Kenneth Carpenter. Since I had done my manipulating the content of the graduate study at Cornell, I wanted to gain host’s diet. In this anaerobic environment, perspective by working in a new environment. the parasite obtained its energy through I also wanted to expose my young family to glycolysis. By using carbohydrate-free diets an overseas experience. Carpenter was inter- in the host rat, we could manipulate a worm’s ested in protein quality and had developed tech- growth, change its location in the intestine, niques to examine amino acid availability and and determine which monosaccharides it could the effects of heat treatment on proteins used metabolize (19). These studies confirmed our for animal feed. He had been especially inter- idea that intestinal parasites are sensitive to ested in meat meals and fish meals. I helped intestinal ecosystems that can be manipulated

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by changing the host’s nutrition. I returned to Just as I returned from Cambridge in Cambridge one more time in 1983 for another 1973, the University administration made five months, this time as a visiting fellow of the decision to combine the Graduate School Sidney Sussex College. of Nutrition and the Department of Human Nutrition and Food into a single academic unit, reporting to both the Dean of the College of A NEW OPPORTUNITY Human Ecology and the Dean of the College When I returned from Cambridge in 1973, I of Agriculture and Life Sciences. That fall, the was still in the Poultry Science Department, al- University made an unsuccessful attempt to though a few years earlier I had begun to teach recruit a Director for the new program from part of a senior-level course in general animal outside of Cornell. In early 1974, after meeting nutrition offered by the Animal Science De- with various faculty groups, I was asked to partment. By this time, the poultry industry had become the Director of the new unit called the moved to full-scale industrialization. The major Division of Nutritional Sciences. Given my nutrition problems associated with large-scale changing research interests, the offer came at production of poultry meat and eggs had largely a key time. I could make a major change in my been solved. Few poultry farms remained in career but without the disruption of moving to New York State, and I had little sense that ap- a new institution. I accepted the position, and plied research in the area would help the small the new unit became official on April 1, 1974. farmers of the state to survive. I was ready to The task of forming the new nutrition pro- broaden my professional horizons, and I con- gram at Cornell was formidable. The Graduate sidered leaving Cornell. School of Nutrition faculty members who were Cornell’s nutrition programs were in great transferred to the new unit were mostly male ferment. Its Graduate School of Nutrition and oriented to biochemistry and metabolism had been transformed from an intercollege or to international and public health. They were unit with faculty drawn from other university concerned about being associated with a for- departments to a small but very strong unit mer home economics program. The faculty of with about 15 core faculty appointed directly the Department of Human Nutrition and Food to the School. Richard Barnes had come were all female. They had diverse research in- to Cornell in 1956 to become Dean of the terests but were strongly oriented to under- School, replacing its first director and Cornell graduate teaching and extension work. They by 24.59.144.93 on 03/02/13. For personal use only. nutrition pioneer, L. A. Maynard. Barnes had felt unappreciated by their male colleagues recruited several senior nutrition researchers from the School of Nutrition. Also, some of the and added young nutritional biochemists to the existing nutrition faculty in the Animal Science

Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2012.32:1-15. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org faculty to strengthen Cornell’s biochemistry and Poultry Science Departments were given program. In the meantime, the College of joint appointments in the new Division. Home Economics had changed its name to the The combined resources of these units made College of Human Ecology in 1969. A new the Division the largest academic unit devoted Dean was looking to strengthen its various to nutrition in the United States at that time. programs, which included a Department of But the cultures of the two major units were Human Nutrition and Food. There also were very different and very unlike that of the family- strong nutrition programs in the Animal oriented Department of Poultry Science. It was Science and Poultry Science Departments. In a challenge to establish a new identity that did 1971–1972, several faculty committees had not merely incorporate one unit into the other. examined how to combine the various nutrition Fortunately, several faculty vacancies made it programs into a single unit, but there was little possible to recruit new faculty who did not consensus or faculty enthusiasm for a merger. have loyalties to either of the old organizational In 1972, Barnes asked to be relieved as Dean. structures.

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The Division had responsibility for un- to develop the work on nutrition and parasitic dergraduate teaching, including a dietetics infections. The work that I began with David program, cooperative extension work in nutri- Crompton could now shift from a concern tion throughout New York State, and graduate about the influence of host nutrition on the and research programs in human nutrition. parasite to an investigation of the influence of Substantial resources were available from New the parasite on host nutrition. And Crompton’s York State, some endowments, and the income interests could turn from laboratory models from research grant overhead. These resources to study human helminth infections in the mainly remained with the Division and pro- field. One of my graduate students, Lani vided its programs with more autonomy than Stephenson, wanted to study infection with most other departments at Cornell. the common roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides In the early 1970s, nutritional science was on the nutritional status of its human hosts. in the midst of a major transition. The age of The prevailing public health view was that nutrient discovery was essentially over, and the roundworm infection was not a major public role of dietary patterns in the development of health problem in spite of its wide distribution. chronic disease was becoming a central issue. At Cornell, we had a facility where we could Faculty were beginning to view nutrition not as study growing pigs infected with Ascaris suum, a specific discipline, but rather as a broad field a parasite nearly identical to the human round- of study that explored the relationship of the worm. In these initial experiments, Stephenson food environment to health. With the large fac- showed that roundworm infections reduced ulty of the Division, it was possible to maintain protein and fat digestion and markedly affected strength in nutritional biochemistry but also to the intestinal morphology of young pigs (29). add strength in social sciences and economics in Working with Crompton and Michael Latham, order to support population- and community- she carried out a study of Ascaris infection in based research. We recruited faculty with ex- school children in Kenya, demonstrating that pertise in nutritional epidemiology, toxicology, deworming with an anthelmintic drug resulted physical anthropology, and food economics to in improved growth of previously infected complement the interests of faculty trained in children (28). Stephenson and Latham, along biochemistry and nutrition who formed the with Crompton, continued to work on the re- core of most nutrition departments. Recogniz- lationship of nutrition to infection, principally ing that many of the world’s nutrition problems with schistosomiasis and hookworm in Kenya. by 24.59.144.93 on 03/02/13. For personal use only. were in the developing world, we expanded Crompton came to Cornell for various periods our international expertise. Research on popu- each year to teach a special course on parasitic lations plagued by malnutrition was considered infections to graduate nutrition students.

Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2012.32:1-15. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org essential to meet humanitarian goals, provide In 1981, I was asked to go to Burma (now training for students, and gain access to impor- Myanmar) to help design a deworming study tant areas of inquiry. By the end of 1975, we that was to be supported by USAID. I asked had recruited several faculty to develop these Crompton to accompany me, and we helped new directions. My own teaching shifted to colleagues at the Burmese Medical Research an upper-level course in the biochemistry and unit undertake a very large study of the effect of physiology of human nutrition. deworming on the growth of school children. We continued to do work with Ascaris suum in pigs at Cornell. One of our findings was that NUTRITION AND PARASITES the infection reduced intestinal lactase in pigs The transition to a human nutrition unit also (7). Later, in Panama, we observed that worm- transformed my research. Although my labora- infected children were lactose intolerant and tory continued to work on arginine and lysine that they recovered their ability to digest lactose metabolism for several years, we also began after deworming (2). In Indonesia we studied

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the influence of Ascaris infections on the ability Benefits accrue from deworming in childhood to use plant food beta-carotene as a source of growth, development and cognition, in adult vitamin A (11). productivity and in the course and outcome of We extended work to other parasitic pregnancy. The Bali Conference declares that infections as our graduate students examined the World Health Organization, as a matter the effect of iron supplementation on malarial of urgency, should call on governments of the infection in laboratory mice as well as in school developed countries to contribute to reliev- children in Papua New Guinea (8). ing poor people worldwide of this unnecessary I found my animal nutrition background burden of disease. very helpful in appreciating the problems of ap- propriate design, execution, and interpretation In May 2001, the World Health Assembly of human studies. I often had my graduate stu- adopted a resolution calling on member states dents carry out controlled animal studies with to take steps to reduce the burden of intestinal rats or pigs related to the field research they helminthiasis and schistosomiasis in school-age were going to conduct. It gave them an oppor- children (31). It was gratifying to see the broad tunity to test hypotheses and gain an apprecia- recognition of an important public health prob- tion of the importance of appropriate design as lem that we had investigated for many years. well as the level of detail needed to make infer- Crompton and I reviewed much of the research ences about the problem they were studying. on parasitic infection and nutrition for the An- My students at Cornell and Crompton’s stu- nual Review of Nutrition in 2002 (4). WHO now dents at Cambridge and later in Glasgow con- has a program for neglected tropical diseases tinued to collaborate on studies of nutrition– that includes the soil-transmitted helminths parasite relationships throughout the period I and schistosomiasis, and there is now signifi- was Director of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell. cant recognition that the control and elimina- After our work and that of others showed that tion of these diseases needs international sup- parasitic infections were an important part of port (9). WHO reported in 2008 that more than the environment of childhood malnutrition, we 205 million children were treated worldwide for felt that insufficient attention was being given soil-transmitted helminths that year (32). to this problem and that more effort should fo- cus on controlling parasites as a means to re- duce the malnutrition that affected so many of by 24.59.144.93 on 03/02/13. For personal use only. the world’s children. Crompton and I decided PUBLIC SERVICE that we needed to bring these results to a wider Becoming Director of Nutritional Sciences at audience. We organized a symposium on par- Cornell gave me considerable visibility in the

Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2012.32:1-15. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org asitic infections at the annual meeting of the greater nutrition community, and I became American Institute of Nutrition in 1982 and involved in a number of activities outside of three international meetings on this topic Cornell that included committees at the U.S. cosponsored by the World Health Organiza- Department of Agriculture and the NIH. tion (WHO). These meetings, held in 1984, The nutrition community was undergoing 1988, and 2000, brought together researchers some major changes in the 1970s and 1980s. and public health workers to consider the con- The Senate Select Committee on Nutrition sequences of parasitic infections, the relation- (the McGovern Committee) had published Di- ship of nutrition and infection, and strategies etary Goals for the United States in 1977, and the for control. We published papers from these first edition of Dietary Guidelines for Americans meetings in three books (3, 5, 6). was released in 1980. These guidelines differed The meeting in 2000, held in Indonesia, from standard micronutrient-based advice and published the Bali Declaration, which in part instead were based on the idea that macronu- stated that: trient patterns may influence chronic disease.

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I became a member of the Board of the supporting the dietary changes—to avoid too National Nutrition Consortium in 1976 much fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, salt, and and chaired the Board in 1982. This was a sugar—recommended in the 1980 Dietary consortium of major nutrition societies of the Guidelines was limited. Instead the Board time: the American Institute of Nutrition, the suggested that research was too premature American Dietetic Association, the American to recommend major changes in U.S. dietary Society of Clinical Nutrition, the Institute patterns to prevent chronic disease. of Food Technologists, and the Society for The report was controversial and led to Nutrition Education. The consortium was major changes at the NRC and the Food and originally formed with support from the Nutrition Board. The Board’s industry liaison Nutrition Foundation (an industry-funded group was disbanded amid charges of untoward group) to comment on major nutrition-related industry influence on its recommendations. issues of the day using the expertise of the The NRC appointed a new executive officer professional nutrition community. to the Food and Nutrition Board along with In 1980, the Board of the Consortium issued several new members and a new Chair, Kurt a statement outlining guidelines for a national Isselbacher, from Harvard. I was one of the nutrition policy. It endorsed the principle that new appointees in 1983, and I served on the guidelines for healthy diets should deal with in- Board for nine years. take of nonessential nutrients such as saturated We were immediately confronted with a dif- fats, sugar, cholesterol, and fiber as well as the ficult problem. A committee appointed by the essential vitamins and minerals. The statement pre-1983 Board had drafted a new tenth edition went on to say that the evidence for these guide- of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) lines was limited. It also indicated that the board for publication in 1985. The report was re- was not fully in agreement about the value of viewed by the post-1983 Board and the Na- guidelines in preventive medicine. The cautious tional Academy of Sciences (to which the NRC statement was a reflection of the brewing con- belonged), and it was rejected, partly because troversy about the Dietary Guidelines in the it reflected the views of those who questioned nutrition community. the evidence for the 1980 Dietary Guidelines The National Nutrition Consortium even- and the relationship of some nutrient levels to tually went out of business in the next few chronic disease (13). I opposed the rejection years, largely due to lack of financial support but and supported working with the committee to by 24.59.144.93 on 03/02/13. For personal use only. also to the problem of scientific societies mak- revise the draft, as I felt it would result in ing statements on controversial issues. Though a major rift among members of the nutrition the consortium failed, its history is a caution- community. As it turned out, the rejection was

Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2012.32:1-15. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org ary note for professional societies. Attempting highly controversial, and the NIH, which had to develop consensus statements on topics for funded the development of the new edition, was which research is ongoing is inevitably politi- especially concerned. cal and divisive for societies that were originally The issue was eventually resolved when the founded to promote the publication of research NIH and the National Academy agreed that and exchange of ideas. The recent foray of the a new committee of the Food and Nutrition American Society for Nutrition into front-of- Board would revise the manuscript. I was on package food labeling is a good example of the the committee to revise the original draft along inevitable problems of conflict of interest that with Richard Havel, Doris Callaway, Walter can arise (24). Mertz, and Joan Gussow. Amid threats of law- In 1983 the Food and Nutrition Board of suits and charges of copyright violations and the National Research Council (NRC) issued plagiarism (14), the tenth edition of the RDAs a report entitled “Toward Healthful Diets.” was published in 1989. This was the last of the The report maintained that the evidence single-volume RDA reports from the Food and

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Nutrition Board. The more recent Dietary Ref- reflected the new interest in nutrition and erence Intake reports now take up more than a chronic disease and a change from the tra- foot of space on my bookshelves. ditional studies of metabolism and nutrient The controversies of the early 1980s re- requirements that used to characterize nutri- flected the differences in opinion as to whether tion research. I also served on several special dietary macronutrient patterns had a role in study sections to examine proposals on nutri- the development of chronic disease. Was good tion and cancer that at that time were handled nutrition defined primarily by the essential separately from the Nutrition Study Section. nutrient content of a diet or should it include I was elected to the Council of the the additional need to define appropriate American Institute of Nutrition (AIN) in 1977 macronutrient levels provided by patterns of and was President of the Society from 1985 relatively unprocessed foods? By 1989, the to 1986. The AIN and the American Society Food and Nutrition Board had published a for Clinical Nutrition had some difficult rela- report, Diet and Health, that outlined evidence tionships during that period, reflecting the gen- for food and chronic disease relationships, eral turmoil in the nutrition community at that and the Surgeon General published a report time. The AIN was growing very slowly while on nutrition and health that helped resolve other nutrition societies such as the Ameri- some of the controversies in the field at that can Dietetic Association, the Society for Nu- time. trition Education, and the American Society I chaired the 1990 Dietary Guidelines for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition showed committee that drew heavily on the evidence rapid growth. I worked with the AIN coun- reviewed by these two reports. Because the cil to make meetings and society membership committee was concerned with maintaining more reflective of the range of interests and consistency of dietary advice for the public, the approaches to nutrition that then character- 1990 guidelines were similar to those issued in ized the field. The AIN was considered a soci- 1980 and 1985, but with some more quantita- ety for those interested in nutritional biochem- tive recommendations. The 1990 committee istry or laboratory-based studies as opposed to was the source of the still current alcohol more population-based nutrition research. In recommendations that allow two drinks a day response, the AIN reorganized its meetings and for men and one drink for women. We thought recruited members that embraced nutritional we would be accused of blatant sexism for epidemiology and community- and population- by 24.59.144.93 on 03/02/13. For personal use only. the recommendation, but it was supported by based approaches to nutrition. evidence. At the time, the Dietary Guideline In an effort to help nutrition departments committees actually wrote the guidelines respond to the changing nutrition scene, I ob-

Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2012.32:1-15. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org themselves as opposed to the present practice tained a $5 million grant from the Pew Chari- whereby the advisory committee produces table Trusts of Philadelphia for a program we a report but the government agencies write called the Pew National Nutrition Program. the actual guidelines. By 2005, it seemed the We asked universities to submit proposals to guidelines had become too political to leave in bring together various nutrition interests on the hands of an expert committee. campuses to respond to the new directions of From 1981 to 1986, I served on the NIH the field. With advice from an advisory commit- Nutrition Study Section, which I chaired from tee, we awarded several large grants to univer- 1983 to 1986. One of the things that struck me sities that were trying to unite their resources in about my time on the study section was where traditional nutrition and food science areas with proposals were coming from. More grant those in medicine and other fields interested in proposals were submitted by cardiologists, nutrition research. endocrinologists, and oncologists than by The Pew program had some successes, but traditional nutrition scientists. The proposals changing academic directions and organization

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in universities is not easy and probably required my involvement in nutrition-related activities even more resources than we could provide. outside of Cornell. The program organized the first Nutrition De- Being Provost of Cornell gave me the op- partment chair meetings at the Experimental portunity to know the issues and culture of Biology meetings, and these have continued to an enormous range of academic disciplines the present day. It took many more years before and to work with a broad range of distin- the AIN and the American Society for Clini- guished academics. I was Provost for six years, cal Nutrition could unite to form the present from 1989 to 1995. In the early 1990s the American Society for Nutrition. United States was in a recession that resulted in stressed budgets and intense pressures for slowing the growth of the costs of higher edu- ANOTHER CORNELL CAREER cation. I had to reduce the growth of Cornell’s By the mid 1980s I had been Director of Nu- budget and tuition rates while maintaining tritional Sciences at Cornell for more than Cornell’s policy of need-blind admission and 13 years, and I began to feel the need to move on financial aid for undergraduates. This meant and let someone new provide new ideas and en- making some difficult choices as to impor- ergy to the Division’s programs. After 13 years, tant programs, and I worked closely with more than half of the Division’s faculty mem- the deans of the 12 colleges and schools bers were new, and the program had grown on the Ithaca campus to reduce expendi- dramatically in terms of students and research tures but maintain the academic strengths activities. Work was underway to remodel our expected at Cornell. Ironically, while I existing facilities and to build a new laboratory was Provost, the Department of Poultry building. One of the problems that results from Science was closed and faculty distributed to administrators holding positions for a long time other University units. Cornell embarked upon is that they tend to look back and focus on what a major fund-raising campaign in that period. has been accomplished, whereas a person new We were confronted with the rising expecta- to the job tends to look ahead and imagine what tions of a diverse student body, which resulted needs to be done. in building occupations and intense discussions I began to get offers to be considered for po- with students and faculty about expanding eth- sitions outside of Cornell, and I seriously con- nic studies programs. It was both a challenging sidered a move. But at that time I was asked and exciting time. by 24.59.144.93 on 03/02/13. For personal use only. to join the central administration at Cornell as When Frank Rhodes retired as Cornell a Vice Provost for Planning and Budgeting. I President in 1995, I decided to leave the ad- accepted the offer and began my new duties in ministration as well. In the early 1990s, laws

Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2012.32:1-15. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org August of 1987, thus beginning a third career took effect eliminating mandatory retirement at Cornell with new colleagues and new chal- at age 70 for academics. As Provost, I had been lenges. Two years later I was named Cornell concerned that this would result in an aging fac- Provost, which is the position of chief academic ulty and would reduce the opportunity to bring and chief operating officer for the Ithaca cam- new ideas and energy to the University faculty pus. I could not help but reflect on the con- through new appointments of young scholars. trast between the rural, one-room school I at- I did not want to be one of the aging profes- tended for eight grades and the large Ivy League sors that I was concerned about as Provost, so university I would now need to manage. As I retired from Cornell and became Professor Provost, I was fortunate to serve with Cornell of Nutrition Emeritus and Provost Emeritus in President Frank H. T. Rhodes. He is a remark- 1997. able man and was an exceptional Cornell Uni- During my retirement years, I have had versity president for 18 years. Because of the de- a number of opportunities to keep active mands on campus as Provost, I greatly reduced academically. President Bill Clinton appointed

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me Chair of a Commission on Dietary An academic life can be quite wonderful even Supplements. This was mandated by the in retirement, in that you can continue to learn, Dietary Supplement Health and Education to write, and to interact with colleagues at your Act of 1994, and our Commission spent two own pace and with little pressure. Cornell has years preparing a report on the Act. I chaired been generous to me, providing me office space an Institute of Medicine study on the risks and and support that has enabled me to keep con- benefits of seafood, and I had an opportunity to nected to my academic roots through my retire- travel and lecture in Japan and Indonesia at the ment years. I have been fortunate to have found invitation of former students and colleagues. a new partner in Marion Nestle, still active as I spent 12 years as Chair or a member of the a Professor at New York University and author Board of Trustees of the Pan American Health of several books on nutrition and food policy. and Education Foundation, which assists the We coauthored a book on foods and the Pan American Health Organization with its pet entitled Feed Your Pet Right work in the Americas. in 2010 (22). That took me back to my animal After my first marriage ended in divorce in nutrition roots. Another collaboration has re- the mid 1970s, I married Diva Sanjur, a Profes- sulted in a book entitled Why Calories Count: sor of Nutrition at Cornell who was originally From Science to Politics, published by the Uni- from Panama, and we collaborated on a number versity of California Press in early 2012 (23). I of studies on nutrition and parasitic infections have also prepared a history of nutrition pro- there. Our retirement plans included spending grams at Cornell, which I published online in time in Panama, especially to escape the depths 2011 (16). of Ithaca winters. Sadly, shortly after her retire- All of this has indeed ended up being an un- ment in 2000, she became ill and died in 2002, a expected life in nutrition for a farm boy from loss that made another major change in my life. Illinois.

DISCLOSURE STATEMENT The author is not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review. by 24.59.144.93 on 03/02/13. For personal use only.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to thank Professor Marion Nestle for her advice and comments on the Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2012.32:1-15. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED 1. Card LE, Nesheim MC. 1966. Poultry Production. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger. 10th ed. See also 11th ed. (1972), 12th ed. (1977), and 13th ed. (1982). 2. Carrera E, Nesheim MC, Crompton DWT. 1984. Lactose mal-digestion in Ascaris-infected preschool children. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 39:255–64 3. Crompton DWT, Montresor A, Nesheim MC, Savioli L, eds. 2004. Controlling Disease Due to Helminth Infections. Geneva: World Health Org. 4. Crompton DWT, Nesheim MC. 2002. Nutritional impact of intestinal helminthiasis during the human life cycle. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 22:35–59 5. Crompton DWT, Nesheim MC, Pawlowski ZS, eds. 1985. Ascariasis and Its Public Health Significance. London: Taylor & Francis

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6. Crompton DWT, Nesheim MC, Pawlowski ZS, eds. 1989. Ascariasis and Its Prevention and Control. Lon- don: Taylor & Francis 7. Forsum E, Nesheim MC, Crompton DWT. 1981. Nutritional aspects of Ascaris infection in young protein-deficient pigs. Parasitology 83:497–512 8. Harvey PWJ, Heywood PF, Nesheim MC, Galme K, Zegans M, et al. 1989. The effect of iron therapy on malarial infection in Papua New Guinean schoolchildren. Am.J.Trop.Med.Hyg.40:12–18 9. Hotez PJ, Pecoul B. 2010. “Manifesto” for advancing the control and elimination of neglected tropical diseases. PLoSNegl.Trop.Dis.4(5):e718 10. Hutt FB, Nesheim MC. 1966. Changing the chick’s requirement of arginine by selection. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 8:251–59 11. Jalal F, Nesheim MC, Agus Z, Sanjur D, Habicht JP. 1998. Serum retinol concentrations in children are affected by food sources of beta-carotene, fat intake, and anthelminthic drug treatment. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68:623–29 12. Leach RM Jr, Nesheim MC. 1965. Nutritional, genetic and morphological studies of an abnormal cartilage formation in young chicks. J. Nutr. 86:236–44 13. Marshall E. 1985. The Academy kills a nutrition report. Science 230:420–21 14. Marshall E. 1990. Academy sued on “plagiarized” diet report. Science 247:1022 15. Nesheim MC. 1972. Genetic variation in nicotinic acid requirements of chicks. J. Hered. 63:347–50 16. Nesheim MC. 2010. The Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University: A History and Personal Reflec- tions. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Library. http://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/handle/1813/14711 17. Nesheim MC, Austic RE, Wang S-H. 1971. Genetic factors in lysine and arginine metabolism of chicks. Fed. Proc. 30:121–26 18. Nesheim MC, Carpenter KJ. 1967. The digestion of heat-damaged protein. Br.J.Nutr.21:399–411 19. Nesheim MC, Crompton DWT, Arnold S, Barnard D. 1977. Dietary relations between Moniliformis (Acanthocephala) and laboratory rats. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 197:363–83 20. Nesheim MC, Hutt FB. 1962. Genetic differences among White Leghorn chicks in requirements of arginine. Science 137:691–92 21. Nesheim MC, Scott ML. 1958. Studies on the nutritive effects of selenium for chicks. J. Nutr. 65:601–18 22. Nestle M, Nesheim MC. 2010. Feed Your Pet Right. New York: Simon & Schuster/Free Press 23. Nestle M, Nesheim MC. 2012. Why Calories Count: From Science to Politics. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press 24. Neuman W. 2009. Food label program to suspend operations. N.Y. Times,Oct.23 25. Patterson E, Mistrey R, Stokstad ELR. 1957. Effect of selenium in preventing exudative diathesis in chicks. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 95:617–20 26. Schwartz K, Bieri JG, Briggs GM, Scott ML. 1957. Prevention of exudative diathesis in chicks by factor by 24.59.144.93 on 03/02/13. For personal use only. 3 and selenium. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 95:621–25 27. Scott ML, Nesheim MC, Young RJ. 1969. Nutrition of the Chicken. Ithaca, NY: ML Scott & Assoc. See also 2nd ed. (1976) and 3rd ed. (1982).

Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2012.32:1-15. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org 28. Stephenson LS, Crompton DWT, Latham MC, Schulpen TWJ, Nesheim MC, Jansen AAJ. 1980. Re- lationships between Ascaris infection and growth of malnourished preschool children in Kenya. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33:1165–72 29. Stephenson LS, Pond WG, Nesheim MC, Krook LP, Crompton DWT. 1980. Ascaris suum: nutrient absorption, growth, and intestinal pathology in young pigs experimentally infected with 15-day-old larvae. Exp. Parasitol. 49:15–25 30. Wang S-H, Nesheim MC. 1972. Degradation of lysine in chicks. J. Nutr. 102:583–96 31. World Health Org. 2001. Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth infections. Agenda item 13.3. 54th World Health Assembly, Geneva, 22 May 2001 32. World Health Org. 2010. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 85:141–48

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Annual Review of Nutrition

Contents Volume 32, 2012

An Unexpected Life in Nutrition Malden C. Nesheim pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp1 Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Michael J. Pagliassotti pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp17 Modeling Metabolic Adaptations and Energy Regulation in Humans Kevin D. Hall ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp35 Hypomagnesemia and Inflammation: Clinical and Basic Aspects William B. Weglicki pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp55 Selenoproteins and Cancer Prevention Cindy D. Davis, Petra A. Tsuji, and John A. Milner pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp73 The Role of Vitamin D in Pregnancy and Lactation: Insights from Animal Models and Clinical Studies Christopher S. Kovacs ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp97 Vitamin A Metabolism in Rod and Cone Visual Cycles John C. Saari ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp125 Lipoprotein Lipase in the Brain and Nervous System Hong Wang and Robert H. Eckel pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp147

by 24.59.144.93 on 03/02/13. For personal use only. New Roles of HDL in Inflammation and Hematopoiesis Xuewei Zhu and John S. Parks pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp161 Nutritional Metabolomics: Progress in Addressing Complexity Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2012.32:1-15. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org in Diet and Health Dean P. Jones, Youngja Park, and Thomas R. Ziegler ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp183 Resolvins: Anti-Inflammatory and Proresolving Mediators Derived from Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Michael J. Zhang and Matthew Spite ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp203 Visfatin/NAMPT: A Multifaceted Molecule with Diverse Roles in Physiology and Pathophysiology Tuva B. Dahl, Sverre Holm, P˚al Aukrust, and Bente Halvorsen ppppppppppppppppppppppp229 Gene-Environment Interactions in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes: Recent Progress and Continuing Challenges Marilyn C. Cornelis and Frank B. Hu pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp245

v NU32-FrontMatter ARI 26 June 2012 13:26

Mechanisms of Inflammatory Responses in Obese Adipose Tissue Shengyi Sun, Yewei Ji, Sander Kersten, and Ling Qi pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp261 Bone Metabolism in Obesity and Weight Loss Sue A. Shapses and Deeptha Sukumar ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp287 Obesity in Cancer Survival Niyati Parekh, Urmila Chandran, and Elisa V. Bandera ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp311 Inflammation in Alcoholic Liver Disease H. Joe Wang, Bin Gao, Samir Zakhari, and Laura E. Nagy ppppppppppppppppppppppppppp343 Lessons Learned from Randomized Clinical Trials of Micronutrient Supplementation for Cancer Prevention Susan T. Mayne, Leah M. Ferrucci, and Brenda Cartmel ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp369 Population-Level Intervention Strategies and Examples for Obesity Prevention in Children Jennifer L. Foltz, Ashleigh L. May, Brook Belay, Allison J. Nihiser, Carrie A. Dooyema, and Heidi M. Blanck pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp391 Type 2 Diabetes in Asians: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Effectiveness of Behavioral Intervention at Individual and Population Levels Mary Beth Weber, Reena Oza-Frank, Lisa R. Staimez, Mohammed K. Ali, and K.M. Venkat Narayan pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp417

Indexes

Cumulative Index of Contributing Authors, Volumes 28–32 ppppppppppppppppppppppppppp441 Cumulative Index of Chapter Titles, Volumes 28–32 ppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp444 by 24.59.144.93 on 03/02/13. For personal use only. Errata

An online log of corrections to Annual Review of Nutrition articles may be found at Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2012.32:1-15. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org http://nutr.annualreviews.org/errata.shtml

vi Contents