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THE LIFE-BOAT. the Journal of the Royal National Life-Boat Institution

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THE LIFE-BOAT. the Journal of the Royal National Life-Boat Institution THE LIFE-BOAT. The Journal of the Royal National Life-boat Institution. VOL. XXIX. DECEMBER, 1935. No. 324. THE LIFE-BOAT FLEET Motor Life-boats, 124 :: Pulling & Sailing Life-boats, 45 LIVES RESCUED from the foundation of the Institution in 1824 to November 30th, 1935 - ... 64,350 The Woods of which a Life-boat is made. By S. T. C. Bane, M.I.N.A., the Institution's Surveyor of Life-boats. OUR life-boats are built of wood. We Canadian rock elm, Honduras maho- use wood because we have found that, gany, Burmese teak, Canadian white given an equal weight, it stands deal- and Columbian red cedar. By punishment better than steel. We the time a life-boat is complete she have had steel life-boats. All the has in her woods from nearly half the steam life-boats were of steel. They Empire. did good service, but our experience with them satisfied us that wood was Oak and Rock Elm. better in a boat which must be prepared Each wood is used for some parti- to stand a lot of knocking about, cular part of the boat, and has been which may be flung against wrecks and chosen for it because it has some rocks or bumped violently on sand- special quality which makes it more banks, and which must be able to go suitable for that part than any other on with her work after it as if nothing wood. English oak is used for the had happened. stem and stem of the boat, because of If you take a single steel plate you two qualities. The first reason is will find that it can stand a good deal that it is without rival for its strength of rough usage, but in life-boats the and durability. , It weighs from 40 Ib. plates must necessarily be light, and if to 53 Ib. per cubic foot and its average the boat should be knocked about the tensile strength—that is to say its rivets are apt to draw. The rivets are resistance to pulling—is nearly 3| tons the weak point in a steel life-boat. per square inch. The second quality A time may come when, after further is that it can be got grown in the experience of welding, we shall have shape needed. A curved piece of done with riveting. The life-boat wood is, of course, very much stronger service may then take to steel. if the curve is a natural growth than At present wood holds the field and if it has been made by steaming and steel is used only for the bulkheads of bending a straight piece of wood. our larger life-boats. It is, however, Canadian rock elm is used for only fair to say that on the Dutch the framework of the boat, and in coast, where there are no rocks, the the case of light boats for the keel large life-boats are of steel. also. It is tough, straight-grained and The woods we use are English oak, very resilient, Tike a bundle of canes. 546 THE LIFE-BOAT. [DECEMBER, 1935. Unlike oak, it steams and bends well. boat after boat which had been fitted It is heavy, almost as heavy as oak, with them it was found that they had 43 Ib. to 46 Ib. to the cubic foot, and corroded and given way under the it has a greater tensile strength even frequent contraction and expansion than oak—4 tons to the square inch. caused by changes of temperature, and water had got into them. The copper Mahogany and Teak. cases were replaced by wood. Honduras mahogany is used for Such are the six principal woods the deck of the boat and for the which make a British life-boat and the planking or skin. This skin is put qualities for which they are chosen, on over the frame in two thicknesses, but to complete the tale it should be with calico and white lead between added that Norway fir is used for the them. It has been chosen for these masts ; a little greenheart (a very hard, particular parts of the boat because smooth African wood) is used wherever it is tough, very difficult to split, and there is likely to be a great deal of at the same time easy to steam and friction; and a little sabicu, another bend. It is, in fact, a strong, very hard African wood, is used for the cleats good-natured, adaptable wood. Its on which ropes are made fast. Sabicu weight is from 37 Ib. to 40 Ib. the cubic has a very smooth surface and is foot, and its strength is about 1J tons chosen for that quality, so that the to the square inch. ropes will run easily over the cleats Burmese teak is not as light a wood when they are unfastened. as mahogany, and it is much more brittle, but it has the advantage of Seasoning. resisting decay better—it is almost Wood is fascinating to use, but very everlasting. For that reason it is used difficult. It has to be chosen with great instead of mahogany for the planking care. It has to be felled at the right and the decks in life-boats, in which moment; that is to say, in the autumn, its greater weight does not matter, when the flow of sap is least active. and in which (for example in life- It has to be stored with plenty of air- boats which lie afloat) its resistance to space, in order to season it gradually ; decay is a valuable quality. For the for if not well seasoned, there is a same reason it is used also, instead certainty that, when built into the of the lighter Canadian rock elm, boat, the excess of moisture in it will for the keels of the larger life-boats. be a breeding ground for the microbes Its weight is 45 Ib. to 50 Ib. to the cubic of dry rot. At the same time, some foot, and its strength 1| tons to the moisture must be left in all wood; if square inch. Teak has another valuable not, the absorption of exterior moisture quality which no other wood has. Its would cause the wood to swell. About oil preserves from rusting iron driven a quarter of the weight of fresh wood into it. is moisture, but wood sometimes arrives from overseas of which as much Deal and Cedar. as 35 per cent is moisture. The aim of The two light woods, Canadian white the seasoning is to reduce the moisture deal and Columbian red cedar, are to that point at which there will be used only for the air-cases, of which least contraction and expansion of the there are from 70 to 160 in a life-boat. wood under the influence of changes The white deal is tougher and more of weather. The amount which should elastic than the red cedar, but it is be left depends on the purpose for heavier. The one weighs 21 Ib. to 40 Ib. which the wood is to be used. In life- to the cubic foot and the other 20 Ib. to boats it is necessary to reduce the 26 Ib. moisture to, at most, 20 per cent. White deal is used for the air-cases, In wood to be used in steam-heated except in those life-boats in which it is houses the seasoning must be carried necessary to save weight as much as much farther and, at most, 9 per cent possible. In these boats red cedar is of moisture left in it. used instead. At one time (nearly This process of drying out the mois- fifty years ago) air-cases of copper ture, or seasoning, must be done were tried. They were a failure. In gradually and naturally. If it is done DECEMBER, 1935.] THE LIFE-BOAT. 547 By courtesy of] [Messrs. Darby Brot., Timber Merchants, Beeclet. TRANSPORTING AN OAK CROOK. This crook weighed about If tons and came from Suffolk. By courtety of] \W. White & Son, Etut Cowei. CHOOSING AN OAK CROOK FOR THE STEM bF A LIFE-BOAT. The Institution's two timber-converters at work. 548 THE LIFE-BOAT. [DECEMBER, 1935. IN THE BURMESE TEAK FORESTS. BUFFALOES HAULING. ELEPHANT "TOKING" A LOG INTO THE STREAM. * * ELEPHANT HAULING A LOG. Photographs by Mr, David Brown, of the Bombay Burma Trading Corporation. DECEMBER, 1935.] THE LIFE-BOAT. 549 By courtesy o/] \W. White & Son, End Comet. OAK FROM DEVON. The first process. Dividing a crook for stems. It weighed 5 tons and the tree was about 200 years old. 550 THE LIFE-BOAT. [DECEMBER, 1935. by violent artificial means, it makes the welcome than oak timber. What is wood brittle. The time it takes varies wanted is large oak, between 150 and enormously according to the wood (hard 200 years old, and anything from 9 feet woods take longer than soft), the bulk to 14 feet in girth. The shapes needed of the wood and the time of year, but can best be seen in the second photo- a three-inch oak plank, if kept under graph on page 547. cover in a dry atmosphere, can be For the other woods, all of which seasoned in three weeks. It can be come from overseas, the converters —but the longer it is left to season the visit the importers of timber at the better. London docks, and occasionally at Few modern shipyards can afford other ports. The woods will be found to have capital lying idle, and it is very there usually in logs of about 16 inches hard to find a good stock of seasoned square and 24 feet to 34 feet long.
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