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Dissertation Arthur Herzog A3ME – Device-Agent based Middleware for Mixed Mode Environments Geräteagentenbasierte Middleware für heterogene Netzwerke und Umgebungen Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor-Ingenieur (Dr.-Ing.) genehmigte Dissertation von Dipl.-Inf. Arthur Herzog aus Romanowka Tag der Einreichung: 23. Juli 2015, Tag der Prüfung: 3. November 2015 Darmstadt 2016 — D 17 1. Gutachten: Prof. Alejandro P. Buchmann, PhD 2. Gutachten: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Hollick Fachbereich Informatik Datenbanken und Verteilte Systeme A3ME – Device-Agent based Middleware for Mixed Mode Environments Geräteagentenbasierte Middleware für heterogene Netzwerke und Umgebungen Genehmigte Dissertation von Dipl.-Inf. Arthur Herzog aus Romanowka 1. Gutachten: Prof. Alejandro P. Buchmann, PhD 2. Gutachten: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Hollick Tag der Einreichung: 23. Juli 2015 Tag der Prüfung: 3. November 2015 Darmstadt 2016 — D 17 Bitte zitieren Sie dieses Dokument als: URN: urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-52357 URL: http://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/5235 Dieses Dokument wird bereitgestellt von tuprints, E-Publishing-Service der TU Darmstadt http://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de [email protected] Die Veröffentlichung steht unter folgender Creative Commons Lizenz: Namensnennung – Keine kommerzielle Nutzung – Keine Bearbeitung 3.0 Deutschland http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/de/ To my family. Abstract The Internet of Things describes a vision and a process, that partially already takes place, in which the things become interactive by being provided with minimal computing power and communication capability to support the people in their tasks. These smart things or devices are nowadays prevailingly organized in island solutions and are often not able to interact across the border of their own island. As the amount of electronic devices we are surrounded by increases every day not only in numbers but also by their variety, enabling interoperability among these devices became crucial. Mixed Mode Environments (MME) refer to networks composed of very different kinds of devices, which are distributed among various physical environments and communicate with each other using different communication technologies. The single nodes in the network can be sensors, actuators, robots, unmanned vehicles (UV), computers, user interfaces, smartphones, etc. All those devices have their specific capabilities and constraints. Many of these devices are manufactured by different companies and use different software and operating systems. Those devices can communicate with each other by wire, radio, light, sound or other transmission medium. For each of these transmission media many different communication technologies exist, which use different protocols, frequencies, encodings, etc. Nowadays application developers have to deal with the before mentioned heterogeneity when developing a new application for such a network. Each time when a new kind of node appears the application has to be adjusted to deal with the new hardware. Middleware is a way to avoid this direct interaction of applications with the different hardware and software of the devices. So middleware has to abstract over all the different devices, their capabilities and communication technologies and to offer the applications uniform interfaces to interact with those. The Device-Agent based Middleware for Mixed Mode Environments (A3ME) framework developed in this dissertation enables interoperability among different nodes without the need of adjustments each time new hardware is introduced. Our approach offers an abstraction for the different hardware: it sees all the different nodes in the network as indepen- dent entities, we call them device-agents. These device-agents know the capabilities and constraints of the respectively represented device and represent those in a neutral format developed in this dissertation. This neutral representation is independent of the technologies used on the represented device. Depending on the capabilities of the represented device a device-agent offers services to other agents and can also use services of other device-agents. The complexity of device-agent running for example on a small sensor node and on an UV can vary considerably. Thus a sensor-agent might be only capable to measure the current temperature and to send it to someone who is interested in this data, whereas the UV-agent can move through the environment, collect the data from the sensor-agents, aggregate, evaluate the collected data and use the gathered information further in its decision making process. Communication between different nodes is defined technology independently and can be applied to different commu- nication technologies. Descriptions of the devices and their capabilities are based on a common classification developed in this work. This allows interactions based on capability-classes. All interactions are message based and each message belongs to a specific performative, which corresponds to the type of action the message represents. The structure of the messages is defined using Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) allowing to define their content dynamically. The use of ASN.1 Packed Encoding Rules allows to encode the messages in a very byte-length efficient way. This framework offers the basis to enable interoperability between heterogeneous devices directly and among various island solutions for electronic devices, which exist in different areas like multimedia, personal communication, smart home, smart office, connected car, etc. Zusammenfassung Das Internet der Dinge ist eine Vision und zum Teil bereits stattfindende Entwicklung, in der die (Alltags-)Gegenstände durch Ausstattung mit geringer Rechenleistung und Kommunikationsfähigkeiten interaktiv werden und den Menschen bei seinen Tätigkeiten unterstützen. Diese Geräte sind heutzutage überwiegend als Insellösungen organisiert und haben in vielen Fällen keine inselübergreifende Interaktionsmöglichkeit. Die Anzahl von solchen Geräten wächst kontinuierlich – nicht nur in deren Anzahl sondern auch in deren Vielfalt. Deshalb ist es unabdingbar eine Möglichkeit zu schaffen, mit der diese Geräte miteinander bei Bedarf interagieren kön- nen. Bereits heutzutage sind wir von sehr verschiedenartigen Geräten in unserer Umwelt umgeben. Zum Teil sind diese Geräte vernetzt und kommunizieren untereinander. Es handelt sich dabei zum Beispiel um die persönlichen Kommu- nikationsgeräte, Multimediageräte, Sensoren, Computer usw. All diese Geräte haben ihre spezifischen Fähigkeiten und Einschränkungen. Meistens wurden diese von unterschiedlichen Herstellern produziert, mit Hilfe verschiedener Pro- grammiersprachen implementiert, und verwenden unterschiedliche Betriebssysteme. Die Geräte können über Draht, Funk, Licht, Schall oder auch über andere Medien kommunizieren. Für jedes dieser Kommunikationsmedien existie- ren mehrere verschiedene Kommunikationstechnologien, die unterschiedliche Protokolle, Frequenzen, Kodierungen usw. verwenden. Häufig sind die Entwickler mit der gerade beschriebenen Heterogenität konfrontiert, wenn sie eine neue Anwendung für so ein Netzwerk entwickeln. Jedes mal, wenn ein neuartiges Gerät erscheint, muss die Anwendung angepasst werden, um mit dem neuen Gerät umgehen zu können. Die Verwendung einer Middleware ermöglicht es diese direkte Interaktion der Anwendungen mit den unterschiedlichen Geräten zu vermeiden. Somit muss die Middleware die Eigenschaften, Einschränkungen, und Fähigkeiten der Geräte abstrahieren und den Anwendungen eine vereinheitlichte Schnittstelle für die Verwendung dieser anbieten. Die in dieser Dissertation entwickelte geräteagentenbasierte Middleware für heterogene Netzwerke und Umgebungen (A3ME) ermöglicht Interaktionen zwischen unterschiedlichen elektronischen Geräten ohne, dass für jede neu hinzukom- mende Geräteart Anpassungen vorgenommen werden müssen. Unsere Lösung bietet eine Abstraktion für die verschiede- nen elektronischen Geräte: Sie betrachtet alle Geräte als unabhängige Entitäten – Geräteagenten. Diese Geräteagenten kennen die Fähigkeiten und Einschränkungen des jeweils repräsentierten Gerätes und stellen diese in einer neutralen in dieser Arbeit entwickelten Darstellung dar. Diese neutrale Darstellung ist unabhängig von der auf dem jeweiligen Gerät verwendeten Technologie. Abhängig von den Fähigkeiten der repräsentierten Geräte bieten die Geräteagenten Dienste anderen Geräteagenten an und können bei Bedarf Dienste anderer Geräteagenten verwenden. Die Kommunikation zwischen den Geräten ist definiert unabhängig von den spezifischen Kommunikationstechnologi- en und kann auf unterschiedliche Kommunikationstechniken abgebildet werden. Beschreibungen von Geräten und deren Fähigkeiten basieren auf einer gemeinsamen Klassifikation. Dies ermöglicht die Interaktionen basierend auf Typen von Fähigkeiten. Alle Interaktionen sind nachrichtenbasiert und jede Nachricht ist einem Nachrichtentyp zugeordnet, ent- sprechend dem Typ der beabsichtigten Aktion. Alle hier benutzten Nachrichten sind in ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One) definiert und ermöglichen den Inhalt dynamisch aufzubauen. In Kombination mit ASN.1 Packed encoding Rules (PER) können diese Nachrichten sehr effizient in Bezug auf die Nachrichtengröße kodiert werden. Die in dieser Dissertation beschriebene Lösung bietet die Basis für die Interaktionen zwischen den unterschiedlichen Geräten direkt und zwischen den verschiedenen existierenden Insellösungen wie Multimedia, persönliche Kommunikati- on, intelligentes Zuhause, intelligentes Büro, vernetztes Auto usw.
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