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Intelligent Techniques for Context-Aware Systems Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Escuela Polit´ecnicaSuperior Departamento de Inform´atica Doctorado en Ciencia y Tecnolog´ıaInform´atica Tesis Doctoral Intelligent Techniques for Context-Aware Systems Nayat S´anchezPi Dirigida por Javier Carb´oRubiera Jos´eManuel Molina L´opez Colmenarejo, 2011 This work is distributed under the Creative Commons 3.0 license. You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work under the following conditions: (i) you must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work); (ii) you may not use this work for commercial purposes, and; (iii) you may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ for further details. E-mail: nayat.sanchez@uc3m.es Telephone: +34 91 856 1327 Address: Grupo de Inteligencia Artificial Aplicada Departamento de Inform´atica Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Av. de la Universidad Carlos III, 22 Colmenarejo 28270 | Spain Intelligent Techniques for Context-Aware Systems Autor: Nayat S´anchezPi Directores: Javier Carb´oRubiera Jos´eManuel Molina L´opez Firma del Tribunal Calificador: Nombre y Apellidos Firma Presidente: D. Vocal:D. ............................... .......................... Vocal:D. ............................... .......................... Vocal:D. ............................... .......................... Secretario: D. Calificaci´on:. Colmenarejo, . de . de 2011. To my parents Georgina and Manuel Contents Resumen vii Abstract ix Agradecimientos xi 1 Introduction1 1.1 Motivation....................................1 1.2 Objectives....................................2 1.2.1 Objective 1: To design and develop a centralized system for AmI environments..............................2 1.2.2 Objective 2: To develop a distributed system architecture based on intelligent agents............................3 1.2.3 Objective 3: To include a multimodal user interface..........3 1.2.4 Objective 4: To define a generic evaluation methodology for this systems in AmI environments......................3 1.3 Outline of thesis proposal............................4 1.4 Document structure...............................4 2 State of the Art5 2.1 Context-aware systems.............................5 2.1.1 Context definition............................6 2.1.2 Sensing context: Communication technologies involved........7 2.1.3 Context modelling........................... 10 2.1.4 Context- aware system architectures.................. 15 2.2 Knowledge representation and reasoning.................... 19 2.2.1 Methodologies............................. 19 2.3 Multi-agent systems............................... 20 2.3.1 Agents definition............................ 22 2.3.2 Multi-agent systems architectures................... 24 2.3.3 Model of Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI)................ 25 ii Contents 2.3.4 Agents for context-aware systems: Why agents?........... 28 2.4 Dialogue systems for context-awareness.................... 30 2.5 Evaluation of context-aware systems...................... 34 2.5.1 Evaluation metrics: What to measure?................ 38 2.5.2 Metrics for AmI............................. 42 3 Intelligent Systems Development for the Provisioning of Services in AmI 45 3.1 Centralized system for AmI environment.................... 46 3.1.1 Appear platform............................. 47 3.1.2 KBS definition using CommonKADS (CKADS) methodology.... 51 3.1.3 Appear context configuration using CKADs.............. 57 3.2 Distributed system based on intelligent agents................. 63 3.2.1 Ontology approach........................... 63 3.2.2 Multiagent approach to AmI...................... 66 3.2.3 BDI-modelling for AmI problems.................... 79 3.2.4 Gaia Methodology........................... 82 3.3 Multimodal user interface for AmI....................... 88 3.3.1 Multimodal user interface for centralized system: Dialogue system.. 91 3.3.2 Multimodal user interface for distributed system: Conversational Agent 95 3.4 Evaluation in AmI................................ 97 3.4.1 User-centred evaluation......................... 98 3.4.2 Multiagents system (MAS) evaluation................. 101 4 Application Scenarios: Case Studies 109 4.1 Transportation domain: Airport information system (S´anchez-Piet al., 2007) 109 4.1.1 Overview of the airport information system.............. 110 4.1.2 Reasoning engine............................ 111 4.1.3 System's features............................ 116 4.1.4 Evaluation................................ 117 4.2 Transportation domain: Railway information system (Griol et al., 2009b).. 117 4.2.1 Overview of the railway/subway information system.......... 118 4.2.2 Reasoning engine............................ 119 4.2.3 System's features............................ 123 4.2.4 Evaluation................................ 124 4.3 U-health domain: Hospital (S´anchez-Pi& Molina, 2010)........... 126 Contents iii 4.3.1 Overview of the U-health system.................... 126 4.3.2 Reasoning engine............................ 127 4.3.3 System's features............................ 128 4.3.4 Evaluation................................ 129 4.4 AAL domain: Intelligent home (S´anchez-Pi & Molina, 2009)........ 130 4.4.1 Overview of the AAL system: Intelligent home/AHCS........ 132 4.4.2 Reasoning engine............................ 133 4.4.3 System's features............................ 135 4.4.4 Evaluation................................ 136 4.5 Education domain: University (S´anchez-Piet al., 2010)............ 137 4.5.1 Overview of the university information system............. 137 4.5.2 Reasoning engine............................ 137 4.5.3 System's features............................ 138 4.5.4 Evaluation................................ 138 4.6 Commerce domain: U-Commerce (S´anchez-Pi& Molina, 2010b)...... 140 4.6.1 Overview of the u-commerce system.................. 140 4.6.2 Reasoning engine............................ 141 4.6.3 System's features............................ 143 4.6.4 Evaluation................................ 143 5 Conclusions 149 5.1 Final remarks.................................. 149 5.2 Future work................................... 151 A Published Results 153 References 157 iv Contents List of Figures 2.1 Taxonomy of Pervasive Computing Sytems. Taken from (Abdualrazak et al., 2010)...................................... 43 3.1 Centralized architecture using Appear platform................. 48 3.2 Interaction components Appear......................... 49 3.3 Concepts using CML............................... 54 3.4 Domain knowledge in the Airport KBS..................... 55 3.5 CML specification of an inference........................ 56 3.6 Inference diagram for decision making on choice of an airport restaurant... 56 3.7 Control structure................................. 57 3.8 Definition of different elements in Appear (contd. in Figure 3.9)........ 58 3.9 Definition of different elements in Appear (contd. in Figure 3.10)....... 59 3.10 Definition of different elements in Appear (contd. in Figure 3.11)....... 60 3.11 Definition of different elements in Appear.................... 61 3.12 Definition of different elements in the ontology................. 67 3.13 Definition of different elements in the ontology (continued).......... 68 3.14 Product hierarchy in the ontology........................ 69 3.15 Schema of the multi-agent architecture..................... 71 3.16 Step 0 | Agents interaction.......................... 72 3.17 Step 1 | Agents interaction.......................... 72 3.18 Step 2 | Agents interaction.......................... 73 3.19 Step 3 | Agents interaction.......................... 73 3.20 Step 4 | Agents interaction.......................... 74 3.21 Step 5 | Agents interaction.......................... 74 3.22 Step 6 | Agents interaction.......................... 75 3.23 Step 7 | Agents interaction.......................... 75 3.24 Step 8 | Agents interaction.......................... 76 3.25 Step 9 | Agents interaction.......................... 76 3.26 Step 10 | Agents interaction.......................... 77 3.27 Step 11 | Agents interaction.......................... 77 vi List of Figures 3.28 Example of BDI model application........................ 81 3.29 Gaia role model for the context-aware multi-agent system.......... 85 3.30 Protocols for the context-aware multi-agent system.............. 87 3.31 Jade agents interaction for the context-aware multi-agent system....... 88 3.32 Gaia agent model for the context-aware multi{agent system problem..... 89 3.33 Gaia service model for the context-aware multi-agent system......... 90 3.34 Centralized architecture using Dialogue System................ 93 3.35 Distributed system architecture using a Conversational Agent......... 96 3.36 Schema of the architecture of a conversational agent............. 97 4.1 Scenarios implemented.............................. 109 4.2 Airport Madrid Barajas............................. 111 4.3 Evaluation of Conditions and Predicates for the Customs Zone........ 114 4.4 Ontology definition for Airport Domain.................... 115 4.5 Agents communication in Airport Domain................... 116 4.6 Acquiring usability variables........................... 118 4.7 Positioning information sent from the Positioning Agent to the User Agent. 121 4.8 Query of the User Agent about the services that are available.......
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